HERO_ID,In_text,title,abstract,Tabs,Hazard_ID,Genetox_Mech,PBPK_ADME,Exposure,Ecology,Non-Peer_Reviewed,Dermal,Other_Supporting,Label
1578084,Zhang and  Bartlett 1999,Light-induced oxidation of aqueous chromium(III) in the presence of iron(III),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Oxidation of Cr(III) to toxic Cr(VI) by Mn(IV) or Mn(III) species has been identified as probably the only important oxidation pathway in soils, aquatic bodies, and atmospheric environments-We observed ready oxidation of Cr(III) in Fe(111) solutions in light at pH 3.2-4.4. Further kinetic study of this oxidation was performed in sunlight as well as in black light under controlled conditions (e.g., pH 3.2, 20'C). Quantum yields of Cr(VI) formation at 356 nm were 0.020- 0.046 for initial levels of 50-800 muM Cr(III) and 200 muM Fe- (111). The Cr(VI) formation reached steady state in 0.5 h (6 muM, (Cr(III))0: 50 muM; 10 muM, (Cr(III))0: 200 muM; (Fe(III))0: 200 muM). The best linearity found only for log(Cr(III)) vs tin the first 1 or 1.5 min of the reaction suggests apparent first-order kinetics for the disappearance of Cr(III) at 356 nm over the period; afterward, it failed to comply with any regular rate law. The Cr(III) oxidation decreased at high initial levels of Cr(Zhang, H, Bartlett, RJ, 1999","Light-induced oxidation of aqueous chromium(III) in the presence of iron(III) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Oxidation of Cr(III) to toxic Cr(VI) by Mn(IV) or Mn(III) species has been identified as probably the only important oxidation pathway in soils, aquatic bodies, and atmospheric environments-We observed ready oxidation of Cr(III) in Fe(111) solutions in light at pH 3.2-4.4. Further kinetic study of this oxidation was performed in sunlight as well as in black light under controlled conditions (e.g., pH 3.2, 20'C). Quantum yields of Cr(VI) formation at 356 nm were 0.020- 0.046 for initial levels of 50-800 muM Cr(III) and 200 muM Fe- (111). The Cr(VI) formation reached steady state in 0.5 h (6 muM, (Cr(III))0: 50 muM; 10 muM, (Cr(III))0: 200 muM; (Fe(III))0: 200 muM). The best linearity found only for log(Cr(III)) vs tin the first 1 or 1.5 min of the reaction suggests apparent first-order kinetics for the disappearance of Cr(III) at 356 nm over the period; afterward, it failed to comply with any regular rate law. The Cr(III) oxidation decreased at high initial levels of Cr(Zhang, H, Bartlett, RJ, 1999",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236220,Algvere and  Bill 1979,Drainage of microspheres and RBCs from the vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes,"The movements of plastic microspheres (7 to 10 mu in diameter) and autologous RBCs labeled with sodium chromate Cr 51 from the vitreous to the anterior chamber were studied in 24 rabbit eyes. Rabbits were made aphakic in one eye by intracapsular lens extraction of lensectomy via the pars plana, the fellow eyes serving as phakic controls. In phakic eyes the intravitreally injected microspheres and RBCs were retained inside the vitreous space, not gaining access to the anterior chamber. In aphakic eyes microspheres and RBCs moved to the anterior chamber and were usually seen on the corneal endothelium and in the chamber angle within two to ten days, although most particles remained in the vitreous for long periods of time. Removal of the lens thus improved forward drainage of particles from the vitreous space, but the structure of the vitreous seemed to preclude rapid clearance.","Drainage of microspheres and RBCs from the vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes Abs: The movements of plastic microspheres (7 to 10 mu in diameter) and autologous RBCs labeled with sodium chromate Cr 51 from the vitreous to the anterior chamber were studied in 24 rabbit eyes. Rabbits were made aphakic in one eye by intracapsular lens extraction of lensectomy via the pars plana, the fellow eyes serving as phakic controls. In phakic eyes the intravitreally injected microspheres and RBCs were retained inside the vitreous space, not gaining access to the anterior chamber. In aphakic eyes microspheres and RBCs moved to the anterior chamber and were usually seen on the corneal endothelium and in the chamber angle within two to ten days, although most particles remained in the vitreous for long periods of time. Removal of the lens thus improved forward drainage of particles from the vitreous space, but the structure of the vitreous seemed to preclude rapid clearance.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225515,Miloserdov et al. 2013,High-Temperature Synthesis of Cast Cr2AlC at an Inert Gas Overpressure,,High-Temperature Synthesis of Cast Cr2AlC at an Inert Gas Overpressure Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
164639,Wasi et al. 2008,"Biochemical characterization of a multiple heavy metal, pesticides and phenol resistant Pseudomonas fluorescens strain","Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 isolate was found to be resistant to some major water pollutants namely Cd super(2) super(+), Cr super(6) super(+), Cu super(2) super(+), Ni super(2) super(+), Pb super(2) super(+), BHC, 2,4-D, mancozeb and phenols up to a concentration four times to the normal levels occurring in the highly pollulated regions. Curing experiment brought about the loss of one or more resistance markers indicating the plasmid born resistance. Plasmid profile of SM1 strain showed the presence of one DNA band of 43.6kb. This Plasmid was isolated from SM1 strain and introduced into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha with a transformation frequency of 6.7x10 super(-) super(4)transformants/recipient cell. The test SM1 strain was also capable of biotransforming Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is less toxic compounds. Present studies further indicated that the test SM1 strain was not only resistant to 2,4-D, phenols and catechol but also capable of bioremediating these toxicants quite efficiently. Moreover, studies with inhibitors like sodium azide, 2,4-DNP and chloramphenicol suggested that the major mechanism for the bioremediation of the heavy metals other than Cr super(6) super(+) would be the biosorption process.","Biochemical characterization of a multiple heavy metal, pesticides and phenol resistant Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Abs: Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 isolate was found to be resistant to some major water pollutants namely Cd super(2) super(+), Cr super(6) super(+), Cu super(2) super(+), Ni super(2) super(+), Pb super(2) super(+), BHC, 2,4-D, mancozeb and phenols up to a concentration four times to the normal levels occurring in the highly pollulated regions. Curing experiment brought about the loss of one or more resistance markers indicating the plasmid born resistance. Plasmid profile of SM1 strain showed the presence of one DNA band of 43.6kb. This Plasmid was isolated from SM1 strain and introduced into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha with a transformation frequency of 6.7x10 super(-) super(4)transformants/recipient cell. The test SM1 strain was also capable of biotransforming Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is less toxic compounds. Present studies further indicated that the test SM1 strain was not only resistant to 2,4-D, phenols and catechol but also capable of bioremediating these toxicants quite efficiently. Moreover, studies with inhibitors like sodium azide, 2,4-DNP and chloramphenicol suggested that the major mechanism for the bioremediation of the heavy metals other than Cr super(6) super(+) would be the biosorption process.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235350,Sannino et al. 2009,"Sorption of arsenate and dichromate on polymerin, Fe(OH)x-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite","Dihydrogenarsenate [H(2)AsO(4)(-), As(V)] or dichromate [Cr(2)O(7)(2-), Cr(VI)] at pH=4.0 showed to be sorbed on a Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite to a greater extent than on polymerin, the organic polymeric fraction of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW). In particular, the maximum amount (x(m)) of arsenate sorbed on Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex was similar to that on ferrihydrite (880.26 and 743.02 mmol kg(-1), respectively), and was much greater than that sorbed on polymerin (384.25 mmol kg(-1)). The sorption of dichromate was to a comparable extent on Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite (205.90 and 254.88 mmol kg(-1), respectively). Cr(III), a less toxic chromium form, mainly, and Cr(V) were indeed the effective forms sorbed on polymerin (200 mmol kg(-1)), as a consequence of the redox reaction of the strongly toxic Cr(VI) with the CH(2)OH groups of the polysaccharide moiety of this bio-sorbent, according to the data deriving from XPS and DRIFT analyses. The potential exploitation of the selected sorbents for the removal of As(V) or Cr(VI) from aqueous effluents is briefly discussed.","Sorption of arsenate and dichromate on polymerin, Fe(OH)x-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite Abs: Dihydrogenarsenate [H(2)AsO(4)(-), As(V)] or dichromate [Cr(2)O(7)(2-), Cr(VI)] at pH=4.0 showed to be sorbed on a Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite to a greater extent than on polymerin, the organic polymeric fraction of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW). In particular, the maximum amount (x(m)) of arsenate sorbed on Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex was similar to that on ferrihydrite (880.26 and 743.02 mmol kg(-1), respectively), and was much greater than that sorbed on polymerin (384.25 mmol kg(-1)). The sorption of dichromate was to a comparable extent on Fe(OH)(x)-polymerin complex and ferrihydrite (205.90 and 254.88 mmol kg(-1), respectively). Cr(III), a less toxic chromium form, mainly, and Cr(V) were indeed the effective forms sorbed on polymerin (200 mmol kg(-1)), as a consequence of the redox reaction of the strongly toxic Cr(VI) with the CH(2)OH groups of the polysaccharide moiety of this bio-sorbent, according to the data deriving from XPS and DRIFT analyses. The potential exploitation of the selected sorbents for the removal of As(V) or Cr(VI) from aqueous effluents is briefly discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1026710,Cocker et al. 2007,Biomonitoring at the UK Health and Safety Laboratory,"The UK Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) provides research and analytical support to the Health and Safety Executive, other Government Departments and employers. In the area of biomonitoring HSL conducts research studies and provides an analytical service for regular surveillance of worker exposure to hazardous substances. This paper gives brief examples of how data from such studies can be used to develop biological monitoring guidance values for isocyanates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hexavalent chromium. In addition, a study of occupational exposure to copper chrome arsenic wood preservatives is briefly described to show how biological monitoring can be used for post-approval surveillance of a biocide.","Biomonitoring at the UK Health and Safety Laboratory Abs: The UK Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) provides research and analytical support to the Health and Safety Executive, other Government Departments and employers. In the area of biomonitoring HSL conducts research studies and provides an analytical service for regular surveillance of worker exposure to hazardous substances. This paper gives brief examples of how data from such studies can be used to develop biological monitoring guidance values for isocyanates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hexavalent chromium. In addition, a study of occupational exposure to copper chrome arsenic wood preservatives is briefly described to show how biological monitoring can be used for post-approval surveillance of a biocide.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234865,Banner et al. 1986,"Experimental chelation therapy in chromium, lead, and boron intoxication with N-acetylcysteine and other compounds","The usefulness of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a chelating agent was studied for the toxin potassium dichromate, lead tetraacetate, and boric acid. Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were intoxicated with these substances and placed in metabolic cages. Urinary excretion rates of intoxicant and total urine volume were determined during treatment with N-acetylcysteine, calcium EDTA, and/or dimercaptosuccinic acid, N-acetylcysteine proved to be the most effective agent at increasing the excretion of chromium and boron and was also able to reverse the oliguria associated with these toxins. Dimercaptosuccinic acid was most effective at the chelation of lead. NAC did not increase the excretion of lead. We conclude that NAC may be useful in intoxications due to chromate and borate and is effective at reversing the oliguria associated with these intoxicants.","Experimental chelation therapy in chromium, lead, and boron intoxication with N-acetylcysteine and other compounds Abs: The usefulness of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a chelating agent was studied for the toxin potassium dichromate, lead tetraacetate, and boric acid. Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were intoxicated with these substances and placed in metabolic cages. Urinary excretion rates of intoxicant and total urine volume were determined during treatment with N-acetylcysteine, calcium EDTA, and/or dimercaptosuccinic acid, N-acetylcysteine proved to be the most effective agent at increasing the excretion of chromium and boron and was also able to reverse the oliguria associated with these toxins. Dimercaptosuccinic acid was most effective at the chelation of lead. NAC did not increase the excretion of lead. We conclude that NAC may be useful in intoxications due to chromate and borate and is effective at reversing the oliguria associated with these intoxicants.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225369,Gagrai et al. 2013,Reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) by Spirulina dead biomass in aqueous solution: Kinetic studies,"Microalga species are potential scavengers of heavy metals. The active functional groups of a number of biomaterials are capable to detoxify Cr(VI) to Cr(III). A 2nd order kinetic model was developed in terms of concentration of protonated acidic groups of Spirulina sp. biomass for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III). Cr(VI) reduction reaction grounded on the concentration of functional groups was validated over a broad range of pH, temperature and anionic strength. Lower pH favoured Cr(VI) reduction reaction and the experimental results well fitted to the kinetic model. The overall rate constant, kt, decreased logarithmically from 22.7 to 2.8 mM?¹ s?¹ with rise of pH from 0.5 to 6.0. Whereas, k(t) increased nearly by 23% with elevation temperature from 25 to 45 °C. Higher concentration (&gt;0.235 mM) of background anions (Cl?, SO?²? and NO??) was resulted in decreases in k(t) values. The rate constant expression developed can be employed to quantify Cr(VI) reduction into Cr(III) using Spirulina biomass.","Reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) by Spirulina dead biomass in aqueous solution: Kinetic studies Abs: Microalga species are potential scavengers of heavy metals. The active functional groups of a number of biomaterials are capable to detoxify Cr(VI) to Cr(III). A 2nd order kinetic model was developed in terms of concentration of protonated acidic groups of Spirulina sp. biomass for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III). Cr(VI) reduction reaction grounded on the concentration of functional groups was validated over a broad range of pH, temperature and anionic strength. Lower pH favoured Cr(VI) reduction reaction and the experimental results well fitted to the kinetic model. The overall rate constant, kt, decreased logarithmically from 22.7 to 2.8 mM?¹ s?¹ with rise of pH from 0.5 to 6.0. Whereas, k(t) increased nearly by 23% with elevation temperature from 25 to 45 °C. Higher concentration (&gt;0.235 mM) of background anions (Cl?, SO?²? and NO??) was resulted in decreases in k(t) values. The rate constant expression developed can be employed to quantify Cr(VI) reduction into Cr(III) using Spirulina biomass.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
587820,Thacker et al. 2007,Reduction of chromate by cell-free extract of Brucella sp. isolated from Cr(VI) contaminated sites,"A locally isolated gram negative strain of Brucella sp., identified by biochemical methods and 16SrRNA analysis, reduced chromate to 100%, 94.1%, 93.2%, 66.9% and 41.6% at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300Â mgÂ l-1, respectively at pH 7 and temperature 37Â Â°C. Increasing concentrations of Cr(VI) in the medium lowered the growth rate but could not be directly correlated with the amount of Cr(VI) reduced. The strain also exhibited multiple heavy metal (Ni,Â Zn,Â Hg,Â Pb,Â Co) tolerance and resistance to various antibiotics. Assay with crude cell-free extracts demonstrated that the hexavalent chromium reduction was mainly associated with the soluble fraction of the cell. High Cr(VI) concentration resistance and high Cr(VI) reducing ability of the strain make it a suitable candidate for bioremediation.","Reduction of chromate by cell-free extract of Brucella sp. isolated from Cr(VI) contaminated sites Abs: A locally isolated gram negative strain of Brucella sp., identified by biochemical methods and 16SrRNA analysis, reduced chromate to 100%, 94.1%, 93.2%, 66.9% and 41.6% at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300Â mgÂ l-1, respectively at pH 7 and temperature 37Â Â°C. Increasing concentrations of Cr(VI) in the medium lowered the growth rate but could not be directly correlated with the amount of Cr(VI) reduced. The strain also exhibited multiple heavy metal (Ni,Â Zn,Â Hg,Â Pb,Â Co) tolerance and resistance to various antibiotics. Assay with crude cell-free extracts demonstrated that the hexavalent chromium reduction was mainly associated with the soluble fraction of the cell. High Cr(VI) concentration resistance and high Cr(VI) reducing ability of the strain make it a suitable candidate for bioremediation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516642,Zhao et al. 1998,Chromotropic acid as a reagent for ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of hexavalent chromium in water,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for hexavalent chromium in water based on the oxidation of chromotropic acid by Cr(VI) in 0.12 mol/liter HCl medium is described. The molar absorptivity is 1.761 cm-1. The detection limit is 0.024 mug ml-1 Cr. This sensitive and very simple ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for microquantitative determination of Cr(VI) in water has good precision and accuracy.,Chromotropic acid as a reagent for ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of hexavalent chromium in water Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for hexavalent chromium in water based on the oxidation of chromotropic acid by Cr(VI) in 0.12 mol/liter HCl medium is described. The molar absorptivity is 1.761 cm-1. The detection limit is 0.024 mug ml-1 Cr. This sensitive and very simple ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for microquantitative determination of Cr(VI) in water has good precision and accuracy.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234503,Pecegueiro et al. 1999,Oral lichen planus versus oral lichenoid eruption as a manifestation of contact allergy,,Oral lichen planus versus oral lichenoid eruption as a manifestation of contact allergy Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510143,Segall and  Dewees 1992,"Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 3. Site 6 Emissions Test Report","Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 2, PB92-151562 and Volume 4, PB92-151588. Prepared in cooperation with DEECO, Inc., Cary, NC., and Lewis (F. Michael), Mountain View, CA. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. , a multiple hearth furnace was tested under two operating conditions, normal combustion was compared with improved combustion conditions as indicated by reduced CO and THC emissions. The effect of lime conditioning on the conversion of total chromium in the sludge to hexavalent chromium emissions was also a primary concern at Site 6. Secondary objectives included comparing the results for chromium and nickel subspecies determined by different analytical procedures, gathering data on other metals and inorganic/organic gases in incinerator emissions, and assessing pollutant removal efficiencies by measuring emissions at both the inlet and outlet to the control system. The Site 6 plant treats 30 million gallons a day of municipal and industrial wastewater. The blended primary/secondary sludge is dewatered to approximately 28% solids using recessed plate cloth filters. The metal mass emissions rate for the outlet runs averaged: As - not detected (&amp;lt; 508 mg/hr), Be - not detected (&amp;lt; 2.2 mg/hr), Cd - 1,450 mg/hr, Cr - 83.3 mg/hr, Pb - 21,100 mg/hr, and Ni - 73.9 mg/hr. The particulate mass emission rates averaged 42 kg/hr and 0.7 kg/hr, respectively for the inlet andoutlet. A positive correlation between the CO/CO2 ratios (an indication of combustion conditions) and the hexavalent to total chromium ratio was demonstrated for the outlet location. At low CO levels (good combustion) the ratio of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was highest, with approximately 10% of the total chromium in the form of hexavalent chromium. It was anticipated that the nickel subsulfide emissions from multiple hearth incinerators would constitute less than 1% of the total nickel emissions. A wet chemical analysis indicated that within the detection limit (&amp;lt; 10%), no nickel subsulfide was present.","Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 3. Site 6 Emissions Test Report Abs: Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 2, PB92-151562 and Volume 4, PB92-151588. Prepared in cooperation with DEECO, Inc., Cary, NC., and Lewis (F. Michael), Mountain View, CA. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. , a multiple hearth furnace was tested under two operating conditions, normal combustion was compared with improved combustion conditions as indicated by reduced CO and THC emissions. The effect of lime conditioning on the conversion of total chromium in the sludge to hexavalent chromium emissions was also a primary concern at Site 6. Secondary objectives included comparing the results for chromium and nickel subspecies determined by different analytical procedures, gathering data on other metals and inorganic/organic gases in incinerator emissions, and assessing pollutant removal efficiencies by measuring emissions at both the inlet and outlet to the control system. The Site 6 plant treats 30 million gallons a day of municipal and industrial wastewater. The blended primary/secondary sludge is dewatered to approximately 28% solids using recessed plate cloth filters. The metal mass emissions rate for the outlet runs averaged: As - not detected (&amp;lt; 508 mg/hr), Be - not detected (&amp;lt; 2.2 mg/hr), Cd - 1,450 mg/hr, Cr - 83.3 mg/hr, Pb - 21,100 mg/hr, and Ni - 73.9 mg/hr. The particulate mass emission rates averaged 42 kg/hr and 0.7 kg/hr, respectively for the inlet andoutlet. A positive correlation between the CO/CO2 ratios (an indication of combustion conditions) and the hexavalent to total chromium ratio was demonstrated for the outlet location. At low CO levels (good combustion) the ratio of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was highest, with approximately 10% of the total chromium in the form of hexavalent chromium. It was anticipated that the nickel subsulfide emissions from multiple hearth incinerators would constitute less than 1% of the total nickel emissions. A wet chemical analysis indicated that within the detection limit (&amp;lt; 10%), no nickel subsulfide was present.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576605,Heaton et al. 1989,STUDIES WITH NONRADIOISOTOPIC SODIUM CHROMATE .1. DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING RED-CELL VOLUME,,STUDIES WITH NONRADIOISOTOPIC SODIUM CHROMATE .1. DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING RED-CELL VOLUME Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509902,Kavita and  Keharia 2012,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Ochrobactrum intermedium BCR400 isolated from a chromium-contaminated soil,"Hexavalent chromium-resistant Ochrobactrum intermedium BCR400 was isolated from chromium contaminated soil collected from Vadodara, Gujarat. It reduced 100 mg Cr(VI)/L completely in 52 h with initial Cr(VI) reduction rate of 1.98 mg/L/h. The Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased with increase in Cr(VI) concentration from 100 to 500 mg/L. The addition of anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid (AQS) to culture O. intermedium BCR400 significantly enhanced its chromium reduction rate. The activation energy of AQS-mediated Cr(VI) reduction (120.69 KJ/mol) was 1.1-fold lower than non-mediated Cr(VI) reduction. An increase in the activities of quinone reductase and chromate reductase in cells grown in presence of AQS/AQS + Cr(VI) suggests their role in reduction of Cr(VI) by O. intermedium. Both chromate reductase and quinone reductase activities were FAD independent, required NADH as reductant, displayed maximum activity at pH (7.0) and temperature (30 °C). Thus Cr(VI) bioremediation potential of O. intermedium can be enhanced by augmentation of system with AQS as redox mediator.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Ochrobactrum intermedium BCR400 isolated from a chromium-contaminated soil Abs: Hexavalent chromium-resistant Ochrobactrum intermedium BCR400 was isolated from chromium contaminated soil collected from Vadodara, Gujarat. It reduced 100 mg Cr(VI)/L completely in 52 h with initial Cr(VI) reduction rate of 1.98 mg/L/h. The Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased with increase in Cr(VI) concentration from 100 to 500 mg/L. The addition of anthraquinone-2-sulphonic acid (AQS) to culture O. intermedium BCR400 significantly enhanced its chromium reduction rate. The activation energy of AQS-mediated Cr(VI) reduction (120.69 KJ/mol) was 1.1-fold lower than non-mediated Cr(VI) reduction. An increase in the activities of quinone reductase and chromate reductase in cells grown in presence of AQS/AQS + Cr(VI) suggests their role in reduction of Cr(VI) by O. intermedium. Both chromate reductase and quinone reductase activities were FAD independent, required NADH as reductant, displayed maximum activity at pH (7.0) and temperature (30 °C). Thus Cr(VI) bioremediation potential of O. intermedium can be enhanced by augmentation of system with AQS as redox mediator.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236580,Van Gent 1970,The determination of alcohol in blood by the South African modified Kozelka-Hine method: blood alcohol level as legal evidence,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Several particulars must be carefully examined before the accuracy of a blood alcohol value, presented as legal evidence in a court of law, can be acknowledged. During and after its extraction from the arm of the person whose blood alcohol value is sought, the blood sample can undergo changes which might affect its content of volatile reducing agents and so produce a wrong value. In this method the blood sample is steam distilled after acidification and precipitation of proteins. The steam distillate is treated with Nessler's solution to remove aldehydes and ketones and reduce acids, after which it is distilled. The distillate is treated with a known quantity of acid potassium dichromate of which a portion is now reduced by the reducing agents in the distillate. The remaining portion of acid potassium dichromate is determined by titration. This portion, subtracted from the known quantity of acid potassium dichromate, gives the reduced portion from which the reducing agent (in many instances alcohol only) can now be calculated.","The determination of alcohol in blood by the South African modified Kozelka-Hine method: blood alcohol level as legal evidence Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Several particulars must be carefully examined before the accuracy of a blood alcohol value, presented as legal evidence in a court of law, can be acknowledged. During and after its extraction from the arm of the person whose blood alcohol value is sought, the blood sample can undergo changes which might affect its content of volatile reducing agents and so produce a wrong value. In this method the blood sample is steam distilled after acidification and precipitation of proteins. The steam distillate is treated with Nessler's solution to remove aldehydes and ketones and reduce acids, after which it is distilled. The distillate is treated with a known quantity of acid potassium dichromate of which a portion is now reduced by the reducing agents in the distillate. The remaining portion of acid potassium dichromate is determined by titration. This portion, subtracted from the known quantity of acid potassium dichromate, gives the reduced portion from which the reducing agent (in many instances alcohol only) can now be calculated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231037,Yoshida et al. 1983,Partition of membrane particles in aqueous two-polymer phase system and its practical use for purification of plasma membranes from plants,"A simplified method for the isolation of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from plants utilizing an aqueous two-polymer phase system is outlined. Mainly, the plant used was Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The two-phase system consisted of 5.6% (w/w) of dextran T500 and 5.6% (w/w) of polyethyleneglycol 4000 in 0.5 molar sorbitol-15 millimolar Tris-maleate (pH 7.3), and 30 millimolar NaCl. In this system, the plasma membranes and the other membranes were preferentially partitioned into the top phase and into the lower phase, respectively. The purity of the isolated plasma membrane was sufficiently high even after a single partition (i.e. about 85% purity) and more than 90% purity was obtained after repeating the partition in a newly prepared lower phase. The plasma membrane was identified with the aid of phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain and the association of vanadate-sensitive Mg(2+)-ATPase. The plasma membrane-associated ATPase had a pH optimum at 6.5 and showed a high specificity for Mg(2+) and ATP. KCl stimulation was low (6% stimulation) at the pH optimum, but a relatively high stimulation (23%) occurred at pH 5.5. This method for plasma membrane isolation may be applicable to a wide variety of plants and plant tissue including green leaves.","Partition of membrane particles in aqueous two-polymer phase system and its practical use for purification of plasma membranes from plants Abs: A simplified method for the isolation of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from plants utilizing an aqueous two-polymer phase system is outlined. Mainly, the plant used was Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). The two-phase system consisted of 5.6% (w/w) of dextran T500 and 5.6% (w/w) of polyethyleneglycol 4000 in 0.5 molar sorbitol-15 millimolar Tris-maleate (pH 7.3), and 30 millimolar NaCl. In this system, the plasma membranes and the other membranes were preferentially partitioned into the top phase and into the lower phase, respectively. The purity of the isolated plasma membrane was sufficiently high even after a single partition (i.e. about 85% purity) and more than 90% purity was obtained after repeating the partition in a newly prepared lower phase. The plasma membrane was identified with the aid of phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain and the association of vanadate-sensitive Mg(2+)-ATPase. The plasma membrane-associated ATPase had a pH optimum at 6.5 and showed a high specificity for Mg(2+) and ATP. KCl stimulation was low (6% stimulation) at the pH optimum, but a relatively high stimulation (23%) occurred at pH 5.5. This method for plasma membrane isolation may be applicable to a wide variety of plants and plant tissue including green leaves.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234113,Casadio et al. 2011,Electron energy loss spectroscopy elucidates the elusive darkening of zinc potassium chromate in Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte--1884,"The color darkening of selected brushstrokes of Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte--1884 was noted as early as 1892. Artificial aging of model systems containing zinc yellow (K(2)O·4ZnCrO(4)·3H(2)O) mixed with linseed oil successfully replicated the phenomena observed on La Grande Jatte. Electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements performed on the uppermost few microns of thin sections of the paint layers (obtained with focused ion beam milling) determined that samples which turned olive green (aged at 90% RH, with SO(2) and light) contain mostly the altered species Cr(III) and that the ochre-yellow coloration of specimens aged at 50% RH with SO(2) and light is due to the presence of dichromate ions (Cr (VI)). The altered species are only present in the first few microns of paint and are likely poorly crystalline, so that they eluded other types of bulk and surface measurements, but they create a substantial color alteration at the surface of the paint films. A similar phenomenon was confirmed on a sample from La Grande Jatte, where Cr(III) and Cr(VI) dichromate ions were detected in the ochre-colored, altered brushstrokes of zinc yellow. Laboratory simulations demonstrated that the equilibrium between chromate and dichromate ions is reversible within the paint film and that the orange dichromate ions can be transformed back into bright yellow chromates by exposure to highly alkaline gases.","Electron energy loss spectroscopy elucidates the elusive darkening of zinc potassium chromate in Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte--1884 Abs: The color darkening of selected brushstrokes of Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte--1884 was noted as early as 1892. Artificial aging of model systems containing zinc yellow (K(2)O·4ZnCrO(4)·3H(2)O) mixed with linseed oil successfully replicated the phenomena observed on La Grande Jatte. Electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements performed on the uppermost few microns of thin sections of the paint layers (obtained with focused ion beam milling) determined that samples which turned olive green (aged at 90% RH, with SO(2) and light) contain mostly the altered species Cr(III) and that the ochre-yellow coloration of specimens aged at 50% RH with SO(2) and light is due to the presence of dichromate ions (Cr (VI)). The altered species are only present in the first few microns of paint and are likely poorly crystalline, so that they eluded other types of bulk and surface measurements, but they create a substantial color alteration at the surface of the paint films. A similar phenomenon was confirmed on a sample from La Grande Jatte, where Cr(III) and Cr(VI) dichromate ions were detected in the ochre-colored, altered brushstrokes of zinc yellow. Laboratory simulations demonstrated that the equilibrium between chromate and dichromate ions is reversible within the paint film and that the orange dichromate ions can be transformed back into bright yellow chromates by exposure to highly alkaline gases.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233789,Haq et al. 2000,Effect of dichromate on population and growth of various protozoa isolated from industrial effluents,"Three protozoa belonging to genera Euglena, Vorticella and Stylonychia collected from industrial wastes were cultured in a medium containing inorganic salts, basically meant for the growth of algae. Protozoa showed rapid growth in the medium. Hexavalent chromium (K2Cr2O7) at a concentration of 5 micrograms/L in the medium adversely affected the growth of protozoa. At the end of eight days of Cr administration, the population of Euglena, Vorticella and Stylonychia increased 8-, 4.5- and 10-fold, respectively, as against 30-, 6.75- and 50-fold increase in the control cultures. No apparent death phase and no change in activity or morphology of protozoa was observed at this Cr concentration. The protozoa were also exposed to different metal ions, viz. Pb (2.42 mmol/L), Cr (0.48 mmol/L), Cd (0.36 mmol/L), administered in the culture medium for a period of 2 years. The metal tolerance for S. mytilus and V. microstoma was Pb &gt; Cr &gt; Cd. E. proxima could not tolerate any of the long-term metal treatments. Because of the ability of these protozoa to tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals, their potential role in remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is considered.","Effect of dichromate on population and growth of various protozoa isolated from industrial effluents Abs: Three protozoa belonging to genera Euglena, Vorticella and Stylonychia collected from industrial wastes were cultured in a medium containing inorganic salts, basically meant for the growth of algae. Protozoa showed rapid growth in the medium. Hexavalent chromium (K2Cr2O7) at a concentration of 5 micrograms/L in the medium adversely affected the growth of protozoa. At the end of eight days of Cr administration, the population of Euglena, Vorticella and Stylonychia increased 8-, 4.5- and 10-fold, respectively, as against 30-, 6.75- and 50-fold increase in the control cultures. No apparent death phase and no change in activity or morphology of protozoa was observed at this Cr concentration. The protozoa were also exposed to different metal ions, viz. Pb (2.42 mmol/L), Cr (0.48 mmol/L), Cd (0.36 mmol/L), administered in the culture medium for a period of 2 years. The metal tolerance for S. mytilus and V. microstoma was Pb &gt; Cr &gt; Cd. E. proxima could not tolerate any of the long-term metal treatments. Because of the ability of these protozoa to tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals, their potential role in remediation of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is considered.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
668112,Levina et al. 1999,In vitro plasmid DNA cleavage by chromium(V) and -(IV) 2-hydroxycarboxylato complexes,"The ability of relatively stable Cr(V) and Cr(IV) complexes with 2-hydroxycarboxylato ligands [2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoate(2-) = ehba; (1R,3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate(2-) = quinate = qa] to induce single-strand breaks in plasmid DNA has been studied under a wide range of reaction conditions. The Cr(V) complex, Na[CrVO(ehba)2], causes substantial DNA cleavage at pH 4.0-8.0 [[Cr(V)]0 = 0.010-0.75 mM, phosphate buffer, and 37 degrees C]. The DNA cleavage is inhibited by the presence of excess ligand, by exclusion of O2, or by addition of organic compounds, such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, or DMSO, but it is not affected by traces of catalytic metals [Fe(III) or Cu(II)] or by addition of catalase. The Cr(IV)-qa complexes, unlike the Cr(V) complexes, are able to cleave DNA in the presence of the ligand in a large excess [[Cr(IV)]0 = 0.50 mM, [qa] = 20-100 mM, pH 3.5-6.0, and 37 degrees C]. This is the first direct evidence for DNA cleavage induced by well-characterized Cr(IV) complexes. The proposed mechanism for DNA cleavage includes the following: (i) partial aquation of the bis-chelated Cr(V) and -(IV) complexes with the formation of reactive monochelated forms, (ii) binding of the Cr(V) and -(IV) monochelates to the phosphate backbone of DNA, (iii) one- or two-electron oxidations at the deoxyribose moieties of DNA by Cr(V) and -(IV), and (iv) cleavage of the resulting DNA radicals or cations with or without participation of O2. The patterns of DNA damage by Cr(V) and -(IV) can include strand breaks, generation of abasic sites, and the formation of Cr(III)-DNA complexes.","In vitro plasmid DNA cleavage by chromium(V) and -(IV) 2-hydroxycarboxylato complexes Abs: The ability of relatively stable Cr(V) and Cr(IV) complexes with 2-hydroxycarboxylato ligands [2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoate(2-) = ehba; (1R,3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate(2-) = quinate = qa] to induce single-strand breaks in plasmid DNA has been studied under a wide range of reaction conditions. The Cr(V) complex, Na[CrVO(ehba)2], causes substantial DNA cleavage at pH 4.0-8.0 [[Cr(V)]0 = 0.010-0.75 mM, phosphate buffer, and 37 degrees C]. The DNA cleavage is inhibited by the presence of excess ligand, by exclusion of O2, or by addition of organic compounds, such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, or DMSO, but it is not affected by traces of catalytic metals [Fe(III) or Cu(II)] or by addition of catalase. The Cr(IV)-qa complexes, unlike the Cr(V) complexes, are able to cleave DNA in the presence of the ligand in a large excess [[Cr(IV)]0 = 0.50 mM, [qa] = 20-100 mM, pH 3.5-6.0, and 37 degrees C]. This is the first direct evidence for DNA cleavage induced by well-characterized Cr(IV) complexes. The proposed mechanism for DNA cleavage includes the following: (i) partial aquation of the bis-chelated Cr(V) and -(IV) complexes with the formation of reactive monochelated forms, (ii) binding of the Cr(V) and -(IV) monochelates to the phosphate backbone of DNA, (iii) one- or two-electron oxidations at the deoxyribose moieties of DNA by Cr(V) and -(IV), and (iv) cleavage of the resulting DNA radicals or cations with or without participation of O2. The patterns of DNA damage by Cr(V) and -(IV) can include strand breaks, generation of abasic sites, and the formation of Cr(III)-DNA complexes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236133,Bowman and  Shoeb 1984,Effect of oxygen radical scavengers on K-cell cytolysis,"We have shown that the hydroxyl radical scavengers sodium benzoate, phenol, dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium formate, and mannitol protect chicken erythrocyte (Ec) target cells from lysis by K-cells in plaque assays. The protection afforded by benzoate, phenol, mannitol, and dimethyl sulfoxide was abrogated if the target cells were pretreated with sodium chromate. Neither superoxide dismutase nor catalase protected Ec target cells, indicating that superoxide and H2O2 are not involved in lysis. The lysis obtained on chromium-treated Ec target cells in the presence of benzoate, phenol, and mannitol is likely due to singlet oxygen, because 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and bilirubin, singlet oxygen scavengers, protected chromium-treated Ec target cells in the presence of phenol. Ec target cells not treated with chromium were not protected by either of the singlet oxygen scavengers.","Effect of oxygen radical scavengers on K-cell cytolysis Abs: We have shown that the hydroxyl radical scavengers sodium benzoate, phenol, dimethyl sulfoxide, sodium formate, and mannitol protect chicken erythrocyte (Ec) target cells from lysis by K-cells in plaque assays. The protection afforded by benzoate, phenol, mannitol, and dimethyl sulfoxide was abrogated if the target cells were pretreated with sodium chromate. Neither superoxide dismutase nor catalase protected Ec target cells, indicating that superoxide and H2O2 are not involved in lysis. The lysis obtained on chromium-treated Ec target cells in the presence of benzoate, phenol, and mannitol is likely due to singlet oxygen, because 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and bilirubin, singlet oxygen scavengers, protected chromium-treated Ec target cells in the presence of phenol. Ec target cells not treated with chromium were not protected by either of the singlet oxygen scavengers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237181,Guenther and  Pestemer 1990,Risk assessment for selected xenobiotics by bioassay methods with higher plants,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Different bioassays with higher plants were approved for use in a bioassay procedure for testing of xenobiotics according to the German Chemicals Act. Selected environmental pollutants (atrazine, cadmium chloride, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, pentachlorophenol, potassium dichromate, thiourea) all from a list of reference chemicals, were tested with these methods. Dose-response curves for growth of oats and turnips were evaluated in soil and vermiculite (non-sorptive substrate), and availability to plants was calculated by comparing the EC50 values for one chemical in both substrates. The most active chemical was atrazine, followed by 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, pentachlorophenol, potassium dichromate, cadmium chloride, and thiourea. The least available compound to plants was pentachlorophenol, tested with turnips (Brassica rapa va. rapa). The strongest inhibition of germination, demonstrated in an in vitro assay with garden cress (Lepidium sativum), was found with 2,6-dichlor","Risk assessment for selected xenobiotics by bioassay methods with higher plants Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Different bioassays with higher plants were approved for use in a bioassay procedure for testing of xenobiotics according to the German Chemicals Act. Selected environmental pollutants (atrazine, cadmium chloride, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, pentachlorophenol, potassium dichromate, thiourea) all from a list of reference chemicals, were tested with these methods. Dose-response curves for growth of oats and turnips were evaluated in soil and vermiculite (non-sorptive substrate), and availability to plants was calculated by comparing the EC50 values for one chemical in both substrates. The most active chemical was atrazine, followed by 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, pentachlorophenol, potassium dichromate, cadmium chloride, and thiourea. The least available compound to plants was pentachlorophenol, tested with turnips (Brassica rapa va. rapa). The strongest inhibition of germination, demonstrated in an in vitro assay with garden cress (Lepidium sativum), was found with 2,6-dichlor",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237080,Stern et al. 1988,IN-VITRO TOXICITY OF WELDING FUMES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BABY HAMSTER KIDNEY CELLS SYRIAN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE RISK,IN-VITRO TOXICITY OF WELDING FUMES AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BABY HAMSTER KIDNEY CELLS SYRIAN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE RISK,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234183,Lee et al. 2009,"Synthesis of C14,15-dihydro-C22,25-epi north unit of cephalostatin 1 via &quot;red-ox&quot; modifications of hecogenin acetate","The C14,15-dihydro-C22,25-epi north unit of cephalostatin 1 has been synthesized in 11 operations from commercially available hecogenin acetate via multiple reductions and oxidations. The key transformations include (i) Cr(VI)-catalyzed E-ring opening, (ii) C17 hydroxylation, and (iii) a base-triggered cyclization cascade.","Synthesis of C14,15-dihydro-C22,25-epi north unit of cephalostatin 1 via &quot;red-ox&quot; modifications of hecogenin acetate Abs: The C14,15-dihydro-C22,25-epi north unit of cephalostatin 1 has been synthesized in 11 operations from commercially available hecogenin acetate via multiple reductions and oxidations. The key transformations include (i) Cr(VI)-catalyzed E-ring opening, (ii) C17 hydroxylation, and (iii) a base-triggered cyclization cascade.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1386938,Chaney et al. 1997,PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL METALS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW PLANTS BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING PHYTOREMEDIATION METAL-CONTAMINATED SOILS SELENIUM POLLUTANT MERCURY LEAD CHROMIUM IRON ZINC POLLUTION,PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOIL METALS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW PLANTS BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING PHYTOREMEDIATION METAL-CONTAMINATED SOILS SELENIUM POLLUTANT MERCURY LEAD CHROMIUM IRON ZINC POLLUTION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235686,Shi and  Dalal 1994,Generation of hydroxyl radical by chromate in biologically relevant systems: role of Cr(V) complexes versus tetraperoxochromate(V),"While Cr(V) species and .OH radicals have been suggested to play significant roles in the mechanism of chromate-related carcinogenesis, controversy still exists regarding the identity of the Cr(V) species and their role in the generation of .OH radicals. Some recent studies have suggested that the primary Cr(V) species involved is the tetraperoxochromate(V) (CrO8(3-)) ion, which produces .OH radical either on decomposition or by reaction with H2O2. The present study utilized ESR and spin trapping techniques to probe this mechanism. The results obtained show that (i) CrO8(3-) is not formed in any significant quantity in the reaction of chromate with biologically relevant reductants such as glutathione, glutathione reductase, NAD(P)H, ascorbate, vitamin B2, etc. (ii) Decomposition of CrO8(3-), or its reaction with H2O2 does not generate any significant amount of .OH radicals. (iii) The major Cr(V) species formed are complexes of Cr(V) with reductant moieties as ligands. (iv) These Cr(V) complexes generate .OH radicals from H2O2 via Fenton-like reaction. The present study thus disagrees with the recently proposed &quot;tetraperoxochromate(V) theory of carcinogenesis from chromate.&quot; Instead, it suggests an alternative mechanism, which might be labeled as &quot;the Cr(V)-complexation-Fenton reaction model of carcinogenesis from chromate.","Generation of hydroxyl radical by chromate in biologically relevant systems: role of Cr(V) complexes versus tetraperoxochromate(V) Abs: While Cr(V) species and .OH radicals have been suggested to play significant roles in the mechanism of chromate-related carcinogenesis, controversy still exists regarding the identity of the Cr(V) species and their role in the generation of .OH radicals. Some recent studies have suggested that the primary Cr(V) species involved is the tetraperoxochromate(V) (CrO8(3-)) ion, which produces .OH radical either on decomposition or by reaction with H2O2. The present study utilized ESR and spin trapping techniques to probe this mechanism. The results obtained show that (i) CrO8(3-) is not formed in any significant quantity in the reaction of chromate with biologically relevant reductants such as glutathione, glutathione reductase, NAD(P)H, ascorbate, vitamin B2, etc. (ii) Decomposition of CrO8(3-), or its reaction with H2O2 does not generate any significant amount of .OH radicals. (iii) The major Cr(V) species formed are complexes of Cr(V) with reductant moieties as ligands. (iv) These Cr(V) complexes generate .OH radicals from H2O2 via Fenton-like reaction. The present study thus disagrees with the recently proposed &quot;tetraperoxochromate(V) theory of carcinogenesis from chromate.&quot; Instead, it suggests an alternative mechanism, which might be labeled as &quot;the Cr(V)-complexation-Fenton reaction model of carcinogenesis from chromate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225546,Duputel et al. 2013,Citrate adsorption can decrease soluble phosphate concentration in soils: Results of theoretical modeling,,Citrate adsorption can decrease soluble phosphate concentration in soils: Results of theoretical modeling Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231078,Abul-Hajj 1979,Steroid delta 4-5 beta-reductase in human mammary tumors,"Steroid delta 4-5 alpha- and delta 4-5 beta-reductase activity was determined in 16 human mammary tumors and 8 DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors using a spectrophotometric assay. Steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase was present in all tumors investigated while delta 4-5 beta-reductase was detected in only 6 estrogen receptor negative human breast tumors and absent in all estrogen receptor positive human breast tumors as well as in all rat mammary tumors. Further support for the presence of delta 4-5 beta-reductase was established by using a dual-labelling technique consisting of incubating tumor slices with [14C] testosterone and adding [3H] etiocholanolone, [3H] testosterone and [3H]-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone at the end of the reaction. Following extraction and chromic acid oxidation, 4-androstenedione, 5 beta-androstanedione and 5 alpha-androstanedione were isolated and purified, and the constancy of the 14C/3H ratio was used as proof of 5 alpha-reductase and 5 beta-reductase. These results were shown to be consistent with the data obtained using the spectrophotometric assay.","Steroid delta 4-5 beta-reductase in human mammary tumors Abs: Steroid delta 4-5 alpha- and delta 4-5 beta-reductase activity was determined in 16 human mammary tumors and 8 DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors using a spectrophotometric assay. Steroid delta 4-5 alpha-reductase was present in all tumors investigated while delta 4-5 beta-reductase was detected in only 6 estrogen receptor negative human breast tumors and absent in all estrogen receptor positive human breast tumors as well as in all rat mammary tumors. Further support for the presence of delta 4-5 beta-reductase was established by using a dual-labelling technique consisting of incubating tumor slices with [14C] testosterone and adding [3H] etiocholanolone, [3H] testosterone and [3H]-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone at the end of the reaction. Following extraction and chromic acid oxidation, 4-androstenedione, 5 beta-androstanedione and 5 alpha-androstanedione were isolated and purified, and the constancy of the 14C/3H ratio was used as proof of 5 alpha-reductase and 5 beta-reductase. These results were shown to be consistent with the data obtained using the spectrophotometric assay.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1386771,Dollerer and  Wilderer 1996,Biological treatment of leachates from hazardous waste landfills using SBBr technology,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Bench-scale experiments with two different types of fixed bed reactor have been conducted in order to investigate the potential of SBBr technology (Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor) for treatment of leachates from different hazardous waste landfills. Reactor A was equipped with a membrane oxygenation system for bubble free transfer of oxygen into the bulk liquid. In contrast, reactor B was bubble aerated. The process was found to be remarkably stable. An average DOC removal rate of 68% was achieved with a 12-hour cycle. The emission of biodegradable volatile organic substances was observed to be significantly reduced by using bubble free aeration system.","Biological treatment of leachates from hazardous waste landfills using SBBr technology Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Bench-scale experiments with two different types of fixed bed reactor have been conducted in order to investigate the potential of SBBr technology (Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor) for treatment of leachates from different hazardous waste landfills. Reactor A was equipped with a membrane oxygenation system for bubble free transfer of oxygen into the bulk liquid. In contrast, reactor B was bubble aerated. The process was found to be remarkably stable. An average DOC removal rate of 68% was achieved with a 12-hour cycle. The emission of biodegradable volatile organic substances was observed to be significantly reduced by using bubble free aeration system.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509726,Qureshi et al. 2009,Estimation of chromium(VI) sorption efficiency of novel regenerable p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide impregnated Amberlite resin,"The article describes a convenient synthesis and Cr(VI) extraction efficiency of a novel p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide impregnated Amberlite (XAD-4) resin. Using p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene macrocyclic building block, two strategies have been developed; i.e., derivatization of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene framework with sophisticated ionophoric groups having efficiency to extract oxoanions from aqueous media and, impregnation of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene derivative onto the polymeric support. Liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction experiments have been performed to evaluate the Cr(VI) extraction efficiency of both p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene derivative and the impregnated resin. From the results, it has been deduced that solid-phase extraction method is more convenient and efficient than liquid-liquid extraction process. The impregnated XAD-4 resin has been found regenerable with better extracting efficiency as compared to the simple p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide ionophore.","Estimation of chromium(VI) sorption efficiency of novel regenerable p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide impregnated Amberlite resin Abs: The article describes a convenient synthesis and Cr(VI) extraction efficiency of a novel p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide impregnated Amberlite (XAD-4) resin. Using p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene macrocyclic building block, two strategies have been developed; i.e., derivatization of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene framework with sophisticated ionophoric groups having efficiency to extract oxoanions from aqueous media and, impregnation of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene derivative onto the polymeric support. Liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction experiments have been performed to evaluate the Cr(VI) extraction efficiency of both p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene derivative and the impregnated resin. From the results, it has been deduced that solid-phase extraction method is more convenient and efficient than liquid-liquid extraction process. The impregnated XAD-4 resin has been found regenerable with better extracting efficiency as compared to the simple p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneoctamide ionophore.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235541,Yang et al. 2001,Fast analysis of water samples for detection of anions by capillary zone electrophoresis,"A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with relatively low separation voltage and short capillary length, using indirect UV detection was developed for the fast and quantitative determination of Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F- and HCO3- in potable water samples. Baseline separation of inorganic and organic anions was achieved within 1 min. The optimal carrier electrolyte consisted of 6.0 mM sodium chromate, 2.5 mM CTAB and 3.5% acetonitrile at pH 9.0. The effects of pH and the concentrations of electrolyte and flow modifiers on the resolution were investigated. Two injection methods, gravity and electrokinetic, were compared. The application of electrokinetic injection, using pyroglutamic acid as an internal standard was found to provide a method that is fast, sensitive and quantitative, with an R.S.D. for migration times from 0.1% to 0.3% and for peak areas from 1.8% to 4.1%. The limits of detection were 0.08 mg/L Cl-, 0.3 mg/L NO2-, 0.1 mg/L SO4(2-), 0.1 mg/L NO3-, 0.07 mg/L F-, and 0.3 mg/L HCO3-. This method has been successfully applied to determine Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F-, HCO3- in municipal water, surface water and bottled water samples.","Fast analysis of water samples for detection of anions by capillary zone electrophoresis Abs: A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with relatively low separation voltage and short capillary length, using indirect UV detection was developed for the fast and quantitative determination of Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F- and HCO3- in potable water samples. Baseline separation of inorganic and organic anions was achieved within 1 min. The optimal carrier electrolyte consisted of 6.0 mM sodium chromate, 2.5 mM CTAB and 3.5% acetonitrile at pH 9.0. The effects of pH and the concentrations of electrolyte and flow modifiers on the resolution were investigated. Two injection methods, gravity and electrokinetic, were compared. The application of electrokinetic injection, using pyroglutamic acid as an internal standard was found to provide a method that is fast, sensitive and quantitative, with an R.S.D. for migration times from 0.1% to 0.3% and for peak areas from 1.8% to 4.1%. The limits of detection were 0.08 mg/L Cl-, 0.3 mg/L NO2-, 0.1 mg/L SO4(2-), 0.1 mg/L NO3-, 0.07 mg/L F-, and 0.3 mg/L HCO3-. This method has been successfully applied to determine Cl-, NO2-, SO4(2-), NO3-, F-, HCO3- in municipal water, surface water and bottled water samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225549,Zhang et al. 2013,Removal of Cr(VI) with Cogeneration of Electricity by an Alkaline Fuel Cell Reactor,,Removal of Cr(VI) with Cogeneration of Electricity by an Alkaline Fuel Cell Reactor Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577755,Khan and  Puts 2003,In Situ Abiotic Detoxification and Immobilization of Hexavalent Chromium,,In Situ Abiotic Detoxification and Immobilization of Hexavalent Chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510564,Volland et al. 2012,Intracellular chromium localization and cell physiological response in the unicellular alga Micrasterias,,Intracellular chromium localization and cell physiological response in the unicellular alga Micrasterias Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510467,Sorensen et al. 2007,Risk of lung cancer according to mild steel and stainless steel welding,,Risk of lung cancer according to mild steel and stainless steel welding Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231009,Goldberg and  Septier 1986,Ultrastructural location of complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel,"The ultrastructural distribution of complex carbohydrates in an early formation stage of rat incisor enamel was investigated by staining with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate reaction (PA-TCH-SP) for vicinal glycol-containing glycoconjugates, the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid mixture (PTA) for glycoproteins, and the cationic dyes alcian blue or bismuth nitrate for sulfated glycoconjugates. In order to remove selectively sulfated complex carbohydrates, half of the serial sections obtained were digested with a bovine testicular hyaluronidase prior to staining. Far fewer electron-dense deposits were observed with the PA-TCH-SP method on hyaluronidase-treated sections, especially those subsequently treated for 48 hours with TCH. On the other hand, the minimal staining obtained with PTA was much more intense on sections treated with hyaluronidase where linear fiberlike structures were observed. With cationic dyes, staining of dotlike alignment structures and ground substance was obtained but was completely abolished by hyaluronidase treatment. Cuprolinic blue in a critical electrolyte concentration, ruthenium hexamine trichloride used with aldehyde during fixation, as well as rapid-freezing followed by freeze-substitution validate that this dotlike distribution is not an artefact of processing. The staining results demonstrated that the glycoproteins and sulfated complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel each display a specific distribution pattern. The glycoproteins were present as fiberlike structures and the sulfated carbohydrates appeared as dotlike formations located close to the surface of the fiberlike structures, and/or in the spaces between them.","Ultrastructural location of complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel Abs: The ultrastructural distribution of complex carbohydrates in an early formation stage of rat incisor enamel was investigated by staining with the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate reaction (PA-TCH-SP) for vicinal glycol-containing glycoconjugates, the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid mixture (PTA) for glycoproteins, and the cationic dyes alcian blue or bismuth nitrate for sulfated glycoconjugates. In order to remove selectively sulfated complex carbohydrates, half of the serial sections obtained were digested with a bovine testicular hyaluronidase prior to staining. Far fewer electron-dense deposits were observed with the PA-TCH-SP method on hyaluronidase-treated sections, especially those subsequently treated for 48 hours with TCH. On the other hand, the minimal staining obtained with PTA was much more intense on sections treated with hyaluronidase where linear fiberlike structures were observed. With cationic dyes, staining of dotlike alignment structures and ground substance was obtained but was completely abolished by hyaluronidase treatment. Cuprolinic blue in a critical electrolyte concentration, ruthenium hexamine trichloride used with aldehyde during fixation, as well as rapid-freezing followed by freeze-substitution validate that this dotlike distribution is not an artefact of processing. The staining results demonstrated that the glycoproteins and sulfated complex carbohydrates in developing rat incisor enamel each display a specific distribution pattern. The glycoproteins were present as fiberlike structures and the sulfated carbohydrates appeared as dotlike formations located close to the surface of the fiberlike structures, and/or in the spaces between them.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231292,Anonymous 1976,Current Intelligence Bulletin 4 Chrome Pigment,"Updated information on health hazards associated with lead-chromate (7758976) (chrome pigment) was discussed. Results of an epidemiologic study and an industrial hygiene survey of three lead-chromate facilities sponsored by the Dry Color Manufacturer's Association (DCMA) were summarized. The epidemiologic study, with a cohort of 548 men, showed that workers exposed to lead-chromate at two facilities had a three fold excess of respiratory cancer. Employees at the third facility, who had zinc-chromate (13530659) exposure as well as lead-chromate exposure, also had a significant excess of mortality due to respiratory cancer. Additionally, a seven fold excess in stomach cancer mortality was observed in employees at the third facility. The industrial hygiene survey showed that nearly half of the samples at the three facilities reached or exceeded the OSHA standards for lead (7439921) and chromium (7440473). The current standards at the time of this report were as follows: lead, 0.2mg/m3; chromium as soluble chromium or chromium salts, 0.5mg/m3, and chromium as chromic-acid (7738945) or chromates, 0.1mg/m3. It is concluded that the results of the DCMA epidemiologic and industrial hygiene studies indicate that lead-chromate should be regarded as a human carcinogen.","Current Intelligence Bulletin 4 Chrome Pigment Abs: Updated information on health hazards associated with lead-chromate (7758976) (chrome pigment) was discussed. Results of an epidemiologic study and an industrial hygiene survey of three lead-chromate facilities sponsored by the Dry Color Manufacturer's Association (DCMA) were summarized. The epidemiologic study, with a cohort of 548 men, showed that workers exposed to lead-chromate at two facilities had a three fold excess of respiratory cancer. Employees at the third facility, who had zinc-chromate (13530659) exposure as well as lead-chromate exposure, also had a significant excess of mortality due to respiratory cancer. Additionally, a seven fold excess in stomach cancer mortality was observed in employees at the third facility. The industrial hygiene survey showed that nearly half of the samples at the three facilities reached or exceeded the OSHA standards for lead (7439921) and chromium (7440473). The current standards at the time of this report were as follows: lead, 0.2mg/m3; chromium as soluble chromium or chromium salts, 0.5mg/m3, and chromium as chromic-acid (7738945) or chromates, 0.1mg/m3. It is concluded that the results of the DCMA epidemiologic and industrial hygiene studies indicate that lead-chromate should be regarded as a human carcinogen.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786473,Iqbal et al. 2013,Kinetic Study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Biosorption Using Rosa damascena Phytomass: A Rose Waste Biomass,"In present study, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) sorption capacity of Rosa damascena phytomass from aqueous solution was evaluated. The R. damascena phytomass biosorption revealed that smaller biosorbent size (< 0.4 g), dose (< 0.1 g), pH (2 and 5 for Cr VI and III) and 100 mg L-1 initial metal concentration were more suitable for better biosorption from aqueous medium. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model fitted well to the data of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) biosorption. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees) indicated the spontaneous absorption process. The R. damascena biomass pre-treatment enhanced biosorption considerably and it is concluded that the R. damascena biomass (waste material) might be used for biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.","Kinetic Study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) Biosorption Using Rosa damascena Phytomass: A Rose Waste Biomass Abs: In present study, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) sorption capacity of Rosa damascena phytomass from aqueous solution was evaluated. The R. damascena phytomass biosorption revealed that smaller biosorbent size (< 0.4 g), dose (< 0.1 g), pH (2 and 5 for Cr VI and III) and 100 mg L-1 initial metal concentration were more suitable for better biosorption from aqueous medium. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model fitted well to the data of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) biosorption. The negative value of Gibbs free energy (Delta G degrees) indicated the spontaneous absorption process. The R. damascena biomass pre-treatment enhanced biosorption considerably and it is concluded that the R. damascena biomass (waste material) might be used for biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516078,Lloyd et al. 1997,Generation of putative intrastrand cross-links and strand breaks in DNA by transition metal ion-mediated oxygen radical attack,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Generation of putative intrastrand cross-links and strand breaks was investigated in salmon sperm DNA exposed to Fenton-type oxygen radical-generating systems. 32P-Postlabelling analysis of DNA treated with hydrogen peroxide and either copper(II), chromium(VI), cobalt(II), iron(II), nickel(II), or vanadium(III) resulted in the detection of between four and eight radioactive TLC spots that are probably hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative DNA lesions. The copper Fenton system generated the highest total yield of these DNA lesions (75.6 per 108 nucleotides), followed by cobalt (47.5), nickel (26.2), chromium (25.1), iron (21.7), and vanadium (17.1). Two spots, common to all these Fenton systems, were the major oxidation products in each case. Similar Fenton-type treatment of the purine dinucleotides dApdG and dApdA resulted in products that were chromatographically identical on anion-exchange TLC and on reverse-phase HPLC to the two major products generated in DNA. These r","Generation of putative intrastrand cross-links and strand breaks in DNA by transition metal ion-mediated oxygen radical attack Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Generation of putative intrastrand cross-links and strand breaks was investigated in salmon sperm DNA exposed to Fenton-type oxygen radical-generating systems. 32P-Postlabelling analysis of DNA treated with hydrogen peroxide and either copper(II), chromium(VI), cobalt(II), iron(II), nickel(II), or vanadium(III) resulted in the detection of between four and eight radioactive TLC spots that are probably hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative DNA lesions. The copper Fenton system generated the highest total yield of these DNA lesions (75.6 per 108 nucleotides), followed by cobalt (47.5), nickel (26.2), chromium (25.1), iron (21.7), and vanadium (17.1). Two spots, common to all these Fenton systems, were the major oxidation products in each case. Similar Fenton-type treatment of the purine dinucleotides dApdG and dApdA resulted in products that were chromatographically identical on anion-exchange TLC and on reverse-phase HPLC to the two major products generated in DNA. These r",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514286,Beceiro-Gonzalez et al. 1992,Separation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) using complexation of chromium(III) with 8-hydroxyquinoline and determination of both species in waters by ETA-AAS,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A method for the determination of chromium(III) and (VI) species has been studied and applied to mineral water samples. The chromium(III) was chelated with 0.1 mol/l 8-hydroxyquinoline in methyl alcohol, extracted in isobutyl methyl ketone and determined by ETA-AAS. The effects of the pH, extraction and heating time and amounts of the reagents required for the extraction were studied. A method for the determination of total chromium was optimized too, and the chromium(VI) can be calculated. The precision, sensibility, accuracy, graphite furnace program and interferences for both methods were also investigated.","Separation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) using complexation of chromium(III) with 8-hydroxyquinoline and determination of both species in waters by ETA-AAS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A method for the determination of chromium(III) and (VI) species has been studied and applied to mineral water samples. The chromium(III) was chelated with 0.1 mol/l 8-hydroxyquinoline in methyl alcohol, extracted in isobutyl methyl ketone and determined by ETA-AAS. The effects of the pH, extraction and heating time and amounts of the reagents required for the extraction were studied. A method for the determination of total chromium was optimized too, and the chromium(VI) can be calculated. The precision, sensibility, accuracy, graphite furnace program and interferences for both methods were also investigated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516002,Kleiman and  Cogliatti 1998,Chromium removal from aqueous solutions by different plant species,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential efficiency of three plant species to remove chromium from wastewaters. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), rape (Brassica napus var. Oleracea) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions. The uptake of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), and its effect on plant growth were measured in culture solution. Cr(VI) was more toxic than Cr(III). In all species, Cr(III) affected growth only at the highest concentration, while Cr(VI) was toxic at lower concentrations. Plant Cr-concentration was far higher in the root than in the shoot of the three plant species grown with both Cr(III) or Cr(VI). Plants grown in Cr(III) showed higher tissue concentration and chromium removal efficiency than those grown in Cr(VI). In Cr(III), Cr-oxide and hydroxide precipitation on root surface was observed. It can be suggested that plant roots act as a powerful agent of Cr(III) removal and that a greater amount of plant root","Chromium removal from aqueous solutions by different plant species Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential efficiency of three plant species to remove chromium from wastewaters. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), rape (Brassica napus var. Oleracea) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions. The uptake of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), and its effect on plant growth were measured in culture solution. Cr(VI) was more toxic than Cr(III). In all species, Cr(III) affected growth only at the highest concentration, while Cr(VI) was toxic at lower concentrations. Plant Cr-concentration was far higher in the root than in the shoot of the three plant species grown with both Cr(III) or Cr(VI). Plants grown in Cr(III) showed higher tissue concentration and chromium removal efficiency than those grown in Cr(VI). In Cr(III), Cr-oxide and hydroxide precipitation on root surface was observed. It can be suggested that plant roots act as a powerful agent of Cr(III) removal and that a greater amount of plant root",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515746,Hassan and  Garrison 1996,Distribution of chromium species between soil and porewater,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch experiments were carried out using three soils representing different geologic parts of the continental USA to identify processes influencing partitioning and interconversion of chromium species in soil porewaters. The partition coefficient (Kd) of each of the two main species, Cr(III) and Cr(VI), was calculated for each soil using adsorption isotherms measured after an equilibration time of 6 hours for the former species and 48 hours for the latter at the natural conditions of the soils. Cr(VI) in porewater was measured directly by ion chromatography, while total chromium was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). Total chromium in the soil solids was measured by ICP-AES after microwave assisted digestion. The magnitude of the Kd values are much lower for Cr(VI), ranging from less than 1 to about 50 L kg-1. For Cr(III), the Kd values range from about 850 to 5,600 L kg-1. The effects of the initial porewater concentra","Distribution of chromium species between soil and porewater Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch experiments were carried out using three soils representing different geologic parts of the continental USA to identify processes influencing partitioning and interconversion of chromium species in soil porewaters. The partition coefficient (Kd) of each of the two main species, Cr(III) and Cr(VI), was calculated for each soil using adsorption isotherms measured after an equilibration time of 6 hours for the former species and 48 hours for the latter at the natural conditions of the soils. Cr(VI) in porewater was measured directly by ion chromatography, while total chromium was measured by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). Total chromium in the soil solids was measured by ICP-AES after microwave assisted digestion. The magnitude of the Kd values are much lower for Cr(VI), ranging from less than 1 to about 50 L kg-1. For Cr(III), the Kd values range from about 850 to 5,600 L kg-1. The effects of the initial porewater concentra",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231740,Tirez et al. 2007,Validation of a European standard for the determination of hexavalent chromium in solid material,"A European standard for the determination of Cr(vi) in solid material has been elaborated in the framework of an international co-operation and finally validated in the course of an interlaboratory comparison. The procedure is based on the alkaline digestion prescribed by EPA method 3060A followed by ion chromatography and determines an operationally defined content of Cr(vi), including water-soluble and insoluble chromates. A preliminary robustness study was carried out in order to compare different extraction methodologies and to study the equivalency of different analytical methods for the determination of Cr(vi) in alkaline extracts of soil and waste materials. During an interlaboratory validation trial with 19 European laboratories a set of 4 samples (2 soil and 2 waste samples) was analysed to determine performance characteristics for different combinations of digestion and detection methods. With the procedures prescribed by the new European standard (EN 15192) acceptable results were obtained for both soil samples and one of the waste samples (sludge). However, for the second waste sample (fly ash) a large deviation in analytical results was observed. This indicates that particularly for waste materials a possible occurrence of strong matrix effects has to be considered and supplementary quality control data are needed in order to assess the validity of analytical results. The accuracy of the determination of Cr(vi) in solid matrices remains a challenging field in terms of maximum extraction efficiency and minimum species interconversion.","Validation of a European standard for the determination of hexavalent chromium in solid material Abs: A European standard for the determination of Cr(vi) in solid material has been elaborated in the framework of an international co-operation and finally validated in the course of an interlaboratory comparison. The procedure is based on the alkaline digestion prescribed by EPA method 3060A followed by ion chromatography and determines an operationally defined content of Cr(vi), including water-soluble and insoluble chromates. A preliminary robustness study was carried out in order to compare different extraction methodologies and to study the equivalency of different analytical methods for the determination of Cr(vi) in alkaline extracts of soil and waste materials. During an interlaboratory validation trial with 19 European laboratories a set of 4 samples (2 soil and 2 waste samples) was analysed to determine performance characteristics for different combinations of digestion and detection methods. With the procedures prescribed by the new European standard (EN 15192) acceptable results were obtained for both soil samples and one of the waste samples (sludge). However, for the second waste sample (fly ash) a large deviation in analytical results was observed. This indicates that particularly for waste materials a possible occurrence of strong matrix effects has to be considered and supplementary quality control data are needed in order to assess the validity of analytical results. The accuracy of the determination of Cr(vi) in solid matrices remains a challenging field in terms of maximum extraction efficiency and minimum species interconversion.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237858,Rajendrababu and  Kumar 1982,Simple paper chromatographic method for rapid determination of chromate(VI) in fresh water,"A simple concentration method for detection of potassium (di)chromate directly in fresh water was described. Interference from acidity, alkalinity or the presence of salt was eliminated by neutralization with phosphate buffer. A simple and sensitive method for potassium chromate or dichromate(VI) separation and detection by paper chromatography was also described. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibition with 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT)-phenazonium methosulfate (PMS)-sodium succinate mixture as the chromogenic reagent was the detection technique. An acetone-water-EDTA solvent system allowed enzymatic detection of potassium (di)chromate in fresh water with the least cleanup effort: 2 mug was detected by a spot test or 5 mug chromatographically detected directly from fresh water.","Simple paper chromatographic method for rapid determination of chromate(VI) in fresh water Abs: A simple concentration method for detection of potassium (di)chromate directly in fresh water was described. Interference from acidity, alkalinity or the presence of salt was eliminated by neutralization with phosphate buffer. A simple and sensitive method for potassium chromate or dichromate(VI) separation and detection by paper chromatography was also described. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibition with 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT)-phenazonium methosulfate (PMS)-sodium succinate mixture as the chromogenic reagent was the detection technique. An acetone-water-EDTA solvent system allowed enzymatic detection of potassium (di)chromate in fresh water with the least cleanup effort: 2 mug was detected by a spot test or 5 mug chromatographically detected directly from fresh water.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510667,Inoue et al. 1995,SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM(III) AND CHROMIUM(VI) BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT WATER MAGNESIUM CALCIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC LEAD CALCIUM CARBONATE ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY PURIFICATION METHOD ANALYTICAL METHOD,SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM(III) AND CHROMIUM(VI) BY ION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT WATER MAGNESIUM CALCIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC LEAD CALCIUM CARBONATE ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY PURIFICATION METHOD ANALYTICAL METHOD,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578105,Kabir-ud-Din et al. 2001,Chromic acid oxidation of organic acids in CTAB-n-heptane-water-1-pentanol microemulsion,,Chromic acid oxidation of organic acids in CTAB-n-heptane-water-1-pentanol microemulsion Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268333,Dean et al. 1998,Atomic spectrometry update: Environmental analysis,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This is the thirteenth annual review published in JAAS of the applications of atomic spectroscopy to the chemical analysis of environmental samples. The format used continues to be similar to that of previous years, highlighting the main features of this particular subject. Developments in instrumentation are not essentially a feature of this update, and so the emphasis is mainly with the establishment of reliable and robust methods of environmental analysis. The update does, however, focus on the areas of sampling, sample preparation and sample introduction in atomic spectroscopy. The most popular areas for development in sample preparation continuing to be dissolution/decomposition, separation and preconcentration, and solvent extraction, with the emphasis on the establishment of robust and valid methodology. The motives for this approach are usually being led by the necessity to develop simpler, low cost and safe methods. The importance of trace element determination","Atomic spectrometry update: Environmental analysis Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This is the thirteenth annual review published in JAAS of the applications of atomic spectroscopy to the chemical analysis of environmental samples. The format used continues to be similar to that of previous years, highlighting the main features of this particular subject. Developments in instrumentation are not essentially a feature of this update, and so the emphasis is mainly with the establishment of reliable and robust methods of environmental analysis. The update does, however, focus on the areas of sampling, sample preparation and sample introduction in atomic spectroscopy. The most popular areas for development in sample preparation continuing to be dissolution/decomposition, separation and preconcentration, and solvent extraction, with the emphasis on the establishment of robust and valid methodology. The motives for this approach are usually being led by the necessity to develop simpler, low cost and safe methods. The importance of trace element determination",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237875,Slooff and  Canton 1983,Comparison of the susceptibility of 11 freshwater species to 8 chemical compounds: 2. (Semi)chronic toxicity tests,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The relative susceptibility of 11 taxonomically different species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus pannonicus, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Culex pipiens, Hydra oligactis, Lymnaea stagnalis, Poecilia reticulata, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis) to chemicals was determined by comparing the (semi)chronic toxicity data of 8 test substances (NaBr, K2Cr2O7, p-nitrotoluene, dinitro-o-cresol, dimethoate, pentachlorophenol, tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate, 2,4-dichloroaniline). Marked differences were observed in the susceptibility among the species with respect to the individual test compounds (up to a factor of 10,000). Differences were smaller (a factor 50) when the relative susceptibility based on all separate toxicity data of the compounds was taken into account. A test set with an alga, a crustacean and an egg-laying fish species generally gave a good impression of the toxic potential of chemicals to aquatic life. The use of data derived from acute and chronic toxicity tests to estimate the impact of chemical substances on aquatic ecosystems was discussed. For most chemicals the difference in short- and long-term toxicity data on the same species was less than the difference in the susceptibility of various species.","Comparison of the susceptibility of 11 freshwater species to 8 chemical compounds: 2. (Semi)chronic toxicity tests Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The relative susceptibility of 11 taxonomically different species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus pannonicus, Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Culex pipiens, Hydra oligactis, Lymnaea stagnalis, Poecilia reticulata, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis) to chemicals was determined by comparing the (semi)chronic toxicity data of 8 test substances (NaBr, K2Cr2O7, p-nitrotoluene, dinitro-o-cresol, dimethoate, pentachlorophenol, tetrapropylene benzene sulfonate, 2,4-dichloroaniline). Marked differences were observed in the susceptibility among the species with respect to the individual test compounds (up to a factor of 10,000). Differences were smaller (a factor 50) when the relative susceptibility based on all separate toxicity data of the compounds was taken into account. A test set with an alga, a crustacean and an egg-laying fish species generally gave a good impression of the toxic potential of chemicals to aquatic life. The use of data derived from acute and chronic toxicity tests to estimate the impact of chemical substances on aquatic ecosystems was discussed. For most chemicals the difference in short- and long-term toxicity data on the same species was less than the difference in the susceptibility of various species.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510428,Foronda et al. 2005,"Parasites (viruses, coccidia and helminths) of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) introduced to Canary Islands from Iberian Peninsula",,"Parasites (viruses, coccidia and helminths) of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) introduced to Canary Islands from Iberian Peninsula Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234215,Levine and  Marcillo 2008,Origin and endpoint of the olfactory nerve fibers: as described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal,"In the late Nineteenth Century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal was able to reproduce an exceptional illustration of the Olfactory Nerve pathway and its myriad of cells, by using the Golgi Method. Dr. Cajal focused intense study on the histology of the nervous system and published a treatise on the olfactory nerve fibers and the distinct peripheral origin and central nervous system endpoint of this unique pathway. The original title of this work is &quot;Origen y terminación de las fibras nerviosas olfatorias&quot; published in 1890. As the original publication is in Spanish, here we provide an English translation allowing present-day English speakers to read these writings. Cajal followed the trajectory of the olfactory nerve fibers as they transitioned between the peripheral and central nervous system and was able to assert that these fibers were not continuous from the olfactory bulb to the bipolar cells that relinquish into the olfactory epithelium, but that the olfactory system was made up of various cell types each having distinct morphologies and functions. This may very well be the first definitive description of the olfactory receptor neurons and the first illustrations of the continuity of these cells throughout the olfactory pathway. These meticulous histological preparations were created by first using Camillo Golgi's potassium dichromate and silver nitrate impregnation method known as &quot;reazione nera&quot; or &quot;black reaction,&quot; where nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia could be visualized. This study exhibits the structural and functional organization of the mammalian fila olfactoria as it was investigated in centuries past.","Origin and endpoint of the olfactory nerve fibers: as described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal Abs: In the late Nineteenth Century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal was able to reproduce an exceptional illustration of the Olfactory Nerve pathway and its myriad of cells, by using the Golgi Method. Dr. Cajal focused intense study on the histology of the nervous system and published a treatise on the olfactory nerve fibers and the distinct peripheral origin and central nervous system endpoint of this unique pathway. The original title of this work is &quot;Origen y terminación de las fibras nerviosas olfatorias&quot; published in 1890. As the original publication is in Spanish, here we provide an English translation allowing present-day English speakers to read these writings. Cajal followed the trajectory of the olfactory nerve fibers as they transitioned between the peripheral and central nervous system and was able to assert that these fibers were not continuous from the olfactory bulb to the bipolar cells that relinquish into the olfactory epithelium, but that the olfactory system was made up of various cell types each having distinct morphologies and functions. This may very well be the first definitive description of the olfactory receptor neurons and the first illustrations of the continuity of these cells throughout the olfactory pathway. These meticulous histological preparations were created by first using Camillo Golgi's potassium dichromate and silver nitrate impregnation method known as &quot;reazione nera&quot; or &quot;black reaction,&quot; where nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia could be visualized. This study exhibits the structural and functional organization of the mammalian fila olfactoria as it was investigated in centuries past.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231604,Bhatti et al. 2009,Electrocoagulation removal of Cr(VI) from simulated wastewater using response surface methodology,"The present study envisages the performance of a laboratory scale electrocoagulation system for the removal of Cr(VI) from 100 mg l(-1) solution using Al-Al electrodes with an effective surface area of 100 cm(2), and placed 15 mm apart. The interaction between voltage x time, and amperage x time best explained the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency with the coefficient of determination (R(2)) being 0.8873 and 0.9270 respectively. Similarly, the square root of energy consumption in Cr(VI) reduction had a linear correlation with voltage x time (R(2)=0.8949), whereas, amperage x time better explained energy consumption (R(2)=0.9400). Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of process variables (pH, voltage and treatment time), response modeling and predictions. Maximum Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of 90.4% was achieved at pH 5, 24 V and 24 min treatment time, and the treatment consumed 137.2 KWh m(-3) of electrical energy. Multiple response optimization for maximizing Cr(VI) reduction efficiency and minimizing energy consumption showed 49.6% Cr(VI) removal at pH 5, 12.8 V and 24 min treatment time. The response models developed explained 95.2% variability for Cr(VI) reduction efficiency and 99.4% variability for energy consumption. Results of the prediction models were validated through laboratory scale batch experiments.","Electrocoagulation removal of Cr(VI) from simulated wastewater using response surface methodology Abs: The present study envisages the performance of a laboratory scale electrocoagulation system for the removal of Cr(VI) from 100 mg l(-1) solution using Al-Al electrodes with an effective surface area of 100 cm(2), and placed 15 mm apart. The interaction between voltage x time, and amperage x time best explained the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency with the coefficient of determination (R(2)) being 0.8873 and 0.9270 respectively. Similarly, the square root of energy consumption in Cr(VI) reduction had a linear correlation with voltage x time (R(2)=0.8949), whereas, amperage x time better explained energy consumption (R(2)=0.9400). Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of process variables (pH, voltage and treatment time), response modeling and predictions. Maximum Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of 90.4% was achieved at pH 5, 24 V and 24 min treatment time, and the treatment consumed 137.2 KWh m(-3) of electrical energy. Multiple response optimization for maximizing Cr(VI) reduction efficiency and minimizing energy consumption showed 49.6% Cr(VI) removal at pH 5, 12.8 V and 24 min treatment time. The response models developed explained 95.2% variability for Cr(VI) reduction efficiency and 99.4% variability for energy consumption. Results of the prediction models were validated through laboratory scale batch experiments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578215,Nam et al. 2001,Direct measurement of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium by ion chromatography coupled with end-on-view ICP-AES,"Chemical speciation of trace elements in environmental samples can be very important. Chromium (III), for example, is an essential nutrient for humans, but chromium (VI) is toxic. Accordingly any analysis of chromium must be able to distinguish and quantitate the two forms. A highly sensitive method for this analysis is described here involving a separation step using ion chromatography followed by ICP-AES for detection.","Direct measurement of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium by ion chromatography coupled with end-on-view ICP-AES Abs: Chemical speciation of trace elements in environmental samples can be very important. Chromium (III), for example, is an essential nutrient for humans, but chromium (VI) is toxic. Accordingly any analysis of chromium must be able to distinguish and quantitate the two forms. A highly sensitive method for this analysis is described here involving a separation step using ion chromatography followed by ICP-AES for detection.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237288,Goodman 1992,LEAD CHROMATE EXPOSURES AND ELEVATED BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN WORKERS IN THE PLASTICS PIGMENTING INDUSTRY TEXAS 1990,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN BLOOD OSHA USA,LEAD CHROMATE EXPOSURES AND ELEVATED BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN WORKERS IN THE PLASTICS PIGMENTING INDUSTRY TEXAS 1990 Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN BLOOD OSHA USA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786451,Zhao et al. 2013,Effective adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using natural Akadama clay,"In this study, natural Akadama clay was used for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time, initial pH, and adsorbent dose on Cr (VI) adsorption. Results showed that Cr (VI) adsorption on natural Akadama clay reached equilibrium in 180 min. The Cr (VI) removal efficiency of 46.8% without pH adjustment increased to 73.8% at the optimum initial pH of 2. The maximum adsorption capacity was 4.29 mg g(-1) at an initial concentration of 50.0 mg L(-1) and adsorbent dosage of 5 g L(-1). The equilibrium data fitted Freundlich isotherm better than Langmuir isotherm, and they were well explained by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption mechanism analysis proved that electrostatic adsorption dominated during the removal process. Results from this study demonstrate that natural Akadama clay has the potential to be an efficient adsorbent for Cr (VI) adsorption compared to other natural mineral adsorbents.","Effective adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using natural Akadama clay Abs: In this study, natural Akadama clay was used for Cr (VI) removal from aqueous solution. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time, initial pH, and adsorbent dose on Cr (VI) adsorption. Results showed that Cr (VI) adsorption on natural Akadama clay reached equilibrium in 180 min. The Cr (VI) removal efficiency of 46.8% without pH adjustment increased to 73.8% at the optimum initial pH of 2. The maximum adsorption capacity was 4.29 mg g(-1) at an initial concentration of 50.0 mg L(-1) and adsorbent dosage of 5 g L(-1). The equilibrium data fitted Freundlich isotherm better than Langmuir isotherm, and they were well explained by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption mechanism analysis proved that electrostatic adsorption dominated during the removal process. Results from this study demonstrate that natural Akadama clay has the potential to be an efficient adsorbent for Cr (VI) adsorption compared to other natural mineral adsorbents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1239035,Kellard 1991,Hazardous substances - Carcinogens guide,"This guide is designed for safety officers, occupational hygienists and laboratory workers and aims to provide authoritative reference information on workplace carcinogens. All substances which come within the scope of the British COSHH Regulations (see CIS 89-1092) are included. For each of the 61 substances listed, the following information is provided: chemical identity; properties; uses; carcinogenicity in humans and animals. An introduction includes details of the legislation related to occupational cancer and an overview of the identification and classification of carcinogens.","Hazardous substances - Carcinogens guide Abs: This guide is designed for safety officers, occupational hygienists and laboratory workers and aims to provide authoritative reference information on workplace carcinogens. All substances which come within the scope of the British COSHH Regulations (see CIS 89-1092) are included. For each of the 61 substances listed, the following information is provided: chemical identity; properties; uses; carcinogenicity in humans and animals. An introduction includes details of the legislation related to occupational cancer and an overview of the identification and classification of carcinogens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225581,Zhang et al. 2014,Ultrasound-Enhanced Adsorption of Chromium(VI) on Fe3O4 Magnetic Particles. 53,,Ultrasound-Enhanced Adsorption of Chromium(VI) on Fe3O4 Magnetic Particles. 53 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237994,Szarmach et al. 1973,"Chromium, Cobalt And Nickel Contact Allergy Among The Population Of Bialystok Province","Incidence of chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), and nickel allergy was studied. Subjects, including bricklayers, concrete workers, ironworkers, machinists, welders, agricultural workers, and housewives, were given skin tests with a 5 percent solution of potassium-dichromate in water and 2 percent solutions of cobalt-sulfate and nickel-sulfate in water. Tests were read at 24, 48, an 72 hours and reactions graded. Among the 1,100 subjects graded, there were 120 positive reactions; many were to more than one metal. The greatest number of monovalent reactions was elicited by chromium, primarily in males. Males were concomitantly sensitive to chromium and cobalt in 15 cases, compared with 9 for females. Females were simultaneously sensitive to cobalt and nickel in 13 cases, contrasted with 8 for males. The sensitivity pattern of agricultural workers did not differ significantly from those of industrial workers. The authors conclude that the similarities between agricultural and industrial patterns of sensitivity reflects increased mechanization and the use of chemical mediums in agriculture. The simultaneous reaction to chromium and cobalt usually occurs in those who might have had occupational exposure. The joint sensitivity to cobalt and nickel occurs in those with a less probable connection between allergy and work. (Polish)","Chromium, Cobalt And Nickel Contact Allergy Among The Population Of Bialystok Province Abs: Incidence of chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), and nickel allergy was studied. Subjects, including bricklayers, concrete workers, ironworkers, machinists, welders, agricultural workers, and housewives, were given skin tests with a 5 percent solution of potassium-dichromate in water and 2 percent solutions of cobalt-sulfate and nickel-sulfate in water. Tests were read at 24, 48, an 72 hours and reactions graded. Among the 1,100 subjects graded, there were 120 positive reactions; many were to more than one metal. The greatest number of monovalent reactions was elicited by chromium, primarily in males. Males were concomitantly sensitive to chromium and cobalt in 15 cases, compared with 9 for females. Females were simultaneously sensitive to cobalt and nickel in 13 cases, contrasted with 8 for males. The sensitivity pattern of agricultural workers did not differ significantly from those of industrial workers. The authors conclude that the similarities between agricultural and industrial patterns of sensitivity reflects increased mechanization and the use of chemical mediums in agriculture. The simultaneous reaction to chromium and cobalt usually occurs in those who might have had occupational exposure. The joint sensitivity to cobalt and nickel occurs in those with a less probable connection between allergy and work. (Polish)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516466,Srivastava et al. 1985,Estimation of chromium-vi in water tannery and plating wastes,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm,Estimation of chromium-vi in water tannery and plating wastes Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510661,Pepi and  Baldi 1995,CHROMATE TOLERANCE IN STRAINS OF RHODOSPORIDIUM TORULOIDES MODULATED BY THIOSULFATE AND SULFUR AMINO-ACIDS,,CHROMATE TOLERANCE IN STRAINS OF RHODOSPORIDIUM TORULOIDES MODULATED BY THIOSULFATE AND SULFUR AMINO-ACIDS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231798,Codd et al. 2006,Chromium(V) complexes generated in Arthrobacter oxydans by simulation analysis of EPR spectra,"Chromium(V) is an intermediate formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) compounds by various bacteria. However, little is known about the nature, localization and reactivity of Cr(V) species in microbial systems. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the nature of Cr(V) complexes generated in basalt-inhabiting Gram-positive Arthrobacter oxydans bacteria after exposure to high concentrations of Cr(VI). Numerical simulations of the EPR spectroscopic data provide strong evidence for at least two different diolato-type oxoCr(V) complexes (I, g(iso)=1.9801; II, g(iso)=1.9796) involving bacterial cell wall macromolecules in the Cr(VI)-A. oxydans system. The relative concentrations of the two oxoCr(V)-diolato species differ when Cr(VI) is incubated with either untreated A. oxydans cells (I:II approximately 50:50) or lyophilized cells (I:II approximately 10:90). Based upon the magnitudes of the proton superhyperfine coupling constants ((1)H a(iso)) for species I and II, the EPR simulation model is unable to distinguish unambiguously whether the oxoCr(V)-diolato species are linear alkoxides or cyclic diols (carbohydrates). The oxygen-containing functional groups associated with teichoic acids are the most likely candidates for complexation with the Cr(V) ion.","Chromium(V) complexes generated in Arthrobacter oxydans by simulation analysis of EPR spectra Abs: Chromium(V) is an intermediate formed during the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) compounds by various bacteria. However, little is known about the nature, localization and reactivity of Cr(V) species in microbial systems. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the nature of Cr(V) complexes generated in basalt-inhabiting Gram-positive Arthrobacter oxydans bacteria after exposure to high concentrations of Cr(VI). Numerical simulations of the EPR spectroscopic data provide strong evidence for at least two different diolato-type oxoCr(V) complexes (I, g(iso)=1.9801; II, g(iso)=1.9796) involving bacterial cell wall macromolecules in the Cr(VI)-A. oxydans system. The relative concentrations of the two oxoCr(V)-diolato species differ when Cr(VI) is incubated with either untreated A. oxydans cells (I:II approximately 50:50) or lyophilized cells (I:II approximately 10:90). Based upon the magnitudes of the proton superhyperfine coupling constants ((1)H a(iso)) for species I and II, the EPR simulation model is unable to distinguish unambiguously whether the oxoCr(V)-diolato species are linear alkoxides or cyclic diols (carbohydrates). The oxygen-containing functional groups associated with teichoic acids are the most likely candidates for complexation with the Cr(V) ion.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231632,Li et al. 2009,Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on aluminum magnesium mixed hydroxide,"A series of sols consisting of aluminum magnesium mixed hydroxide (AMH) nanoparticles with various Mg/Al molar ratios were prepared by coprecipitation. The use of AMH as adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of the Mg/Al molar ratio, pH, contact time, concentration of Cr(VI) and temperature. It was found that AMH with Mg/Al molar ratio 3 has the largest adsorption efficiency due to the smallest average particle diameter and the highest zeta potential; AMH was particularly effective for the Cr(VI) removal in a pH range from acid to slightly alkaline, even though the most effective pH range was between 2.5 and 5.0. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on AMH reached equilibrium within 150 min. The saturated adsorption capacities of AMH for Cr(VI) were 105.3-112.0mg/g at 20-40 degrees C. The interaction between the surface sites of AMH and the Cr(VI) ions may be a combination of both anion exchange and surface complexation. The pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) onto AMH. The results showed that AMH can be used as a new adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal which has higher adsorption capacity and faster adsorption rate at pH values close to that at which pollutants are usually found in the environment.","Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on aluminum magnesium mixed hydroxide Abs: A series of sols consisting of aluminum magnesium mixed hydroxide (AMH) nanoparticles with various Mg/Al molar ratios were prepared by coprecipitation. The use of AMH as adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of the Mg/Al molar ratio, pH, contact time, concentration of Cr(VI) and temperature. It was found that AMH with Mg/Al molar ratio 3 has the largest adsorption efficiency due to the smallest average particle diameter and the highest zeta potential; AMH was particularly effective for the Cr(VI) removal in a pH range from acid to slightly alkaline, even though the most effective pH range was between 2.5 and 5.0. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on AMH reached equilibrium within 150 min. The saturated adsorption capacities of AMH for Cr(VI) were 105.3-112.0mg/g at 20-40 degrees C. The interaction between the surface sites of AMH and the Cr(VI) ions may be a combination of both anion exchange and surface complexation. The pseudo-second-order model best described the adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) onto AMH. The results showed that AMH can be used as a new adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal which has higher adsorption capacity and faster adsorption rate at pH values close to that at which pollutants are usually found in the environment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235040,Davis and  Winlove 1981,Uptake of low molecular weight materials in an in situ preparation of the rabbit thoracic aorta,"1. An in situ preparation of the rabbit thoracic aorta is described in which the integrity of the intimal endothelium is shown to be preserved. An extensive system of vasa vasorum and lymphatic vessels distributed throughout the adventitia, but not penetrating the media, are demonstrated using resin casts and lead chromate precipitation techniques and are shown to be patent in this preparation. 2. The role of the vasa vasorum in the medial uptake of low molecular weight materials is investigated as a function of luminal hydrostatic pressure and perfusion time. Comparison of uptake in vessels with and without patent vasa vasorum indicates that at physiological pressures medial uptake of 125I ions is dominated by entry from the adventitial surface. Analysis of the transmural distribution of 125I demonstrates that iodide is not retarded at the endothelial surface but a barrier exists within the intima which is tentatively identified as the internal elastic lamina. Qualitative studies show that Patent Blue V whose coloured anion has a molecular weight of 500 is able, at longer perfusion times, to penetrate this barrier. There is no circumferential variation in intimal uptake, but in contrast, adventitial uptake is rather patchy and generally more intense on the dorsal surfaces of the aorta. 3. Iodide transport across the intimal surface is argued to be predominantly diffusive in short duration experiments with an effective diffusion coefficient of (1.6 +/- 0.9) X 10(-6) cm2 min-1.","Uptake of low molecular weight materials in an in situ preparation of the rabbit thoracic aorta Abs: 1. An in situ preparation of the rabbit thoracic aorta is described in which the integrity of the intimal endothelium is shown to be preserved. An extensive system of vasa vasorum and lymphatic vessels distributed throughout the adventitia, but not penetrating the media, are demonstrated using resin casts and lead chromate precipitation techniques and are shown to be patent in this preparation. 2. The role of the vasa vasorum in the medial uptake of low molecular weight materials is investigated as a function of luminal hydrostatic pressure and perfusion time. Comparison of uptake in vessels with and without patent vasa vasorum indicates that at physiological pressures medial uptake of 125I ions is dominated by entry from the adventitial surface. Analysis of the transmural distribution of 125I demonstrates that iodide is not retarded at the endothelial surface but a barrier exists within the intima which is tentatively identified as the internal elastic lamina. Qualitative studies show that Patent Blue V whose coloured anion has a molecular weight of 500 is able, at longer perfusion times, to penetrate this barrier. There is no circumferential variation in intimal uptake, but in contrast, adventitial uptake is rather patchy and generally more intense on the dorsal surfaces of the aorta. 3. Iodide transport across the intimal surface is argued to be predominantly diffusive in short duration experiments with an effective diffusion coefficient of (1.6 +/- 0.9) X 10(-6) cm2 min-1.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577622,Ghosh et al. 2012,Micellar catalysis on picolinic acid promoted hexavalent chromium oxidation of glycerol,,Micellar catalysis on picolinic acid promoted hexavalent chromium oxidation of glycerol Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225022,Welsh et al. 2013,"Novel spot tests for detecting the presence of zinc sulfate in urine, a newly introduced urinary adulterant to invalidate drugs of abuse testing","<strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To find a suitable method for detecting zinc sulfate in adulterated urine.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Two rapid spot tests to detect the presence of zinc sulfate in urine were developed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Addition of 3 to 4 drops of 1N sodium hydroxide solution to approximately 1 mL of urine containing zinc sulfate led to the formation of a white precipitate, which was soluble in excess sodium hydroxide. In the second spot test, addition of 3 to 4 drops of 1% sodium chromate solution to 1 mL of urine containing zinc sulfate followed by the addition of 4 to 5 drops of 1N sodium hydroxide led to formation of a yellow precipitate (zinc chromate). Detection limit of these visual spot tests was 10 mg/mL of zinc sulfate in urine. Twenty drug-free urine specimens and urine containing high amounts of sugar or reducing substances were tested with no false-positive spot test results observed. However, if lead is present in high amounts in urine, it may cause false-positive spot test results. When aliquots of urine controls for drugs of abuse testing were supplemented with different amounts of zinc sulfate, false-negative drug test results were observed except for amphetamine. Zinc sulfate also falsely reduced measured urine alcohol level in urine.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Zinc sulfate can invalidate urine drug and alcohol testing but can be detected using the novel spot tests developed.","Novel spot tests for detecting the presence of zinc sulfate in urine, a newly introduced urinary adulterant to invalidate drugs of abuse testing Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To find a suitable method for detecting zinc sulfate in adulterated urine.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Two rapid spot tests to detect the presence of zinc sulfate in urine were developed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Addition of 3 to 4 drops of 1N sodium hydroxide solution to approximately 1 mL of urine containing zinc sulfate led to the formation of a white precipitate, which was soluble in excess sodium hydroxide. In the second spot test, addition of 3 to 4 drops of 1% sodium chromate solution to 1 mL of urine containing zinc sulfate followed by the addition of 4 to 5 drops of 1N sodium hydroxide led to formation of a yellow precipitate (zinc chromate). Detection limit of these visual spot tests was 10 mg/mL of zinc sulfate in urine. Twenty drug-free urine specimens and urine containing high amounts of sugar or reducing substances were tested with no false-positive spot test results observed. However, if lead is present in high amounts in urine, it may cause false-positive spot test results. When aliquots of urine controls for drugs of abuse testing were supplemented with different amounts of zinc sulfate, false-negative drug test results were observed except for amphetamine. Zinc sulfate also falsely reduced measured urine alcohol level in urine.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Zinc sulfate can invalidate urine drug and alcohol testing but can be detected using the novel spot tests developed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236127,English and  Clanton 1984,Evaluation of neutrophil labeling techniques using the chemotaxis radioassay,"Neutrophils isolated from human blood were labeled by various methods and exposed to a chemotactic gradient. The chemotactically functional cells that migrated into the gradient were isolated. The portion of radioactivity of the original cell suspension carried with the chemotactically responsive cells was related to the relative number of migrating cells as determined microscopically. Of the radionuclides used, P-32 diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), In-111 oxine, and Tc-99m sulfur colloid provided cell preparations with the highest relative portion of radioactivity confined to functionally intact (chemotactic) neutrophils. Results with Na2(51)CrO4 and with SnCl2-reduced 99mTcO4- were less than optimal. Neutrophils exposed to Ga-67 citrate apparently took up the label and retained chemotactic responsiveness. However, little or no radioactivity was detected in the neutrophils that migrated from the suspensions of Ga-67-labeled cells. The results indicate that the chemotaxis radioassay can yield unique information pertaining to the extent to which a radiotracer is specifically associated with viable neutrophils in a suspension of labeled cells.","Evaluation of neutrophil labeling techniques using the chemotaxis radioassay Abs: Neutrophils isolated from human blood were labeled by various methods and exposed to a chemotactic gradient. The chemotactically functional cells that migrated into the gradient were isolated. The portion of radioactivity of the original cell suspension carried with the chemotactically responsive cells was related to the relative number of migrating cells as determined microscopically. Of the radionuclides used, P-32 diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), In-111 oxine, and Tc-99m sulfur colloid provided cell preparations with the highest relative portion of radioactivity confined to functionally intact (chemotactic) neutrophils. Results with Na2(51)CrO4 and with SnCl2-reduced 99mTcO4- were less than optimal. Neutrophils exposed to Ga-67 citrate apparently took up the label and retained chemotactic responsiveness. However, little or no radioactivity was detected in the neutrophils that migrated from the suspensions of Ga-67-labeled cells. The results indicate that the chemotaxis radioassay can yield unique information pertaining to the extent to which a radiotracer is specifically associated with viable neutrophils in a suspension of labeled cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233690,Speranza et al. 2007,Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium strongly alter in vitro germination and ultrastructure of kiwifruit pollen,"Due to its widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a dangerous environmental pollutant. It is known to inhibit plant growth and development. The present study provides the first evidence of the toxicity of this metal on the male haploid generation of a higher plant. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, supplied as CrCl(3) and CrO(3), respectively, exerted a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on kiwifruit pollen tube emergence and growth. Cr(III) resulted more effective than Cr(VI) in the 16-75microM interval; moreover, complete inhibition of germination was attained at much lower doses than Cr(VI). Also tube morphology was affected. While the plasma membrane was still undamaged in the large majority of the treated pollen grains, dramatic ultrastructural alterations were induced by chromium including chromatin condensation, swelling of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and perturbed arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Thus, it seems that the impact of the two chromium species on kiwifruit pollen may result in severe compromission of both essential structures and functions of the male gametophyte.","Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium strongly alter in vitro germination and ultrastructure of kiwifruit pollen Abs: Due to its widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a dangerous environmental pollutant. It is known to inhibit plant growth and development. The present study provides the first evidence of the toxicity of this metal on the male haploid generation of a higher plant. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species, supplied as CrCl(3) and CrO(3), respectively, exerted a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on kiwifruit pollen tube emergence and growth. Cr(III) resulted more effective than Cr(VI) in the 16-75microM interval; moreover, complete inhibition of germination was attained at much lower doses than Cr(VI). Also tube morphology was affected. While the plasma membrane was still undamaged in the large majority of the treated pollen grains, dramatic ultrastructural alterations were induced by chromium including chromatin condensation, swelling of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and perturbed arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Thus, it seems that the impact of the two chromium species on kiwifruit pollen may result in severe compromission of both essential structures and functions of the male gametophyte.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
14153,Zey and  Lucas 1985,"Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-82-358-1558, United Catalysts, Inc. South Plant, Louisville, Kentucky","Environmental and breathing zone samples were analyzed for nickel (7440020), chromium(VI) (18540299), other metals, particulates, silica (7631869), sulfuric-acid (7664939), ammonia (7664417), and ionizing radiation at United Catalysts, Incorporated, South facility (SIC-2819), Louisville, Kentucky, in November, 1982 and Juneuly, 1983. The survey was requested by the Kentucky Department of Labor to evaluate occupational exposures and related health problems. Medical questionnaires were distributed to 98 employees. Pulmonary function test data was reviewed. All 33 personal nickel samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended standard of 15 micrograms per cubic meter (microg/m3). Four area chromium(VI) samples exceeded the NIOSH standard of 0.001microg/m3. Area ionizing radiation readings ranged up to 30 or more millirems per hour (mR/hour). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission standard for ionizing radiation is 3mR/hour. Concentrations of all other substances were below relevant standards. Sixty nine percent of the employees had one or more of such symptoms as cough, nasal sores, or skin rash. About half of the pulmonary test results were abnormal. The authors conclude that a health hazard exists due to nickel exposure. Potential hazards due to ionizing radiation and chromium(VI) also exist. Recommendations include instituting an employee education program about workplace hazards and improving respiratory protection and engineering controls.","Health hazard evaluation report no. HETA-82-358-1558, United Catalysts, Inc. South Plant, Louisville, Kentucky Abs: Environmental and breathing zone samples were analyzed for nickel (7440020), chromium(VI) (18540299), other metals, particulates, silica (7631869), sulfuric-acid (7664939), ammonia (7664417), and ionizing radiation at United Catalysts, Incorporated, South facility (SIC-2819), Louisville, Kentucky, in November, 1982 and Juneuly, 1983. The survey was requested by the Kentucky Department of Labor to evaluate occupational exposures and related health problems. Medical questionnaires were distributed to 98 employees. Pulmonary function test data was reviewed. All 33 personal nickel samples exceeded the NIOSH recommended standard of 15 micrograms per cubic meter (microg/m3). Four area chromium(VI) samples exceeded the NIOSH standard of 0.001microg/m3. Area ionizing radiation readings ranged up to 30 or more millirems per hour (mR/hour). The Nuclear Regulatory Commission standard for ionizing radiation is 3mR/hour. Concentrations of all other substances were below relevant standards. Sixty nine percent of the employees had one or more of such symptoms as cough, nasal sores, or skin rash. About half of the pulmonary test results were abnormal. The authors conclude that a health hazard exists due to nickel exposure. Potential hazards due to ionizing radiation and chromium(VI) also exist. Recommendations include instituting an employee education program about workplace hazards and improving respiratory protection and engineering controls.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578232,Pavel et al. 2010,ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHROMIUM IN SOME ROMANIAN SOILS,"Chromium (Cr) is one of the most common metal contaminants in soil because of its use in ore refining, production of steel and alloys, metal plating, tanneries, wood preservation, and pigmentation. In soil environment, the most stable oxidation states of chromium are Cr (III) and Cr (VI). While Cr (III) is considered an essential trace element for the functioning of living organisms, Cr (VI) is toxic and carcinogenic to humans via inhalation for long exposures, since it is easily soluble and mobile in soils and can be leached into surface water or groundwater, and taken up by plants. The efficacy of remediation processes are highly dependent on chromium sorption and desorption kinetics and on the influence of competing solute anions. Models to predict the transport of Cr(VI) in soils must therefore incorporate these effects. The objective of the study was to speciate and to evaluate various soil Cr species in relation to soil properties. Adsorption and reduction of added Cr(VI) were characterized in soils with contrasting pH, organic matter contents, and chemical and mineralogical properties. Batch experiments are used to determine equilibrium sorption parameters for chromium by soil and to study sorption kinetics that are relevant to soil contamination sites. The distribution of metal contaminant in soils can be strongly localized by transport limitations and redox gradients within soil aggregates. The soils adsorption and reduction capacities were eventually overwhelmed, however, and permitted the passage of Cr(VI) into the underlying ground water.","ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING THE BEHAVIOUR OF CHROMIUM IN SOME ROMANIAN SOILS Abs: Chromium (Cr) is one of the most common metal contaminants in soil because of its use in ore refining, production of steel and alloys, metal plating, tanneries, wood preservation, and pigmentation. In soil environment, the most stable oxidation states of chromium are Cr (III) and Cr (VI). While Cr (III) is considered an essential trace element for the functioning of living organisms, Cr (VI) is toxic and carcinogenic to humans via inhalation for long exposures, since it is easily soluble and mobile in soils and can be leached into surface water or groundwater, and taken up by plants. The efficacy of remediation processes are highly dependent on chromium sorption and desorption kinetics and on the influence of competing solute anions. Models to predict the transport of Cr(VI) in soils must therefore incorporate these effects. The objective of the study was to speciate and to evaluate various soil Cr species in relation to soil properties. Adsorption and reduction of added Cr(VI) were characterized in soils with contrasting pH, organic matter contents, and chemical and mineralogical properties. Batch experiments are used to determine equilibrium sorption parameters for chromium by soil and to study sorption kinetics that are relevant to soil contamination sites. The distribution of metal contaminant in soils can be strongly localized by transport limitations and redox gradients within soil aggregates. The soils adsorption and reduction capacities were eventually overwhelmed, however, and permitted the passage of Cr(VI) into the underlying ground water.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230978,Nies et al. 1990,Nucleotide sequence and expression of a plasmid-encoded chromate resistance determinant from Alcaligenes eutrophus,"The nucleotide sequence of the 2.6-kilobase pair (kb) EcoRI fragment encoding chromate resistance (Chrr) on plasmid pMOL28 in Alcaligenes eutrophus was determined. Three open reading frames were assigned to three polypeptides which were expressed from this determinant in Escherichia coli under the control of a phage T7 transcription promoter. When the roles of the polypeptides and open reading frames were analyzed with deletion derivatives of the 2.6-kilobase fragment, the membrane-bound ChrA (401 amino acids) and ChrB (196 amino acids) polypeptides were essential for inducible chromate resistance and reduced accumulation of chromate, while the third open reading frame was not needed.","Nucleotide sequence and expression of a plasmid-encoded chromate resistance determinant from Alcaligenes eutrophus Abs: The nucleotide sequence of the 2.6-kilobase pair (kb) EcoRI fragment encoding chromate resistance (Chrr) on plasmid pMOL28 in Alcaligenes eutrophus was determined. Three open reading frames were assigned to three polypeptides which were expressed from this determinant in Escherichia coli under the control of a phage T7 transcription promoter. When the roles of the polypeptides and open reading frames were analyzed with deletion derivatives of the 2.6-kilobase fragment, the membrane-bound ChrA (401 amino acids) and ChrB (196 amino acids) polypeptides were essential for inducible chromate resistance and reduced accumulation of chromate, while the third open reading frame was not needed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1255995,Torkmahalleh et al. 2012,The Impact of Deliquescence and pH on Cr Speciation in Ambient PM Samples,,The Impact of Deliquescence and pH on Cr Speciation in Ambient PM Samples Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
547876,Saeed et al. 2005,"Removal and recovery of lead( II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk)","The study reports removal of heavy metals when present singly or in binary and ternary systems by the milling agrowaste of Cicer arientinum (chickpea var. black gram) as the biosorbent. The biosorbent removed heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solutions with the selectivity order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > Ni. The biosorption of metal ions by black gram husk (BGH) increased as the initial metal concentration increased. Biosorption equilibrium was established within 30 min, which was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum amount of heavy metals (q sub(max)) adsorbed at equilibrium was 49.97, 39.99, 33.81, 25.73 and 19.56 mg/g BGH biomass for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni, respectively. The biosorption capacities were found to be pH dependent and the maximum adsorption occurred at the solution pH 5. Efficiency of the biosorbent to remove Pb from binary and ternary solutions with Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was the same level as it was when present singly. The presence of Pb in the binary and ternary solutions also did not significantly affect the sorption of other metals. Breakthrough curves for continuous removal of Pb from single, binary and ternary metal solutions are reported for inlet-effluent equilibrium. Complete desorption of Pb and other metals in single and multimetal solutions was achieved with 0.1 M HCl in both shake flask and fixed bed column studies. This is the first report of removal of the highly toxic Pb, Cd, and other heavy metals in binary and ternary systems based on the biosorption by an agrowaste. The potential of application for the treatment of solutions containing these heavy metals in multimetal solutions is indicated.","Removal and recovery of lead( II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk) Abs: The study reports removal of heavy metals when present singly or in binary and ternary systems by the milling agrowaste of Cicer arientinum (chickpea var. black gram) as the biosorbent. The biosorbent removed heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solutions with the selectivity order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > Ni. The biosorption of metal ions by black gram husk (BGH) increased as the initial metal concentration increased. Biosorption equilibrium was established within 30 min, which was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum amount of heavy metals (q sub(max)) adsorbed at equilibrium was 49.97, 39.99, 33.81, 25.73 and 19.56 mg/g BGH biomass for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni, respectively. The biosorption capacities were found to be pH dependent and the maximum adsorption occurred at the solution pH 5. Efficiency of the biosorbent to remove Pb from binary and ternary solutions with Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was the same level as it was when present singly. The presence of Pb in the binary and ternary solutions also did not significantly affect the sorption of other metals. Breakthrough curves for continuous removal of Pb from single, binary and ternary metal solutions are reported for inlet-effluent equilibrium. Complete desorption of Pb and other metals in single and multimetal solutions was achieved with 0.1 M HCl in both shake flask and fixed bed column studies. This is the first report of removal of the highly toxic Pb, Cd, and other heavy metals in binary and ternary systems based on the biosorption by an agrowaste. The potential of application for the treatment of solutions containing these heavy metals in multimetal solutions is indicated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237354,Centeno M et al. 1993,Acute toxicity tests with Streptocephalus proboscideus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca): Influence of selected environmental conditions,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The influence of selected environmental conditions on the acute toxicity of 3 selected chemicals (K2Cr2O7, CuSO4 and Na pentachlorophenate) to instar II-III larvae of Streptocephalus proboscideus was evaluated. Mortality after a 24-h incubation was used as effect criterion. Factorial experiments were set up resulting to 25 different combinations of temperature and water hardness. The effects of pH of the dilution medium and light regime during toxicant exposure were also assessed. Results (24-h LC50's) from nearly 200 tests revealed that the degree of variation is chemical- and test condition-dependent. Water hardness had the greatest effect on larval sensitivity, showing a significant (p 0.05) negative correlation. A significant effect (p 0.05) on sensitivity was furthermore detected only for the extreme values of temperature (30? C) and pH (6.0) tested. Light conditions during acute exposure caused no change in larval sensitivity.","Acute toxicity tests with Streptocephalus proboscideus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca): Influence of selected environmental conditions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The influence of selected environmental conditions on the acute toxicity of 3 selected chemicals (K2Cr2O7, CuSO4 and Na pentachlorophenate) to instar II-III larvae of Streptocephalus proboscideus was evaluated. Mortality after a 24-h incubation was used as effect criterion. Factorial experiments were set up resulting to 25 different combinations of temperature and water hardness. The effects of pH of the dilution medium and light regime during toxicant exposure were also assessed. Results (24-h LC50's) from nearly 200 tests revealed that the degree of variation is chemical- and test condition-dependent. Water hardness had the greatest effect on larval sensitivity, showing a significant (p 0.05) negative correlation. A significant effect (p 0.05) on sensitivity was furthermore detected only for the extreme values of temperature (30? C) and pH (6.0) tested. Light conditions during acute exposure caused no change in larval sensitivity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509770,Themelis et al. 2006,Flow injection direct spectrophotometric assay for the speciation of trace chromium(III) and chromium(VI) using chromotropic acid as chromogenic reagent,"A new rapid and sensitive FI assay is reported for the simultaneous direct spectrophotometric determination of trace Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in real samples. The method is based upon the reaction of Cr(VI) with chromotropic acid (CA) in highly acidic medium to form a water-soluble complex (lambda(max)=370nm). Cr(III) reacts with CA only after its on-line oxidation to Cr(VI) by alkaline KIO(4). The determination of each chromium species in the sample was achieved by absorbance differences. The calibration curves were linear over the range 3-4000mugl(-1) and 30-1200mugl(-1) for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively, while the precision close to the quantitation limit was satisfactory in both cases (s(r)=3.0% for Cr(VI) and 4.0% for Cr(III) (n=10) at 10 and 50mugl(-1) level, respectively). The method developed proved to be adequately selective and sensitive (c(L)=1 and 10mugl(-1) for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively). The application of the method to the analysis of water samples (tap and mineral water) gave accurate results based on recovery studies (93-106%). Analytical results of real sample analysis were in good agreement with certified values.","Flow injection direct spectrophotometric assay for the speciation of trace chromium(III) and chromium(VI) using chromotropic acid as chromogenic reagent Abs: A new rapid and sensitive FI assay is reported for the simultaneous direct spectrophotometric determination of trace Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in real samples. The method is based upon the reaction of Cr(VI) with chromotropic acid (CA) in highly acidic medium to form a water-soluble complex (lambda(max)=370nm). Cr(III) reacts with CA only after its on-line oxidation to Cr(VI) by alkaline KIO(4). The determination of each chromium species in the sample was achieved by absorbance differences. The calibration curves were linear over the range 3-4000mugl(-1) and 30-1200mugl(-1) for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively, while the precision close to the quantitation limit was satisfactory in both cases (s(r)=3.0% for Cr(VI) and 4.0% for Cr(III) (n=10) at 10 and 50mugl(-1) level, respectively). The method developed proved to be adequately selective and sensitive (c(L)=1 and 10mugl(-1) for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively). The application of the method to the analysis of water samples (tap and mineral water) gave accurate results based on recovery studies (93-106%). Analytical results of real sample analysis were in good agreement with certified values.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576799,Panchenco and  Turkovskaya 1999,The applicability of surfactant-degrading microorganisms for treatment of multicomponent waste water,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The degradation of non-ionic surfactants by free and immobilized cells of degrader strains in model and real waste waters has been studied. The effect of the most widespread acompanying pollutants and cultivation conditions on this process was investigated. The quantitative indices of the qualitative decrease of the microbial purification in the presence of mineral oils, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+ ions, metal dust and acrylates are given. The biodegradation of non-ionic surfactants using a complex t","The applicability of surfactant-degrading microorganisms for treatment of multicomponent waste water Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The degradation of non-ionic surfactants by free and immobilized cells of degrader strains in model and real waste waters has been studied. The effect of the most widespread acompanying pollutants and cultivation conditions on this process was investigated. The quantitative indices of the qualitative decrease of the microbial purification in the presence of mineral oils, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Al3+ ions, metal dust and acrylates are given. The biodegradation of non-ionic surfactants using a complex t",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786295,Villegas et al. 2013,"The effect of sulphate and phosphate ions on Cr(VI) reduction by Streptomyces sp. MC1, including studies of growth and pleomorphism",,"The effect of sulphate and phosphate ions on Cr(VI) reduction by Streptomyces sp. MC1, including studies of growth and pleomorphism Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290375,Trocha et al. 1999,Chromium carcinogenity,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium belongs to the group of trace elements hich are essential in numerous functions of the human body. Chromium deficiency may be responsible for various dysfunctions, whereas exposure to chromium at higher concentrations is toxic and may lead to the occurrence of neoplastic diseases. Epidemiological studies of chromium exposure proved its carcinogenity, and thus the IARC recognised Cr(VI) and its compounds as one of ascertained carcinogens. Some findings of these studies were reviewed in t assessment of chromium mutagenity and genotoxicity are also discussed, and special attention is paidto tests of mutation in bacteria and yeast as well as to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test.","Chromium carcinogenity Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium belongs to the group of trace elements hich are essential in numerous functions of the human body. Chromium deficiency may be responsible for various dysfunctions, whereas exposure to chromium at higher concentrations is toxic and may lead to the occurrence of neoplastic diseases. Epidemiological studies of chromium exposure proved its carcinogenity, and thus the IARC recognised Cr(VI) and its compounds as one of ascertained carcinogens. Some findings of these studies were reviewed in t assessment of chromium mutagenity and genotoxicity are also discussed, and special attention is paidto tests of mutation in bacteria and yeast as well as to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1260424,Novakova 1978,A study on the isolated and combined action of manganese with chromium of six valency,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The isolated and combined actions of Mn and Cr(VI) on some blood, enzymic and other indices in rabbits with and without experimental hypercholesteremia were determined. There was anemia in the animals with experimental atherosclerosis, whose development was slightly delayed by Cr(VI). The examined microelements affected liver function, impaired liver and renal parenchyma, disturbed tissue respiration and oxidative-reparative processes in the organism (mostly manifested in animals with experimental hypercholesteremia) and more marked in those animals treated with Mn.","A study on the isolated and combined action of manganese with chromium of six valency Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The isolated and combined actions of Mn and Cr(VI) on some blood, enzymic and other indices in rabbits with and without experimental hypercholesteremia were determined. There was anemia in the animals with experimental atherosclerosis, whose development was slightly delayed by Cr(VI). The examined microelements affected liver function, impaired liver and renal parenchyma, disturbed tissue respiration and oxidative-reparative processes in the organism (mostly manifested in animals with experimental hypercholesteremia) and more marked in those animals treated with Mn.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
648150,Wise et al. 2003,Barium chromate is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are widely accepted as human lung carcinogens. However, there have been few investigations of the genotoxicity of Cr(VI) in human lung cells. Moreover, our knowledge of the effects of Cr(VI) in human lung cells is further limited because the available data generally focus on the effects of only lead chromate (PbCrO(4)) and sodium chromate (Na(2)CrO(4)). To fully understand these carcinogenic compounds, the genotoxic effects to its target cells need to be evaluated for additional Cr(VI) salts. Accordingly, we investigated the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of barium chromate (BC) in a human lung cell culture model (WTHBF-6 cells). We found that BC induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in WTHBF-6 cells, with relative survival of 88%, 74%, 67%, 12%, 3%, and 0.1% after exposure to 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 microg/cm(2) BC, respectively. Similarly, the amount of chromosomal damage also increased with concentration after a 24-h exposure. Specifically, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 microg/cm(2) BaCrO(4) damaged 5%, 9%, 22%, and 49% of metaphase cells, with the total damage reaching 5, 10, 28, and 65 aberrations per 100 metaphases, respectively. Concentrations of 1 and 5 microg/cm(2) BC induced a profound cell cycle delay, and no metaphases were observed. The spectrum of damage included chromatid and chromosome-type lesions consistent with mechanistic events associated with the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Overall the data indicate that BC is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells.","Barium chromate is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are widely accepted as human lung carcinogens. However, there have been few investigations of the genotoxicity of Cr(VI) in human lung cells. Moreover, our knowledge of the effects of Cr(VI) in human lung cells is further limited because the available data generally focus on the effects of only lead chromate (PbCrO(4)) and sodium chromate (Na(2)CrO(4)). To fully understand these carcinogenic compounds, the genotoxic effects to its target cells need to be evaluated for additional Cr(VI) salts. Accordingly, we investigated the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of barium chromate (BC) in a human lung cell culture model (WTHBF-6 cells). We found that BC induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in WTHBF-6 cells, with relative survival of 88%, 74%, 67%, 12%, 3%, and 0.1% after exposure to 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 microg/cm(2) BC, respectively. Similarly, the amount of chromosomal damage also increased with concentration after a 24-h exposure. Specifically, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 microg/cm(2) BaCrO(4) damaged 5%, 9%, 22%, and 49% of metaphase cells, with the total damage reaching 5, 10, 28, and 65 aberrations per 100 metaphases, respectively. Concentrations of 1 and 5 microg/cm(2) BC induced a profound cell cycle delay, and no metaphases were observed. The spectrum of damage included chromatid and chromosome-type lesions consistent with mechanistic events associated with the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Overall the data indicate that BC is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231600,Lin et al. 2009,Biodegradation of phenol with chromium(VI) reduction in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm process--kinetic model and reactor performance,"A mathematical model system was derived to describe the simultaneous removal of phenol biodegradation with chromium(VI) reduction in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm reactor. The model system incorporates diffusive mass transport and double Monod kinetics. The model was solved using a combination of the orthogonal collocation method and Gear's method. A laboratory-scale column reactor was employed to validate the kinetic model system. Batch kinetic tests were conducted independently to evaluate the biokinetic parameters used in the model simulation. The removal efficiencies of phenol and chromium(VI) in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm process were approximately 980 mg/g and 910 mg/g, respectively, under a steady-state condition. In the steady state, model-predicted biofilm thickness reached up to 350 microm and suspended cells in the effluent were 85 mg cell/l. The experimental results agree closely with the results of the model simulations.","Biodegradation of phenol with chromium(VI) reduction in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm process--kinetic model and reactor performance Abs: A mathematical model system was derived to describe the simultaneous removal of phenol biodegradation with chromium(VI) reduction in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm reactor. The model system incorporates diffusive mass transport and double Monod kinetics. The model was solved using a combination of the orthogonal collocation method and Gear's method. A laboratory-scale column reactor was employed to validate the kinetic model system. Batch kinetic tests were conducted independently to evaluate the biokinetic parameters used in the model simulation. The removal efficiencies of phenol and chromium(VI) in an anaerobic fixed-biofilm process were approximately 980 mg/g and 910 mg/g, respectively, under a steady-state condition. In the steady state, model-predicted biofilm thickness reached up to 350 microm and suspended cells in the effluent were 85 mg cell/l. The experimental results agree closely with the results of the model simulations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514322,Brown 1980,The use of Hydrobia jenkinsi to detect intermittent toxic discharges to a river,"PESTAB. River pollution in the Holme and its tributaries was monitoring during October 1975 to October 1977 using an in situ bioassay with the operculate gastropod Hydrobia jenkinsi. River samples artificially spiked with dieldrin or heavy metals were used in laboratory tests to assess survival rates of the gastropod in known concentrations of toxins. Close correlations were found between laboratory test responses and those recorded when H. jenkinsi was exposed to polluted river water samples. When caged H. jenkinsi were exposed in situ to water from pollutant discharge sites along the waterways, gastropod responses made it possible to detect when discharges were contaminated with certain heavy metals, especially copper and hexavalent chromium. In situ death was not attributed solely to dieldrin or heavy metals. At levels in excess of 30,000 ng/l, dieldrin failed to cause death of H. jenkinsi suggesting the need for an organism susceptible to pesticides as an indicator for river pollution by this organochlorine compound.","The use of Hydrobia jenkinsi to detect intermittent toxic discharges to a river Abs: PESTAB. River pollution in the Holme and its tributaries was monitoring during October 1975 to October 1977 using an in situ bioassay with the operculate gastropod Hydrobia jenkinsi. River samples artificially spiked with dieldrin or heavy metals were used in laboratory tests to assess survival rates of the gastropod in known concentrations of toxins. Close correlations were found between laboratory test responses and those recorded when H. jenkinsi was exposed to polluted river water samples. When caged H. jenkinsi were exposed in situ to water from pollutant discharge sites along the waterways, gastropod responses made it possible to detect when discharges were contaminated with certain heavy metals, especially copper and hexavalent chromium. In situ death was not attributed solely to dieldrin or heavy metals. At levels in excess of 30,000 ng/l, dieldrin failed to cause death of H. jenkinsi suggesting the need for an organism susceptible to pesticides as an indicator for river pollution by this organochlorine compound.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234777,Blume 1989,A spectrophotometric method for determining the stream sample core diameter of a flow cytometer,"A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described for the determination of flow cytometer stream sample core diameters. A precisely formulated solution of potassium dichromate is introduced as a sample, the stream is collected, and its absorbance is measured using a spectrophotometer. This permits the calculation of the factor by which the original solution was diluted and, given the stream diameter, the sample core diameter.","A spectrophotometric method for determining the stream sample core diameter of a flow cytometer Abs: A simple, rapid, and accurate method is described for the determination of flow cytometer stream sample core diameters. A precisely formulated solution of potassium dichromate is introduced as a sample, the stream is collected, and its absorbance is measured using a spectrophotometer. This permits the calculation of the factor by which the original solution was diluted and, given the stream diameter, the sample core diameter.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577501,Balan et al. 2010,SPHAGNUM MOSS PEAT: A GREEN AND ECONOMICAL SORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS (Cd and Cr) FROM WASTEWATERS,,SPHAGNUM MOSS PEAT: A GREEN AND ECONOMICAL SORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS (Cd and Cr) FROM WASTEWATERS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232017,Howe et al. 2003,"Localization and speciation of chromium in subterranean clover using XRF, XANES, and EPR spectroscopy","Optimization of phytoremediation and assessment of potential health hazards from metals in the environment requires an understanding of absorption, localization, and transport of the target metal by plants. The objectives of this study were to localize Cr and determine the oxidation state and possible complexation mode of Cr in intact plant tissue by means of XANES, synchrotron XRF microprobe spectroscopy, and EPR spectroscopy. Subterranean clover (Trifolium brachycalycinum) was grown hydroponically with Cr(VI) (0.04-2.0 mmol L(-1)) and compared with plants grown without Cr and with inorganic Cr(III) and various Cr(III)-organic sources. The uptake, translocation, and form of Cr in the plant were dependent on the form and concentration of supplied Cr. Chromium was found predominately in the +3 oxidation state, regardless of the Cr source supplied to the plant, though at high Cr(VI) treatment concentrations, Cr(VI) and Cr(V) were also observed. At low Cr(VI) concentrations, the plant effectively reduced the toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III), which was observed both as a Cr(III) hydroxide phase at the roots and as a Cr(III)-organic complex in the roots and shoots. At low Cr(VI) treatment concentrations, Cr in the leaves was observed predominately around the leaf margins, while at higher concentrations Cr was accumulated at leaf veins.","Localization and speciation of chromium in subterranean clover using XRF, XANES, and EPR spectroscopy Abs: Optimization of phytoremediation and assessment of potential health hazards from metals in the environment requires an understanding of absorption, localization, and transport of the target metal by plants. The objectives of this study were to localize Cr and determine the oxidation state and possible complexation mode of Cr in intact plant tissue by means of XANES, synchrotron XRF microprobe spectroscopy, and EPR spectroscopy. Subterranean clover (Trifolium brachycalycinum) was grown hydroponically with Cr(VI) (0.04-2.0 mmol L(-1)) and compared with plants grown without Cr and with inorganic Cr(III) and various Cr(III)-organic sources. The uptake, translocation, and form of Cr in the plant were dependent on the form and concentration of supplied Cr. Chromium was found predominately in the +3 oxidation state, regardless of the Cr source supplied to the plant, though at high Cr(VI) treatment concentrations, Cr(VI) and Cr(V) were also observed. At low Cr(VI) concentrations, the plant effectively reduced the toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III), which was observed both as a Cr(III) hydroxide phase at the roots and as a Cr(III)-organic complex in the roots and shoots. At low Cr(VI) treatment concentrations, Cr in the leaves was observed predominately around the leaf margins, while at higher concentrations Cr was accumulated at leaf veins.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231586,Guha et al. 2010,Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus inhibits chromium(VI)-induced toxicity in MDA-MB-435S cells,"Cr(VI) (hexavalent) is a very strong oxidant which causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in tissue systems. Its abundance in groundwater and drinking water in several parts of the world has been noted to cause severe toxicity to both flora and fauna. This study evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &amp; Thon. against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity in vitro in MDA-MB-435S human breast carcinoma cells, along with an estimation of its antioxidant potential, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and determination of its polyphenolic composition. The extract showed significant (P&lt;0.05) potential in scavenging free radicals (DPPH() and ABTS()(+)) and Fe(+3), and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. A distinct decline in Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity was noticed in MDA-MB-435S cells with an increase in extract dosage. Furthermore, the extract proved to contain a high content of phenolic compounds which were found to have strong and significant (P&lt;0.05) positive correlations to free-radical scavenging potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity and cyto-protective efficiency against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative cellular damage. HPLC analysis identified some of the major phenolic compounds in it. It was concluded that P. amarus aqueous extract has high antioxidant potential (by virtue of its phenolic constituents) which simultaneously inhibits Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity to MDA-MB-435S cells.","Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus inhibits chromium(VI)-induced toxicity in MDA-MB-435S cells Abs: Cr(VI) (hexavalent) is a very strong oxidant which causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in tissue systems. Its abundance in groundwater and drinking water in several parts of the world has been noted to cause severe toxicity to both flora and fauna. This study evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &amp; Thon. against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity in vitro in MDA-MB-435S human breast carcinoma cells, along with an estimation of its antioxidant potential, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and determination of its polyphenolic composition. The extract showed significant (P&lt;0.05) potential in scavenging free radicals (DPPH() and ABTS()(+)) and Fe(+3), and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. A distinct decline in Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity was noticed in MDA-MB-435S cells with an increase in extract dosage. Furthermore, the extract proved to contain a high content of phenolic compounds which were found to have strong and significant (P&lt;0.05) positive correlations to free-radical scavenging potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity and cyto-protective efficiency against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative cellular damage. HPLC analysis identified some of the major phenolic compounds in it. It was concluded that P. amarus aqueous extract has high antioxidant potential (by virtue of its phenolic constituents) which simultaneously inhibits Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity to MDA-MB-435S cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225453,Murugavelh and  Mohanty 2013,"Isolation, identification and characterization of Cr(VI) reducing Bacillus cereus from chromium contaminated soil",,"Isolation, identification and characterization of Cr(VI) reducing Bacillus cereus from chromium contaminated soil Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578283,Tzou et al. 2002,Effect of organic complexing ligands on Cr(III) oxidation by MnOx,"Although Cr(III) is considered a Cr species with low mobility and toxicity, the potential oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in soils containing Mn requires further scientific attention because of the acute toxicity of Cr(VI). This study evaluates the inhibition or enhancement of Cr(III) oxidation by Mn oxide in the presence of various organic ligands and concentrations. Batch experiments indicate that 200 muM of organic ligands inhibited 20 muM Cr(III) oxidation by Mn oxide at pH 4 because of the occurrence of reductive dissolution of Mn oxide. Although oxalate did not show strong inhibition of Cr(III) oxidation at pH 10, nevertheless, citrate and N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) ligands did retard Cr(III) oxidation. It is possible that the co-precipitation of Cr(III) and organic ligand, which has a low dissociation constant, results in low release of Cr(III) and subsequent oxidation. The current results imply that the management of Cr(III)-containing waste is very important to prevent potential oxidation of Cr(III) by Mn oxides, particularly at low pH. However, the presence of organic ligands in the field may lead to low Cr(III) oxidation where Cr(III) waste is disposed.","Effect of organic complexing ligands on Cr(III) oxidation by MnOx Abs: Although Cr(III) is considered a Cr species with low mobility and toxicity, the potential oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in soils containing Mn requires further scientific attention because of the acute toxicity of Cr(VI). This study evaluates the inhibition or enhancement of Cr(III) oxidation by Mn oxide in the presence of various organic ligands and concentrations. Batch experiments indicate that 200 muM of organic ligands inhibited 20 muM Cr(III) oxidation by Mn oxide at pH 4 because of the occurrence of reductive dissolution of Mn oxide. Although oxalate did not show strong inhibition of Cr(III) oxidation at pH 10, nevertheless, citrate and N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) ligands did retard Cr(III) oxidation. It is possible that the co-precipitation of Cr(III) and organic ligand, which has a low dissociation constant, results in low release of Cr(III) and subsequent oxidation. The current results imply that the management of Cr(III)-containing waste is very important to prevent potential oxidation of Cr(III) by Mn oxides, particularly at low pH. However, the presence of organic ligands in the field may lead to low Cr(III) oxidation where Cr(III) waste is disposed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577763,Kalenda et al. 2006,Properties of anticorrosion pigments depending on their chemical composition and PVC value,,Properties of anticorrosion pigments depending on their chemical composition and PVC value Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516655,Wood and  Mcatamney 1994,The use of macrophytes in bioremediation,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm literature review phragmites-australis plant biotechnology wetlands toxicity waste disposal waste water treatment methods reedbed technology,The use of macrophytes in bioremediation Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm literature review phragmites-australis plant biotechnology wetlands toxicity waste disposal waste water treatment methods reedbed technology,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235732,Lefebvre and  Pézerat 1992,Production of activated species of oxygen during the chromate(VI)-ascorbate reaction: implication in carcinogenesis,"The reaction of chromate and ascorbate in a 1:1 molar ratio at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C produces a Cr(V) signal observable by EPR at g = 1.980. When this reaction is carried out in aerated media and in the presence of formate, carboxylate radicals (COO.-) can be trapped as DMPO-COO.- spin adducts (DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide). The use of a known complexant of Cr(V), 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid, produces a different Cr(V) signal at g = 1.978 and a decrease of the DMPO-COO.- signal. Hydroxyl radicals are not detected in the media. The oxidizing behavior is suggested to be produced by activation of molecular oxygen present in the reaction mixture.","Production of activated species of oxygen during the chromate(VI)-ascorbate reaction: implication in carcinogenesis Abs: The reaction of chromate and ascorbate in a 1:1 molar ratio at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C produces a Cr(V) signal observable by EPR at g = 1.980. When this reaction is carried out in aerated media and in the presence of formate, carboxylate radicals (COO.-) can be trapped as DMPO-COO.- spin adducts (DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide). The use of a known complexant of Cr(V), 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid, produces a different Cr(V) signal at g = 1.978 and a decrease of the DMPO-COO.- signal. Hydroxyl radicals are not detected in the media. The oxidizing behavior is suggested to be produced by activation of molecular oxygen present in the reaction mixture.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1419766,Brown et al. 2012,Draft genome sequences for two metal-reducing Pelosinus fermentans strains isolated from a Cr(VI)-contaminated site and for type strain R7,"Pelosinus fermentans 16S rRNA gene sequences have been reported from diverse geographical sites since the recent isolation of the type strain. We present the genome sequence of the P. fermentans type strain R7 (DSM 17108) and genome sequences for two new strains with different abilities to reduce iron, chromate, and uranium.","Draft genome sequences for two metal-reducing Pelosinus fermentans strains isolated from a Cr(VI)-contaminated site and for type strain R7 Abs: Pelosinus fermentans 16S rRNA gene sequences have been reported from diverse geographical sites since the recent isolation of the type strain. We present the genome sequence of the P. fermentans type strain R7 (DSM 17108) and genome sequences for two new strains with different abilities to reduce iron, chromate, and uranium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225400,Ullah et al. 2013,Biosorption of chromium onto native and immobilized sugarcane bagasse waste biomass,,Biosorption of chromium onto native and immobilized sugarcane bagasse waste biomass Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234510,Liu et al. 1999,Synergistic induction of hydroxyl radical-induced DNA single-strand breaks by chromium(VI) compound and cigarette smoke solution,"Chromium(VI) compounds and cigarette smoke are known human carcinogens. We found that K2Cr2O7 and cigarette smoke solution synergistically induced DNA single-strand breaks (0.23+/-0.04 breaks per DNA molecule) in pUC118 plasmid DNA. K2Cr2O7 alone or cigarette smoke solution alone induced much less strand breaks (0.03+/-0.01 or 0.07+/-0.02 breaks per DNA molecule, respectively). The synergistic effect was prevented by catalase and by hydroxyl radical scavengers such as deferoxamine, dimethylsulfoxide, d-mannitol, and Tris, but not by superoxide dismutase. Ascorbic acid enhanced the synergism. Glutathione inhibited strand breakage only at high concentrations. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies using a hydroxyl radical trap demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals were generated when DNA was incubated with K2Cr2O7 and cigarette smoke solution. Hydroxyl radical adduct decreased dose-dependently when strand breakage was prevented by catalase, deferoxamine, dimethylsulfoxide, d-mannitol or Tris, but not significantly by superoxide dismutase. We also used ESR spectroscopy to study the effects of different concentration of ascorbic acid and glutathione. The results showed that hydroxyl radical, which is proposed as a main carcinogenic mechanism for both chromium(VI) compounds and cigarette smoke solution was mainly responsible for the DNA breaks they induced.","Synergistic induction of hydroxyl radical-induced DNA single-strand breaks by chromium(VI) compound and cigarette smoke solution Abs: Chromium(VI) compounds and cigarette smoke are known human carcinogens. We found that K2Cr2O7 and cigarette smoke solution synergistically induced DNA single-strand breaks (0.23+/-0.04 breaks per DNA molecule) in pUC118 plasmid DNA. K2Cr2O7 alone or cigarette smoke solution alone induced much less strand breaks (0.03+/-0.01 or 0.07+/-0.02 breaks per DNA molecule, respectively). The synergistic effect was prevented by catalase and by hydroxyl radical scavengers such as deferoxamine, dimethylsulfoxide, d-mannitol, and Tris, but not by superoxide dismutase. Ascorbic acid enhanced the synergism. Glutathione inhibited strand breakage only at high concentrations. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies using a hydroxyl radical trap demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals were generated when DNA was incubated with K2Cr2O7 and cigarette smoke solution. Hydroxyl radical adduct decreased dose-dependently when strand breakage was prevented by catalase, deferoxamine, dimethylsulfoxide, d-mannitol or Tris, but not significantly by superoxide dismutase. We also used ESR spectroscopy to study the effects of different concentration of ascorbic acid and glutathione. The results showed that hydroxyl radical, which is proposed as a main carcinogenic mechanism for both chromium(VI) compounds and cigarette smoke solution was mainly responsible for the DNA breaks they induced.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1094263,Wang et al. 2010,Roles of MAPK pathway activation during cytokine induction in BEAS-2B cells exposed to fine World Trade Center (WTC) dust,"The World Trade Center (WTC) collapse on September 11, 2001 released copious amounts of particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere of New York City. Follow-up studies on persons exposed to the dusts have revealed a severely increased rate for asthma and other respiratory illnesses. There have only been a few studies that have sought to discern the possible mechanisms underlying these untoward pathologies. In one study, an increased cytokine release was detected in cells exposed to WTC fine dusts (PM?.? fraction or WTC?.?). However, the mechanism(s) for these increases has yet to be fully defined. Because activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways is known to cause cytokine induction, the current study was undertaken to analyze the possible involvement of these pathways in any increased cytokine formation by lung epithelial cells (as BEAS-2B cells) exposed to WTC?.?. Our results showed that exposure to WTC?.? for 5?hr increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in BEAS-2B cells, as well as its protein levels in the culture media, in a dose-dependent manner. Besides IL-6, cytokine multiplex analyses revealed that formation of IL-8 and -10 was also elevated by the exposure. Both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, but not c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, signaling pathways were found to be activated in cells exposed to WTC?.?. Inactivation of ERK signaling pathways by PD98059 effectively blocked IL-6, -8, and -10 induction by WTC?.?; the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 significantly decreased induction of IL-8 and -10. Together, our data demonstrated activation of MAPK signaling pathway(s) likely played an important role in the WTC?.?-induced formation of several inflammatory (and, subsequently, anti-inflammatory) cytokines. The results are important in that they help to define one mechanism via which the WTC dusts may have acted to cause the documented increases in asthma and other inflammation-associated respiratory dysfunctions in the individuals exposed to the dusts released from the WTC collapse.","Roles of MAPK pathway activation during cytokine induction in BEAS-2B cells exposed to fine World Trade Center (WTC) dust Abs: The World Trade Center (WTC) collapse on September 11, 2001 released copious amounts of particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere of New York City. Follow-up studies on persons exposed to the dusts have revealed a severely increased rate for asthma and other respiratory illnesses. There have only been a few studies that have sought to discern the possible mechanisms underlying these untoward pathologies. In one study, an increased cytokine release was detected in cells exposed to WTC fine dusts (PM?.? fraction or WTC?.?). However, the mechanism(s) for these increases has yet to be fully defined. Because activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways is known to cause cytokine induction, the current study was undertaken to analyze the possible involvement of these pathways in any increased cytokine formation by lung epithelial cells (as BEAS-2B cells) exposed to WTC?.?. Our results showed that exposure to WTC?.? for 5?hr increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in BEAS-2B cells, as well as its protein levels in the culture media, in a dose-dependent manner. Besides IL-6, cytokine multiplex analyses revealed that formation of IL-8 and -10 was also elevated by the exposure. Both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, but not c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, signaling pathways were found to be activated in cells exposed to WTC?.?. Inactivation of ERK signaling pathways by PD98059 effectively blocked IL-6, -8, and -10 induction by WTC?.?; the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 significantly decreased induction of IL-8 and -10. Together, our data demonstrated activation of MAPK signaling pathway(s) likely played an important role in the WTC?.?-induced formation of several inflammatory (and, subsequently, anti-inflammatory) cytokines. The results are important in that they help to define one mechanism via which the WTC dusts may have acted to cause the documented increases in asthma and other inflammation-associated respiratory dysfunctions in the individuals exposed to the dusts released from the WTC collapse.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231766,Bencheikh-Latmani et al. 2007,Toxicity of Cr(lll) to Shewanella sp. strain MR-4 during Cr(VI) reduction,"Bioremediation of chromium through the reduction of hexavalent chromium (as the chromate ion, CrO42-) is based on the notion that the product, trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), is less toxic than chromate. In this study, we show that soluble Cr(III), present at pH 6-8 as the Cr3+ ion and/or hydroxyl complexes (henceforth referred to as uncomplexed Cr(III)), can be found transiently in significant concentrations and has a deleterious effect on Shewanella sp. MR-4. However, Cr(lll) complexed to an organic ligand or precipitated as Cr(OH)3(s) has little or no effect on cells. Similarly, during the reduction of Cr(VI) by strain MR-4, complexation of the product, Cr(lll), results in increased cell survival and extended Cr(VI) reduction activity. These results and gene expression data obtained by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR) suggestthatthe observed toxic effect of Cr(II) formed during Cr(VI) reduction or added as an uncomplexed species is due to the interference with basic cell activities such as DNA transcription and/or replication. Important implications for the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated sites emerge from this study: Cr(VI) reduction by Shewanella sp. MR-4 is enhanced and sustained by the presence of compounds able to complex Cr(III) as it is being formed but, in turn, the complexation of Cr(III) precludes its precipitation and immobilization.","Toxicity of Cr(lll) to Shewanella sp. strain MR-4 during Cr(VI) reduction Abs: Bioremediation of chromium through the reduction of hexavalent chromium (as the chromate ion, CrO42-) is based on the notion that the product, trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), is less toxic than chromate. In this study, we show that soluble Cr(III), present at pH 6-8 as the Cr3+ ion and/or hydroxyl complexes (henceforth referred to as uncomplexed Cr(III)), can be found transiently in significant concentrations and has a deleterious effect on Shewanella sp. MR-4. However, Cr(lll) complexed to an organic ligand or precipitated as Cr(OH)3(s) has little or no effect on cells. Similarly, during the reduction of Cr(VI) by strain MR-4, complexation of the product, Cr(lll), results in increased cell survival and extended Cr(VI) reduction activity. These results and gene expression data obtained by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR) suggestthatthe observed toxic effect of Cr(II) formed during Cr(VI) reduction or added as an uncomplexed species is due to the interference with basic cell activities such as DNA transcription and/or replication. Important implications for the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated sites emerge from this study: Cr(VI) reduction by Shewanella sp. MR-4 is enhanced and sustained by the presence of compounds able to complex Cr(III) as it is being formed but, in turn, the complexation of Cr(III) precludes its precipitation and immobilization.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516132,Mehra and  Frankenberger 1989,Single-column ion-chromatographic determination of chromium-vi in aqueous soil and sludge extracts,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm,Single-column ion-chromatographic determination of chromium-vi in aqueous soil and sludge extracts Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516103,Makos and  Hrncir 1995,Chemistry of Cr(VI) in a constructed wetland,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The feasibility of the use of constructed wetlands to treat acidic wastes containing hexavalent chromium is successfully demonstrated on a laboratory scale. The chemistry of Cr(VI) in this system has been determined. Cr(VI) removal is highly dependent upon the organic content of the wetland matrix.,Chemistry of Cr(VI) in a constructed wetland Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The feasibility of the use of constructed wetlands to treat acidic wastes containing hexavalent chromium is successfully demonstrated on a laboratory scale. The chemistry of Cr(VI) in this system has been determined. Cr(VI) removal is highly dependent upon the organic content of the wetland matrix.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577563,Deepa et al. 2006,Sorption of Cr(VI) from dilute solutions and wastewater by live and pretreated biomass of Aspergillus flavus,"Sorption of Cr(VI) was carried out from dilute solutions using live and pretreated biomass in a batch mode. Effects of agitation time, adsorbent dosage and pH were examined. The autoclaved biomass that showed maximum adsorption capacity (Q(0)=0.335 mg g(-1)) was used as an adsorbent in column studies. The optimized flow rate of 2.5 ml min(-1) and bed height 10 cm were used to determine the effect of metal ion concentration on removal of Cr(VI). Applying the BDST model to calculate the adsorption capacity (N(0)) of column, which showed 4.56 x 10(-5), 7.28 x 10(-5), 6.89 x 10(-5), 3.07 x 10(-5), 2.80 x 10(-5)mg g(-1) for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg dm(-3) of Cr(VI), respectively. Batch sorption proved to be more efficient than the column sorption and hence batch sorption was used to remove Cr(VI) from a textile dyeing industry wastewater. The phytotoxic effect of treated and untreated wastewater was studied against Zea mays. Toxicity was reduced by 50% in the treated effluent.","Sorption of Cr(VI) from dilute solutions and wastewater by live and pretreated biomass of Aspergillus flavus Abs: Sorption of Cr(VI) was carried out from dilute solutions using live and pretreated biomass in a batch mode. Effects of agitation time, adsorbent dosage and pH were examined. The autoclaved biomass that showed maximum adsorption capacity (Q(0)=0.335 mg g(-1)) was used as an adsorbent in column studies. The optimized flow rate of 2.5 ml min(-1) and bed height 10 cm were used to determine the effect of metal ion concentration on removal of Cr(VI). Applying the BDST model to calculate the adsorption capacity (N(0)) of column, which showed 4.56 x 10(-5), 7.28 x 10(-5), 6.89 x 10(-5), 3.07 x 10(-5), 2.80 x 10(-5)mg g(-1) for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg dm(-3) of Cr(VI), respectively. Batch sorption proved to be more efficient than the column sorption and hence batch sorption was used to remove Cr(VI) from a textile dyeing industry wastewater. The phytotoxic effect of treated and untreated wastewater was studied against Zea mays. Toxicity was reduced by 50% in the treated effluent.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1239013,Sigova and  Blohin 1984,Toxicological characteristics of chromium phosphate binders,"Chromophosphate binders are expected to find wide use in refractories and pigments. Chromium phosphate itself and mixtures containing copper, nickel, calcium-nickel and calcium-aluminium chromates were administered topically, intragastrically and by inhalation to rabbits, mice and rats. The compounds were irritant, producing gastritis on ingestion and brochitis on inhalation. LD[5][0]s ranged from 0.31 to 4.30g/kg, depending on compound and species. The mixtures were more toxic than pure chromium phosphate. The following MACs are proposed: for chromium phosphate and copper chromophosphate 0.02mg/m|3| as chromium; for calcium aluminium chromophosphate 0.01mg/m|3| as chromic oxide; for nickel chromophosphate and calcium nickel chromophosphate 0.005mg/m|3| as nickel.","Toxicological characteristics of chromium phosphate binders Abs: Chromophosphate binders are expected to find wide use in refractories and pigments. Chromium phosphate itself and mixtures containing copper, nickel, calcium-nickel and calcium-aluminium chromates were administered topically, intragastrically and by inhalation to rabbits, mice and rats. The compounds were irritant, producing gastritis on ingestion and brochitis on inhalation. LD[5][0]s ranged from 0.31 to 4.30g/kg, depending on compound and species. The mixtures were more toxic than pure chromium phosphate. The following MACs are proposed: for chromium phosphate and copper chromophosphate 0.02mg/m|3| as chromium; for calcium aluminium chromophosphate 0.01mg/m|3| as chromic oxide; for nickel chromophosphate and calcium nickel chromophosphate 0.005mg/m|3| as nickel.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290339,Miller et al. 1990,The detection of DNA-protein complexes in vitro by an immunological assay. AU - COSMA GN,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We have developed an immunological assay to detect DNA-protein complexes (DPCs) in cell cultures treated with environmental toxicants. The assay uses an antiserum developed against K2CrO4-induced DPCs, which recognizes an acidic protein with a molecular weight of 94 kDaltons. The method uses a filter-binding assay to trap the DPCs from SDS-lysed cell cultures on polycarbonate filters, after which they are immunologically probed with the DPC antiserum. Cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with K2CrO4, formaldehyde or UV irradiation. DPCs were detected immunologically in cells treated with K2CrO4 or UV irradiation, but not in those treated with formaldehyde. These results were similar to those obtained when DPCs were detected by filter-binding assay using radiolabelled cell cultures to measure the adherence of protein and DNA to the filters. In addition, both methods have analogous dose responses of DPC formation in K2CrO4-treated cells. This novel immunol","The detection of DNA-protein complexes in vitro by an immunological assay. AU - COSMA GN Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We have developed an immunological assay to detect DNA-protein complexes (DPCs) in cell cultures treated with environmental toxicants. The assay uses an antiserum developed against K2CrO4-induced DPCs, which recognizes an acidic protein with a molecular weight of 94 kDaltons. The method uses a filter-binding assay to trap the DPCs from SDS-lysed cell cultures on polycarbonate filters, after which they are immunologically probed with the DPC antiserum. Cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with K2CrO4, formaldehyde or UV irradiation. DPCs were detected immunologically in cells treated with K2CrO4 or UV irradiation, but not in those treated with formaldehyde. These results were similar to those obtained when DPCs were detected by filter-binding assay using radiolabelled cell cultures to measure the adherence of protein and DNA to the filters. In addition, both methods have analogous dose responses of DPC formation in K2CrO4-treated cells. This novel immunol",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577751,Ma?hliß et al. 2011,Approaches in Wet Chemical Etching for Defect Delineation in Silicon-on-Insulator Substrates,,Approaches in Wet Chemical Etching for Defect Delineation in Silicon-on-Insulator Substrates Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233656,Radivojevic and  Cooper 2008,Extraction of hexavalent chromium from chromated copper arsenate treated wood under alkaline conditions,"Information on chromium (Cr) oxidation states is essential for the assessment of environmental and health risks associated with the overall life-cycle of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood products because of differences in toxicity between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium compounds. Hypothetical Cr(VI) fixation products were investigated in CCA type C treated sawdust of aspen and red pine during or following preservative fixation by extraction with Cr(VI)-specific extractants. Cr(VI) was found only in alkaline extracts of treated wood. A major source of Cr(VI) was method-induced oxidation of fixed Cr(III) during alkaline extraction, as confirmed by demonstrated oxidation of Cr(III) from CrCl3 treated wood. Oxidation of nontoxic and immobile Cr(III) to toxic and mobile Cr(VI) was facilitated by the presence of wood at pH &gt; 8.5. Thermodynamic equilibrium between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) is affected by pH, temperature, rates of dissolution of CrIII) compounds, and oxygen availability. Results of this study recommend against alkaline extraction protocols for determination of Cr(VI) in treated wood. This Cr oxidation mechanism can act as a previously unrecognized route for generation of hazardous Cr(VI) if CCA treated wood is exposed to alkaline conditions during its production, use, or waste management.","Extraction of hexavalent chromium from chromated copper arsenate treated wood under alkaline conditions Abs: Information on chromium (Cr) oxidation states is essential for the assessment of environmental and health risks associated with the overall life-cycle of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood products because of differences in toxicity between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium compounds. Hypothetical Cr(VI) fixation products were investigated in CCA type C treated sawdust of aspen and red pine during or following preservative fixation by extraction with Cr(VI)-specific extractants. Cr(VI) was found only in alkaline extracts of treated wood. A major source of Cr(VI) was method-induced oxidation of fixed Cr(III) during alkaline extraction, as confirmed by demonstrated oxidation of Cr(III) from CrCl3 treated wood. Oxidation of nontoxic and immobile Cr(III) to toxic and mobile Cr(VI) was facilitated by the presence of wood at pH &gt; 8.5. Thermodynamic equilibrium between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) is affected by pH, temperature, rates of dissolution of CrIII) compounds, and oxygen availability. Results of this study recommend against alkaline extraction protocols for determination of Cr(VI) in treated wood. This Cr oxidation mechanism can act as a previously unrecognized route for generation of hazardous Cr(VI) if CCA treated wood is exposed to alkaline conditions during its production, use, or waste management.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577765,Shariatmadari et al. 2009,Enhancement of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] Remediation from Clayey Soils by Electrokinetics Coupled with a Nano-Sized Zero-Valent Iron Barrier,,Enhancement of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] Remediation from Clayey Soils by Electrokinetics Coupled with a Nano-Sized Zero-Valent Iron Barrier Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225035,Šillerová et al. 2014,Isotope fractionation and spectroscopic analysis as an evidence of Cr(VI) reduction during biosorption,"This work investigates the mechanisms behind Cr(VI) biosorption/reduction on three biomaterials (brewers draff, grape waste and synthetic humic acid). Coupled Cr isotope analysis with ICP-OES, XPS and SEM was tested as a novel approach to study the reduction of Cr(VI) by the biomaterials. The Cr(VI) biosorption process was accompanied with heavier Cr isotopes enrichment in the remaining Cr(VI) fraction. A significant fractionation of Cr stable isotopes was observed with no significant pH effect; ?(53)Cr of the remaining fraction ranged from 0.2‰ to 1.9‰ while ?(53)Cr of the product (sorbed Cr) ranged from -1.2‰ to -2.8‰. The Rayleigh fractionation model fitted well the measured data and Cr isotope analysis provides thus an efficient tool to quantify Cr(VI) reduction by different biomaterials. In general, the sorption/reduction potential of the three studied biomaterials decreased in the following order: grape waste&gt;humic acids&gt;brewers draff.","Isotope fractionation and spectroscopic analysis as an evidence of Cr(VI) reduction during biosorption Abs: This work investigates the mechanisms behind Cr(VI) biosorption/reduction on three biomaterials (brewers draff, grape waste and synthetic humic acid). Coupled Cr isotope analysis with ICP-OES, XPS and SEM was tested as a novel approach to study the reduction of Cr(VI) by the biomaterials. The Cr(VI) biosorption process was accompanied with heavier Cr isotopes enrichment in the remaining Cr(VI) fraction. A significant fractionation of Cr stable isotopes was observed with no significant pH effect; ?(53)Cr of the remaining fraction ranged from 0.2‰ to 1.9‰ while ?(53)Cr of the product (sorbed Cr) ranged from -1.2‰ to -2.8‰. The Rayleigh fractionation model fitted well the measured data and Cr isotope analysis provides thus an efficient tool to quantify Cr(VI) reduction by different biomaterials. In general, the sorption/reduction potential of the three studied biomaterials decreased in the following order: grape waste&gt;humic acids&gt;brewers draff.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
63709,Lee et al. 1988,Effects of inhaled chromium dioxide dust on rats exposed for two years,"Rats were exposed by inhalation to chromium dioxide (CrO2) dust at design concentrations of 0, 0.5 mg/m3 (stabilized and unstabilized, respectively), or 25 mg/m3 (stabilized) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. No dust-exposure-related pathological changes other than lung lesions were observed in all exposed rats. There were no significant differences in pulmonary responses between unstabilized and stabilized CrO2 at the 0.5 mg/m3 exposure level. The lungs showed minute dust deposition in the alveoli adjacent to the alveolar ducts, but maintained an intact general architecture. The pulmonary responses satisfied the biological criteria for a nuisance dust. At 25 mg/m3, dust deposition was sharply confined to the alveoli in the alveolar duct region. Alveolar walls enclosing dust-laden macrophage (dust cell) aggregates were thickened with hyperplastic Type II pneumocytes and slightly collagenized fibrosis. Alveoli adjacent to the terminal bronchioles were lined with bronchiolar epithelium (alveolar bronchiolarization). In addition, lungs showed foamy macrophage response, cholesterol granulomas, alveolar proteinosis, and minute fibrotic pleurisy. These pulmonary lesions occurred predominantly in female rats. Of 108 female rats, 6 developed keratin cysts and 2 had cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (CKSCC). None of 106 male rats had either a keratin cyst or a CKSCC. The lung tumors developed from metaplastic squamous cells in the areas of alveolar bronchiolarization at the alveolar duct region. The lung tumors were well differentiated and devoid of characteristics of true malignancy. The CKSCC is an experimentally induced, unique tumor type and is different from the type of spontaneous lung tumor seen in man or animals. The relevance to man of this type of lung tumor appears to be negligible.","Effects of inhaled chromium dioxide dust on rats exposed for two years Abs: Rats were exposed by inhalation to chromium dioxide (CrO2) dust at design concentrations of 0, 0.5 mg/m3 (stabilized and unstabilized, respectively), or 25 mg/m3 (stabilized) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. No dust-exposure-related pathological changes other than lung lesions were observed in all exposed rats. There were no significant differences in pulmonary responses between unstabilized and stabilized CrO2 at the 0.5 mg/m3 exposure level. The lungs showed minute dust deposition in the alveoli adjacent to the alveolar ducts, but maintained an intact general architecture. The pulmonary responses satisfied the biological criteria for a nuisance dust. At 25 mg/m3, dust deposition was sharply confined to the alveoli in the alveolar duct region. Alveolar walls enclosing dust-laden macrophage (dust cell) aggregates were thickened with hyperplastic Type II pneumocytes and slightly collagenized fibrosis. Alveoli adjacent to the terminal bronchioles were lined with bronchiolar epithelium (alveolar bronchiolarization). In addition, lungs showed foamy macrophage response, cholesterol granulomas, alveolar proteinosis, and minute fibrotic pleurisy. These pulmonary lesions occurred predominantly in female rats. Of 108 female rats, 6 developed keratin cysts and 2 had cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (CKSCC). None of 106 male rats had either a keratin cyst or a CKSCC. The lung tumors developed from metaplastic squamous cells in the areas of alveolar bronchiolarization at the alveolar duct region. The lung tumors were well differentiated and devoid of characteristics of true malignancy. The CKSCC is an experimentally induced, unique tumor type and is different from the type of spontaneous lung tumor seen in man or animals. The relevance to man of this type of lung tumor appears to be negligible.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231805,Vilcheck et al. 2006,FANCD2 monoubiquitination and activation by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure: activation is not required for repair of Cr(VI)-induced DSBs,"Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. FA cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. FA is a genetically heterogeneous disease with at least 11 complementation groups. The eight cloned FA proteins interact in a common pathway with established DNA-damage-response proteins, including BRCA1 and ATM. Six FA proteins (A, C, E, F, G, and L) regulate the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 after DNA damage by crosslinking agents, which targets FANCD2 to BRCA1 nuclear foci containing BRCA2 (FANCD1) and RAD51. Some forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are implicated as respiratory carcinogens and induce several types of DNA lesions, including DNA interstrand crosslinks. We have shown that FA-A fibroblasts are hypersensitive to both Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and clonogenic lethality. Here we show that Cr(VI) treatment induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in normal human fibroblasts, providing the first molecular evidence of Cr(VI)-induced activation of the FA pathway. FA-A fibroblasts demonstrated no FANCD2 monoubiquitination, in keeping with the requirement of FA-A for this modification. We also found that Cr(VI) treatment induced significantly more S-phase-dependent DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), as measured by gamma-H2AX expression, in FA-A fibroblasts compared to normal cells. However, and notably, DSBs were repaired equally in both normal and FA-A fibroblasts during recovery from Cr(VI) treatment. While previous research on FA has defined the genetic causes of this disease, it is critical in terms of individual risk assessment to address how cells from FA patients respond to genotoxic insult.","FANCD2 monoubiquitination and activation by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] exposure: activation is not required for repair of Cr(VI)-induced DSBs Abs: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. FA cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. FA is a genetically heterogeneous disease with at least 11 complementation groups. The eight cloned FA proteins interact in a common pathway with established DNA-damage-response proteins, including BRCA1 and ATM. Six FA proteins (A, C, E, F, G, and L) regulate the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 after DNA damage by crosslinking agents, which targets FANCD2 to BRCA1 nuclear foci containing BRCA2 (FANCD1) and RAD51. Some forms of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are implicated as respiratory carcinogens and induce several types of DNA lesions, including DNA interstrand crosslinks. We have shown that FA-A fibroblasts are hypersensitive to both Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and clonogenic lethality. Here we show that Cr(VI) treatment induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in normal human fibroblasts, providing the first molecular evidence of Cr(VI)-induced activation of the FA pathway. FA-A fibroblasts demonstrated no FANCD2 monoubiquitination, in keeping with the requirement of FA-A for this modification. We also found that Cr(VI) treatment induced significantly more S-phase-dependent DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), as measured by gamma-H2AX expression, in FA-A fibroblasts compared to normal cells. However, and notably, DSBs were repaired equally in both normal and FA-A fibroblasts during recovery from Cr(VI) treatment. While previous research on FA has defined the genetic causes of this disease, it is critical in terms of individual risk assessment to address how cells from FA patients respond to genotoxic insult.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509685,Jung et al. 2007,Spectroscopic investigation of magnetite surface for the reduction of hexavalent chromium,"The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by magnetite in the presence of added Fe(II) was characterized through batch kinetic experiments and the effect of Fe(II) addition and pH were investigated in this study. The addition of Fe(II) into magnetite suspension improved the reductive capacity of magnetite. Eighty percent of Cr(VI) was reduced by magnetite (6.5 g l(-1)) with Fe(II) (80 mg l(-1)) within 1 h, while 60% of Cr(VI) was removed by magnetite only. However, the extent of improved reductive capacity of magnetite with Fe(II) was less than that predicted by the summation of each reduction capacity of magnetite and Fe(II). The reduction of Cr(VI) in the magnetite suspension with Fe(II) increased with the increase of molar ratio of Fe(II) to Cr(VI) (0.6, 1, 1.5, 2.3) in the range of 0-2.3 and with the decrease of pH in the range of pH 8.0-5.5. The speciation of chromium, iron, and oxygen on the surface of magnetite was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cr 2p3/2, Fe 2p3/2, and O 1s peaks were mainly observed at 576.7 and 577.8 eV, at 711.2 eV, and at 530.2 and 531.4 eV, respectively. The results indicates that Cr(III) and Fe(III) were the dominant species on the surface of magnetite after reaction and that the dominant species covered the magnetite surface and formed metal (oxy)hydroxide.","Spectroscopic investigation of magnetite surface for the reduction of hexavalent chromium Abs: The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by magnetite in the presence of added Fe(II) was characterized through batch kinetic experiments and the effect of Fe(II) addition and pH were investigated in this study. The addition of Fe(II) into magnetite suspension improved the reductive capacity of magnetite. Eighty percent of Cr(VI) was reduced by magnetite (6.5 g l(-1)) with Fe(II) (80 mg l(-1)) within 1 h, while 60% of Cr(VI) was removed by magnetite only. However, the extent of improved reductive capacity of magnetite with Fe(II) was less than that predicted by the summation of each reduction capacity of magnetite and Fe(II). The reduction of Cr(VI) in the magnetite suspension with Fe(II) increased with the increase of molar ratio of Fe(II) to Cr(VI) (0.6, 1, 1.5, 2.3) in the range of 0-2.3 and with the decrease of pH in the range of pH 8.0-5.5. The speciation of chromium, iron, and oxygen on the surface of magnetite was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cr 2p3/2, Fe 2p3/2, and O 1s peaks were mainly observed at 576.7 and 577.8 eV, at 711.2 eV, and at 530.2 and 531.4 eV, respectively. The results indicates that Cr(III) and Fe(III) were the dominant species on the surface of magnetite after reaction and that the dominant species covered the magnetite surface and formed metal (oxy)hydroxide.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
750076,Hu et al. 2005,Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater by maghemite nanoparticles,"Hexavalent chromium existing in the effluent is a major concern for the metal-processing plant. In this study, a new method combining nanoparticle adsorption and magnetic separation was developed for the removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater. The nanoscale maghemite was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as adsorbents of Cr(VI). Various factors influencing the adsorption of Cr(VI), e.g., pH, temperature, initial concentration, and coexisting common ions were studied. Adsorption reached equilibrium within 15 min and was independent of initial Cr concentration. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 2.5. The adsorption data were analyzed and fitted well by Freundlich isotherm. Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of maghemite nanoparticles was compared favorably with other adsorbents like activated carbon and clay. Competition from common coexisting ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, NO3-, and Cl- was ignorable, which illustrated the selective adsorption of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Regeneration studies verified that the maghemite nanoparticles, which underwent six successive adsorption-desorption processes, still retained the original metal removal capacity. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopic techniques.","Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater by maghemite nanoparticles Abs: Hexavalent chromium existing in the effluent is a major concern for the metal-processing plant. In this study, a new method combining nanoparticle adsorption and magnetic separation was developed for the removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater. The nanoscale maghemite was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as adsorbents of Cr(VI). Various factors influencing the adsorption of Cr(VI), e.g., pH, temperature, initial concentration, and coexisting common ions were studied. Adsorption reached equilibrium within 15 min and was independent of initial Cr concentration. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 2.5. The adsorption data were analyzed and fitted well by Freundlich isotherm. Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of maghemite nanoparticles was compared favorably with other adsorbents like activated carbon and clay. Competition from common coexisting ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, NO3-, and Cl- was ignorable, which illustrated the selective adsorption of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Regeneration studies verified that the maghemite nanoparticles, which underwent six successive adsorption-desorption processes, still retained the original metal removal capacity. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopic techniques.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516649,Wang et al. 1997,Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels from solute and particulate pathways,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mussels have been extensively used as biological monitors of coastal contamination. This study measured the assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the mussel Mytilus edulis from ingested food, uptake from the dissolved phase, and the physiological efflux rates following uptake. A bioenergetic-based kinetic model was then employed to determine the relative contributions of different Cr species and their accumulation pathways to the overall concentration of Cr in mussels. The concentration factors of Cr(III) in four diverse marine phytoplankters ranged between 104 and 105, whereas for Cr(VI) they were 2 to 5I) to Cr(III) was observed in coastal sediments. AEs of Cr(III) in mussels from ingested sediments were consistently < 1%, whereas the AEs of Cr(VI) from ingested phytoplankton were 1-10%. The uptake rate of Cr(VI) from the dissolved phase was 3 times higher than Cr(III). The efflux rate constant was 0.011 d-1 for mussels following 7 d dissolved u","Bioavailability of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) to marine mussels from solute and particulate pathways Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mussels have been extensively used as biological monitors of coastal contamination. This study measured the assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the mussel Mytilus edulis from ingested food, uptake from the dissolved phase, and the physiological efflux rates following uptake. A bioenergetic-based kinetic model was then employed to determine the relative contributions of different Cr species and their accumulation pathways to the overall concentration of Cr in mussels. The concentration factors of Cr(III) in four diverse marine phytoplankters ranged between 104 and 105, whereas for Cr(VI) they were 2 to 5I) to Cr(III) was observed in coastal sediments. AEs of Cr(III) in mussels from ingested sediments were consistently < 1%, whereas the AEs of Cr(VI) from ingested phytoplankton were 1-10%. The uptake rate of Cr(VI) from the dissolved phase was 3 times higher than Cr(III). The efflux rate constant was 0.011 d-1 for mussels following 7 d dissolved u",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231885,Lee and  Hering 2005,"Oxidative dissolution of chromium(III) hydroxide at pH 9, 3, and 2 with product inhibition at pH 2","Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), can be immobilized under neutral to alkaline conditions by reduction to Cr(III); similarly, the mobility of naturally occurring Cr in soils and sediments can be limited by its occurrence in the +III oxidation state. Conversely, the oxidation of Cr(IIi) to Cr(VI) increases both its toxicity and often its mobility. Dissolution of Cr-(OH)3(s) in 0.01 M NaNO3 suspensions was examined in batch experiments in the presence and absence of the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI). Dissolution of Cr(OH)3(s) (1.0 g/L) was accelerated in the presence of excess strong oxidant (20 mM) at pH 9 by a factor of ca. 200 and to a lesser extent at pH 2 and 3. Linear kinetics of oxidative dissolution was observed at pH 9 and 3. In contrast, the rate of Cr release at pH 2 decreased rapidly with time, and within 2.5 h, the dissolution reaction was completely inhibited. Under oxidizing conditions, Cr released into solution is expected to be present as Cr(VI), which sorbs strongly to Cr(OH)3(s) at low pH. Cr(VI) sorption followed a Langmuir isotherm and reached maximum sorption densities of 308 +/- 8 and 271 +/- 10 micromol/g at pH 3 and 2, respectively. However, sorption of Cr(VI) (putatively formed during oxidative dissolution) cannot explain the observed inhibition of the reaction because (1) sorption occurs at both pH 2 and 3 but inhibition only at pH 2 and (2) preequilibration of Cr(OH)3(s) with Cr(VI) did not affectthe rate of dissolution observed upon the addition of the oxidant. Thus, we hypothesize that the inhibition of (net) oxidative dissolution at pH 2 may be the result of secondary precipitation of a chromic hydroxy chromate phase.","Oxidative dissolution of chromium(III) hydroxide at pH 9, 3, and 2 with product inhibition at pH 2 Abs: Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), can be immobilized under neutral to alkaline conditions by reduction to Cr(III); similarly, the mobility of naturally occurring Cr in soils and sediments can be limited by its occurrence in the +III oxidation state. Conversely, the oxidation of Cr(IIi) to Cr(VI) increases both its toxicity and often its mobility. Dissolution of Cr-(OH)3(s) in 0.01 M NaNO3 suspensions was examined in batch experiments in the presence and absence of the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI). Dissolution of Cr(OH)3(s) (1.0 g/L) was accelerated in the presence of excess strong oxidant (20 mM) at pH 9 by a factor of ca. 200 and to a lesser extent at pH 2 and 3. Linear kinetics of oxidative dissolution was observed at pH 9 and 3. In contrast, the rate of Cr release at pH 2 decreased rapidly with time, and within 2.5 h, the dissolution reaction was completely inhibited. Under oxidizing conditions, Cr released into solution is expected to be present as Cr(VI), which sorbs strongly to Cr(OH)3(s) at low pH. Cr(VI) sorption followed a Langmuir isotherm and reached maximum sorption densities of 308 +/- 8 and 271 +/- 10 micromol/g at pH 3 and 2, respectively. However, sorption of Cr(VI) (putatively formed during oxidative dissolution) cannot explain the observed inhibition of the reaction because (1) sorption occurs at both pH 2 and 3 but inhibition only at pH 2 and (2) preequilibration of Cr(OH)3(s) with Cr(VI) did not affectthe rate of dissolution observed upon the addition of the oxidant. Thus, we hypothesize that the inhibition of (net) oxidative dissolution at pH 2 may be the result of secondary precipitation of a chromic hydroxy chromate phase.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237917,Greenburg et al. 1942,The Effects of Exposure to Toluene in Industry,"Manifestations of toluene (108883) were evaluated in an airplane factory (SIC-3721). Personal area air samples were collected and physical examinations were conducted of 106 aircraft painters, 30 exposed to benzene, and 15 to unidentified volatile solvents within 4 to 24 months of the study. The remaining 61 were considered uncomplicated exposures. Although toluene accounted for most of the exposure, other volatile and nonvolatile compounds were detected. Medical histories were taken, and blood and urine analyses were performed. Toluene exposures ranged from 100 to 1100 parts per million (ppm). Medical histories indicated all workers were symptomless. Perforated nasal septa and enlargement of the liver were found in 5 and 32 workers, respectively. Perforated nasal septa was associated with zinc-chromate (13530659) exposure. Of the 32 workers with liver enlargement, 21.4 percent were in the uncomplicated group. Erythrocyte counts were depressed in 17 percent, compared to 5.2 percent of comparisons. Hemoglobin was elevated in 37.7 percent of the cases, compared to 2.4 percent of comparisons. Elevated absolute lymphocyte counts were found in 19.5 percent, versus 7.7 percent of comparisons. Mean corpuscular volume was elevated in 23.6 percent (21.3 percent of the uncomplicated exposures) compared to 7.2 percent comparisons. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were elevated in 17.9 and 39.7 percent of the cases, compared to 0 and 2.5 percent of comparisons. Urinary findings were within control limits. The authors conclude that hepatomegaly and macrocytosis are indicative of early chronic toluene intoxication.","The Effects of Exposure to Toluene in Industry Abs: Manifestations of toluene (108883) were evaluated in an airplane factory (SIC-3721). Personal area air samples were collected and physical examinations were conducted of 106 aircraft painters, 30 exposed to benzene, and 15 to unidentified volatile solvents within 4 to 24 months of the study. The remaining 61 were considered uncomplicated exposures. Although toluene accounted for most of the exposure, other volatile and nonvolatile compounds were detected. Medical histories were taken, and blood and urine analyses were performed. Toluene exposures ranged from 100 to 1100 parts per million (ppm). Medical histories indicated all workers were symptomless. Perforated nasal septa and enlargement of the liver were found in 5 and 32 workers, respectively. Perforated nasal septa was associated with zinc-chromate (13530659) exposure. Of the 32 workers with liver enlargement, 21.4 percent were in the uncomplicated group. Erythrocyte counts were depressed in 17 percent, compared to 5.2 percent of comparisons. Hemoglobin was elevated in 37.7 percent of the cases, compared to 2.4 percent of comparisons. Elevated absolute lymphocyte counts were found in 19.5 percent, versus 7.7 percent of comparisons. Mean corpuscular volume was elevated in 23.6 percent (21.3 percent of the uncomplicated exposures) compared to 7.2 percent comparisons. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were elevated in 17.9 and 39.7 percent of the cases, compared to 0 and 2.5 percent of comparisons. Urinary findings were within control limits. The authors conclude that hepatomegaly and macrocytosis are indicative of early chronic toluene intoxication.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238761,Kowbel and  Nestmann 1981,ENHANCED SENSITIVITY OF THE FLUCTUATION ASSAY USING A MODIFIED INCUBATION PROCEDURE,,ENHANCED SENSITIVITY OF THE FLUCTUATION ASSAY USING A MODIFIED INCUBATION PROCEDURE Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237661,Miyazaki 1971,Application of thin layer chromatography to forensic toxicology: Thin layer chromatography of metallic poisons,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Compounds (25) from 11 types of metals relevent to forensic toxicology were qualitatively assayed using thin layer chromatography. Specific details and methodology were given. Subsequently, these metallic poisons were identified in the bodies of rabbits, following their death which was due to administration of these poisonous substances. The metallic poisons used were arsenic oxide, barium nitrate, cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, and lead nitrate, each administered separately to the rabbits until they died. Using a specific thin layer chromatography technique which was developed. Each of these metallic poisons were distinctly identified from the stomach contents and liver of these animals.","Application of thin layer chromatography to forensic toxicology: Thin layer chromatography of metallic poisons Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Compounds (25) from 11 types of metals relevent to forensic toxicology were qualitatively assayed using thin layer chromatography. Specific details and methodology were given. Subsequently, these metallic poisons were identified in the bodies of rabbits, following their death which was due to administration of these poisonous substances. The metallic poisons used were arsenic oxide, barium nitrate, cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, and lead nitrate, each administered separately to the rabbits until they died. Using a specific thin layer chromatography technique which was developed. Each of these metallic poisons were distinctly identified from the stomach contents and liver of these animals.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225078,Choppala et al. 2013,Chemodynamics of chromium reduction in soils: implications to bioavailability,"Chromium toxicity in soils can be mitigated by reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is influenced by the presence of free Cr(VI) species in soil solution, and the supply of protons and electrons. In this study, the effects of Cr(VI) adsorption (i.e. availability of free Cr(VI) species in soil solution), soil pH (i.e. supply of protons) and three electron donor carbon sources [black carbon (BC), chicken manure biochar (CMB) and cow manure (CM)] on the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in soils were investigated. The results indicated that the rate of Cr(VI) reduction decreased with an increase in Cr(VI) adsorption and soil pH, which is attributed to decreased supply of free Cr(VI) ions and protons, respectively. Among the three different amendments tested, BC showed the highest rate of Cr(VI) reduction followed by CM and CMB. Furthermore, addition of BC, CM and CMB decreased the bioavailability of Cr(VI) in contaminated soils. The high efficiency of BC on Cr(VI) reduction was due to the electron donor's functional groups such as phenolic, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amides. The study demonstrated that free form of Cr(VI) ions in soil solution and carbon amendments enriched with acidic functional groups favored the reduction of Cr(VI), thereby mitigating its bioavailability and toxicity in contaminated soils.","Chemodynamics of chromium reduction in soils: implications to bioavailability Abs: Chromium toxicity in soils can be mitigated by reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is influenced by the presence of free Cr(VI) species in soil solution, and the supply of protons and electrons. In this study, the effects of Cr(VI) adsorption (i.e. availability of free Cr(VI) species in soil solution), soil pH (i.e. supply of protons) and three electron donor carbon sources [black carbon (BC), chicken manure biochar (CMB) and cow manure (CM)] on the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in soils were investigated. The results indicated that the rate of Cr(VI) reduction decreased with an increase in Cr(VI) adsorption and soil pH, which is attributed to decreased supply of free Cr(VI) ions and protons, respectively. Among the three different amendments tested, BC showed the highest rate of Cr(VI) reduction followed by CM and CMB. Furthermore, addition of BC, CM and CMB decreased the bioavailability of Cr(VI) in contaminated soils. The high efficiency of BC on Cr(VI) reduction was due to the electron donor's functional groups such as phenolic, hydroxyl, carbonyl and amides. The study demonstrated that free form of Cr(VI) ions in soil solution and carbon amendments enriched with acidic functional groups favored the reduction of Cr(VI), thereby mitigating its bioavailability and toxicity in contaminated soils.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
64158,Kapu and  Schaeffer 1991,Planarians in toxicology: responses of asexual Dugesia dorotocephala to selected metals,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm heavy metal toxicity freshwater pollution bioindicator methods invertebrate,Planarians in toxicology: responses of asexual Dugesia dorotocephala to selected metals Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm heavy metal toxicity freshwater pollution bioindicator methods invertebrate,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238500,Anonymous 2001,tert-Butyl Chromate,"A TLV-Ceiling of 0.1 mg/m3, measured as chromium trioxide is recommended for occupational exposure to tert-butyl chromate. This value is intended to minimize the potential for dermal and respiratory tract irritation. Data are extremely limited upon which to base an exposure value. A Skin notation is assigned, based on mortality reported for rats treated dermally with tert-butyl chromate. Sufficient data were not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations.","tert-Butyl Chromate Abs: A TLV-Ceiling of 0.1 mg/m3, measured as chromium trioxide is recommended for occupational exposure to tert-butyl chromate. This value is intended to minimize the potential for dermal and respiratory tract irritation. Data are extremely limited upon which to base an exposure value. A Skin notation is assigned, based on mortality reported for rats treated dermally with tert-butyl chromate. Sufficient data were not available to recommend SEN or carcinogenicity notations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578280,Thomas et al. 1992,"AFTERCHROME DYEING OF WOOL .A. CHROMIUM IN THE EFFLUENT, ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS","As a consequence of increasing legal restrictions on the concentration of chromium in industrial discharges, afterchrome dyeing of wool has been re-evaluated. Special regard was given to the distribution of trivalent and hexavalent chromium species in the individual process stages (chroming, rinsing and ammonia aftertreatment baths) of afterchrome dyeing. Recommendations are outlined to give minimum chrome residues in the effluent and to avoid the distribution of the toxic hexavalent chromium species into the environment. The efficiency of the thiosulphate procedure is doubtful for improving the exhaustion of total chromium. Subsequent alkaline treatments of chrome-dyed wool lead to a desorption of chromium compounds that are probably fibre-bonded chromium-tetrathionate (sodium thiosulphate) complexes.","AFTERCHROME DYEING OF WOOL .A. CHROMIUM IN THE EFFLUENT, ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFLUENCING FACTORS Abs: As a consequence of increasing legal restrictions on the concentration of chromium in industrial discharges, afterchrome dyeing of wool has been re-evaluated. Special regard was given to the distribution of trivalent and hexavalent chromium species in the individual process stages (chroming, rinsing and ammonia aftertreatment baths) of afterchrome dyeing. Recommendations are outlined to give minimum chrome residues in the effluent and to avoid the distribution of the toxic hexavalent chromium species into the environment. The efficiency of the thiosulphate procedure is doubtful for improving the exhaustion of total chromium. Subsequent alkaline treatments of chrome-dyed wool lead to a desorption of chromium compounds that are probably fibre-bonded chromium-tetrathionate (sodium thiosulphate) complexes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236936,Litvinov 1985,HYGIENIC CLASSIFICATION OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING IT IN PREVENTION OF CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN POLLUTION,HYGIENIC CLASSIFICATION OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING IT IN PREVENTION OF CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN POLLUTION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786444,Yu et al. 2013,Copper ion adsorption by chitosan nanoparticles and alginate microparticles for water purification applications,,Copper ion adsorption by chitosan nanoparticles and alginate microparticles for water purification applications Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510439,Prieco-Capote and  de Castro 2006,Speciation of chromium by in-capillary derivatization and electrophoretically mediated microanalysis,,Speciation of chromium by in-capillary derivatization and electrophoretically mediated microanalysis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510455,Castro et al. 2007,Effects of dichromate on growth and root system architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings,,Effects of dichromate on growth and root system architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577965,Yalçin and  Apak 2004,"Chromium(III, VI) speciation analysis with preconcentration on a maleic acid-functionalized XAD sorbent",,"Chromium(III, VI) speciation analysis with preconcentration on a maleic acid-functionalized XAD sorbent Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231934,Prasad and  Singh 2004,Reactions of sulphur mustard on impregnated carbons,"Activated carbon of surface area 1100 m2/gm is impregnated with 4% sodium hydroxide plus 3% Cr(VI) as CrO3 with and without 5% ethylene diamine (EDA), 4% magnesium nitrate and 5% ruthenium chloride by using their aqueous solutions. These carbons are characterized for surface area analysis by BET conventional method and exposed to the vapours of sulphur mustard (HD) at room temperature (30 degrees C). After 24 h, the reaction products are extracted in dichloromethane and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hemisulphur mustard, thiodiglycol, 1,4-oxathiane are observed to be the products of reaction between sulphur mustard and NaOH/CrO3/C system, whereas on NaOH/CrO3/EDA/C system HD reacted to give 1,4-thiazane. On Mg(NO3)2/C system it gave hemisulphur mustard and thiodiglycol. On RuCl3/C system it degraded to divinyl sulphone. Residual sulphur mustard is observed along with reaction products in all systems studied. Reaction mechanisms are also proposed for these interesting surface reactions. Above-mentioned carbons can be used in filtration systems for protection against hazardous gases such as sulphur mustard.","Reactions of sulphur mustard on impregnated carbons Abs: Activated carbon of surface area 1100 m2/gm is impregnated with 4% sodium hydroxide plus 3% Cr(VI) as CrO3 with and without 5% ethylene diamine (EDA), 4% magnesium nitrate and 5% ruthenium chloride by using their aqueous solutions. These carbons are characterized for surface area analysis by BET conventional method and exposed to the vapours of sulphur mustard (HD) at room temperature (30 degrees C). After 24 h, the reaction products are extracted in dichloromethane and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hemisulphur mustard, thiodiglycol, 1,4-oxathiane are observed to be the products of reaction between sulphur mustard and NaOH/CrO3/C system, whereas on NaOH/CrO3/EDA/C system HD reacted to give 1,4-thiazane. On Mg(NO3)2/C system it gave hemisulphur mustard and thiodiglycol. On RuCl3/C system it degraded to divinyl sulphone. Residual sulphur mustard is observed along with reaction products in all systems studied. Reaction mechanisms are also proposed for these interesting surface reactions. Above-mentioned carbons can be used in filtration systems for protection against hazardous gases such as sulphur mustard.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234185,Schecter et al. 2009,Limitations in the use of potassium dichromate as a blood preservative for the analysis of organohalogenated compounds: two month results,"For analysis of organochlorine contaminants in human tissue, the &quot;gold standard&quot; for preservation, storage, and shipping is usually freezing. However, this method can be difficult, if samples are taken in remote areas, and costly, when the samples must be shipped on dry ice. Therefore, a more simple and cost effective method of preservation is essential for remote field work. Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) has been successfully employed in the preservation of human and cows' milk as well as chicken eggs. Our previous studies described the use of potassium dichromate for preservation of whole blood for analysis of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs. Potassium dichromate was found to successfully preserve blood at room temperature for 34 d with no significant differences in the measured concentrations of chemical contaminants or blood lipid level when compared to frozen samples. However, in a follow-up study, 3 months and 6 months of potassium dichromate preservation proved inadequate to preserve the samples for organic pollutant analysis. We noted that the lipid portion of the blood in the chemically preserved samples was declining in level or degrading, while the persistent organic pollutants remained intact at the same levels on a whole weight basis. To narrow down the window of efficacy for the use of potassium dichromate to preserve blood samples for analysis, the present study compared chemical preservation to freezing for an intermediate time period, 2 months. Similar to our previous findings at 3 and 6 months, at 2 months significant lipid degradation was observed in the chemically preserved samples. Chemically preserved samples had significantly higher levels of organochlorine contaminants (dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs) when measured on a blood lipid basis but not on a wet weight basis compared to frozen samples. While 2 months of potassium dichromate preservation was not useful for obtaining accurate measure of dioxins, furans, and PCBs on a lipid basis, previous studies found this method of preservation to be useful for at least one month (Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Päpke, O., Malisch, R., 2004. The use of potassium dichromate and ethyl alcohol as blood preservatives for analysis of organochlorine contaminants. Chemosphere 57, 1-7). However blood stored at -70 degrees C and at 22 degrees C with potassium dichromate gave similar results when expressed on a wet weight basis.","Limitations in the use of potassium dichromate as a blood preservative for the analysis of organohalogenated compounds: two month results Abs: For analysis of organochlorine contaminants in human tissue, the &quot;gold standard&quot; for preservation, storage, and shipping is usually freezing. However, this method can be difficult, if samples are taken in remote areas, and costly, when the samples must be shipped on dry ice. Therefore, a more simple and cost effective method of preservation is essential for remote field work. Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) has been successfully employed in the preservation of human and cows' milk as well as chicken eggs. Our previous studies described the use of potassium dichromate for preservation of whole blood for analysis of dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs. Potassium dichromate was found to successfully preserve blood at room temperature for 34 d with no significant differences in the measured concentrations of chemical contaminants or blood lipid level when compared to frozen samples. However, in a follow-up study, 3 months and 6 months of potassium dichromate preservation proved inadequate to preserve the samples for organic pollutant analysis. We noted that the lipid portion of the blood in the chemically preserved samples was declining in level or degrading, while the persistent organic pollutants remained intact at the same levels on a whole weight basis. To narrow down the window of efficacy for the use of potassium dichromate to preserve blood samples for analysis, the present study compared chemical preservation to freezing for an intermediate time period, 2 months. Similar to our previous findings at 3 and 6 months, at 2 months significant lipid degradation was observed in the chemically preserved samples. Chemically preserved samples had significantly higher levels of organochlorine contaminants (dioxins, dibenzofurans, and PCBs) when measured on a blood lipid basis but not on a wet weight basis compared to frozen samples. While 2 months of potassium dichromate preservation was not useful for obtaining accurate measure of dioxins, furans, and PCBs on a lipid basis, previous studies found this method of preservation to be useful for at least one month (Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Päpke, O., Malisch, R., 2004. The use of potassium dichromate and ethyl alcohol as blood preservatives for analysis of organochlorine contaminants. Chemosphere 57, 1-7). However blood stored at -70 degrees C and at 22 degrees C with potassium dichromate gave similar results when expressed on a wet weight basis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516138,Micera and  Dessi 1988,Chromium adsorption by plant roots and formation of long-lived chromium-v species an ecological hazard,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm allium-sativum mutagenesis carcinogenesis ligand binding heavy metal pollution,Chromium adsorption by plant roots and formation of long-lived chromium-v species an ecological hazard Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm allium-sativum mutagenesis carcinogenesis ligand binding heavy metal pollution,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786225,Liu et al. 2013,Polyaniline/cellulose fiber composite prepared using persulfate as oxidant for Cr(VI)-detoxification,"Cellulose fibers were engineered by in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as oxidant/initiator. The polyaniline/cellulose fiber composite was used for the treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water, and its effect was evaluated. Under the conditions studied, the composite exhibited very high water detoxification efficiency, as a result of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in combination with adsorption of the Cr(III) onto the cellulosic substrate. Cellulose fibers used in the study served two purposes simultaneously, i.e., carrier of polyaniline and the adsorbent for Cr(III). The complexation of polyaniline with cellulose fibers provided synergistic effects on Cr(VI)-detoxification.","Polyaniline/cellulose fiber composite prepared using persulfate as oxidant for Cr(VI)-detoxification Abs: Cellulose fibers were engineered by in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as oxidant/initiator. The polyaniline/cellulose fiber composite was used for the treatment of Cr(VI)-contaminated water, and its effect was evaluated. Under the conditions studied, the composite exhibited very high water detoxification efficiency, as a result of reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in combination with adsorption of the Cr(III) onto the cellulosic substrate. Cellulose fibers used in the study served two purposes simultaneously, i.e., carrier of polyaniline and the adsorbent for Cr(III). The complexation of polyaniline with cellulose fibers provided synergistic effects on Cr(VI)-detoxification.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290212,Codd and  Lay 2001,Chromium(V)-sialic (neuraminic) acid species are formed from mixtures of chromium(VI) and saliva,,Chromium(V)-sialic (neuraminic) acid species are formed from mixtures of chromium(VI) and saliva Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1050932,Banerjee et al. 2012,"Zinc oxide nano-particles--sonochemical synthesis, characterization and application for photo-remediation of heavy metal","Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized sonochemically from zinc acetate solution in aqueous methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol containing about 5 volume% of alcohol. Characterization with FESEM, XRD, AFM and BET surface area shows that the synthesized particles differ in shape and size. ZnO synthesized using isopropanol was observed to be the most crystalline one. The synthesized nanoparticles were used for the photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous medium under solar radiation. It was observed that the initial reduction rates varied with the difference in morphology of ZnO crystallites.","Zinc oxide nano-particles--sonochemical synthesis, characterization and application for photo-remediation of heavy metal Abs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized sonochemically from zinc acetate solution in aqueous methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol containing about 5 volume% of alcohol. Characterization with FESEM, XRD, AFM and BET surface area shows that the synthesized particles differ in shape and size. ZnO synthesized using isopropanol was observed to be the most crystalline one. The synthesized nanoparticles were used for the photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous medium under solar radiation. It was observed that the initial reduction rates varied with the difference in morphology of ZnO crystallites.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576751,Yu et al. 2012,[Simultaneous determination of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium in plastics by accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography],"A method based on accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography (ASE-IC) was developed for the simultaneous determination of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in plastic samples. The accelerated solvent extraction was employed as the pretreatment method for the simultaneous extraction of the Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from the samples. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were derivatized with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and 1,5-diphenyl-carbazide (DPC), and detected by an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detector at UV and visible wavelengths, respectively. The results showed that the limits of detection for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 5.0 microg/L and 0.5 microg/L and the good linearities of the calibration curves for them were in the ranges of 50 - 1 000 microg/L (r2 = 0.9994) and 5.0 - 100 microg/L (r2 = 0.9998), respectively. The recoveries were between 90.7% and 101.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.7% -4.4% for Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The method is sensitive, reproducible and adaptable to the simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the plastic samples.","[Simultaneous determination of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium in plastics by accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography] Abs: A method based on accelerated solvent extraction-ion chromatography (ASE-IC) was developed for the simultaneous determination of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in plastic samples. The accelerated solvent extraction was employed as the pretreatment method for the simultaneous extraction of the Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from the samples. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were derivatized with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and 1,5-diphenyl-carbazide (DPC), and detected by an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) detector at UV and visible wavelengths, respectively. The results showed that the limits of detection for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were 5.0 microg/L and 0.5 microg/L and the good linearities of the calibration curves for them were in the ranges of 50 - 1 000 microg/L (r2 = 0.9994) and 5.0 - 100 microg/L (r2 = 0.9998), respectively. The recoveries were between 90.7% and 101.1% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.7% -4.4% for Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The method is sensitive, reproducible and adaptable to the simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the plastic samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514445,Dilek and  Gokcay 1996,Microbiology of activated sludge treating wastewater containing Ni(II) and Cr(VI),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The species of microorganisms dominating a laboratory-scale once-through activated sludge unit treating simulated wastewater with different influent strengths (650 and 1300 mgl-1 COD) and containing 5 to 10 mgl-1 Ni(II) and 1 to 50 mgl-1 Cr(VI) were identified by standard biochemical tests. Within this framework, combinations of metals and influent COD concentrations were tried. Organisms, namely Proteus rettgeri, Acinetobacter sp., Flavobacterium lutescens, Bacillus cereus var. albolactis, Klebsiella sp., Arthrobacter simplex, and Pseudomonas mendocina, were identified at different stages of the experiments.","Microbiology of activated sludge treating wastewater containing Ni(II) and Cr(VI) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The species of microorganisms dominating a laboratory-scale once-through activated sludge unit treating simulated wastewater with different influent strengths (650 and 1300 mgl-1 COD) and containing 5 to 10 mgl-1 Ni(II) and 1 to 50 mgl-1 Cr(VI) were identified by standard biochemical tests. Within this framework, combinations of metals and influent COD concentrations were tried. Organisms, namely Proteus rettgeri, Acinetobacter sp., Flavobacterium lutescens, Bacillus cereus var. albolactis, Klebsiella sp., Arthrobacter simplex, and Pseudomonas mendocina, were identified at different stages of the experiments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234949,Christie and  Hansen 1983,Cytochemical evidence for the existence of norepinephrine-containing glomus cells in the rat carotid body,"Some investigators have postulated that glomus cells of the rat carotid body contain only dopamine (DA), and that the norepinephrine (NE) measured in the carotid body resides only in sympathetic nerve endings and ganglion cells. To investigate this hypothesis, we employed a pharmacologic drug sequence which depleted all carotid body catecholamines and then selectively restored DA levels while keeping NE levels significantly lowered. Analysis of carotid body catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) validated this drug regimen. Employing this drug treatment, we examined glomus cells after potassium dichromate cytochemical staining in an effort to distinguish those glomus cell vesicles which still contained appreciable amounts of catecholamine, presumably DA. Glomus cells from rats receiving vehicle or L-dopa (100 mg kg-1 ip) alone had 83 and 97% of their cells stained, respectively. However, glomus cells from reserpinized (5 mg kg-1 ip) animals were largely unstained (89%). Carotid bodies from animals treated with reserpine and then, 24 h later, with L-dopa 90 min prior to sacrifice had about 46% of their glomus cells stained while 54% of the cells were unstained. The results of this last group, coupled with our biochemical data which demonstrated that DA levels were comparable to control values but that NE was 80% depleted, suggest that a significant number of glomus cells did not contain enough catecholamine to react with the dichromate. We believe that these unstained cells may normally contain NE and that glomus cells may be of several types, some containing predominantly DA and others NE.","Cytochemical evidence for the existence of norepinephrine-containing glomus cells in the rat carotid body Abs: Some investigators have postulated that glomus cells of the rat carotid body contain only dopamine (DA), and that the norepinephrine (NE) measured in the carotid body resides only in sympathetic nerve endings and ganglion cells. To investigate this hypothesis, we employed a pharmacologic drug sequence which depleted all carotid body catecholamines and then selectively restored DA levels while keeping NE levels significantly lowered. Analysis of carotid body catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) validated this drug regimen. Employing this drug treatment, we examined glomus cells after potassium dichromate cytochemical staining in an effort to distinguish those glomus cell vesicles which still contained appreciable amounts of catecholamine, presumably DA. Glomus cells from rats receiving vehicle or L-dopa (100 mg kg-1 ip) alone had 83 and 97% of their cells stained, respectively. However, glomus cells from reserpinized (5 mg kg-1 ip) animals were largely unstained (89%). Carotid bodies from animals treated with reserpine and then, 24 h later, with L-dopa 90 min prior to sacrifice had about 46% of their glomus cells stained while 54% of the cells were unstained. The results of this last group, coupled with our biochemical data which demonstrated that DA levels were comparable to control values but that NE was 80% depleted, suggest that a significant number of glomus cells did not contain enough catecholamine to react with the dichromate. We believe that these unstained cells may normally contain NE and that glomus cells may be of several types, some containing predominantly DA and others NE.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516654,Wittbrodt and  Palmer 1995,Reduction of Cr(VI) in the Presence of Excess Soil Fulvic Acid,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The rate of hexavalent chromium reduction by a soil fulvic acid (SFA) was measured in aqueous solutions where concentrations of Cr(VI), H+, and SFA were independently varied. Rates of reduction increase strongly with decreasing pH. Typical Cr(VI)-SFA reactions display a nonlinear reduction of Cr(VI) with time that cannot adequately be modeled by either first-order or second-order rate equations. An empirical rate equation that treats the SFA as a continuum of reactive groups which reduce Cr(VI) at varying rates adequately describes the effects of solution parameters on the rates of Cr(VI) reduction. The rate equation is R = kr(HCrO4-)(SFA)(Cr(VI))op(H+)q where (Cr(VI))o is the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The rate coefficient (kr) varies with the fraction (Xe) of SFA reducing equivalents oxidized and can be written as kXen, where k is (4.27 | 0.68)ters p and q are 0.47 | 0.11 and 0.45 | 0.03, respectively. The rate equation is based on experiments where up to 5% of the","Reduction of Cr(VI) in the Presence of Excess Soil Fulvic Acid Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The rate of hexavalent chromium reduction by a soil fulvic acid (SFA) was measured in aqueous solutions where concentrations of Cr(VI), H+, and SFA were independently varied. Rates of reduction increase strongly with decreasing pH. Typical Cr(VI)-SFA reactions display a nonlinear reduction of Cr(VI) with time that cannot adequately be modeled by either first-order or second-order rate equations. An empirical rate equation that treats the SFA as a continuum of reactive groups which reduce Cr(VI) at varying rates adequately describes the effects of solution parameters on the rates of Cr(VI) reduction. The rate equation is R = kr(HCrO4-)(SFA)(Cr(VI))op(H+)q where (Cr(VI))o is the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The rate coefficient (kr) varies with the fraction (Xe) of SFA reducing equivalents oxidized and can be written as kXen, where k is (4.27 | 0.68)ters p and q are 0.47 | 0.11 and 0.45 | 0.03, respectively. The rate equation is based on experiments where up to 5% of the",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238385,S-O and  Sanner 1994,Increased Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells Treated with Oxidative Agents,"Compounds known or presumed to cause oxidative stress were studied for their effect on gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in the Syrian-hamster cell line, BPNi. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) system was also studied to determine if it was mediating the increase in GJIC. Hydrogen-peroxide (7722841) (H2O2), KBrO3 (7758012), menadione (58275) and benzoyl-peroxide (94360) induced a greater than 50% increase in GJIC after a 1 hour incubation. K2CrO4 (7789006) exposed cells reached a maximum increase in GJIC after 4 hours of treatment. The decrease in intercellular communication after removal of H2O2 followed a first order reaction. When cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light at a fluence of 600 kilojoules per square meter, there was an increase in GJIC. There was no increase in GJIC after BPNi cells were heat shocked at 43 to 47 degrees-C. Oxidative agents did not increase nonjunctional permeability which may have given an impression of increased GJIC. A 2 hour preincubation with the hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethylsulfoxide (67685) (DMSO) had a protective effect against the increase in GJIC caused by 1 millimolar (mM) H2O2. DMSO had no effect at lower H2O2 concentrations or when a 1 minute preincubation was used. Inhibition of catalase by preincubation with amitrole (61825) did not increase the level of GJIC after exposure to H2O2. H2O2 at a concentration of 100 micromolar did not alter the 12-ortho-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (16561298) (TPA) induced decrease in GJIC. However, 1mM H2O2 still resulted in an increase in GJIC despite the continuous exposure to TPA. There was an increase in cAMP levels in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (28822584) (IBMX) treated cells and a concomitant 50% increase in GJIC. Similar results were obtained with 30 micromolar forskolin (66575299). There was no difference in cAMP levels in H2O2 exposed and control cells. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors increased cAMP levels eight fold while coexposure with H2O2 resulted in a four fold increase. Several protein kinase-A inhibitors inhibited the H2O2 induced increase in GJIC to varying degrees. The authors conclude that cAMP is not a probable mediator of the effects of oxidative agents on GJIC in BPNi cells.","Increased Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells Treated with Oxidative Agents Abs: Compounds known or presumed to cause oxidative stress were studied for their effect on gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in the Syrian-hamster cell line, BPNi. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) system was also studied to determine if it was mediating the increase in GJIC. Hydrogen-peroxide (7722841) (H2O2), KBrO3 (7758012), menadione (58275) and benzoyl-peroxide (94360) induced a greater than 50% increase in GJIC after a 1 hour incubation. K2CrO4 (7789006) exposed cells reached a maximum increase in GJIC after 4 hours of treatment. The decrease in intercellular communication after removal of H2O2 followed a first order reaction. When cells were irradiated with ultraviolet light at a fluence of 600 kilojoules per square meter, there was an increase in GJIC. There was no increase in GJIC after BPNi cells were heat shocked at 43 to 47 degrees-C. Oxidative agents did not increase nonjunctional permeability which may have given an impression of increased GJIC. A 2 hour preincubation with the hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethylsulfoxide (67685) (DMSO) had a protective effect against the increase in GJIC caused by 1 millimolar (mM) H2O2. DMSO had no effect at lower H2O2 concentrations or when a 1 minute preincubation was used. Inhibition of catalase by preincubation with amitrole (61825) did not increase the level of GJIC after exposure to H2O2. H2O2 at a concentration of 100 micromolar did not alter the 12-ortho-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (16561298) (TPA) induced decrease in GJIC. However, 1mM H2O2 still resulted in an increase in GJIC despite the continuous exposure to TPA. There was an increase in cAMP levels in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (28822584) (IBMX) treated cells and a concomitant 50% increase in GJIC. Similar results were obtained with 30 micromolar forskolin (66575299). There was no difference in cAMP levels in H2O2 exposed and control cells. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors increased cAMP levels eight fold while coexposure with H2O2 resulted in a four fold increase. Several protein kinase-A inhibitors inhibited the H2O2 induced increase in GJIC to varying degrees. The authors conclude that cAMP is not a probable mediator of the effects of oxidative agents on GJIC in BPNi cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234668,Hayashi et al. 1992,Flow cytometric micronucleus test with mouse peripheral erythrocytes,"Flow cytometric (FC) analysis was applied to micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. The method is based on the measurement of peak fluorescence (PFL) of sphered glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes before and after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), in an EPICS V flow cytometer. The frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) is calculated by a computer program comparing PFL data obtained with and without DAPI. To evaluate the method, male ddY mice were treated with 6-mercaptopurine and benzene and blood was collected from tail vein at intervals of 4-7 days. Both microscopic and FC analysis showed a steady increase in the incidence of MNEs, reaching a plateau when about a month had passed from the start of the treatments. The effects of benzo[a]pyrene, mitomycin C,N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, bromodichloromethane and potassium chromate (VI) were also studied with both the manual and FC assay in samples collected a week after five weekly treatments. The percentages of MNEs obtained manually and by the FC measurements showed good correlation, the former three chemicals being positive and the latter two negative or, in the FC analysis, difficult to classify. Because of the high number of cells examined (50,000/animal), the FC analysis was probably more sensitive than the manual method where only 2000 cells were scored per animal. This was further suggested by (i) steady time responses, also for individual animals, in the FC results on 6-mercaptopurine and benzene, (ii) overall reduced inter-individual variation in the FC measurements, and (iii) detection of MNE induction by mitomycin C at a lower dose level with the FC than the manual analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Flow cytometric micronucleus test with mouse peripheral erythrocytes Abs: Flow cytometric (FC) analysis was applied to micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. The method is based on the measurement of peak fluorescence (PFL) of sphered glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes before and after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), in an EPICS V flow cytometer. The frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) is calculated by a computer program comparing PFL data obtained with and without DAPI. To evaluate the method, male ddY mice were treated with 6-mercaptopurine and benzene and blood was collected from tail vein at intervals of 4-7 days. Both microscopic and FC analysis showed a steady increase in the incidence of MNEs, reaching a plateau when about a month had passed from the start of the treatments. The effects of benzo[a]pyrene, mitomycin C,N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, bromodichloromethane and potassium chromate (VI) were also studied with both the manual and FC assay in samples collected a week after five weekly treatments. The percentages of MNEs obtained manually and by the FC measurements showed good correlation, the former three chemicals being positive and the latter two negative or, in the FC analysis, difficult to classify. Because of the high number of cells examined (50,000/animal), the FC analysis was probably more sensitive than the manual method where only 2000 cells were scored per animal. This was further suggested by (i) steady time responses, also for individual animals, in the FC results on 6-mercaptopurine and benzene, (ii) overall reduced inter-individual variation in the FC measurements, and (iii) detection of MNE induction by mitomycin C at a lower dose level with the FC than the manual analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
615096,Nieto Castillo et al. 2008,Changes in chromium distribution during the electrodialytic remediation of a Cr (VI)-contaminated soil,"A laboratory study has been carried out to determine the feasibility of in situ remediation of chromium (VI)-contaminated soil using electrodialysis in relation to its speciation in soil. This technique is best suited for low-permeability soils or sediments, which may be difficult to remediate by other means and implies the application of a low-intensity direct current to the soil, which is separated from the electrode compartments by ion-exchange membranes. A clayey soil was prepared for use in the experiments and was characterized before being mixed with a solution of potassium dichromate for several days to produce a final Cr content of 4,056 mg/kg of soil dry wt. Remediation tests were carried out under constant-voltage conditions for periods of 7Ã¢â‚¬â€œ14 days and the evolution of applied current to the cell, pH, and conductivity of the electrolytes were recorded periodically. Fractionation of chromium was determined for soil samples before and after remediation using a standardized four-step sequential extraction procedure (SEP) with acetic acid, hydroxylamine, hydrogen peroxide, and aqua regia solutions. Results show that chromium is mobilized from the most labile phases (soluble/exchangeable/carbonate). In a 15 V test, SEP results show that the amount of chromium extracted in the first step drops from 80% to 9%, but also that changes in the total chromium distribution occur during the treatment with some transferred to other soil phases that are more difficult to mobilize. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Environmental Geochemistry & Health is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)","Changes in chromium distribution during the electrodialytic remediation of a Cr (VI)-contaminated soil Abs: A laboratory study has been carried out to determine the feasibility of in situ remediation of chromium (VI)-contaminated soil using electrodialysis in relation to its speciation in soil. This technique is best suited for low-permeability soils or sediments, which may be difficult to remediate by other means and implies the application of a low-intensity direct current to the soil, which is separated from the electrode compartments by ion-exchange membranes. A clayey soil was prepared for use in the experiments and was characterized before being mixed with a solution of potassium dichromate for several days to produce a final Cr content of 4,056 mg/kg of soil dry wt. Remediation tests were carried out under constant-voltage conditions for periods of 7Ã¢â‚¬â€œ14 days and the evolution of applied current to the cell, pH, and conductivity of the electrolytes were recorded periodically. Fractionation of chromium was determined for soil samples before and after remediation using a standardized four-step sequential extraction procedure (SEP) with acetic acid, hydroxylamine, hydrogen peroxide, and aqua regia solutions. Results show that chromium is mobilized from the most labile phases (soluble/exchangeable/carbonate). In a 15 V test, SEP results show that the amount of chromium extracted in the first step drops from 80% to 9%, but also that changes in the total chromium distribution occur during the treatment with some transferred to other soil phases that are more difficult to mobilize. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Environmental Geochemistry & Health is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225291,Mohan et al. 2014,Cadmium and lead remediation using magnetic oak wood and oak bark fast pyrolysis bio-chars,,Cadmium and lead remediation using magnetic oak wood and oak bark fast pyrolysis bio-chars Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576801,Pavlov and  Zyabkina 1981,DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM VI IN SOIL AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. NOTE PLANT ORGANISM POLAROGRAPHY METAL POLLUTION,DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM VI IN SOIL AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. NOTE PLANT ORGANISM POLAROGRAPHY METAL POLLUTION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516257,Pankow et al. 1977,Analysis for chromium traces in the aquatic ecogystem: II. A study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Susquehanna River Basin of New York and Pennsylvania,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new procedure for the differential analysis of ppb concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in natural waters was developed. Application of this technique to the analysis of natural water samples revealed the predominance of trivalent Cr in uncontaminated waters of the Upper Susquehanna River Basin (USA) (1-2 ppb). River water samples taken downstream of Binghamton, New York area sewage outfalls revealed an increase in the mean Cr(VI) content of the river from 1.6 ppb. The persistence of the Cr(VI) at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area indicates that at these levels, little dissolved Cr(VI) is removed from the river as it flows away from a point of contamination. Concentrations of Cr in samples of river sediments also revealed Cr contamination below the outfall area, and Cr contamination extended at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area.","Analysis for chromium traces in the aquatic ecogystem: II. A study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the Susquehanna River Basin of New York and Pennsylvania Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new procedure for the differential analysis of ppb concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in natural waters was developed. Application of this technique to the analysis of natural water samples revealed the predominance of trivalent Cr in uncontaminated waters of the Upper Susquehanna River Basin (USA) (1-2 ppb). River water samples taken downstream of Binghamton, New York area sewage outfalls revealed an increase in the mean Cr(VI) content of the river from 1.6 ppb. The persistence of the Cr(VI) at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area indicates that at these levels, little dissolved Cr(VI) is removed from the river as it flows away from a point of contamination. Concentrations of Cr in samples of river sediments also revealed Cr contamination below the outfall area, and Cr contamination extended at least as far as 60 km downstream of the outfall area.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510300,Shi et al. 1998,Cr(III)-mediated hydroxyl radical generation via Haber-Weiss cycle,,Cr(III)-mediated hydroxyl radical generation via Haber-Weiss cycle Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232187,Chen et al. 1998,The simulation of hexavalent chromium formation under various incineration conditions,"The formation of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) during waste incineration processes is of interested because its carcinogenic characteristic. The objective of this study is to simulate the formation of Cr(VI) species under various operating temperatures and input waste compositions during incineration by a thermodynamic model. The results show that the major hexavalent chromium species are CrO2Cl2(g) and CrO3(g). Chlorine and oxygen can increase the formation of Cr(VI) species; while hydrogen, sulfur, sodium, and calcium can inhibit. The input waste composition has greater effect on the formation of hexavalent chromium species than operating temperature.","The simulation of hexavalent chromium formation under various incineration conditions Abs: The formation of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) during waste incineration processes is of interested because its carcinogenic characteristic. The objective of this study is to simulate the formation of Cr(VI) species under various operating temperatures and input waste compositions during incineration by a thermodynamic model. The results show that the major hexavalent chromium species are CrO2Cl2(g) and CrO3(g). Chlorine and oxygen can increase the formation of Cr(VI) species; while hydrogen, sulfur, sodium, and calcium can inhibit. The input waste composition has greater effect on the formation of hexavalent chromium species than operating temperature.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233636,Hu et al. 2009,Removal of chromium from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes,"The batch removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied under ambient conditions. The effect of pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), MWCNT content, contact time and ionic strength on the removal of Cr(VI) was also investigated. The removal was favored at low pH with maximum removal at pH &lt;2. The adsorption kinetics was modeled by first-order reversible kinetics, pseudo-first-order kinetics, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion models, respectively. The rate constants for all these kinetic models were calculated, and the results indicate that pseudo-second-order kinetics model was well suitable to model the kinetic adsorption of Cr(VI). The removal of chromium mainly depends on the occurrence of redox reaction of adsorbed Cr(VI) on the surface of oxidized MWCNTs to the formation of Cr(III), and subsequent the sorption of Cr(III) on MWCNTs appears as the leading mechanism for chromium uptake to MWCNTs. The presence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on oxidized MWCNTs was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are applied to fit the adsorption data of Cr(VI). Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Overall, the study demonstrated that MWCNTs can effectively remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution under a wide range of experimental conditions, without significant Cr(III) release.","Removal of chromium from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes Abs: The batch removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied under ambient conditions. The effect of pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), MWCNT content, contact time and ionic strength on the removal of Cr(VI) was also investigated. The removal was favored at low pH with maximum removal at pH &lt;2. The adsorption kinetics was modeled by first-order reversible kinetics, pseudo-first-order kinetics, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion models, respectively. The rate constants for all these kinetic models were calculated, and the results indicate that pseudo-second-order kinetics model was well suitable to model the kinetic adsorption of Cr(VI). The removal of chromium mainly depends on the occurrence of redox reaction of adsorbed Cr(VI) on the surface of oxidized MWCNTs to the formation of Cr(III), and subsequent the sorption of Cr(III) on MWCNTs appears as the leading mechanism for chromium uptake to MWCNTs. The presence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on oxidized MWCNTs was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are applied to fit the adsorption data of Cr(VI). Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Overall, the study demonstrated that MWCNTs can effectively remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution under a wide range of experimental conditions, without significant Cr(III) release.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516488,Stollenwerk and  Grove 1985,"Adsorption and desorption of hexavalent chromium in an alluvial aquifer near Telluride, Colorado (USA)","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A laboratory investigation of reactions between Cr(VI) and alluvium was conducted to evaluate reactions of Cr(VI) contaminating an alluvial aquifer near Telluride, CO and to determine the mechanisms responsible for these reactions. Uncontaminated alluvium and groundwater (spiked with CrO42-) from the study site were used in batch and column experiments. Results of these experiments showed that Cr(VI) was adsorbed by the alluvium. Distribution coefficients from batch experiments ranged from 52 l/kg at an equilibrium CrO42- concentration of 0.4 mumol/l to 1.7 l/kg at an equilibrium concentration of 1400 mumol/l. The zero point of charge for the alluvium was 8.3, and the alluvium had a positive net charge at the groundwater pH of 6.8. Visual and chemical evidence indicated that Fe oxide and hydroxide coatings on the alluvial particles principally were responsible for the adsorption of Cr(VI). During column experiments, Cr(VI) initially was desorbed easily from the alluvium by Cr-fr 60 pore volumes of groundwater were required to decrease the effluent concentration of Cr(VI) to 3 mumol/l (drinking water standard for Cr(VI) = 1 mumol/l). The quantity of Cr(VI) adsorbed varied with the type and concentration of other anions in solution.","Adsorption and desorption of hexavalent chromium in an alluvial aquifer near Telluride, Colorado (USA) Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A laboratory investigation of reactions between Cr(VI) and alluvium was conducted to evaluate reactions of Cr(VI) contaminating an alluvial aquifer near Telluride, CO and to determine the mechanisms responsible for these reactions. Uncontaminated alluvium and groundwater (spiked with CrO42-) from the study site were used in batch and column experiments. Results of these experiments showed that Cr(VI) was adsorbed by the alluvium. Distribution coefficients from batch experiments ranged from 52 l/kg at an equilibrium CrO42- concentration of 0.4 mumol/l to 1.7 l/kg at an equilibrium concentration of 1400 mumol/l. The zero point of charge for the alluvium was 8.3, and the alluvium had a positive net charge at the groundwater pH of 6.8. Visual and chemical evidence indicated that Fe oxide and hydroxide coatings on the alluvial particles principally were responsible for the adsorption of Cr(VI). During column experiments, Cr(VI) initially was desorbed easily from the alluvium by Cr-fr 60 pore volumes of groundwater were required to decrease the effluent concentration of Cr(VI) to 3 mumol/l (drinking water standard for Cr(VI) = 1 mumol/l). The quantity of Cr(VI) adsorbed varied with the type and concentration of other anions in solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516504,Szafnicki et al. 1998,Real-time supervision of industrial waste-water treatment plants applied to the surface treatment industries,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The project described in this paper consists of two main stages: the development of a dedicated instrument enabling continuous simultaneous measures of industrial pollutants (e.g. metal ions: Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+,...) and the design of a Real-time Expert System (RTES) which would provide better information and decision support so as to improve the supervision of waste-water treatment plants in real-time, applied to the surface treatment (electroplating) industries. The sensor is based on the principle of spectral absorption analysis. The real-time expert system is being developed using a commercial, industrially validated RTES-development software G2 (by Gensym Corp.). A mixed knowledge-base is being implemented, comprising both types of knowledge: quantitative (e.g. theoretical knowledge issued from chemistry) and qualitative (i.e. operators' 'experience and know-how').","Real-time supervision of industrial waste-water treatment plants applied to the surface treatment industries Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The project described in this paper consists of two main stages: the development of a dedicated instrument enabling continuous simultaneous measures of industrial pollutants (e.g. metal ions: Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+,...) and the design of a Real-time Expert System (RTES) which would provide better information and decision support so as to improve the supervision of waste-water treatment plants in real-time, applied to the surface treatment (electroplating) industries. The sensor is based on the principle of spectral absorption analysis. The real-time expert system is being developed using a commercial, industrially validated RTES-development software G2 (by Gensym Corp.). A mixed knowledge-base is being implemented, comprising both types of knowledge: quantitative (e.g. theoretical knowledge issued from chemistry) and qualitative (i.e. operators' 'experience and know-how').",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516183,Mortimer 1982,"In-Depth Survey Report of Valley Chrome Platers, Bay City, Michigan","An indepth survey was conducted at Valley Chrome Platers (SIC-3471), Bay City, Michigan, in April and May 1981 to evaluate measures used to control occupational health hazards in with the metal plating industry. The two sided local exhaust ventilation systems for the hard chrome (7440473) (Cr) plating tanks were evaluated on eight tanks. Area and personal air samples were collected for Cr, hexavalent-chromium (18540299), and sulfuric-acid (7664939). Ventilation airflow and tank dimensions were measured. Workers wore hard hats, safety glasses, and steel toed shoes. Gloves were used much of the time. Work clothes were supplied and cleaned by the shop. All large pieces were lifted by powered, overhead hoists. Ambient contaminant concentrations were lowered by the make up air provided, allowing the local exhaust ventilation to work at maximum efficiency. Personal time weighted averages of Cr and sulfuric-acid concentrations were below both OSHA permissible exposure limits and NIOSH standards. Sampling did not correlate well with plating activity, indicating the effective limitation of acid mists into the air. The author recommends the use of small floating plastic spheres over tank surfaces to control plating emissions.","In-Depth Survey Report of Valley Chrome Platers, Bay City, Michigan Abs: An indepth survey was conducted at Valley Chrome Platers (SIC-3471), Bay City, Michigan, in April and May 1981 to evaluate measures used to control occupational health hazards in with the metal plating industry. The two sided local exhaust ventilation systems for the hard chrome (7440473) (Cr) plating tanks were evaluated on eight tanks. Area and personal air samples were collected for Cr, hexavalent-chromium (18540299), and sulfuric-acid (7664939). Ventilation airflow and tank dimensions were measured. Workers wore hard hats, safety glasses, and steel toed shoes. Gloves were used much of the time. Work clothes were supplied and cleaned by the shop. All large pieces were lifted by powered, overhead hoists. Ambient contaminant concentrations were lowered by the make up air provided, allowing the local exhaust ventilation to work at maximum efficiency. Personal time weighted averages of Cr and sulfuric-acid concentrations were below both OSHA permissible exposure limits and NIOSH standards. Sampling did not correlate well with plating activity, indicating the effective limitation of acid mists into the air. The author recommends the use of small floating plastic spheres over tank surfaces to control plating emissions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
916159,Xu et al. 2011,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09 stimulated with external electron donors under alkaline conditions,"A novel Cr (VI) resistant bacterial strain LSSE-09, identified as Pannonibacter phragmitetus, was isolated from industrial sludge. It has strong aerobic and anaerobic Cr (VI)-reduction potential under alkaline conditions. At 37 °C and pH 9.0, growing cells of strain LSSE-09 could completely reduce 100 and 1000 mg L(-1) Cr (VI)-Cr (III) within 9 and 24h, respectively under aerobic condition. Resting cells showed higher anaerobic reduction potential with the rate of 1.46 mg g(-1)((dry weight))min(-1), comparing with their aerobic reduction rate, 0.21 mg g(-1)min(-1). External electron donors, such as lactate, acetate, formate, pyruvate, citrate and glucose could highly increase the reduction rate, especially for aerobic reduction. The presence of 3000 mg L(-1) acetate enhanced anaerobic and aerobic Cr (VI)-reduction rates up to 9.47 mg g(-1)min(-1) and 4.42 mg g(-1)min(-1), respectively, which were 5 and 20 times faster than those without it. Strain LSSE-09 retained high activities over six batch cycles and NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-) had slightly negative effects on Cr (VI)-reduction rates. The results suggest that strain LSSE-09 has potential application for Cr (VI) detoxification in alkaline wastewater.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09 stimulated with external electron donors under alkaline conditions Abs: A novel Cr (VI) resistant bacterial strain LSSE-09, identified as Pannonibacter phragmitetus, was isolated from industrial sludge. It has strong aerobic and anaerobic Cr (VI)-reduction potential under alkaline conditions. At 37 °C and pH 9.0, growing cells of strain LSSE-09 could completely reduce 100 and 1000 mg L(-1) Cr (VI)-Cr (III) within 9 and 24h, respectively under aerobic condition. Resting cells showed higher anaerobic reduction potential with the rate of 1.46 mg g(-1)((dry weight))min(-1), comparing with their aerobic reduction rate, 0.21 mg g(-1)min(-1). External electron donors, such as lactate, acetate, formate, pyruvate, citrate and glucose could highly increase the reduction rate, especially for aerobic reduction. The presence of 3000 mg L(-1) acetate enhanced anaerobic and aerobic Cr (VI)-reduction rates up to 9.47 mg g(-1)min(-1) and 4.42 mg g(-1)min(-1), respectively, which were 5 and 20 times faster than those without it. Strain LSSE-09 retained high activities over six batch cycles and NO(3)(-) and SO(4)(2-) had slightly negative effects on Cr (VI)-reduction rates. The results suggest that strain LSSE-09 has potential application for Cr (VI) detoxification in alkaline wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231361,Williams 1997,Occupational Skin Ulceration in Chrome Platers,"The incidence of skin ulceration was examined in 55 chrome platers from 17 companies. Previous skin ulceration was detected on the hands of 11 platers, of whom six had a single ulcer scar, two had two ulcer scars, one had three ulcer scars, and two had more than three ulcer scars. Active chrome ulcers were observed in two workers. The ulcers were most frequently found around the proximal interphalangeal joint and on the lateral areas of the terminal and middle pharynx of the middle and index fingers. The lesion developed into a central crater within days, which in turn developed into a scar within a period of weeks. Most ulcers healed spontaneously. Chrome platers reportedly developed ulcers often without seeking medical treatment. The author concludes that chrome platers need to avoid cuts and grazes. In addition, adequate personal protection should be provided to prevent skin contact with chromic-acid (7738945). Through employer and employee education and health surveillance, occupational physicians can play an important role in the prevention and management of occupational skin ulceration in chrome platers.","Occupational Skin Ulceration in Chrome Platers Abs: The incidence of skin ulceration was examined in 55 chrome platers from 17 companies. Previous skin ulceration was detected on the hands of 11 platers, of whom six had a single ulcer scar, two had two ulcer scars, one had three ulcer scars, and two had more than three ulcer scars. Active chrome ulcers were observed in two workers. The ulcers were most frequently found around the proximal interphalangeal joint and on the lateral areas of the terminal and middle pharynx of the middle and index fingers. The lesion developed into a central crater within days, which in turn developed into a scar within a period of weeks. Most ulcers healed spontaneously. Chrome platers reportedly developed ulcers often without seeking medical treatment. The author concludes that chrome platers need to avoid cuts and grazes. In addition, adequate personal protection should be provided to prevent skin contact with chromic-acid (7738945). Through employer and employee education and health surveillance, occupational physicians can play an important role in the prevention and management of occupational skin ulceration in chrome platers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225431,Dwivedi et al. 2013,Glass/epoxy composites and aluminium alloy joint using Kevlar (R) intermediate layer and nanoclay-reinforced epoxy adhesive,,Glass/epoxy composites and aluminium alloy joint using Kevlar (R) intermediate layer and nanoclay-reinforced epoxy adhesive Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233735,Wakeman et al. 2004,The ATM-SMC1 pathway is essential for activation of the chromium[VI]-induced S-phase checkpoint,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) is a common industrial waste product, an environmental pollutant, and a recognized human carcinogen. Following cellular uptake, Cr[VI] can cause DNA damage, however, the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to Cr-induced DNA damage remain to be elucidated. Using single cell gel electrophoresis (e.g., Comet Assay) and immunofluoresence microscopy to detect the presence of gamma-H2AX foci, we find that Cr[VI] induces DNA double-strand breaks similar to ionizing radiation (IR). We also demonstrated that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is activated in response to Cr[VI] and exposure to Cr[VI] triggers a dose and ATM-dependent S-phase arrest. Further, we document that ATM is required for phosphorylation of the structural maintenance of chromosome protein 1 (SMC1). Finally, we find that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of SMC1 is required to facilitate S-phase cell-cycle arrest in response to Cr[VI] exposure. Collectively, these results indicate that the ATM-SMC1 pathway plays a critical role in cellular response to Cr[VI].","The ATM-SMC1 pathway is essential for activation of the chromium[VI]-induced S-phase checkpoint Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) is a common industrial waste product, an environmental pollutant, and a recognized human carcinogen. Following cellular uptake, Cr[VI] can cause DNA damage, however, the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to Cr-induced DNA damage remain to be elucidated. Using single cell gel electrophoresis (e.g., Comet Assay) and immunofluoresence microscopy to detect the presence of gamma-H2AX foci, we find that Cr[VI] induces DNA double-strand breaks similar to ionizing radiation (IR). We also demonstrated that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is activated in response to Cr[VI] and exposure to Cr[VI] triggers a dose and ATM-dependent S-phase arrest. Further, we document that ATM is required for phosphorylation of the structural maintenance of chromosome protein 1 (SMC1). Finally, we find that ATM-dependent phosphorylation of SMC1 is required to facilitate S-phase cell-cycle arrest in response to Cr[VI] exposure. Collectively, these results indicate that the ATM-SMC1 pathway plays a critical role in cellular response to Cr[VI].",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234933,Peake et al. 1984,The effect of instrument variables on calculation factors for standardisation of colorimetric analyses,"A number of colorimetric methods, particularly enzyme activity assays, are usually standardised using calculation factors based on the molar absorptivity of a principle reactant or product. Such methods are subject to long-term variation. The relationship between long-term variation in results and instrument variables affecting calculation factors has not been quantitated. In this study, we have shown that, on a centrifugal analyser having a within-run coefficient of variation of less than 1%, instrument variables affecting calculation factor alone could result in changes in results of up to 8.5% over 75 days. We therefore advocate daily use of a solution of potassium dichromate to monitor instrument variables that can independently affect calculation factors and within-run imprecision. This procedure is useful for maintaining long-term performance and for differentiating problems of instrumental or chemical origin.","The effect of instrument variables on calculation factors for standardisation of colorimetric analyses Abs: A number of colorimetric methods, particularly enzyme activity assays, are usually standardised using calculation factors based on the molar absorptivity of a principle reactant or product. Such methods are subject to long-term variation. The relationship between long-term variation in results and instrument variables affecting calculation factors has not been quantitated. In this study, we have shown that, on a centrifugal analyser having a within-run coefficient of variation of less than 1%, instrument variables affecting calculation factor alone could result in changes in results of up to 8.5% over 75 days. We therefore advocate daily use of a solution of potassium dichromate to monitor instrument variables that can independently affect calculation factors and within-run imprecision. This procedure is useful for maintaining long-term performance and for differentiating problems of instrumental or chemical origin.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225491,Xie et al. 2013,Adsorption of organic pollutants by surfactant modified zeolite as controlled by surfactant chain length,,Adsorption of organic pollutants by surfactant modified zeolite as controlled by surfactant chain length Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515949,Imai and  Gloyna 1990,Effects of pH and oxidation state of chromium on the behavior of chromium in the activated sludge process,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The behavior of chromium (Cr) in the activated sludge process (ASP) was evaluated in laboratory-scale, fill-and-draw activated sludge experiments. Both pH and the oxidation state of chromium were confirmed as critical parameters in the ASP for evaluating the behavior of chromium. More than 55% of chromium was removed when trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) was introduced into the influent while less than 60% was removed when hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was added over a pH range from 5 to 9. As pH was increased, the removal increased when Cr(III) was introduced but the reverse occurred with Cr(VI). Introduction of Cr(VI) into the influent resulted in less than 80% of chromium associated with solids; however, with Cr(III), more than 90% of chromium was bound with solids. These results suggest that the ASP is capable of controlling the transport of Cr(III) to the environment but such is not case for Cr(VI). Theoretical consideration based on thermodynamics predicted that no red","Effects of pH and oxidation state of chromium on the behavior of chromium in the activated sludge process Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The behavior of chromium (Cr) in the activated sludge process (ASP) was evaluated in laboratory-scale, fill-and-draw activated sludge experiments. Both pH and the oxidation state of chromium were confirmed as critical parameters in the ASP for evaluating the behavior of chromium. More than 55% of chromium was removed when trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) was introduced into the influent while less than 60% was removed when hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was added over a pH range from 5 to 9. As pH was increased, the removal increased when Cr(III) was introduced but the reverse occurred with Cr(VI). Introduction of Cr(VI) into the influent resulted in less than 80% of chromium associated with solids; however, with Cr(III), more than 90% of chromium was bound with solids. These results suggest that the ASP is capable of controlling the transport of Cr(III) to the environment but such is not case for Cr(VI). Theoretical consideration based on thermodynamics predicted that no red",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238182,Arillo et al. 1987,Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Mitochondria: Methodological Implications and Possible Mechanisms,"The reduction of hexavalent chromium (18540299) (Cr(VI)) by rat mitochondria was investigated, in order to evaluate the effects of various methods for determining Cr(VI) as well as the mechanism of its reduction. Liver mitochondria isolated from male Wistar-rats were incubated with potassium-dichromate (7778509) in the presence or absence of glutathione, NADH or NADPH. The Cr(VI) concentration in the mixtures after incubation was determined by a colorimetric method based on diphenylcarbazide (DPC) reagent using aqueous samples, the colorimetric method carried out on amberlite-LA2 extracts, or atomic absorption spectrophotometry performed on LA2 extracts. Dose dependent decreases in the recovery of Cr(VI) occurred with the DPC colorimetric method in the presence of greater than 0.1 millimolar (mM) NADH or NADPH, when compared to incubation systems not containing NADH or NADPH. The presence of glutathione had no effect on Cr(VI) recovery. When the other two procedures were used Cr(VI) recovery was always close to 100 percent, except at NADPH concentrations of 1mM when 93 percent recovery was obtained. Mitochondria were also incubated with potassium-dichromate using succinate or glutamate as substrates in the presence or absence of rotenone, adenosine-diphosphate (ADP), cyanide, antimycin or carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CLCCP). With glutamate as substrate Cr(VI) reduction was promoted by rotenone and cyanide but blocked by ADP and CLCCP. The opposite results were obtained with succinate as substrate. The authors conclude that rat liver mitochondria can reduce Cr(VI) by three mechanisms: a pathway independent of endogenous sulfhydryl groups, a mechanism mediated by mitochondrial DT-diaphorase or a mechanism mediated by mitochondrial proton ejection. They note that NADH and NADPH interfere with colorimetric methods for determining Cr(VI) unless the samples are first extracted on LA2.","Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Mitochondria: Methodological Implications and Possible Mechanisms Abs: The reduction of hexavalent chromium (18540299) (Cr(VI)) by rat mitochondria was investigated, in order to evaluate the effects of various methods for determining Cr(VI) as well as the mechanism of its reduction. Liver mitochondria isolated from male Wistar-rats were incubated with potassium-dichromate (7778509) in the presence or absence of glutathione, NADH or NADPH. The Cr(VI) concentration in the mixtures after incubation was determined by a colorimetric method based on diphenylcarbazide (DPC) reagent using aqueous samples, the colorimetric method carried out on amberlite-LA2 extracts, or atomic absorption spectrophotometry performed on LA2 extracts. Dose dependent decreases in the recovery of Cr(VI) occurred with the DPC colorimetric method in the presence of greater than 0.1 millimolar (mM) NADH or NADPH, when compared to incubation systems not containing NADH or NADPH. The presence of glutathione had no effect on Cr(VI) recovery. When the other two procedures were used Cr(VI) recovery was always close to 100 percent, except at NADPH concentrations of 1mM when 93 percent recovery was obtained. Mitochondria were also incubated with potassium-dichromate using succinate or glutamate as substrates in the presence or absence of rotenone, adenosine-diphosphate (ADP), cyanide, antimycin or carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CLCCP). With glutamate as substrate Cr(VI) reduction was promoted by rotenone and cyanide but blocked by ADP and CLCCP. The opposite results were obtained with succinate as substrate. The authors conclude that rat liver mitochondria can reduce Cr(VI) by three mechanisms: a pathway independent of endogenous sulfhydryl groups, a mechanism mediated by mitochondrial DT-diaphorase or a mechanism mediated by mitochondrial proton ejection. They note that NADH and NADPH interfere with colorimetric methods for determining Cr(VI) unless the samples are first extracted on LA2.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576601,Fasulo et al. 1982,CYTO-TOXIC EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN EUGLENA-GRACILIS .1. 1ST OBSERVATIONS,,CYTO-TOXIC EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN EUGLENA-GRACILIS .1. 1ST OBSERVATIONS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237328,Joshi and  Patil 1992,"Effect of water temperature, pH and hardness on the toxicity of chromium trioxide to female frog, Rana cyanophlyctis","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Influence of temperature (15.28 and 35? C), pH (4.7 and 10) and hardness (10,100 and 300 mg/l CaCO3) on the toxicity of chromium trioxide (VI) to R. cyanophlyctis was investigated using static renewal bioassay test. High temperature, low pH and hardness resulted in higher mortality rate while low temperature, high pH and hardness ameliorated the chromium toxicity.","Effect of water temperature, pH and hardness on the toxicity of chromium trioxide to female frog, Rana cyanophlyctis Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Influence of temperature (15.28 and 35? C), pH (4.7 and 10) and hardness (10,100 and 300 mg/l CaCO3) on the toxicity of chromium trioxide (VI) to R. cyanophlyctis was investigated using static renewal bioassay test. High temperature, low pH and hardness resulted in higher mortality rate while low temperature, high pH and hardness ameliorated the chromium toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225339,Zhou et al. 2013,Production of a monoclonal antibody and development of an immunoassay for detection of Cr(III) in water samples,,Production of a monoclonal antibody and development of an immunoassay for detection of Cr(III) in water samples Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516293,Pomerantz and  Ross 1968,Captan and structurally related compounds: Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography,"HAPAB A thin-layer chromatographic method was developed which differentiates between captan, folpet, Difolatan, tetrahydrophthalimid e, phthalimide, captan epoxide, Difolatan epoxide and tetrahydrophthalimide epoxide. The method is based upon chromatography on silica gel with 1% methanol in chloroform as solvent for development, followed by sequential color development of the resulting spots. Resorcinol, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, potassium permanganate and chromic acid were the chromogenic sprays of choice. Tabulated data include the response of the above compounds to the chromogenic reagents, their lower limit of detection, as well as their Rf values in 1% methanol in chloroform. Gas-liquid chromotography was also employed to study the above compounds. Relative retention time and detector response data are tabulated. For this study a Barber- Coleman Model 5360 gas chromatograph was used either with a column of 10% DC-200 on 80-100 mech Gas Chrom Q or a mixed column of equal portions of 15% QF-1 and 10% DC-200, each on 100-120 mesh Gas Chrom Q. Half-scale deflection data were obtained with an electron capture detector under conditions which gave half-scale deflection ( on a 5 mv recorder ) for 1 ng heptachlor epoxide. ANALYSIS 68/11/00, 24 1968","Captan and structurally related compounds: Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography Abs: HAPAB A thin-layer chromatographic method was developed which differentiates between captan, folpet, Difolatan, tetrahydrophthalimid e, phthalimide, captan epoxide, Difolatan epoxide and tetrahydrophthalimide epoxide. The method is based upon chromatography on silica gel with 1% methanol in chloroform as solvent for development, followed by sequential color development of the resulting spots. Resorcinol, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, potassium permanganate and chromic acid were the chromogenic sprays of choice. Tabulated data include the response of the above compounds to the chromogenic reagents, their lower limit of detection, as well as their Rf values in 1% methanol in chloroform. Gas-liquid chromotography was also employed to study the above compounds. Relative retention time and detector response data are tabulated. For this study a Barber- Coleman Model 5360 gas chromatograph was used either with a column of 10% DC-200 on 80-100 mech Gas Chrom Q or a mixed column of equal portions of 15% QF-1 and 10% DC-200, each on 100-120 mesh Gas Chrom Q. Half-scale deflection data were obtained with an electron capture detector under conditions which gave half-scale deflection ( on a 5 mv recorder ) for 1 ng heptachlor epoxide. ANALYSIS 68/11/00, 24 1968",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
783005,Oberly et al. 1996,An evaluation of the twofold rule for assessing a positive response in the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay,"The L5178Y tk+/- mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been in use for more than 15 years as a tool for evaluating the mutagenic potential of various agents. As with other genetic toxicology test systems, one criterion for a positive response has been the requirement of at least a 2-fold increase in mutant frequency (MF) as compared to the respective MF of the solvent controls. More recently, an actual specific increase in MF has been proposed as a criterion for determining a positive response in the MLA; however, this may not be appropriate for laboratories with a low, yet stable, background MF. The twofold rule criterion was evaluated in our laboratory with 66 compounds. The mutagenic status of these compounds was previously determined in other test systems and at one or more laboratories, including Lilly Research Laboratories. The results of this evaluation demonstrate that the twofold rule is an effective method for identifying mutagenic agents in the MLA at LRL where a lower, yet acceptable, background mutation frequency is the norm. A small number of compounds (6) yielded results discordant with the literature; however, these compounds have been previously found to be either difficult to detect in genotoxic assays or to show specific sensitivity in the MLA.","An evaluation of the twofold rule for assessing a positive response in the L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay Abs: The L5178Y tk+/- mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been in use for more than 15 years as a tool for evaluating the mutagenic potential of various agents. As with other genetic toxicology test systems, one criterion for a positive response has been the requirement of at least a 2-fold increase in mutant frequency (MF) as compared to the respective MF of the solvent controls. More recently, an actual specific increase in MF has been proposed as a criterion for determining a positive response in the MLA; however, this may not be appropriate for laboratories with a low, yet stable, background MF. The twofold rule criterion was evaluated in our laboratory with 66 compounds. The mutagenic status of these compounds was previously determined in other test systems and at one or more laboratories, including Lilly Research Laboratories. The results of this evaluation demonstrate that the twofold rule is an effective method for identifying mutagenic agents in the MLA at LRL where a lower, yet acceptable, background mutation frequency is the norm. A small number of compounds (6) yielded results discordant with the literature; however, these compounds have been previously found to be either difficult to detect in genotoxic assays or to show specific sensitivity in the MLA.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509803,Garavaglia et al. 2010,Chromium (VI) biotransformation by beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria from natural polluted environments: a combined biological and chemical treatment for industrial wastes,"The high solubility of Cr(VI) in aqueous systems, together with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms, make industrial effluents receive specific treatments for Cr(VI) elimination. Biotreatments, based on biotransformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is immobilized as Cr(OH)(3), are the most effective methods for the removal of Cr(VI) concentrations below 2mM. The aim of our study is the application of pure or mixed bacterial cultures for Cr(VI) biotransformation followed by chemical flocculation of Cr(OH)(3) as a combined treatment for industrial wastes. Pseudomonas veronii 2E, Delftia acidovorans AR, Klebsiella oxytoca P2 and Klebsiella ornithinolytica 1P, isolated from polluted environments showed a decrease from 38.83 to 74.32%, in 0.05 mM of initial Cr(VI). As revealed DGGE experiments, P. veronii 2E and K. ornithinolytica 1P could develop together in cocultures and in these conditions a 72.88% of Cr(VI) present was removed. Although the pH of the cultures was 8, no Cr(OH)(3) sediment was detected. The results of total chromium quantification support this observation. The precipitation of Cr(III) was induced using different commercial flocculants. Best yields were obtained using Na(2)CO(3) 0.1M, which allowed the flocculation of almost 100% of Cr(III) present. This combined treatment would be an economical and ecological way to remove Cr(VI).","Chromium (VI) biotransformation by beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria from natural polluted environments: a combined biological and chemical treatment for industrial wastes Abs: The high solubility of Cr(VI) in aqueous systems, together with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms, make industrial effluents receive specific treatments for Cr(VI) elimination. Biotreatments, based on biotransformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) which is immobilized as Cr(OH)(3), are the most effective methods for the removal of Cr(VI) concentrations below 2mM. The aim of our study is the application of pure or mixed bacterial cultures for Cr(VI) biotransformation followed by chemical flocculation of Cr(OH)(3) as a combined treatment for industrial wastes. Pseudomonas veronii 2E, Delftia acidovorans AR, Klebsiella oxytoca P2 and Klebsiella ornithinolytica 1P, isolated from polluted environments showed a decrease from 38.83 to 74.32%, in 0.05 mM of initial Cr(VI). As revealed DGGE experiments, P. veronii 2E and K. ornithinolytica 1P could develop together in cocultures and in these conditions a 72.88% of Cr(VI) present was removed. Although the pH of the cultures was 8, no Cr(OH)(3) sediment was detected. The results of total chromium quantification support this observation. The precipitation of Cr(III) was induced using different commercial flocculants. Best yields were obtained using Na(2)CO(3) 0.1M, which allowed the flocculation of almost 100% of Cr(III) present. This combined treatment would be an economical and ecological way to remove Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231734,Figueiredo et al. 2007,Validation of an electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry method for quantification of total chromium and chromium(VI) in wild mushrooms and underlying soils,"An ETAAS method was validated to quantify total Cr and Cr(VI) in mushrooms and the underlying soils. The method includes a sample pretreatment for total Cr dissolution using a wet acid digestion procedure and a selective alkaline extraction for Cr(VI). The limits of detection were, expressed in microg/L, 0.15 and 0.17 for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The linearity ranges under the optimized conditions were 0.15-25.0 and 0.17-20.0 microg/L for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The limits of quantification were, expressed in microg/g of dry weight, 0.0163 and 0.0085 for total and hexavalent chromium, respectively. The precision of the instrumental method for total Cr and Cr(VI) was lower than 1.6%, and for the analytical method, it was lower than 10%. The accuracy of the method for Cr(VI) quantification was evaluated by the standard additions method, with the recoveries being higher than 90% for all of the added concentrations. For total Cr, certified reference materials (lichen CRM 482 and soil sample NCS ZC73001) were used. An interference study was also carried out in a mushroom simulated matrix, and it was verified that the deviations of the expected values were lower than 4.0% for both total Cr and Cr(VI). The validated method was applied to the evaluation of total Cr and Cr(VI) in 34 wild mushrooms and 34 respective underlying soil samples collected in two different regions of Portugal (Beira Interior and TrAs-os-Montes), with different locations regarded as noncontaminated or contaminated areas. The species were identified by a mycologist and subdivided into 10 genera and 15 species: Amanita (rubescens, muscaria, and ponderosa), Boletus (regius), Lactarius (deliciosus, vellereus, and piperatus), Suillus (granulatus and luteus), Tricholoma (acerbum), Agaricus (sylvicola), Volvariella (gloiocephala), Lecopaxillus (giganteus), Macrolepiota (procera), and Psilocybe (fascicularis). The mean values found for total Cr were 1.14 and 1.11 microg/g of dry weight, and for Cr(VI), the mean values were 0.103 and 0.143 microg/g of dry weight for cap and stalk, respectively. For soils, the mean concentrations found were, for total Cr, 84.0 microg/g and, for Cr(VI), 0.483 microg/g. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) based on dry weight for cap and stalk were determined, and the values found, for both total Cr and Cr(VI), were always &lt;1, although for hexavalent chromium, the BCFs were 10 times higher than for total chromium.","Validation of an electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry method for quantification of total chromium and chromium(VI) in wild mushrooms and underlying soils Abs: An ETAAS method was validated to quantify total Cr and Cr(VI) in mushrooms and the underlying soils. The method includes a sample pretreatment for total Cr dissolution using a wet acid digestion procedure and a selective alkaline extraction for Cr(VI). The limits of detection were, expressed in microg/L, 0.15 and 0.17 for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The linearity ranges under the optimized conditions were 0.15-25.0 and 0.17-20.0 microg/L for total Cr and Cr(VI), respectively. The limits of quantification were, expressed in microg/g of dry weight, 0.0163 and 0.0085 for total and hexavalent chromium, respectively. The precision of the instrumental method for total Cr and Cr(VI) was lower than 1.6%, and for the analytical method, it was lower than 10%. The accuracy of the method for Cr(VI) quantification was evaluated by the standard additions method, with the recoveries being higher than 90% for all of the added concentrations. For total Cr, certified reference materials (lichen CRM 482 and soil sample NCS ZC73001) were used. An interference study was also carried out in a mushroom simulated matrix, and it was verified that the deviations of the expected values were lower than 4.0% for both total Cr and Cr(VI). The validated method was applied to the evaluation of total Cr and Cr(VI) in 34 wild mushrooms and 34 respective underlying soil samples collected in two different regions of Portugal (Beira Interior and TrAs-os-Montes), with different locations regarded as noncontaminated or contaminated areas. The species were identified by a mycologist and subdivided into 10 genera and 15 species: Amanita (rubescens, muscaria, and ponderosa), Boletus (regius), Lactarius (deliciosus, vellereus, and piperatus), Suillus (granulatus and luteus), Tricholoma (acerbum), Agaricus (sylvicola), Volvariella (gloiocephala), Lecopaxillus (giganteus), Macrolepiota (procera), and Psilocybe (fascicularis). The mean values found for total Cr were 1.14 and 1.11 microg/g of dry weight, and for Cr(VI), the mean values were 0.103 and 0.143 microg/g of dry weight for cap and stalk, respectively. For soils, the mean concentrations found were, for total Cr, 84.0 microg/g and, for Cr(VI), 0.483 microg/g. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) based on dry weight for cap and stalk were determined, and the values found, for both total Cr and Cr(VI), were always &lt;1, although for hexavalent chromium, the BCFs were 10 times higher than for total chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577491,Alonso et al. 1997,Separation of Cr(VI) with Aliquat 336: Chemical equilibrium modeling,,Separation of Cr(VI) with Aliquat 336: Chemical equilibrium modeling Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234283,Watanabe et al. 2006,Chromium(VI) as a novel MRI contrast agent for cerebral white matter: preliminary results in mouse brain in vivo,"This work demonstrates that intraventricular microinjections of a low dose of potassium dichromate (0.4 microL of 10 mM solution) yield a specific contrast enhancement of white matter (WM) tracts in T1-weighted 3D MRI of mouse brain in vivo. Pronounced and persistent signal increases (40-100% at 24 hr after injection) were observed in the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, fornix, and stria medullaris, as well as in the mammillothalamic tract and fasciculus retroflexus. These results suggest that the extracellular diffusion of diamagnetic chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) after injection is followed by a tissue-specific reduction to paramagnetic Cr(V) and (III), which relies predominantly on the oxidation of myelin lipids. Because Cr(VI)-induced contrast leads to only a mild unspecific enhancement (10-20%) of gray matter (GM) structures, such as the hippocampal formation, the method reveals novel information that differs from that obtainable using other paramagnetic ions, such as manganese.","Chromium(VI) as a novel MRI contrast agent for cerebral white matter: preliminary results in mouse brain in vivo Abs: This work demonstrates that intraventricular microinjections of a low dose of potassium dichromate (0.4 microL of 10 mM solution) yield a specific contrast enhancement of white matter (WM) tracts in T1-weighted 3D MRI of mouse brain in vivo. Pronounced and persistent signal increases (40-100% at 24 hr after injection) were observed in the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, fornix, and stria medullaris, as well as in the mammillothalamic tract and fasciculus retroflexus. These results suggest that the extracellular diffusion of diamagnetic chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) after injection is followed by a tissue-specific reduction to paramagnetic Cr(V) and (III), which relies predominantly on the oxidation of myelin lipids. Because Cr(VI)-induced contrast leads to only a mild unspecific enhancement (10-20%) of gray matter (GM) structures, such as the hippocampal formation, the method reveals novel information that differs from that obtainable using other paramagnetic ions, such as manganese.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577867,Sun et al. 2011,Chitosan modified Fe0 nanowires in porous anodic alumina and their application for the removal of hexavalent chromium from water,,Chitosan modified Fe0 nanowires in porous anodic alumina and their application for the removal of hexavalent chromium from water Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231941,Krumschnabel and  Nawaz 2004,Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes,"Acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a widely recognised carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, were investigated in isolated hepatocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exposure to 250 microM Cr(VI) induced a significant decrease of cell viability from 94% in controls to 88% and 84% after 30 min and 4 h of exposure, respectively. Cr-toxicity was associated with a concentration-dependent stimulation of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As one potential source of ROS formation we identified the lysosomal Fe(2+) pool, since the ferric ion chelator deferoxamin inhibited ROS formation by approximately 15%. Lysosomal membranes remained nevertheless intact during Cr-exposure, as determined from neutral red retention in this compartment. Another significant source of ROS appear to be the mitochondria, where a presumably uncoupled increase of respiration by 20-30% was triggered by the metal. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by cyanide caused an approximately 40% decrease of Cr-induced ROS-formation, whereas the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine was without effect. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was not disturbed by Cr(VI) and thus played no role in this scenario. Overall, our data show that Cr(VI) is acutely toxic to goldfish hepatocytes, and its toxicity is associated with the induction of radical stress, presumably involving lysosomes and mitochondria as important sources of ROS formation.","Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes Abs: Acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a widely recognised carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, were investigated in isolated hepatocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Exposure to 250 microM Cr(VI) induced a significant decrease of cell viability from 94% in controls to 88% and 84% after 30 min and 4 h of exposure, respectively. Cr-toxicity was associated with a concentration-dependent stimulation of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As one potential source of ROS formation we identified the lysosomal Fe(2+) pool, since the ferric ion chelator deferoxamin inhibited ROS formation by approximately 15%. Lysosomal membranes remained nevertheless intact during Cr-exposure, as determined from neutral red retention in this compartment. Another significant source of ROS appear to be the mitochondria, where a presumably uncoupled increase of respiration by 20-30% was triggered by the metal. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by cyanide caused an approximately 40% decrease of Cr-induced ROS-formation, whereas the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine was without effect. Cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was not disturbed by Cr(VI) and thus played no role in this scenario. Overall, our data show that Cr(VI) is acutely toxic to goldfish hepatocytes, and its toxicity is associated with the induction of radical stress, presumably involving lysosomes and mitochondria as important sources of ROS formation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577718,Yoon et al. 2009,Photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using rotating TiO2 mesh,,Photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using rotating TiO2 mesh Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237269,Coleman and  Paran 1991,Biofilm concentration of chromium,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Removal of chromium from synthetic waste streams was studied using biofilms that developed on disks of a laboratory scale Rotating Biodisk Contactor (RBC). During its development the biofilm was continuously exposed to various concentrations of potassium dichromate. Chromium removal efficiency was about 98% during steady state addition of chromium (VI) at concentrations of 100 or 200 mg 1-1. Analysis of the major soluble chromium ions demonstrated that chronium (VI) was first reduced to chromium (III) which then appeared to be adsorbed by the biofilm. Chromium levels associated with the biofilm were found (by chemical analysis) to be 6.5-7.0% of its dried weight.,Biofilm concentration of chromium Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Removal of chromium from synthetic waste streams was studied using biofilms that developed on disks of a laboratory scale Rotating Biodisk Contactor (RBC). During its development the biofilm was continuously exposed to various concentrations of potassium dichromate. Chromium removal efficiency was about 98% during steady state addition of chromium (VI) at concentrations of 100 or 200 mg 1-1. Analysis of the major soluble chromium ions demonstrated that chronium (VI) was first reduced to chromium (III) which then appeared to be adsorbed by the biofilm. Chromium levels associated with the biofilm were found (by chemical analysis) to be 6.5-7.0% of its dried weight.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576887,Yoshikawa and  Hara 1980,[Distribution of chromium in organs of mice injected subcutaneously daily with trivalent and hexavalent chromium (author's transl)],,[Distribution of chromium in organs of mice injected subcutaneously daily with trivalent and hexavalent chromium (author's transl)] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515979,Kamburova 1993,Spectrophotometric determination of chromium VI with methylene blue,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The interaction of Cr(VI) and the thiazine dye Methylene Blue has been examined. The ion-associate formed is extractable into 1,2-dichlorethane. The optimum conditions have been established, and values obtained for the conditional extraction constant K'ex, distribution constant K'D and association constant beta'. A sensitive and selective method for determination of microquantities of Cr(VI) in soils and alloys is suggested.","Spectrophotometric determination of chromium VI with methylene blue Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The interaction of Cr(VI) and the thiazine dye Methylene Blue has been examined. The ion-associate formed is extractable into 1,2-dichlorethane. The optimum conditions have been established, and values obtained for the conditional extraction constant K'ex, distribution constant K'D and association constant beta'. A sensitive and selective method for determination of microquantities of Cr(VI) in soils and alloys is suggested.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514498,Favali et al. 1990,The effect of chromium-vi on maize roots i. cyto-morphological study,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract zea-mays light microscopy electron microscopy protein depletion,The effect of chromium-vi on maize roots i. cyto-morphological study Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract zea-mays light microscopy electron microscopy protein depletion,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
472439,Fulladosa et al. 2006,Stress proteins induced by exposure to sublethal levels of heavy metals in sea bream (Sparus sarba) blood cells,"Blood cells freshly collected from silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) were exposed in vitro to different sublethal concentrations of cadmium(II), lead(II) or chromium(VI). HSP70 stress proteins were significantly overexpressed after exposure to metal concentration as low as 0.1 mu M. Under our experimental conditions, no overexpression of metallothioneins in blood cells was evidenced. Our results show that fish blood cells may constitute an interesting biological model for experimental and applied toxicology, especially in the case of environmental pollution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Stress proteins induced by exposure to sublethal levels of heavy metals in sea bream (Sparus sarba) blood cells Abs: Blood cells freshly collected from silver sea bream (Sparus sarba) were exposed in vitro to different sublethal concentrations of cadmium(II), lead(II) or chromium(VI). HSP70 stress proteins were significantly overexpressed after exposure to metal concentration as low as 0.1 mu M. Under our experimental conditions, no overexpression of metallothioneins in blood cells was evidenced. Our results show that fish blood cells may constitute an interesting biological model for experimental and applied toxicology, especially in the case of environmental pollution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
700749,Hayashi et al. 1982,High-sensitivity in micronucleus induction of a mouse strain (MS),,High-sensitivity in micronucleus induction of a mouse strain (MS) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786362,Li et al. 2013,Optimization of Cr(VI) bioremediation in contaminated soil using indigenous bacteria,,Optimization of Cr(VI) bioremediation in contaminated soil using indigenous bacteria Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578290,Wang et al. 2000,Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by macroporous resin adsorption,"The removal of Cr(VI) by macroporous anion exchange resin adsorption was investigated. Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the resin has a significant capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The parameters investigated in this study included pH, contact time, initial chromium concentration, resin dosage and temperature. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) can be described by Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm model. Application of the Langmuir isotherm to the systems yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 53.03 mg/g resin. The specific surface areas of the macroporous resin was calculated to be 47.35 m(2)/g. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. It was found that the separation process is partly diffusion controlled. The mass transfer coefficient was calculated to be 8.62x10(-5) cm/s. The activation energy and change of enthalpy were evaluated and found to be 4.81 kcal/mol and 8.79 kcal/mol at the temperature of 25 degrees C, respectively. The free energy of the process was small but positive, and it decreases with an increase of temperature. The change of entropy was found to be small and remains almost unchanged over the 20 to 35 degrees C temperature range. The desorption studies are also performed and the results show that the Cr(VI) adsorbed by macroporous resin can be eluted by 4 M NaOH. This suggested that the resin saturated with chromium can be regenerated by NaOH solution.","Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by macroporous resin adsorption Abs: The removal of Cr(VI) by macroporous anion exchange resin adsorption was investigated. Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the resin has a significant capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The parameters investigated in this study included pH, contact time, initial chromium concentration, resin dosage and temperature. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) can be described by Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm model. Application of the Langmuir isotherm to the systems yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 53.03 mg/g resin. The specific surface areas of the macroporous resin was calculated to be 47.35 m(2)/g. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. It was found that the separation process is partly diffusion controlled. The mass transfer coefficient was calculated to be 8.62x10(-5) cm/s. The activation energy and change of enthalpy were evaluated and found to be 4.81 kcal/mol and 8.79 kcal/mol at the temperature of 25 degrees C, respectively. The free energy of the process was small but positive, and it decreases with an increase of temperature. The change of entropy was found to be small and remains almost unchanged over the 20 to 35 degrees C temperature range. The desorption studies are also performed and the results show that the Cr(VI) adsorbed by macroporous resin can be eluted by 4 M NaOH. This suggested that the resin saturated with chromium can be regenerated by NaOH solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1021167,Rao et al. 2009,Protective role of vitamin E on nickel and/or chromium induced oxidative stress in the mouse ovary,"In the present study, we report the invivo effects of nickel chloride (NiCl2; 8 and 16 mg/kg body weight) and/or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7; 5 and 10mg/kg body weight) in the ovary of adult mice. The protective role of vitamin E (2mg/kg body weight) along with their combination was also studied. Nickel and/or chromium to mice enhanced the levels of lipid peroxides in the ovary, which was accompanied by a significant decline in the levels of protein, glutathione, total ascorbic acid and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Supplementation of vitamin E along with NiCl2 + K2Cr2O7 significantly lowered the levels of lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant status. Findings of the present study suggest that vitamin E exerts its protective effect against nickel and/or chromium induced toxicity by preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting antioxidant system in the mouse ovary.","Protective role of vitamin E on nickel and/or chromium induced oxidative stress in the mouse ovary Abs: In the present study, we report the invivo effects of nickel chloride (NiCl2; 8 and 16 mg/kg body weight) and/or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7; 5 and 10mg/kg body weight) in the ovary of adult mice. The protective role of vitamin E (2mg/kg body weight) along with their combination was also studied. Nickel and/or chromium to mice enhanced the levels of lipid peroxides in the ovary, which was accompanied by a significant decline in the levels of protein, glutathione, total ascorbic acid and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Supplementation of vitamin E along with NiCl2 + K2Cr2O7 significantly lowered the levels of lipid peroxidation and enhanced the antioxidant status. Findings of the present study suggest that vitamin E exerts its protective effect against nickel and/or chromium induced toxicity by preventing lipid peroxidation and protecting antioxidant system in the mouse ovary.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233742,Isakov et al. 2004,Near-field dispersion modeling for regulatory applications,"This paper evaluates the application of dispersion models to estimate near-field pollutant concentrations in two case studies. The Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Model (ISCST3) was evaluated with hexavalent chromium measurements collected within 100 m of two facilities in Barrio Logan, San Diego, CA. ISCST3 provided reasonable estimates for higher pollutant concentrations but underestimated lower concentrations. To understand the observed distribution of concentrations in Barrio Logan, a recently conducted tracer experiment was analyzed. The tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, was released at ambient temperature from an urban facility at the University of California at Riverside, and concentrations were measured within 20 m of the source. Modeling results indicated that Industrial Source Complex-Plume Rise Model Enhancement and American Meteorological Society/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model-Plume Rise Model Enhancement overestimated high concentrations and underestimated low concentrations. A diagnostic study with a simple Gaussian dispersion model that incorporated site-specific meteorology was used to evaluate model results. This study found that incorporating lateral meandering for nonbuoyant urban plumes in Gaussian dispersion models could improve concentration estimates even when downwash is not considered. Incorporating a meandering component in ISCST3 resulted in improvements in estimating hexavalent chromium concentrations in Barrio Logan. Credible near-source concentration estimates depend on accurate characterization of emissions, onsite micrometeorology, and a method to account for lateral meandering in the near field.","Near-field dispersion modeling for regulatory applications Abs: This paper evaluates the application of dispersion models to estimate near-field pollutant concentrations in two case studies. The Industrial Source Complex Short-Term Model (ISCST3) was evaluated with hexavalent chromium measurements collected within 100 m of two facilities in Barrio Logan, San Diego, CA. ISCST3 provided reasonable estimates for higher pollutant concentrations but underestimated lower concentrations. To understand the observed distribution of concentrations in Barrio Logan, a recently conducted tracer experiment was analyzed. The tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, was released at ambient temperature from an urban facility at the University of California at Riverside, and concentrations were measured within 20 m of the source. Modeling results indicated that Industrial Source Complex-Plume Rise Model Enhancement and American Meteorological Society/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model-Plume Rise Model Enhancement overestimated high concentrations and underestimated low concentrations. A diagnostic study with a simple Gaussian dispersion model that incorporated site-specific meteorology was used to evaluate model results. This study found that incorporating lateral meandering for nonbuoyant urban plumes in Gaussian dispersion models could improve concentration estimates even when downwash is not considered. Incorporating a meandering component in ISCST3 resulted in improvements in estimating hexavalent chromium concentrations in Barrio Logan. Credible near-source concentration estimates depend on accurate characterization of emissions, onsite micrometeorology, and a method to account for lateral meandering in the near field.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510469,Castillo et al. 2007,"Secondary interactions, an unexpected problem emerged between hydroxyl containing analytes and fused silica capillaries in anion-exchange micro-liquid chromatography",,"Secondary interactions, an unexpected problem emerged between hydroxyl containing analytes and fused silica capillaries in anion-exchange micro-liquid chromatography Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576813,Skornyakova et al. 1986,HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN WATER BODIES ON THE BASIS OF ITS SKIN-RESORPTIVE EFFECT,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RAT EMBRYOTOXICITY MUTAGEN METAL POLLUTION ORAL DERMAL,HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM IN WATER BODIES ON THE BASIS OF ITS SKIN-RESORPTIVE EFFECT Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RAT EMBRYOTOXICITY MUTAGEN METAL POLLUTION ORAL DERMAL,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510687,Mao et al. 1996,Generation of reactive oxygen species by Co(II) from H2O2 in the presence of chelators in relation to DNA damage and 2'-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation,,Generation of reactive oxygen species by Co(II) from H2O2 in the presence of chelators in relation to DNA damage and 2'-deoxyguanosine hydroxylation Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
730663,Zeidler-Erdely et al. 2008,Pulmonary inflammation and tumor induction in lung tumor susceptible A/J and resistant C57BL/6J mice exposed to welding fume,"ABSTRACT:<br /><br /> Welding fume has been categorized as ""possibly carcinogenic"" to humans. Our objectives were to characterize the lung response to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metal-containing welding fumes and to determine if these fumes caused increased lung tumorigenicity in A/J mice, a lung tumor susceptible strain. We exposed male A/J and C57BL/6J, a lung tumor resistant strain, by pharyngeal aspiration four times (once every 3 days) to 85 mug of gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS), GMA-stainless steel (SS), or manual metal arc-SS (MMA-SS) fume, or to 25.5 mug soluble hexavalent chromium (S-Cr). Shams were exposed to saline vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done at 2, 7, and 28 days post-exposure. For the lung tumor study, gross tumor counts and histopathological changes were assessed in A/J mice at 48 and 78 weeks post-exposure.<br /><br /> BAL revealed notable strain-dependent differences with regards to the degree and resolution of the inflammatory response after exposure to the fumes. At 48 weeks, carcinogenic metal-containing GMA-SS fume caused the greatest increase in tumor multiplicity and incidence, but this was not different from sham. By 78 weeks, tumor incidence in the GMA-SS group versus sham approached significance (p = 0.057). A significant increase in perivascular/peribronchial lymphoid infiltrates for the GMA-SS group versus sham and an increased persistence of this fume in lung cells compared to the other welding fumes was found.<br /><br /> The increased persistence of GMA-SS fume in combination with its metal composition may trigger a chronic, but mild, inflammatory state in the lung possibly enhancing tumorigenesis in this susceptible mouse strain.","Pulmonary inflammation and tumor induction in lung tumor susceptible A/J and resistant C57BL/6J mice exposed to welding fume Abs: ABSTRACT:<br /><br /> Welding fume has been categorized as ""possibly carcinogenic"" to humans. Our objectives were to characterize the lung response to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metal-containing welding fumes and to determine if these fumes caused increased lung tumorigenicity in A/J mice, a lung tumor susceptible strain. We exposed male A/J and C57BL/6J, a lung tumor resistant strain, by pharyngeal aspiration four times (once every 3 days) to 85 mug of gas metal arc-mild steel (GMA-MS), GMA-stainless steel (SS), or manual metal arc-SS (MMA-SS) fume, or to 25.5 mug soluble hexavalent chromium (S-Cr). Shams were exposed to saline vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done at 2, 7, and 28 days post-exposure. For the lung tumor study, gross tumor counts and histopathological changes were assessed in A/J mice at 48 and 78 weeks post-exposure.<br /><br /> BAL revealed notable strain-dependent differences with regards to the degree and resolution of the inflammatory response after exposure to the fumes. At 48 weeks, carcinogenic metal-containing GMA-SS fume caused the greatest increase in tumor multiplicity and incidence, but this was not different from sham. By 78 weeks, tumor incidence in the GMA-SS group versus sham approached significance (p = 0.057). A significant increase in perivascular/peribronchial lymphoid infiltrates for the GMA-SS group versus sham and an increased persistence of this fume in lung cells compared to the other welding fumes was found.<br /><br /> The increased persistence of GMA-SS fume in combination with its metal composition may trigger a chronic, but mild, inflammatory state in the lung possibly enhancing tumorigenesis in this susceptible mouse strain.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231546,Wang et al. 2010,Reduction remediation of hexavalent chromium by bacterial flora in Cr(VI) aqueous solution,Chromium(VI) is a priority pollutant in soils and wastewaters and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is a solution to this problem. In this study a low-cost method was proposed to adapt indigenous bacteria and use them to reduce Cr(VI) in solutions. The experiment results show that Cr(VI) could be efficiently reduced by indigenous bacteria under anaerobic and pH-unadjusted conditions. After about 24 h the concentration of Cr(VI) could be reduced from 21.74 mg/L to below 0.5 mg/L. The observed Cr(VI) reduction rates were affected by temperature and pH. Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions could be reduced to Cr(III) completely and partly be incepted by the organisms. Cr(VI) reduction was enzyme-mediated. It was not an energy-conserving process but a detoxification reaction. This method could be used in an anaerobic reactor to treat low-concentration wastewater or industrial water as the last step.,Reduction remediation of hexavalent chromium by bacterial flora in Cr(VI) aqueous solution Abs: Chromium(VI) is a priority pollutant in soils and wastewaters and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is a solution to this problem. In this study a low-cost method was proposed to adapt indigenous bacteria and use them to reduce Cr(VI) in solutions. The experiment results show that Cr(VI) could be efficiently reduced by indigenous bacteria under anaerobic and pH-unadjusted conditions. After about 24 h the concentration of Cr(VI) could be reduced from 21.74 mg/L to below 0.5 mg/L. The observed Cr(VI) reduction rates were affected by temperature and pH. Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions could be reduced to Cr(III) completely and partly be incepted by the organisms. Cr(VI) reduction was enzyme-mediated. It was not an energy-conserving process but a detoxification reaction. This method could be used in an anaerobic reactor to treat low-concentration wastewater or industrial water as the last step.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238682,Chiang and  Huang 1979,EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLUS) AND SILVER CARP (HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX),,EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLUS) AND SILVER CARP (HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577724,Motomizu 2012,Computer-controlled fluid-flow chemical analysis (CC-FCA) and its application to environmental analytical chemistry,,Computer-controlled fluid-flow chemical analysis (CC-FCA) and its application to environmental analytical chemistry Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515779,Henderson 1994,Geochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium in the trinity sand aquifer,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article chromiumiii hydroxide aquifer groundwater contamination plume migration transport model waste site odessa texas usa,Geochemical reduction of hexavalent chromium in the trinity sand aquifer Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article chromiumiii hydroxide aquifer groundwater contamination plume migration transport model waste site odessa texas usa,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510181,Swell et al. 1997,"Chromium Biotreatment in Soil, Chapter 6","Book chapter. n the Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation. Prepared in cooperation with Dynamac Corp., Ada, OK. and Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC. tential for the biotreatment of CR(VI) wastes has received increased attention because the microbially mediated processes may offer cods, effective ness and sludge production. There are several biological mechanisms which may be suitable for metal treatments, including trnasofrmation, extracellular bindiing, complex formation, biosorption, and intracellular accumulation. Considering the more immobile and less toxic characteristics of Cr(III), the microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) appears to hold the most promise for the develoment of an innovative biotreatment technology. This reductive biotransofmration nont only leads to Cr(VI) detoxification but precipitates the metal in soils, therefore minimizing its potential risk to human helath and impacted ecosystem through decreases toxicity and exposure.","Chromium Biotreatment in Soil, Chapter 6 Abs: Book chapter. n the Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation. Prepared in cooperation with Dynamac Corp., Ada, OK. and Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC. tential for the biotreatment of CR(VI) wastes has received increased attention because the microbially mediated processes may offer cods, effective ness and sludge production. There are several biological mechanisms which may be suitable for metal treatments, including trnasofrmation, extracellular bindiing, complex formation, biosorption, and intracellular accumulation. Considering the more immobile and less toxic characteristics of Cr(III), the microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) appears to hold the most promise for the develoment of an innovative biotreatment technology. This reductive biotransofmration nont only leads to Cr(VI) detoxification but precipitates the metal in soils, therefore minimizing its potential risk to human helath and impacted ecosystem through decreases toxicity and exposure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230921,Jha and  Chugh 2003,"Nephropathy associated with animal, plant, and chemical toxins in the tropics","Widespread human exposure to a variety of drugs, chemicals, and biologic products and recent awareness of their toxic manifestations has led to the recognition of toxic nephropathy as an important segment of renal disease in the tropical countries. Tropical nephrotoxins are distinctly different from those seen in the rest of the world and are derived from local fauna and flora or plant and chemical sources. The spectrum of exposure varies from country to country and even from community to community, depending on variations in the distribution of local plants and animal species and prevalent social practices. Acute renal failure (ARF), either alone or in association with liver failure, neurologic abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or pulmonary infections is the most common form of presentation. Traditional medicines prescribed by witch doctors (traditional healers) constitute a special class of nephrotoxins among several communities in Africa and Asia. The prevalence of nephropathy caused by traditional medicines is directly related to a combination of ignorance, poverty, lack of medical facilities, lax legislation, and widespread belief in indigenous systems of medicine in rural areas. These medicines are a mix of herbs and unknown chemicals administered orally or as enemas. Clustering of cases after exposure to a particular agent suggests the possibility of a toxic insult. Common animal nephrotoxins are venoms of viper snakes, sea snakes, stinging insects, and raw gallbladder and bile of carp and sheep. Botanical nephrotoxins are encountered both in common edible plants (djenkol beans, mushrooms) and medicinal herbs (impila, cat's claw). Mistaken identification of medicinal herbs by untrained workers and even deliberate trials of toxic substitutes derived from plants frequently lead to renal disease, the most commonly reported being the Chinese herbal nephropathy. Nephrotoxicity caused by chemicals can be secondary to accidental occupational exposure in industrial work places (eg, chromic acid), or after suicidal or homicidal use (eg, copper sulphate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene glycol). Late presentation and multiorgan dysfunction are associated with a high mortality. A high index of suspicion, careful history taking, and an awareness of local practices are essential for proper diagnosis and management of toxic nephropathies in the tropics.","Nephropathy associated with animal, plant, and chemical toxins in the tropics Abs: Widespread human exposure to a variety of drugs, chemicals, and biologic products and recent awareness of their toxic manifestations has led to the recognition of toxic nephropathy as an important segment of renal disease in the tropical countries. Tropical nephrotoxins are distinctly different from those seen in the rest of the world and are derived from local fauna and flora or plant and chemical sources. The spectrum of exposure varies from country to country and even from community to community, depending on variations in the distribution of local plants and animal species and prevalent social practices. Acute renal failure (ARF), either alone or in association with liver failure, neurologic abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or pulmonary infections is the most common form of presentation. Traditional medicines prescribed by witch doctors (traditional healers) constitute a special class of nephrotoxins among several communities in Africa and Asia. The prevalence of nephropathy caused by traditional medicines is directly related to a combination of ignorance, poverty, lack of medical facilities, lax legislation, and widespread belief in indigenous systems of medicine in rural areas. These medicines are a mix of herbs and unknown chemicals administered orally or as enemas. Clustering of cases after exposure to a particular agent suggests the possibility of a toxic insult. Common animal nephrotoxins are venoms of viper snakes, sea snakes, stinging insects, and raw gallbladder and bile of carp and sheep. Botanical nephrotoxins are encountered both in common edible plants (djenkol beans, mushrooms) and medicinal herbs (impila, cat's claw). Mistaken identification of medicinal herbs by untrained workers and even deliberate trials of toxic substitutes derived from plants frequently lead to renal disease, the most commonly reported being the Chinese herbal nephropathy. Nephrotoxicity caused by chemicals can be secondary to accidental occupational exposure in industrial work places (eg, chromic acid), or after suicidal or homicidal use (eg, copper sulphate, ethylene dibromide, ethylene glycol). Late presentation and multiorgan dysfunction are associated with a high mortality. A high index of suspicion, careful history taking, and an awareness of local practices are essential for proper diagnosis and management of toxic nephropathies in the tropics.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231867,Su and  Ludwig 2005,Treatment of hexavalent chromium in chromite ore processing solid waste using a mixed reductant solution of ferrous sulfate and sodium dithionite,"We investigated a method for delivering ferrous iron into the subsurface to enhance chemical reduction of Cr(VI) in chromite ore processing solid waste (COPSW) derived from the production of ferrochrome alloy. The COPSW is characterized by high pH (8.5-11.5) and high Cr(VI) concentrations in the solid phase (up to 550 mg kg(-1)) and dissolved phase (3-57 mg L(-1)). The dominant solid-phase minerals are forsterite (Mg2SiO4), brucite (Mg-(OH)2), and hydrocalumite [Ca4(Al, Fe)2(OH)12X x 6H2O), X = (OH)2(2-), SO4(2-), CrO4(2-)]. The method utilizes FeSO4 in combination with Na2S2O4 to inhibit oxidation and precipitation of the ferrous iron, thereby preventing well and formation clogging. Laboratory batch tests using a 0.05 M FeSO4 + 0.05 M Na2S2O4 solution indicated effective treatment of both dissolved and solid-phase Cr(VI). Contrary to treatments with FeSO4 and FeCl2 alone, the combination resulted in both complete removal of Cr(VI) from solution and sustained Fe(ll) concentrations in solution after a 24 h period. A field test involving injection of 5700 L of a 0.07 M FeSO4 + 0.07 M Na2S2O4 solution into a COPSW saturated zone (pH 11.5) indicated no well and formation clogging during injection. Examination of a core collected 0.46 m from the injection well following injection indicated effective treatment of the solid phase Cr(VI) based on analysis of water, phosphate solution, and high temperature alkaline extracts. The combined reductant solution also imparted a residual treatment capacity to the COPSW allowing for subsequent treatment of dissolved phase Cr(VI); however, dissemination of the iron in the highly alkaline environment appeared to be impeded by the inability to sufficiently lower the pH with distance from the injection well to avoid precipitation of Fe(OH)2 and likely also FeCO3. Injection of a 0.2 M FeSO4 + 0.2 M Na2S2O4 solution into another COPSW saturated zone (pH 9) indicated much more effective dissemination of the injected iron.","Treatment of hexavalent chromium in chromite ore processing solid waste using a mixed reductant solution of ferrous sulfate and sodium dithionite Abs: We investigated a method for delivering ferrous iron into the subsurface to enhance chemical reduction of Cr(VI) in chromite ore processing solid waste (COPSW) derived from the production of ferrochrome alloy. The COPSW is characterized by high pH (8.5-11.5) and high Cr(VI) concentrations in the solid phase (up to 550 mg kg(-1)) and dissolved phase (3-57 mg L(-1)). The dominant solid-phase minerals are forsterite (Mg2SiO4), brucite (Mg-(OH)2), and hydrocalumite [Ca4(Al, Fe)2(OH)12X x 6H2O), X = (OH)2(2-), SO4(2-), CrO4(2-)]. The method utilizes FeSO4 in combination with Na2S2O4 to inhibit oxidation and precipitation of the ferrous iron, thereby preventing well and formation clogging. Laboratory batch tests using a 0.05 M FeSO4 + 0.05 M Na2S2O4 solution indicated effective treatment of both dissolved and solid-phase Cr(VI). Contrary to treatments with FeSO4 and FeCl2 alone, the combination resulted in both complete removal of Cr(VI) from solution and sustained Fe(ll) concentrations in solution after a 24 h period. A field test involving injection of 5700 L of a 0.07 M FeSO4 + 0.07 M Na2S2O4 solution into a COPSW saturated zone (pH 11.5) indicated no well and formation clogging during injection. Examination of a core collected 0.46 m from the injection well following injection indicated effective treatment of the solid phase Cr(VI) based on analysis of water, phosphate solution, and high temperature alkaline extracts. The combined reductant solution also imparted a residual treatment capacity to the COPSW allowing for subsequent treatment of dissolved phase Cr(VI); however, dissemination of the iron in the highly alkaline environment appeared to be impeded by the inability to sufficiently lower the pH with distance from the injection well to avoid precipitation of Fe(OH)2 and likely also FeCO3. Injection of a 0.2 M FeSO4 + 0.2 M Na2S2O4 solution into another COPSW saturated zone (pH 9) indicated much more effective dissemination of the injected iron.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1239006,Morel et al. 1983,Sodium and potassium chromates and dichromates,"Synonyms, uses, physical and chemical properties, methods of detection and determination in air, fire hazards, pathology and toxicology (acute and chronic experimental toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity tests, toxicity for humans: digestive disorders, bronchial irritation, skin ulceration, allergic dermatitis, corrosive action on the mucous membranes, etc.; American TLV (ACGIH) for hexavalent water-soluble chromium compounds: 0.05mg/m|3|). Information on French regulations concerning health and safety and on French and international regulations concerning transport. Technical and medical recommendations.","Sodium and potassium chromates and dichromates Abs: Synonyms, uses, physical and chemical properties, methods of detection and determination in air, fire hazards, pathology and toxicology (acute and chronic experimental toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity tests, toxicity for humans: digestive disorders, bronchial irritation, skin ulceration, allergic dermatitis, corrosive action on the mucous membranes, etc.; American TLV (ACGIH) for hexavalent water-soluble chromium compounds: 0.05mg/m|3|). Information on French regulations concerning health and safety and on French and international regulations concerning transport. Technical and medical recommendations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510574,Darweesh 2012,Reduction of Toxic Cr6+ Ions in Presence of Non Toxic Acid,,Reduction of Toxic Cr6+ Ions in Presence of Non Toxic Acid Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509833,Idris et al. 2011,Kinetic and regeneration studies of photocatalytic magnetic separable beads for chromium (VI) reduction under sunlight,"Physical adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in magnetic separable beads were investigated. In order to elucidate the kinetics of photocatalytic process, operating parameters such as catalyst dosage and the initial concentration were examined in detail. It was observed that the reduction rate of Cr(VI) increased with an increase in the catalyst loading, as this translated into an increase in the number of available active sites. Critical scrutiny of the percentage of the initial reduction rate versus time at various initial concentration of Cr(VI) revealed that the rate of substrate conversion decreased as the initial concentration increased. The kinetic analysis of the photoreduction showed that the removal of Cr(VI) satisfactory obeyed the pseudo first-order kinetic according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model and the absorption of Cr(VI) on the magnetic beads surfaces was the controlling step in the entire reduction process. Furthermore, desorption experiments by elution of the loaded gels with sodium hydroxide indicated that the magnetic photocatalyst beads could be reused without significant losses of their initial properties even after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles.","Kinetic and regeneration studies of photocatalytic magnetic separable beads for chromium (VI) reduction under sunlight Abs: Physical adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in magnetic separable beads were investigated. In order to elucidate the kinetics of photocatalytic process, operating parameters such as catalyst dosage and the initial concentration were examined in detail. It was observed that the reduction rate of Cr(VI) increased with an increase in the catalyst loading, as this translated into an increase in the number of available active sites. Critical scrutiny of the percentage of the initial reduction rate versus time at various initial concentration of Cr(VI) revealed that the rate of substrate conversion decreased as the initial concentration increased. The kinetic analysis of the photoreduction showed that the removal of Cr(VI) satisfactory obeyed the pseudo first-order kinetic according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model and the absorption of Cr(VI) on the magnetic beads surfaces was the controlling step in the entire reduction process. Furthermore, desorption experiments by elution of the loaded gels with sodium hydroxide indicated that the magnetic photocatalyst beads could be reused without significant losses of their initial properties even after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234504,Nakajima et al. 1999,The complete amino acid sequence of dog beta2-microglobulin,"Dog beta2-microglobulin was purified from the urine of dogs with potassium dichromate induced tubular damage. It was purified by sequential use of anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Comparisons of the amino acid sequence of the dog protein with human, mouse, and rabbit beta2-microglobulin, indicated a high degree of similarity. The dog protein was very similar to human beta2-microglobulin in that it had a molecular weight of 11.8 kDa and contained two half-cystinyl residues. Dog and human beta2-microglobulin were demonstrably different at 24 of the 99 positions compared. The data supported the conclusion that the purified protein was dog beta2-microglobulin and that all four proteins from dog, human, mouse, and rabbit were closely related.","The complete amino acid sequence of dog beta2-microglobulin Abs: Dog beta2-microglobulin was purified from the urine of dogs with potassium dichromate induced tubular damage. It was purified by sequential use of anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Comparisons of the amino acid sequence of the dog protein with human, mouse, and rabbit beta2-microglobulin, indicated a high degree of similarity. The dog protein was very similar to human beta2-microglobulin in that it had a molecular weight of 11.8 kDa and contained two half-cystinyl residues. Dog and human beta2-microglobulin were demonstrably different at 24 of the 99 positions compared. The data supported the conclusion that the purified protein was dog beta2-microglobulin and that all four proteins from dog, human, mouse, and rabbit were closely related.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514272,Armienta and  Quere 1995,"Hydrogeochemical behavior of chromium in the unsaturated zone and in the aquifer of Leon Valley, Mexico","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ground water of Leon valley, Central Mexico, is contaminated with chromium. A study was carried out to determine the main physico-chemical interactions between chromium and the aquifer solid matrix in the most polluted area. Five boreholes, 30 m deep, were drilled and used as piezometers. Unaltered solid cores were analyzed for Cr(VI), total Cr, Fe and Mn. Cr(VI) was determined in the water from the piezometers. We conclude that reduction of Cr(VI) by iron is important, adsorption of Cr(VI) by sand and gravel layers is negligible, and adsorption by silt and clay layers is significant in the saturated and unsaturated zones. In the saturated zone hexavalent chromium distributes preferentially in the water phase, oxidation of chromium by manganese was not detected. A correlation between chromium, manganese and iron concentrations was observed for the aquifer solid matrix in this area, when the source of chromium was not anthropogenic.","Hydrogeochemical behavior of chromium in the unsaturated zone and in the aquifer of Leon Valley, Mexico Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ground water of Leon valley, Central Mexico, is contaminated with chromium. A study was carried out to determine the main physico-chemical interactions between chromium and the aquifer solid matrix in the most polluted area. Five boreholes, 30 m deep, were drilled and used as piezometers. Unaltered solid cores were analyzed for Cr(VI), total Cr, Fe and Mn. Cr(VI) was determined in the water from the piezometers. We conclude that reduction of Cr(VI) by iron is important, adsorption of Cr(VI) by sand and gravel layers is negligible, and adsorption by silt and clay layers is significant in the saturated and unsaturated zones. In the saturated zone hexavalent chromium distributes preferentially in the water phase, oxidation of chromium by manganese was not detected. A correlation between chromium, manganese and iron concentrations was observed for the aquifer solid matrix in this area, when the source of chromium was not anthropogenic.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509568,Krishna and  BS 2000,Thermodynamics of Chromium(VI) Anionic Species Sorption onto Surfactant-Modified Montmorillonite Clay,"Batch sorption experiments performed on Cr(VI) species sorption showed a significantly enhanced removal of inorganic hexavalent chromium anionic species from aqueous solution by montmorillonite clays modified with quaternary amine, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide. Unmodified clay had no affinity for chromium(VI) species. The sorption of Cr(VI) species has been carried out as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration (4.14x10(-5) to 8.62x10(-3) M), and temperature (5-45 degrees C). The surfactant-modified clay surface was stable when exposed to extremes in pH. The optimum pH for maximum sorption of Cr(VI) species was found to be at pH 1 and was constant between pH 2 and pH 6. The sorption data obtained was well described by DKR and Langmuir sorption isotherms. Sorption energy (E) for (i) surfactant sorption by montmorillonite clay and (ii) sorption of chromium(VI) species by surfactant modified clay have been computed from the DKR equation. Sorption energy evaluated for the sorption of both surfactant and Cr(VI) species showed that an ion-exchange mechanism was operative. The mechanism of retention appears to be replacement of counterion of the surfactant by Cr(VI) anionic species. Adsorbent capacity for the sorption of Cr(VI) species has been evaluated from the Langmuir sorption isotherm data. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees ) for surfactant sorption on montmorillonite clay and Cr(VI) sorption by modified clay have been evaluated. The specific rate constant for sorption of Cr(VI) species on modified montmorillonite was rapid during the first 10 min and equilibrium was found to be attained within 30 min. The sorption of Cr(VI) species onto modified montmorillonite clay followed first-order rate kinetics. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.","Thermodynamics of Chromium(VI) Anionic Species Sorption onto Surfactant-Modified Montmorillonite Clay Abs: Batch sorption experiments performed on Cr(VI) species sorption showed a significantly enhanced removal of inorganic hexavalent chromium anionic species from aqueous solution by montmorillonite clays modified with quaternary amine, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide. Unmodified clay had no affinity for chromium(VI) species. The sorption of Cr(VI) species has been carried out as a function of pH, contact time, adsorbate concentration (4.14x10(-5) to 8.62x10(-3) M), and temperature (5-45 degrees C). The surfactant-modified clay surface was stable when exposed to extremes in pH. The optimum pH for maximum sorption of Cr(VI) species was found to be at pH 1 and was constant between pH 2 and pH 6. The sorption data obtained was well described by DKR and Langmuir sorption isotherms. Sorption energy (E) for (i) surfactant sorption by montmorillonite clay and (ii) sorption of chromium(VI) species by surfactant modified clay have been computed from the DKR equation. Sorption energy evaluated for the sorption of both surfactant and Cr(VI) species showed that an ion-exchange mechanism was operative. The mechanism of retention appears to be replacement of counterion of the surfactant by Cr(VI) anionic species. Adsorbent capacity for the sorption of Cr(VI) species has been evaluated from the Langmuir sorption isotherm data. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees ) for surfactant sorption on montmorillonite clay and Cr(VI) sorption by modified clay have been evaluated. The specific rate constant for sorption of Cr(VI) species on modified montmorillonite was rapid during the first 10 min and equilibrium was found to be attained within 30 min. The sorption of Cr(VI) species onto modified montmorillonite clay followed first-order rate kinetics. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1337345,Hartwig 2013,Metal interaction with redox regulation: an integrating concept in metal carcinogenesis?,"The carcinogenicity of cadmium, arsenic, and chromium(VI) compounds has been recognized for some decades. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms seem to be complex and are not completely understood at present. Although, with the exception of chromium(VI), direct DNA damage seems to be of minor importance, interactions with DNA repair processes, tumor suppressor functions, and signal transduction pathways have been described in diverse biological systems. In addition to the induction of damage to cellular macromolecules by reactive oxygen species, the interference with cellular redox regulation by reaction with redox-sensitive protein domains or amino acids may provide one plausible mechanism involved in metal carcinogenicity. Consequences are the distortion of zinc-binding structures and the activation or inactivation of redox-regulated signal transduction pathways, provoking metal-induced genomic instability. Nevertheless, the relevance of the respective mechanisms depends on the actual metal or metal species under consideration and more research is needed to further strengthen this hypothesis.","Metal interaction with redox regulation: an integrating concept in metal carcinogenesis? Abs: The carcinogenicity of cadmium, arsenic, and chromium(VI) compounds has been recognized for some decades. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms seem to be complex and are not completely understood at present. Although, with the exception of chromium(VI), direct DNA damage seems to be of minor importance, interactions with DNA repair processes, tumor suppressor functions, and signal transduction pathways have been described in diverse biological systems. In addition to the induction of damage to cellular macromolecules by reactive oxygen species, the interference with cellular redox regulation by reaction with redox-sensitive protein domains or amino acids may provide one plausible mechanism involved in metal carcinogenicity. Consequences are the distortion of zinc-binding structures and the activation or inactivation of redox-regulated signal transduction pathways, provoking metal-induced genomic instability. Nevertheless, the relevance of the respective mechanisms depends on the actual metal or metal species under consideration and more research is needed to further strengthen this hypothesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230919,Lie Ken Jie et al. 2003,Novel halo-oxo-allenic fatty ester derivatives from epoxidized methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate),"Methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate) from Sandal wood seed oil, Santalbum alum) was epoxidized to methyl trans-11,12-epoxy-octadec-9-ynoate (1). Treatment of compound 1 with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogentrifluoride, and boron trifluoride etherate gave the corresponding anti- (2a) (57%) and syn- (2b) (35%) fluorohydrin derivatives, respectively. These reactions were regio- and stereoselective in nature. The structures of the anti- and syn- isomers were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Ring opening of the epoxy system of compound 1 with lithium chloride gave the anti-chlorohydrin derivative (3) (89%). Oxidation of either compound 2a or 2b gave the same fluoro-keto acetylenic fatty ester (4) (75%), and compound 3 on chromic acid oxidation yielded the corresponding chloro-keto acetylene (5) (73%). Isomerization of compounds 4 and 5 with potassium carbonate in dichloromethane furnished the requisite fluoro-allenic (6) (63%, methyl 11-fluoro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) and chloro-allenic (7) (80%, methyl 11-chloro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) C(18) fatty esters. All products were confirmed by a combination of spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques.","Novel halo-oxo-allenic fatty ester derivatives from epoxidized methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate) Abs: Methyl santalbate (methyl trans-11-octadecen-9-ynoate) from Sandal wood seed oil, Santalbum alum) was epoxidized to methyl trans-11,12-epoxy-octadec-9-ynoate (1). Treatment of compound 1 with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogentrifluoride, and boron trifluoride etherate gave the corresponding anti- (2a) (57%) and syn- (2b) (35%) fluorohydrin derivatives, respectively. These reactions were regio- and stereoselective in nature. The structures of the anti- and syn- isomers were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Ring opening of the epoxy system of compound 1 with lithium chloride gave the anti-chlorohydrin derivative (3) (89%). Oxidation of either compound 2a or 2b gave the same fluoro-keto acetylenic fatty ester (4) (75%), and compound 3 on chromic acid oxidation yielded the corresponding chloro-keto acetylene (5) (73%). Isomerization of compounds 4 and 5 with potassium carbonate in dichloromethane furnished the requisite fluoro-allenic (6) (63%, methyl 11-fluoro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) and chloro-allenic (7) (80%, methyl 11-chloro-12-oxo-9,10-octadecadienoate) C(18) fatty esters. All products were confirmed by a combination of spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509853,Hedberg et al. 2011,Complexation- and ligand-induced metal release from 316L particles: importance of particle size and crystallographic structure,"Iron, chromium, nickel, and manganese released from gas-atomized AISI 316L stainless steel powders (sized &lt;45 and &lt;4 ?m) were investigated in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5) and in solutions of its individual inorganic and organic components to determine its most aggressive component, elucidate synergistic effects, and assess release mechanisms, in dependence of surface changes using atomic absorption spectroscopy, Raman, XPS, and voltammetry. Complexation is the main reason for metal release from 316L particles immersed in ALF. Iron was mainly released, while manganese was preferentially released as a consequence of the reduction of manganese oxide on the surface. These processes resulted in highly complexing media in a partial oxidation of trivalent chromium to hexavalent chromium on the surface. The extent of metal release was partially controlled by surface properties (e.g., availability of elements on the surface and structure of the outermost surface) and partially by the complexation capacity of the different metals with the complexing agents of the different media. In general, compared to the coarse powder (&lt;45 ?m), the fine (&lt;4 ?m) powder displayed significantly higher released amounts of metals per surface area, increased with increased solution complexation capacity, while less amounts of metals were released into non-complexing solutions. Due to the ferritic structure of lower solubility for nickel of the fine powder, more nickel was released into all solutions compared with the coarser powder.","Complexation- and ligand-induced metal release from 316L particles: importance of particle size and crystallographic structure Abs: Iron, chromium, nickel, and manganese released from gas-atomized AISI 316L stainless steel powders (sized &lt;45 and &lt;4 ?m) were investigated in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF, pH 4.5) and in solutions of its individual inorganic and organic components to determine its most aggressive component, elucidate synergistic effects, and assess release mechanisms, in dependence of surface changes using atomic absorption spectroscopy, Raman, XPS, and voltammetry. Complexation is the main reason for metal release from 316L particles immersed in ALF. Iron was mainly released, while manganese was preferentially released as a consequence of the reduction of manganese oxide on the surface. These processes resulted in highly complexing media in a partial oxidation of trivalent chromium to hexavalent chromium on the surface. The extent of metal release was partially controlled by surface properties (e.g., availability of elements on the surface and structure of the outermost surface) and partially by the complexation capacity of the different metals with the complexing agents of the different media. In general, compared to the coarse powder (&lt;45 ?m), the fine (&lt;4 ?m) powder displayed significantly higher released amounts of metals per surface area, increased with increased solution complexation capacity, while less amounts of metals were released into non-complexing solutions. Due to the ferritic structure of lower solubility for nickel of the fine powder, more nickel was released into all solutions compared with the coarser powder.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235910,Pietrzak et al. 1989,"Splanchnic volume, not flow rate, determines peritoneal permeability","To distinguish the effects of splanchnic blood flow rate from those of splanchnic volume on peritoneal transfer rates, measurements were made in rabbits before and after intraperitoneal exposure to sodium chromate. The sodium chromate induced reversible hepatic sinusoidal block with consequent portal venous congestion and stasis, which was demonstrable on histologic sections. Concurrently the ultrafiltration rate, and ultrafiltration coefficient each doubled after chromium even though the dialysate reabsorptive rate increased and the absorptive diffusion of glucose was at least as high as in control dialyses. Chromium induced significant increases in mass transfer coefficients of urea, potassium and phosphate and in protein clearance. These data suggest that splanchnic volume is an important determinant of peritoneal transfer functions and that the hepatic capillaries may contribute appreciably to transfer ordinarily ascribed to peritoneal capillaries alone.","Splanchnic volume, not flow rate, determines peritoneal permeability Abs: To distinguish the effects of splanchnic blood flow rate from those of splanchnic volume on peritoneal transfer rates, measurements were made in rabbits before and after intraperitoneal exposure to sodium chromate. The sodium chromate induced reversible hepatic sinusoidal block with consequent portal venous congestion and stasis, which was demonstrable on histologic sections. Concurrently the ultrafiltration rate, and ultrafiltration coefficient each doubled after chromium even though the dialysate reabsorptive rate increased and the absorptive diffusion of glucose was at least as high as in control dialyses. Chromium induced significant increases in mass transfer coefficients of urea, potassium and phosphate and in protein clearance. These data suggest that splanchnic volume is an important determinant of peritoneal transfer functions and that the hepatic capillaries may contribute appreciably to transfer ordinarily ascribed to peritoneal capillaries alone.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230909,Sabty-Daily et al. 2005,Size distribution and speciation of chromium in paint spray aerosol at an aerospace facility,"Spray painters are potentially exposed to aerosol containing Cr(VI) via inhalation of chromate-based paint spray. Two field studies were conducted at an aerospace facility to determine the size distribution and speciation of Cr(VI) in paint spray aerosol. Sampled paint products consisted of sparingly soluble strontium chromate in an epoxy resin matrix, a matrix generally known for its durability and toughness. Personal aerosol samples were collected using Sierra Marple personal cascade impactors and analyzed for Cr(VI) and total Cr. The size distribution of total Cr particles in the paint aerosol had a Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) of 7.5 mum [Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD = 2.7 mum)] in both field studies. The MMAD of Cr(VI) particles was 8.5 mum (GSD = 2.2 mum). Particles &gt;2 mum constituted 90% or more of the total Cr and the Cr(VI) mass, in all sampled paint aerosols and were lognormally distributed. The target site for respiratory deposition of Cr in the aerosol was estimated based on the mass distribution of Cr according to particle size. On an average, 62% of the Cr and Cr(VI) mass in the paint aerosol consisted of particles &gt;10 mum. This study showed that 71.8% of Cr(VI) mass in paint spray aerosol potentially inhaled by a spray painter may deposit in the head airways region. Only 2.0 and 1.4% of Cr(VI) mass in the paint aerosol may potentially deposit in the alveolar and tracheobronchial region, respectively. The ratio of Cr(VI) mass to total Cr mass was determined in bulk paint and the data indicate that Cr was predominantly in the Cr(VI) valence state, before spraying. The ratio of Cr(VI) mass to total Cr mass was also determined in paint aerosol samples. The data indicated that there was a reduction of Cr(VI) regardless of Cr aerosol particle size. Cr(VI) reduction occurred most likely during the 8 h sample collection time period. These findings are in agreement with the findings that observed Cr(VI) reduction during collection of airborne Cr(VI) in samples of chromic acid mist. The use of Cr(VI) stabilizing sampling media and the storage of samples at lower temperatures (4 degrees C ) during and after sampling may avoid the underestimation of Cr(VI).","Size distribution and speciation of chromium in paint spray aerosol at an aerospace facility Abs: Spray painters are potentially exposed to aerosol containing Cr(VI) via inhalation of chromate-based paint spray. Two field studies were conducted at an aerospace facility to determine the size distribution and speciation of Cr(VI) in paint spray aerosol. Sampled paint products consisted of sparingly soluble strontium chromate in an epoxy resin matrix, a matrix generally known for its durability and toughness. Personal aerosol samples were collected using Sierra Marple personal cascade impactors and analyzed for Cr(VI) and total Cr. The size distribution of total Cr particles in the paint aerosol had a Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) of 7.5 mum [Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD = 2.7 mum)] in both field studies. The MMAD of Cr(VI) particles was 8.5 mum (GSD = 2.2 mum). Particles &gt;2 mum constituted 90% or more of the total Cr and the Cr(VI) mass, in all sampled paint aerosols and were lognormally distributed. The target site for respiratory deposition of Cr in the aerosol was estimated based on the mass distribution of Cr according to particle size. On an average, 62% of the Cr and Cr(VI) mass in the paint aerosol consisted of particles &gt;10 mum. This study showed that 71.8% of Cr(VI) mass in paint spray aerosol potentially inhaled by a spray painter may deposit in the head airways region. Only 2.0 and 1.4% of Cr(VI) mass in the paint aerosol may potentially deposit in the alveolar and tracheobronchial region, respectively. The ratio of Cr(VI) mass to total Cr mass was determined in bulk paint and the data indicate that Cr was predominantly in the Cr(VI) valence state, before spraying. The ratio of Cr(VI) mass to total Cr mass was also determined in paint aerosol samples. The data indicated that there was a reduction of Cr(VI) regardless of Cr aerosol particle size. Cr(VI) reduction occurred most likely during the 8 h sample collection time period. These findings are in agreement with the findings that observed Cr(VI) reduction during collection of airborne Cr(VI) in samples of chromic acid mist. The use of Cr(VI) stabilizing sampling media and the storage of samples at lower temperatures (4 degrees C ) during and after sampling may avoid the underestimation of Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235742,Puri et al. 1991,Inter-laboratory ring trial of in vitro DNA repair tests using rat hepatocytes: further testing and conclusive remarks,"The results of the extension of a collaborative study for the detection of chemical-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes in vitro are presented in this report. Three coded compounds, i.e. 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulphonate, hydrazine sulphate and sodium dichromate, were tested for DNA repair synthesis by seven different laboratories, either using autoradiographic procedures or the liquid scintillation counting technique. Inter-laboratory standardization was intentionally not requested in order to investigate the validity of each study design under routine conditions. 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulphonate was clearly positive in most laboratories; sodium dichromate was generally positive, while the results on hydrazine sulphate were contradictory.","Inter-laboratory ring trial of in vitro DNA repair tests using rat hepatocytes: further testing and conclusive remarks Abs: The results of the extension of a collaborative study for the detection of chemical-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes in vitro are presented in this report. Three coded compounds, i.e. 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulphonate, hydrazine sulphate and sodium dichromate, were tested for DNA repair synthesis by seven different laboratories, either using autoradiographic procedures or the liquid scintillation counting technique. Inter-laboratory standardization was intentionally not requested in order to investigate the validity of each study design under routine conditions. 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulphonate was clearly positive in most laboratories; sodium dichromate was generally positive, while the results on hydrazine sulphate were contradictory.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576741,Chen et al. 1992,Effect of pH and temperature on Cr(VI) removal from soil solution,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The process of Cr(VI) removal from soil solution could be divided into two steps. The first step is a fast reaction depending mainly on the rate of Cr(VI) absorption. The second step is a slow reaction depending mainly on the rate of Cr(VI) reduction. As the pH of soil solution increased, the rate constats, K1 and K2 of Cr(VI) removal by soils decreased obviously, The influence of temperature on the kinetices of Cr(VI) removal varied with various soils and was found to be quite complicated. The influence of temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) are mainly associated with Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction.","Effect of pH and temperature on Cr(VI) removal from soil solution Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The process of Cr(VI) removal from soil solution could be divided into two steps. The first step is a fast reaction depending mainly on the rate of Cr(VI) absorption. The second step is a slow reaction depending mainly on the rate of Cr(VI) reduction. As the pH of soil solution increased, the rate constats, K1 and K2 of Cr(VI) removal by soils decreased obviously, The influence of temperature on the kinetices of Cr(VI) removal varied with various soils and was found to be quite complicated. The influence of temperature on the removal of Cr(VI) are mainly associated with Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510477,Rodgher and  Espindola 2008,"The influence of algal densities on the toxicity of chromium for Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard (Cladocera, Crustacea)",,"The influence of algal densities on the toxicity of chromium for Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard (Cladocera, Crustacea) Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1337354,Bachate et al. 2013,Simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of As(III) by Bacillus firmus TE7 isolated from tannery effluent,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and arsenite [As(III)] are the most toxic forms of chromium and arsenic respectively, and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and oxidation of As(III) to As(V) has great environmental implications as they affect toxicity and mobility of these toxic species. Bacillus firmus strain TE7, resistant to chromium and arsenic was isolated from tannery effluent. The strain exhibited ability to reduce Cr(VI) and oxidize As(III). It reduced 100mgL(-1) Cr(VI) within 60h in nutrient broth and oxidized 150mgL(-1) As(III) within 10h in minimal medium. It also completely reduced 15mgL(-1) Cr(VI) and oxidized 50mgL(-1) of As(III) simultaneously in minimal medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bacterial strain showing simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of As(III) and is a potential candidate for bioremediation of environments contaminated with these toxic metal species.","Simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of As(III) by Bacillus firmus TE7 isolated from tannery effluent Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and arsenite [As(III)] are the most toxic forms of chromium and arsenic respectively, and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and oxidation of As(III) to As(V) has great environmental implications as they affect toxicity and mobility of these toxic species. Bacillus firmus strain TE7, resistant to chromium and arsenic was isolated from tannery effluent. The strain exhibited ability to reduce Cr(VI) and oxidize As(III). It reduced 100mgL(-1) Cr(VI) within 60h in nutrient broth and oxidized 150mgL(-1) As(III) within 10h in minimal medium. It also completely reduced 15mgL(-1) Cr(VI) and oxidized 50mgL(-1) of As(III) simultaneously in minimal medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first bacterial strain showing simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of As(III) and is a potential candidate for bioremediation of environments contaminated with these toxic metal species.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1338680,Seco-Reigosa et al. ,"Arsenic, chromium and mercury removal using mussel shell ash or a sludge/ashes waste mixture","Different batches of valued mussel shell and waste mussel shell ash are characterised. Shell ash has pH?&gt;?12 and high electrical conductivities (between 16.01 and 27.27 dS?m(-1)), while calcined shell shows pH values up to 10.7 and electrical conductivities between 1.19 and 3.55 dS?m(-1). X-ray fluorescence, nitric acid digestion and water extractions show higher concentrations in shell ash for most parameters. Calcite is the dominant crystalline compound in this ash (95.6 %), followed by aragonite. Adsorption/desorption trials were performed for mussel shell ash and for a waste mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash, showing the following percentage adsorptions: Hg(II) &gt;94 %, As(V) &gt;96 % and Cr(VI) between 11 and 30 % for shell ash; Hg(II) &gt;98 %, As(V) &gt;88 % and Cr(VI) between 30 and 88 % for the waste mixture. Hg and As desorption was &lt;5 % for both shell ash and the waste mixture, while Cr desorption was between 92 and 45 % for shell ash, and between 19 and 0 % for the mixture. In view of that, mussel shell ash and the mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash could be useful for Hg(II) and As(V) removal.","Arsenic, chromium and mercury removal using mussel shell ash or a sludge/ashes waste mixture Abs: Different batches of valued mussel shell and waste mussel shell ash are characterised. Shell ash has pH?&gt;?12 and high electrical conductivities (between 16.01 and 27.27 dS?m(-1)), while calcined shell shows pH values up to 10.7 and electrical conductivities between 1.19 and 3.55 dS?m(-1). X-ray fluorescence, nitric acid digestion and water extractions show higher concentrations in shell ash for most parameters. Calcite is the dominant crystalline compound in this ash (95.6 %), followed by aragonite. Adsorption/desorption trials were performed for mussel shell ash and for a waste mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash, showing the following percentage adsorptions: Hg(II) &gt;94 %, As(V) &gt;96 % and Cr(VI) between 11 and 30 % for shell ash; Hg(II) &gt;98 %, As(V) &gt;88 % and Cr(VI) between 30 and 88 % for the waste mixture. Hg and As desorption was &lt;5 % for both shell ash and the waste mixture, while Cr desorption was between 92 and 45 % for shell ash, and between 19 and 0 % for the mixture. In view of that, mussel shell ash and the mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash could be useful for Hg(II) and As(V) removal.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237923,Weichselbaum and  Somogyi 1941,A Method For The Determination Of Small Amounts Of Ketone Bodies,"A method for determining total ketone bodies in blood, based on recovery of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid (300856) was developed and tested. To remove proteins and sugars from organic substances in the blood, 5 cubic centimeters (cm3) of blood was added to 10cm3 of water with barium-hydroxide and 10cm3 zinc-sulfate. After centrifuging, 21cm3 of the filtrate was mixed with 4.5cm3 of lead-acetate and 4.5cm3 of a phosphate reagent. After shaking, from 0.1 to 0.2 grams (gm) sodium-sulfate was added and shaken. After centrifuging and filtering, 25cm3 of sugar free filtrate, corresponding to 2.5cm3 of blood, was ready for acetone analysis. Oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid along with formation of acetone (67641) were used to determine total ketone bodies. Reagents necessary for the oxidation were a 20 normal solution of sulfuric-acid, a 2.5 percent potassium-dichromate solution, Denigre's reagent, and a 0.3 percent barium-chloride solution. Distillation was carried out by immersing the distilling flask containing the blood filtrate into boiling water. At various points, the different reagents were added. After 100 minutes, the mixture was centrifuged. The acetone content was determined by the iodometric method after decomposition of the mercury compound. Reagents used in this process were a 10 percent potassium-iodide solution, a 2.5 normal sodium-hydroxide solution, iodine, a 0.005 normal sodium-thiosulfite solution, and a 0.5 percent starch indicator. When total ketone bodies were figured, 1cm3 of the iodine consumed equaled 0.116 milligrams (mg) of total ketone bodies, expressed in terms of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid. When known amounts of acetoacetic-acid (541504) and beta-hydroxybutyric-acid were added to blood samples in which the original ketone body content had been determined, there were relatively slight discrepancies between the quantities added and recovered. For example, 2.0mg beta-hydroxybutyric-acid added to 7.34mg total amount yielded 2.08mg, with an error rate of 4.0 percent. A determination of total ketone bodies in the blood of 16 persons yielded 0.33 to 0.94mg per 100cm3 blood expressed as beta-hydroxybutyric-acid. The average value of blood ketone was 0.5mg percent.","A Method For The Determination Of Small Amounts Of Ketone Bodies Abs: A method for determining total ketone bodies in blood, based on recovery of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid (300856) was developed and tested. To remove proteins and sugars from organic substances in the blood, 5 cubic centimeters (cm3) of blood was added to 10cm3 of water with barium-hydroxide and 10cm3 zinc-sulfate. After centrifuging, 21cm3 of the filtrate was mixed with 4.5cm3 of lead-acetate and 4.5cm3 of a phosphate reagent. After shaking, from 0.1 to 0.2 grams (gm) sodium-sulfate was added and shaken. After centrifuging and filtering, 25cm3 of sugar free filtrate, corresponding to 2.5cm3 of blood, was ready for acetone analysis. Oxidation of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid along with formation of acetone (67641) were used to determine total ketone bodies. Reagents necessary for the oxidation were a 20 normal solution of sulfuric-acid, a 2.5 percent potassium-dichromate solution, Denigre's reagent, and a 0.3 percent barium-chloride solution. Distillation was carried out by immersing the distilling flask containing the blood filtrate into boiling water. At various points, the different reagents were added. After 100 minutes, the mixture was centrifuged. The acetone content was determined by the iodometric method after decomposition of the mercury compound. Reagents used in this process were a 10 percent potassium-iodide solution, a 2.5 normal sodium-hydroxide solution, iodine, a 0.005 normal sodium-thiosulfite solution, and a 0.5 percent starch indicator. When total ketone bodies were figured, 1cm3 of the iodine consumed equaled 0.116 milligrams (mg) of total ketone bodies, expressed in terms of beta-hydroxybutyric-acid. When known amounts of acetoacetic-acid (541504) and beta-hydroxybutyric-acid were added to blood samples in which the original ketone body content had been determined, there were relatively slight discrepancies between the quantities added and recovered. For example, 2.0mg beta-hydroxybutyric-acid added to 7.34mg total amount yielded 2.08mg, with an error rate of 4.0 percent. A determination of total ketone bodies in the blood of 16 persons yielded 0.33 to 0.94mg per 100cm3 blood expressed as beta-hydroxybutyric-acid. The average value of blood ketone was 0.5mg percent.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234724,Miller et al. 1991,Complexing of actin and other nuclear proteins to DNA by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and chromium compounds,"Actin was found to be the major protein crosslinked to the DNA of intact Chinese hamster ovary cells that were treated with either potassium chromate (hexavalent) or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). This protein was identified as actin by its mol. wt (45 kd), its isoelectric point (pI = 5.4), positive reactivity with an actin antibody, and by protease mapping. Additionally, a purified actin standard migrated to the same location in a two-dimensional gel system as p45. Actin comprised approximately 20% of the protein component in chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslinks. In addition, to actin, several other major proteins (e.g. 53 kd, pI = 5.2, 50 kd, pI = 9) were crosslinked to DNA following exposure to cis-platinum or chromate. These proteins were abundant in the nuclear matrix fraction. Hexavalent chromate is the toxicologically active form because it is readily taken up into cells by an anion transport system. In contrast, trivalent chromium is considerably less toxic because it cannot enter the cell; however, most of the hexavalent form is eventually reduced to the trivalent form inside the cell. Previous studies have suggested that the trivalent form of chromium participates in complexing DNA with proteins. DNA-protein crosslinks were formed in isolated nuclei or in mixtures of purified DNA and protein incubated with trivalent chromium. However, the formation of these complexes required at least 16 h of incubation to exchange the parent compound ligands. Hexavalent chromate did not form these complexes in vitro under similar conditions. Incubation of trivalent chromium with purified actin and DNA resulted in DNA-actin crosslinks as detected by an electrophoretic mobility different from that of either free actin or DNA when the complex was transferred from a gel to nitrocellulose and stained for protein. These studies describe a new technique for detecting DNA-protein complexes and demonstrate that actin-DNA structures in intact cells create sites that selectively react with metal DNA-protein crosslinking agents.","Complexing of actin and other nuclear proteins to DNA by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and chromium compounds Abs: Actin was found to be the major protein crosslinked to the DNA of intact Chinese hamster ovary cells that were treated with either potassium chromate (hexavalent) or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-platinum). This protein was identified as actin by its mol. wt (45 kd), its isoelectric point (pI = 5.4), positive reactivity with an actin antibody, and by protease mapping. Additionally, a purified actin standard migrated to the same location in a two-dimensional gel system as p45. Actin comprised approximately 20% of the protein component in chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslinks. In addition, to actin, several other major proteins (e.g. 53 kd, pI = 5.2, 50 kd, pI = 9) were crosslinked to DNA following exposure to cis-platinum or chromate. These proteins were abundant in the nuclear matrix fraction. Hexavalent chromate is the toxicologically active form because it is readily taken up into cells by an anion transport system. In contrast, trivalent chromium is considerably less toxic because it cannot enter the cell; however, most of the hexavalent form is eventually reduced to the trivalent form inside the cell. Previous studies have suggested that the trivalent form of chromium participates in complexing DNA with proteins. DNA-protein crosslinks were formed in isolated nuclei or in mixtures of purified DNA and protein incubated with trivalent chromium. However, the formation of these complexes required at least 16 h of incubation to exchange the parent compound ligands. Hexavalent chromate did not form these complexes in vitro under similar conditions. Incubation of trivalent chromium with purified actin and DNA resulted in DNA-actin crosslinks as detected by an electrophoretic mobility different from that of either free actin or DNA when the complex was transferred from a gel to nitrocellulose and stained for protein. These studies describe a new technique for detecting DNA-protein complexes and demonstrate that actin-DNA structures in intact cells create sites that selectively react with metal DNA-protein crosslinking agents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225290,Sikder et al. 2014,Preparation and characterization of chitosan-caboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin entrapped nanozero-valent iron composite for Cu (II) and Cr (IV) removal from wastewater,,Preparation and characterization of chitosan-caboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin entrapped nanozero-valent iron composite for Cu (II) and Cr (IV) removal from wastewater Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238494,Anonymous 1989,Strontium chromate,"There are no inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of strontium chromate by this route which is the main route of humans exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrabronchial, intrapleural and intramuscular implantation) in rats strontium chromate produced malignant lung tumours and tumours at the site of implantation. Strontium chromate is mutagenic to bacteria. Studies are not available on workers exposed only to strontium chromate. An excess risk of lung cancer has been observed in workers producing mainly zinc and lead chromates.","Strontium chromate Abs: There are no inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of strontium chromate by this route which is the main route of humans exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrabronchial, intrapleural and intramuscular implantation) in rats strontium chromate produced malignant lung tumours and tumours at the site of implantation. Strontium chromate is mutagenic to bacteria. Studies are not available on workers exposed only to strontium chromate. An excess risk of lung cancer has been observed in workers producing mainly zinc and lead chromates.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515675,Hara 1981,Determination of chromium compounds in a mixed state of chromium iii and chromium vi,Heep copyright: biol abs. note human chromium vi instrumentation lung cancer occupational health,Determination of chromium compounds in a mixed state of chromium iii and chromium vi Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs. note human chromium vi instrumentation lung cancer occupational health,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509612,Ozdemir et al. 2003,Heavy metal biosorption by biomass of Ochrobactrum anthropi producing exopolysaccharide in activated sludge,"The removal of chromium, cadmium and copper, toxic metals of high environmental priority due to their toxicity, from dilute aqueous solutions has been studied in the present work, applying a dead exopolysaccharide producing bacterium, Ochrobactrum anthropi, isolated from activated sludge. Particularly, the effect of pH, metal concentration and the effects of contact time were considered. Optimum adsorption pH values of chromium(VI), cadmium(II) and copper(II) were 2.0, 8.0 and 3.0 respectively. Experimental results also showed the influence of initial metal concentration on the metal uptake for dried biomass. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were suitable for describing the short-term biosorption of chromium(VI), cadmium(II) and copper(II) by O. anthropi.","Heavy metal biosorption by biomass of Ochrobactrum anthropi producing exopolysaccharide in activated sludge Abs: The removal of chromium, cadmium and copper, toxic metals of high environmental priority due to their toxicity, from dilute aqueous solutions has been studied in the present work, applying a dead exopolysaccharide producing bacterium, Ochrobactrum anthropi, isolated from activated sludge. Particularly, the effect of pH, metal concentration and the effects of contact time were considered. Optimum adsorption pH values of chromium(VI), cadmium(II) and copper(II) were 2.0, 8.0 and 3.0 respectively. Experimental results also showed the influence of initial metal concentration on the metal uptake for dried biomass. Both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were suitable for describing the short-term biosorption of chromium(VI), cadmium(II) and copper(II) by O. anthropi.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577995,Rosales et al. 2012,Application of zeolite-Arthrobacter viscosus system for the removal of heavy metal and dye: Chromium and Azure B,,Application of zeolite-Arthrobacter viscosus system for the removal of heavy metal and dye: Chromium and Azure B Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786380,Oliveira et al. 2013,Proposition of a simple method for chromium (VI) determination in soils from remote places applying digital images: A case study from Brazilian Antarctic Station,,Proposition of a simple method for chromium (VI) determination in soils from remote places applying digital images: A case study from Brazilian Antarctic Station Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231593,Decorosi et al. 2009,Characterization of two genes involved in chromate resistance in a Cr(VI)-hyper-resistant bacterium,"Mechanisms underlying chromate resistance in Cr(VI)-hyper-resistant Pseudomonas corrugata strain 28, isolated from a highly Cr(VI) polluted soil, were studied by analyzing its two Cr(VI)-sensitive mutants obtained by insertion mutagenesis. The mutants, namely Crg3 and Crg96, were characterized by the identification of disrupted genes, and by the high-throughput approach called Phenotype MicroArray (PM), which permitted the assay of 1,536 phenotypes simultaneously. Crg3 and Crg96 mutants were affected in a malic enzyme family gene and in a gene encoding for a RecG helicase, respectively. The application of PM provided a wealth of new information relating to the disrupted genes and permitted to establish that chromate resistance in P. corrugata strain 28 also depends on supply on NADPH required in repairing damage induced by chromate and on DNA integrity maintenance.","Characterization of two genes involved in chromate resistance in a Cr(VI)-hyper-resistant bacterium Abs: Mechanisms underlying chromate resistance in Cr(VI)-hyper-resistant Pseudomonas corrugata strain 28, isolated from a highly Cr(VI) polluted soil, were studied by analyzing its two Cr(VI)-sensitive mutants obtained by insertion mutagenesis. The mutants, namely Crg3 and Crg96, were characterized by the identification of disrupted genes, and by the high-throughput approach called Phenotype MicroArray (PM), which permitted the assay of 1,536 phenotypes simultaneously. Crg3 and Crg96 mutants were affected in a malic enzyme family gene and in a gene encoding for a RecG helicase, respectively. The application of PM provided a wealth of new information relating to the disrupted genes and permitted to establish that chromate resistance in P. corrugata strain 28 also depends on supply on NADPH required in repairing damage induced by chromate and on DNA integrity maintenance.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510194,Blowes and  Ulrichmayer 1999,In-situ Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium and Trichloroethylene in Ground Water: Volume 3. Multicomponent Reactive Transport Modeling,"Available in paper copy and CD-ROM only. See also PB2000-105970, Volume 1, and PB2000-106693, Volume 2. Sponsored by National Risk Management Research Lab., Ada, OK. Subsurface Protection and Remediation Div. ve transport modeling has been conducted to describe the performance of the permeable reactive barrier at the Coast Guard Support Center near Elizabeth City, N.C. The reactive barrier was installed to treat groundwater contamination by hexavalent chromium and chlorinated organic solvents. The conceptual model of the Elizabeth City site described in previous reports provides the basis for the modelling study. The multicomponent reactive transport model MIN3P was used for the simulations. The essential reactions contained in the conceptual model are aqueous complexation reactions, combined reduction-corrosion reaction between the treatment material zero-valent iron and the contaminants or other electron acceptors dissolved in the ambient groundwater and the precipitation of secondary minerals within the reactive barrier. The simulations have been carried out along a cross-section through the barrier that corresponds to a transect of the monitoring network. One- and two-dimensional simulations were conducted. The one-dimensional simulations are carried out along a zone of preferential flow, which conveys the most pronounced Cr(VI)-contamination. The model has been calibrated using field data, laboratory data and reaction rates reported in the literature. The two-dimensional simulations were conducted based on hydraulic conductivities determined from slug-tests. These simulations allow an evaluation of the impact of preferential flow on the treatment of the contaminants and secondary reactions. The model results provide estimates of the potential effects of the consumption of zero-valent iron and the precipitation of secondary minerals on the long-term efficiency of the treatment system.","In-situ Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium and Trichloroethylene in Ground Water: Volume 3. Multicomponent Reactive Transport Modeling Abs: Available in paper copy and CD-ROM only. See also PB2000-105970, Volume 1, and PB2000-106693, Volume 2. Sponsored by National Risk Management Research Lab., Ada, OK. Subsurface Protection and Remediation Div. ve transport modeling has been conducted to describe the performance of the permeable reactive barrier at the Coast Guard Support Center near Elizabeth City, N.C. The reactive barrier was installed to treat groundwater contamination by hexavalent chromium and chlorinated organic solvents. The conceptual model of the Elizabeth City site described in previous reports provides the basis for the modelling study. The multicomponent reactive transport model MIN3P was used for the simulations. The essential reactions contained in the conceptual model are aqueous complexation reactions, combined reduction-corrosion reaction between the treatment material zero-valent iron and the contaminants or other electron acceptors dissolved in the ambient groundwater and the precipitation of secondary minerals within the reactive barrier. The simulations have been carried out along a cross-section through the barrier that corresponds to a transect of the monitoring network. One- and two-dimensional simulations were conducted. The one-dimensional simulations are carried out along a zone of preferential flow, which conveys the most pronounced Cr(VI)-contamination. The model has been calibrated using field data, laboratory data and reaction rates reported in the literature. The two-dimensional simulations were conducted based on hydraulic conductivities determined from slug-tests. These simulations allow an evaluation of the impact of preferential flow on the treatment of the contaminants and secondary reactions. The model results provide estimates of the potential effects of the consumption of zero-valent iron and the precipitation of secondary minerals on the long-term efficiency of the treatment system.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509818,Lindström et al. 2010,Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) surface treated galvanized steel for outdoor constructions: environmental aspects,"The long-term degradation of chromium(III) (Zn-Cr(III)) and chromium(VI)-based (Zn-Cr(VI)) surface treatments on galvanized steel and their capacities to hinder the release of zinc induced by atmospheric corrosion at nonsheltered urban and marine exposure conditions for 2 years are investigated. Compared to bare zinc sheet, both surface treatments revealed high corrosion protection abilities and capacities to hinder the release of zinc, still evident after 2 years of exposure. The zinc barrier properties of the thinner Zn-Cr(VI) (10 nm) treatment were during the first 100 days of urban exposure slightly improved compared with Zn-Cr(III) (35 nm). However, their long-term protection capacities were inverse. Released concentrations of total chromium correspond to annual release rates less than 0.000032 (Zn-Cr(III)) and 0.00014 g Cr m(-2) yr(-1) (Zn-Cr(VI)) after 1 year of urban exposure. Aging by indoor storage of the surface treatments prior to outdoor exposure reduced the released Cr concentrations from the surface treatments. No Cr(VI) was released from the aged surfaces but from the freshly exposed Zn-Cr(VI). Marine exposure conditions resulted in a faster reduction of chromate to chromium(III)oxide compared with urban conditions, and a significantly lower amount of both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) released from Zn-Cr(VI) at the marine site compared with the urban site.","Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) surface treated galvanized steel for outdoor constructions: environmental aspects Abs: The long-term degradation of chromium(III) (Zn-Cr(III)) and chromium(VI)-based (Zn-Cr(VI)) surface treatments on galvanized steel and their capacities to hinder the release of zinc induced by atmospheric corrosion at nonsheltered urban and marine exposure conditions for 2 years are investigated. Compared to bare zinc sheet, both surface treatments revealed high corrosion protection abilities and capacities to hinder the release of zinc, still evident after 2 years of exposure. The zinc barrier properties of the thinner Zn-Cr(VI) (10 nm) treatment were during the first 100 days of urban exposure slightly improved compared with Zn-Cr(III) (35 nm). However, their long-term protection capacities were inverse. Released concentrations of total chromium correspond to annual release rates less than 0.000032 (Zn-Cr(III)) and 0.00014 g Cr m(-2) yr(-1) (Zn-Cr(VI)) after 1 year of urban exposure. Aging by indoor storage of the surface treatments prior to outdoor exposure reduced the released Cr concentrations from the surface treatments. No Cr(VI) was released from the aged surfaces but from the freshly exposed Zn-Cr(VI). Marine exposure conditions resulted in a faster reduction of chromate to chromium(III)oxide compared with urban conditions, and a significantly lower amount of both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) released from Zn-Cr(VI) at the marine site compared with the urban site.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237884,Schoenert et al. 1983,THE SENSITIVITY OF 6 STRAINS OF UNI CELLULAR ALGAE SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM TO 6 REFERENCE TOXICANTS,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BIO MONITORING WATER POLLUTION,THE SENSITIVITY OF 6 STRAINS OF UNI CELLULAR ALGAE SELENASTRUM-CAPRICORNUTUM TO 6 REFERENCE TOXICANTS Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BIO MONITORING WATER POLLUTION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577868,Meeravali et al. 2010,A sensitive sequential non-chromatographic speciation analysis of chromium in natural/wastewaters by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,,A sensitive sequential non-chromatographic speciation analysis of chromium in natural/wastewaters by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236985,Hofnung and  Quillardet 1986,RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BACTERIAL SHORT-TERM TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF GENOTOXIC AGENTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW SALMONELLA ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNA MUTAGENESIS,RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BACTERIAL SHORT-TERM TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF GENOTOXIC AGENTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW SALMONELLA ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNA MUTAGENESIS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231228,Henning 1972,Chromium plating,Chrome liquors in contact with the skin can cause dermatitis or ulceration. Personal hygiene and the use of suitable protective clothing can prevent this. Chromic acid mist given off during processing can attack the nose leading to ulceration and eventually perforation of the nasal septum. Personal hygiene has a part to play in the prevention of nasal ulceration but the effective solution is to prevent the chromic acid mist from entering the air of the workroom. This can be achieved by the installation and use of correctly designed lip exhaust ventilation. Alternatively the emission of the spray can be prevented by the use of chemical suppressants which act either by reducing the surface tension of the liquid or by building up a layer of foam to act as a physical barrier.,Chromium plating Abs: Chrome liquors in contact with the skin can cause dermatitis or ulceration. Personal hygiene and the use of suitable protective clothing can prevent this. Chromic acid mist given off during processing can attack the nose leading to ulceration and eventually perforation of the nasal septum. Personal hygiene has a part to play in the prevention of nasal ulceration but the effective solution is to prevent the chromic acid mist from entering the air of the workroom. This can be achieved by the installation and use of correctly designed lip exhaust ventilation. Alternatively the emission of the spray can be prevented by the use of chemical suppressants which act either by reducing the surface tension of the liquid or by building up a layer of foam to act as a physical barrier.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
626915,Maier et al. 2000,"Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase I and phase II gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic","Recent work suggesting that cellular oxidative stress exerts an inhibitory effect on aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent gene expression led us to test the hypothesis that pro-oxidant environmental pollutants might alter the induction of detoxification genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AHR ligand. We found that, in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cells, TCDD-inducible cytochrome P450, Cyp1a1, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA accumulation were differentially affected by cadmium (Cd2+), chromium (Cr6+), and arsenic (As3+). Cadmium or arsenic did not change Cyp1a1 mRNA levels but did enhance TCDD-inducible levels of Nqo1 mRNA, an effect that paralleled the ability of these metals to activate a -galactosidase gene reporter system regulated by an electrophile response promoter element. Chromium inhibited mRNA accumulation for both Cyp1a1 and Nqo1. Manipulation of cellular thiol status did not modify the response to combined chromium-TCDD exposure, suggesting that the response was not caused by oxidative stress. Chromium did not block DNA-binding competence of the AHR and did not have an effect on mRNA stability, but it inhibited Cyp1a1 gene transcription and the expression of an AHR-dependent luciferase reporter. These data indicate that coexposure to pro-oxidant metals and AHR ligands, which is common in the environment, can disrupt the regulation of phase I and phase II detoxification genes, leading to imbalances in gene expression that may have important consequences for the toxicity of complex mixtures. Mol. Carcinog. 28:225-235, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase I and phase II gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic Abs: Recent work suggesting that cellular oxidative stress exerts an inhibitory effect on aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent gene expression led us to test the hypothesis that pro-oxidant environmental pollutants might alter the induction of detoxification genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AHR ligand. We found that, in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cells, TCDD-inducible cytochrome P450, Cyp1a1, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA accumulation were differentially affected by cadmium (Cd2+), chromium (Cr6+), and arsenic (As3+). Cadmium or arsenic did not change Cyp1a1 mRNA levels but did enhance TCDD-inducible levels of Nqo1 mRNA, an effect that paralleled the ability of these metals to activate a -galactosidase gene reporter system regulated by an electrophile response promoter element. Chromium inhibited mRNA accumulation for both Cyp1a1 and Nqo1. Manipulation of cellular thiol status did not modify the response to combined chromium-TCDD exposure, suggesting that the response was not caused by oxidative stress. Chromium did not block DNA-binding competence of the AHR and did not have an effect on mRNA stability, but it inhibited Cyp1a1 gene transcription and the expression of an AHR-dependent luciferase reporter. These data indicate that coexposure to pro-oxidant metals and AHR ligands, which is common in the environment, can disrupt the regulation of phase I and phase II detoxification genes, leading to imbalances in gene expression that may have important consequences for the toxicity of complex mixtures. Mol. Carcinog. 28:225-235, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234273,Cemeli et al. 2006,Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds in the in vitro micronucleus assay with human whole blood lymphocytes and TK6 lymphoblastoid cells,"Selenium is known to possess both genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties. In the present study, we have evaluated the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of three selenium compounds (sodium selenate, sodium selenite and selenous acid) by measuring in vitro micronucleus induction. Assays were conducted in whole blood lymphocytes and in the TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line, with and without co-treatment with potassium dichromate, a known genotoxic compound. In general, the compounds were more active in TK6 cells than they were in blood lymphocytes. Only 1 microM selenous acid increased the frequency of binucleated cells containing micronuclei (BNMN) in blood lymphocytes, while all three selenium compounds increased BNMN in TK6 cells. In addition, combinations of selenous acid and potassium dichromate resulted in lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in blood lymphocytes, while combinations of sodium selenate and potassium dichromate produced lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in TK6 cells. The concentrations of selenium compounds that were used, in combination with the medium components and the biological physiology of the whole blood lymphocytes and TK6 cells, could have affected the redox potential of the compounds, switching the chemicals from a pro-oxidant to antioxidant status and vice-versa. The lower activities of the compounds in blood lymphocytes may be due to the protective effects of blood components. The results indicate that the genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds are highly dependent upon the conditions under which they are evaluated.","Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds in the in vitro micronucleus assay with human whole blood lymphocytes and TK6 lymphoblastoid cells Abs: Selenium is known to possess both genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties. In the present study, we have evaluated the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of three selenium compounds (sodium selenate, sodium selenite and selenous acid) by measuring in vitro micronucleus induction. Assays were conducted in whole blood lymphocytes and in the TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line, with and without co-treatment with potassium dichromate, a known genotoxic compound. In general, the compounds were more active in TK6 cells than they were in blood lymphocytes. Only 1 microM selenous acid increased the frequency of binucleated cells containing micronuclei (BNMN) in blood lymphocytes, while all three selenium compounds increased BNMN in TK6 cells. In addition, combinations of selenous acid and potassium dichromate resulted in lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in blood lymphocytes, while combinations of sodium selenate and potassium dichromate produced lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in TK6 cells. The concentrations of selenium compounds that were used, in combination with the medium components and the biological physiology of the whole blood lymphocytes and TK6 cells, could have affected the redox potential of the compounds, switching the chemicals from a pro-oxidant to antioxidant status and vice-versa. The lower activities of the compounds in blood lymphocytes may be due to the protective effects of blood components. The results indicate that the genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds are highly dependent upon the conditions under which they are evaluated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238095,Minni et al. 1984,A Study of the Chemical Structure of Particles in the Welding Fumes of Mild and Stainless Steel,"A study of the chemical surface structure of three types of welding fumes, manual metal arc welding of stainless steel (MMA), metal inert gas welding of stainless steel (MIG/SS), and manual metal arc welding of mild steel (MMA/MS), was conducted. Samples of airborne fumes from MMA/SS, MIG/SS, and MMA/MS welding were collected on membrane fibers. Analytical electron microscopy was used for bulk analysis of the fumes and for particle morphology studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for semiquantitative surface analysis of the fumes and for detecting the oxidation states of the major metals. In addition, surface layers were removed from the particles by ion sputtering and changes in the oxidation states beneath the outermost surface layer were studied. MMA/SS welding fume iron (7439896) consisted mostly of trivalent iron as potassium-fluoroferrate (13815300). Chromium (7440473) existed as potassium-chromate (7789006). Manganese (7439965) occurred in the divalent and trivalent oxidation states, possibly as manganese-oxide (1317357). No major changes in the particles occurred during sputtering. MIG/SS welding fume contained mostly trivalent iron and chromium in iron and nickel (7440020) containing spinels. Manganese was found in the same form as in MMA/SS fume. Nickel was present in divalent and trivalent forms. Some of the particles contained a thin layer of silicon (7440213) containing material. MMA/MS fume particles contained iron as potassium-fluoroferrate on their surfaces and combined with manganese and oxygen deeper inside. The authors conclude that XPS combined with ion sputtering is a valuable tool for characterizing aerosols./BLOOD","A Study of the Chemical Structure of Particles in the Welding Fumes of Mild and Stainless Steel Abs: A study of the chemical surface structure of three types of welding fumes, manual metal arc welding of stainless steel (MMA), metal inert gas welding of stainless steel (MIG/SS), and manual metal arc welding of mild steel (MMA/MS), was conducted. Samples of airborne fumes from MMA/SS, MIG/SS, and MMA/MS welding were collected on membrane fibers. Analytical electron microscopy was used for bulk analysis of the fumes and for particle morphology studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for semiquantitative surface analysis of the fumes and for detecting the oxidation states of the major metals. In addition, surface layers were removed from the particles by ion sputtering and changes in the oxidation states beneath the outermost surface layer were studied. MMA/SS welding fume iron (7439896) consisted mostly of trivalent iron as potassium-fluoroferrate (13815300). Chromium (7440473) existed as potassium-chromate (7789006). Manganese (7439965) occurred in the divalent and trivalent oxidation states, possibly as manganese-oxide (1317357). No major changes in the particles occurred during sputtering. MIG/SS welding fume contained mostly trivalent iron and chromium in iron and nickel (7440020) containing spinels. Manganese was found in the same form as in MMA/SS fume. Nickel was present in divalent and trivalent forms. Some of the particles contained a thin layer of silicon (7440213) containing material. MMA/MS fume particles contained iron as potassium-fluoroferrate on their surfaces and combined with manganese and oxygen deeper inside. The authors conclude that XPS combined with ion sputtering is a valuable tool for characterizing aerosols./BLOOD",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236098,Koslo et al. 1986,Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit: requirement for an intact pituitary-adrenal axis,"The role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit caused by intrathecal administration of bombesin was examined. Bombesin (0.3-10 micrograms) slowed transit by this route in a dose-related manner. Either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy prevented the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit associated with bombesin (10 micrograms, i.th.). The inhibitory gut effects of this peptide were not prevented in sham-operated rats. Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit is thus dependent upon an intact pituitary-adrenal axis.","Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit: requirement for an intact pituitary-adrenal axis Abs: The role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit caused by intrathecal administration of bombesin was examined. Bombesin (0.3-10 micrograms) slowed transit by this route in a dose-related manner. Either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy prevented the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit associated with bombesin (10 micrograms, i.th.). The inhibitory gut effects of this peptide were not prevented in sham-operated rats. Intrathecal bombesin-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit is thus dependent upon an intact pituitary-adrenal axis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516263,Parlak et al. 1999,Accumulation and loss of chromium by mussels (M. galloprovincialis),Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article mytilus galloprovincialis bioindicator pollution toxicology environmental contamination marine ecology chromiumiii loss pollutant heavy metal bioaccumulation chromiumvi,Accumulation and loss of chromium by mussels (M. galloprovincialis) Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article mytilus galloprovincialis bioindicator pollution toxicology environmental contamination marine ecology chromiumiii loss pollutant heavy metal bioaccumulation chromiumvi,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231468,Ravindranath et al. 2011,Raman chemical imaging of chromate reduction sites in a single bacterium using intracellularly grown gold nanoislands,"Imaging live molecular events within micro-organisms at single-cell resolution would deliver valuable mechanistic information much needed in understanding key biological processes. We present a surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) chemical imaging strategy as a first step toward exploring the intracellular bioreduction pockets of toxic chromate in Shewanella. In order to achieve this, we take advantage of an innate reductive mechanism in bacteria of reducing gold ions into intracellular gold nanoislands, which provide the necessary enhancement for SERS imaging. We show that SERS has the sensitivity and selectivity not only to identify but also to differentiate between the two stable valence forms of chromate in cells. The imaging platform was used to understand intracellular metal reduction activities in a ubiquitous metal-reducing organism, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, by mapping chromate reduction.","Raman chemical imaging of chromate reduction sites in a single bacterium using intracellularly grown gold nanoislands Abs: Imaging live molecular events within micro-organisms at single-cell resolution would deliver valuable mechanistic information much needed in understanding key biological processes. We present a surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) chemical imaging strategy as a first step toward exploring the intracellular bioreduction pockets of toxic chromate in Shewanella. In order to achieve this, we take advantage of an innate reductive mechanism in bacteria of reducing gold ions into intracellular gold nanoislands, which provide the necessary enhancement for SERS imaging. We show that SERS has the sensitivity and selectivity not only to identify but also to differentiate between the two stable valence forms of chromate in cells. The imaging platform was used to understand intracellular metal reduction activities in a ubiquitous metal-reducing organism, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, by mapping chromate reduction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578045,Saha et al. 2008,Micellar Catalysis on Pentavalent Vanadium Ion Oxidation of D-Sorbitol in Aqueous Acid Media: A Kinetic Study,,Micellar Catalysis on Pentavalent Vanadium Ion Oxidation of D-Sorbitol in Aqueous Acid Media: A Kinetic Study Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237612,Branch and  Cummings 1978,Comparison of radiopaque pellets and chromium sesquioxide as inert markers in studies requiring accurate fecal collections,"IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP Radiopaque pellets (I) similar to those currently used to measure GI transit time were compared with chromium sesquioxide (II; dichromium trioxide) in 5 healthy subjects, aged 22-24, to assess their suitability for use as inert markers in the gut. Gelatin capsules were filled each with 10 pellets of I, while II was in 250 mg capsules. The subjects were fed one capsule of each marker with each meal (3/day), a total daily dose of 30 pellets of I and 750 mg of II, for 2 separate 3 week periods, while taking metabolically controlled diets. The radiopaque markers were analyzed by radiographing each individual stool. Overall recovery of both markers was satisfactory (99.7% for I and 97.8% for II). A comparison of the amount of each marker recovered in 69 separate fecal collection periods of various lengths showed close agreement. The amount of marker retained in the gut was 13.5% greater for II at the end of the 3 week study periods. I offers clear advantages over II, being considerably easier and quicker to measure, the method of measurement using x-rays does not alter the stools and fecal handling is minimized. The precision of I measurement is greater and, because of the variety available, more flexibility for metabolic studies is offered.","Comparison of radiopaque pellets and chromium sesquioxide as inert markers in studies requiring accurate fecal collections Abs: IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP Radiopaque pellets (I) similar to those currently used to measure GI transit time were compared with chromium sesquioxide (II; dichromium trioxide) in 5 healthy subjects, aged 22-24, to assess their suitability for use as inert markers in the gut. Gelatin capsules were filled each with 10 pellets of I, while II was in 250 mg capsules. The subjects were fed one capsule of each marker with each meal (3/day), a total daily dose of 30 pellets of I and 750 mg of II, for 2 separate 3 week periods, while taking metabolically controlled diets. The radiopaque markers were analyzed by radiographing each individual stool. Overall recovery of both markers was satisfactory (99.7% for I and 97.8% for II). A comparison of the amount of each marker recovered in 69 separate fecal collection periods of various lengths showed close agreement. The amount of marker retained in the gut was 13.5% greater for II at the end of the 3 week study periods. I offers clear advantages over II, being considerably easier and quicker to measure, the method of measurement using x-rays does not alter the stools and fecal handling is minimized. The precision of I measurement is greater and, because of the variety available, more flexibility for metabolic studies is offered.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515677,Hara and  Sonoda 1979,Comparison of the toxicity of heavy metals to cabbage growth,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) were grown for 55 days with a nutrient solution containing 1 and 10 ppm of V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg(I) or Hg(II). A comparison of the plant growth and chemical analysis revealed that Cr(VI), Cu, Cd, and Hg(II) in the solution are most toxic to the plant growth (hence detrimental to the cabbage-head formation) and Mn, Fe and Zn are less toxic than other heavy metals, and that Mn, Zn, Co, Ni and Cd are translocated into all the plant organs while V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Fe, Cu, Hg(I) and Hg(II) are accumulated in the roots.","Comparison of the toxicity of heavy metals to cabbage growth Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) were grown for 55 days with a nutrient solution containing 1 and 10 ppm of V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg(I) or Hg(II). A comparison of the plant growth and chemical analysis revealed that Cr(VI), Cu, Cd, and Hg(II) in the solution are most toxic to the plant growth (hence detrimental to the cabbage-head formation) and Mn, Fe and Zn are less toxic than other heavy metals, and that Mn, Zn, Co, Ni and Cd are translocated into all the plant organs while V, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Fe, Cu, Hg(I) and Hg(II) are accumulated in the roots.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233832,Snyder et al. 1997,An assessment of the tumorigenic properties of a Hudson County soil sample heavily contaminated with hexavalent chromium,"During much of this century, Hudson County, New Jersey, was a major center for the processing of chromium ore. Some of the residue from this processing was used in landfills and in construction materials throughout the county and, in some cases, in highly populated areas. Given that it is widely accepted that exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds poses a risk for the development of respiratory-tract cancer, concerns were raised that individuals who worked or resided in chromium-contaminated areas might be at increased risk for the development of respiratory cancer. To address these concerns, we evaluated a Hudson County soil sample-heavily contaminated with chromium ore residue (Cr(+6) concentration at 5 895 mg/kg)-with respect to its carcinogenic potential to the respiratory tract of Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of animals were given repeated intratracheal exposures to one of four materials: (1) Hudson County chromium-contaminated soil (CCS), (2) CCS augmented with calcium chromate (CaCrO4), (3) CaCrO4 alone, or (4) control soil. Nominal total doses of Cr(+6) for each respective group were 324 microg/kg, 7,975 microg/kg, 8,700 microg/kg, and 0.02 microg/kg. Incidences of malignant tumors and nephritis were not elevated in any group. Four primary lung tumors appeared in animals that received CCS + CaCrO4, and one primary lung tumor appeared in the group treated with CaCrO4 alone. These incidences were not significant statistically, but the rare spontaneous occurrence of these tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats suggested that they were treatment related. No primary lung tumors appeared in the control or CCS-treated groups.","An assessment of the tumorigenic properties of a Hudson County soil sample heavily contaminated with hexavalent chromium Abs: During much of this century, Hudson County, New Jersey, was a major center for the processing of chromium ore. Some of the residue from this processing was used in landfills and in construction materials throughout the county and, in some cases, in highly populated areas. Given that it is widely accepted that exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds poses a risk for the development of respiratory-tract cancer, concerns were raised that individuals who worked or resided in chromium-contaminated areas might be at increased risk for the development of respiratory cancer. To address these concerns, we evaluated a Hudson County soil sample-heavily contaminated with chromium ore residue (Cr(+6) concentration at 5 895 mg/kg)-with respect to its carcinogenic potential to the respiratory tract of Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of animals were given repeated intratracheal exposures to one of four materials: (1) Hudson County chromium-contaminated soil (CCS), (2) CCS augmented with calcium chromate (CaCrO4), (3) CaCrO4 alone, or (4) control soil. Nominal total doses of Cr(+6) for each respective group were 324 microg/kg, 7,975 microg/kg, 8,700 microg/kg, and 0.02 microg/kg. Incidences of malignant tumors and nephritis were not elevated in any group. Four primary lung tumors appeared in animals that received CCS + CaCrO4, and one primary lung tumor appeared in the group treated with CaCrO4 alone. These incidences were not significant statistically, but the rare spontaneous occurrence of these tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats suggested that they were treatment related. No primary lung tumors appeared in the control or CCS-treated groups.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236293,Buchanan et al. 1977,Use of homologous platelet survival in differential diagnoses of chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood,"Twenty-one children with chronic thrombocytopenia of obscure etiology, 19 of whom had normal numbers of bone marrow megakaryocytes, were evaluated in order to determine if factors extrinsic to the platelets themselves (presumably antibodies) caused the thrombocytopenia. The rapid destruction of platelets by such antibodies has been demonstrated to cause idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). History, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies were unable to provide an exact diagnosis in these patients. Measurement of platelet survival, using sodium chromate Cr 51 labeled homologous platelets obtained from unrelated donors, permitted a clear separation of these children into two groups. One group (11 patients) had a markedly shortened platelet life span, and was considered to have chronic ITP. The other group (10 patients) had a normal or only slightly reduced platelet life span. Thus, the destruction of platelets by extrinsic factors could be ruled out. Since the diagnosis of chronic ITP was excluded, splenectomy could be avoided in these patients since it is rarely useful in children with nonimmune forms of chronic thrombocytopenia. Homologous platelet survival measurement is a useful diagnostic tool in certain children with chronic thrombocytopenia.","Use of homologous platelet survival in differential diagnoses of chronic thrombocytopenia in childhood Abs: Twenty-one children with chronic thrombocytopenia of obscure etiology, 19 of whom had normal numbers of bone marrow megakaryocytes, were evaluated in order to determine if factors extrinsic to the platelets themselves (presumably antibodies) caused the thrombocytopenia. The rapid destruction of platelets by such antibodies has been demonstrated to cause idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). History, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies were unable to provide an exact diagnosis in these patients. Measurement of platelet survival, using sodium chromate Cr 51 labeled homologous platelets obtained from unrelated donors, permitted a clear separation of these children into two groups. One group (11 patients) had a markedly shortened platelet life span, and was considered to have chronic ITP. The other group (10 patients) had a normal or only slightly reduced platelet life span. Thus, the destruction of platelets by extrinsic factors could be ruled out. Since the diagnosis of chronic ITP was excluded, splenectomy could be avoided in these patients since it is rarely useful in children with nonimmune forms of chronic thrombocytopenia. Homologous platelet survival measurement is a useful diagnostic tool in certain children with chronic thrombocytopenia.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1385990,Liu et al. 1992,Study of prediction for groundwater contamination in wastewater land treatment system,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper uses a prediction model of groundwater pollution based on the experiments in the laboratory and in field. The model, which was tested and calibrated by the field observated data, satisfactorily simulated the field conditions in land treatment system of wastewater. Particularly, the model can provide the reliable pollution prediction of heavy metals, organisms and nitrogen. The model was used to predict the groundwater pollution caused by the land treatment system in the region of North China. The calibration of the model showed that correlation coefficients between the tested and predictive data of Cr6+. As 3+, organisms and NH+, could reach 0.990, which proved that the model possessed the realistic instructive significance for design and use of wastewater land treatment systems.","Study of prediction for groundwater contamination in wastewater land treatment system Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper uses a prediction model of groundwater pollution based on the experiments in the laboratory and in field. The model, which was tested and calibrated by the field observated data, satisfactorily simulated the field conditions in land treatment system of wastewater. Particularly, the model can provide the reliable pollution prediction of heavy metals, organisms and nitrogen. The model was used to predict the groundwater pollution caused by the land treatment system in the region of North China. The calibration of the model showed that correlation coefficients between the tested and predictive data of Cr6+. As 3+, organisms and NH+, could reach 0.990, which proved that the model possessed the realistic instructive significance for design and use of wastewater land treatment systems.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235478,Sullivan and  Douek 2004,"Analysis of hydroxide, inorganic sulphur species and organic anions in kraft pulping liquors by capillary electrophoresis","A new method has been developed for the determination of hydroxide, sulphide, thiosulphate, sulphate, sulphite, chloride, oxalate and formate in kraft green, white and black liquors by capillary electrophoresis. The method provides baseline resolution of all analytes of interest using an electrolyte composed of 10 mM sodium chromate and 2 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. Separations are conducted under constant current conditions at 25 degrees C and analytes are quantified by indirect UV-detection at 275 nm. A brief, post run wash of the capillary with 0.5 M NaOH and water gave improved inter- and intra-run repeatability of both migration times and peak areas. Sulphide and other oxysulphur species were relatively stable in white and green liquors diluted in helium-sparged water. However, sulphide present in black liquor samples diluted in the same solvent underwent rapid oxidation to form sulphite and thiosulphate. thereby precluding the measurement of all three anions. We discovered that quinone-type compounds present in black liquor catalyze the oxidation of sulphide and that the addition of reduced glutathione at a concentration of I mg/mL during black liquor dilution completely stabilized sulphide, sulphite and thiosulphate for at least one hour, thus allowing for quantitative analysis of the analytes. A mechanism is proposed to explain the action of both quinones and that of glutathione. Results obtained by the new method compared well with those obtained by ion chromatography, titrimetry, and from spike-recovery experiments.","Analysis of hydroxide, inorganic sulphur species and organic anions in kraft pulping liquors by capillary electrophoresis Abs: A new method has been developed for the determination of hydroxide, sulphide, thiosulphate, sulphate, sulphite, chloride, oxalate and formate in kraft green, white and black liquors by capillary electrophoresis. The method provides baseline resolution of all analytes of interest using an electrolyte composed of 10 mM sodium chromate and 2 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. Separations are conducted under constant current conditions at 25 degrees C and analytes are quantified by indirect UV-detection at 275 nm. A brief, post run wash of the capillary with 0.5 M NaOH and water gave improved inter- and intra-run repeatability of both migration times and peak areas. Sulphide and other oxysulphur species were relatively stable in white and green liquors diluted in helium-sparged water. However, sulphide present in black liquor samples diluted in the same solvent underwent rapid oxidation to form sulphite and thiosulphate. thereby precluding the measurement of all three anions. We discovered that quinone-type compounds present in black liquor catalyze the oxidation of sulphide and that the addition of reduced glutathione at a concentration of I mg/mL during black liquor dilution completely stabilized sulphide, sulphite and thiosulphate for at least one hour, thus allowing for quantitative analysis of the analytes. A mechanism is proposed to explain the action of both quinones and that of glutathione. Results obtained by the new method compared well with those obtained by ion chromatography, titrimetry, and from spike-recovery experiments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577518,Buerge and  Hug 1997,Kinetics and pH dependence of chromium(VI) reduction by iron(II),,Kinetics and pH dependence of chromium(VI) reduction by iron(II) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225433,Singh et al. 2013,Assay of Some Antimalarial Drugs in Pure Form and in Their Pharmaceutical Preparations with Pyridinium Fluorochromate Reagent,,Assay of Some Antimalarial Drugs in Pure Form and in Their Pharmaceutical Preparations with Pyridinium Fluorochromate Reagent Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234586,Escolar et al. 1995,Measurement of the concentrations of solutions through chromatic systems,"After a careful check of the response linearity of the spectrophotometer in absorbances and transmittances at wavelengths between 250 and 550 nm with potassium dichromate, the influence of the concentration of solutions on the tristimulus coordinates and the coordinates of the CIE 1931 (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) and CIELAB colorimetric systems was analyzed. How to use the value of only some chromatic coordinates to obtain a sample's concentration simultaneously is also shown.","Measurement of the concentrations of solutions through chromatic systems Abs: After a careful check of the response linearity of the spectrophotometer in absorbances and transmittances at wavelengths between 250 and 550 nm with potassium dichromate, the influence of the concentration of solutions on the tristimulus coordinates and the coordinates of the CIE 1931 (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage) and CIELAB colorimetric systems was analyzed. How to use the value of only some chromatic coordinates to obtain a sample's concentration simultaneously is also shown.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516553,Tucker and  Carson 1985,Deactivation Of Hazardous Chemical Wastes,"Methods to deactivate hazardous chemical wastes are reviewed. Hazardous chemical wastes may be toxic, reactive, corrosive, radioactive, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic. Deactivation by chemical conversion, removal of hazardous constituents, and stabilization are examined. Deactivation by chemical conversion is a process by which a waste or constituent of the waste is transformed to at least one substance that is less hazardous than and chemically different from the original material. Chemical conversion processes and the types of waste to which they are applicable include: wet oxidation for a variety of organic compounds; ozonation used for phenols, cyanides, and organic lead (7439921) compounds in wastewaters; molten salt combustion applicable to a variety of organic compounds; electrochemical oxidation for cyanate (661201), thiocyanate (302045), acetate (71501), phenols, and cresols; treatment with formaldehyde (50000) for chromium(VI) (18540299), cyanide ion (57125), and metal/cyanide complexes; catalytic reduction with metal powder employed with chlorinated organic compounds in wastewaters; catalytic hydrogenation for polychlorinated hydrocarbons; dechlorination for polychlorinated organic compounds; destruction by microwave plasma for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls; hydrolysis for organophosphorus and carbamate (302114) pesticides; and neutralization for strong acids and alkalis. Each process is described and discussed. Processes for the removal of hazardous constituents which are examined include: adsorption on carbon, ion exchange, cementation, precipitation, liquid/liquid extraction, ultrafiltration; reverse osmosis; and electrolytic reduction. Stabilization is also discussed. This is a process by which the waste is fixed in cement or other material, is treated to form a hardened material, or is encapsulated in an inert substance. Solidification with cement, thermoplastic materials, or organic polymers is described. Encapsulation, solidification by self cementation or lime based processes, and vitrification are also examined. The authors conclude that deactivation lowers worker exposure, decreases storage needs, lowers handling and transportation costs, and has a smaller impact on the environment.","Deactivation Of Hazardous Chemical Wastes Abs: Methods to deactivate hazardous chemical wastes are reviewed. Hazardous chemical wastes may be toxic, reactive, corrosive, radioactive, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic. Deactivation by chemical conversion, removal of hazardous constituents, and stabilization are examined. Deactivation by chemical conversion is a process by which a waste or constituent of the waste is transformed to at least one substance that is less hazardous than and chemically different from the original material. Chemical conversion processes and the types of waste to which they are applicable include: wet oxidation for a variety of organic compounds; ozonation used for phenols, cyanides, and organic lead (7439921) compounds in wastewaters; molten salt combustion applicable to a variety of organic compounds; electrochemical oxidation for cyanate (661201), thiocyanate (302045), acetate (71501), phenols, and cresols; treatment with formaldehyde (50000) for chromium(VI) (18540299), cyanide ion (57125), and metal/cyanide complexes; catalytic reduction with metal powder employed with chlorinated organic compounds in wastewaters; catalytic hydrogenation for polychlorinated hydrocarbons; dechlorination for polychlorinated organic compounds; destruction by microwave plasma for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls; hydrolysis for organophosphorus and carbamate (302114) pesticides; and neutralization for strong acids and alkalis. Each process is described and discussed. Processes for the removal of hazardous constituents which are examined include: adsorption on carbon, ion exchange, cementation, precipitation, liquid/liquid extraction, ultrafiltration; reverse osmosis; and electrolytic reduction. Stabilization is also discussed. This is a process by which the waste is fixed in cement or other material, is treated to form a hardened material, or is encapsulated in an inert substance. Solidification with cement, thermoplastic materials, or organic polymers is described. Encapsulation, solidification by self cementation or lime based processes, and vitrification are also examined. The authors conclude that deactivation lowers worker exposure, decreases storage needs, lowers handling and transportation costs, and has a smaller impact on the environment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237934,Adams and  Nicholls 1929,"The Analysis Of Mixtures Containing Acetone, Ethyl Alcohol, And Isopropyl Alcohol","Analytical methods for determining acetone (67641), ethyl-alcohol (64175), and isopropyl-alcohol (67630) in mixtures were described. Immersion refractometry was used to determine the compounds if the total concentration was less than 10 percent by volume. Acetone was also determined by a colorimetric procedure. After mixing the sample, 0.5 milliliter (ml) of 30 percent sodium-hydroxide (NaOH) was added, and the solution was allowed to stand 15 minutes. The color was compared to that of a set of standard acetone solutions. This method was used with samples containing up to 0.02 grams (g) acetone. Isopropyl-alcohol was determined by a variation of the procedure. Isopropyl-alcohol was oxidized to acetone by adding 5ml of saturated bromine water to 10ml of the sample. The solution was allowed to stand 3 to 6 hours in a cool, dark place. One milliliter of 1 percent NaOH was added, followed by 2ml of 30 percent NaOH. After standing 15 minutes, the color was compared to that of a set of standards. The amount of acetone found represented the amount originally present plus that formed by the oxidation of isopropyl-alcohol. The amount of isopropyl-alcohol was found by subtracting the amount of acetone present originally. This procedure determined 0.025ml isopropyl-alcohol in a 10ml sample. Ethyl-alcohol was determined by a procedure based on potassium-dichromate oxidation. A solution containing 10g potassium-dichromate and 25ml concentrated sulfuric-acid per 100ml water was added to a sample of equal volume. The resulting acetic-acid was steam distilled and titrated with a 1 Normal solution of NaOH. In the titration, 1ml of NaOH was equal to 0.058ml ethyl-alcohol.","The Analysis Of Mixtures Containing Acetone, Ethyl Alcohol, And Isopropyl Alcohol Abs: Analytical methods for determining acetone (67641), ethyl-alcohol (64175), and isopropyl-alcohol (67630) in mixtures were described. Immersion refractometry was used to determine the compounds if the total concentration was less than 10 percent by volume. Acetone was also determined by a colorimetric procedure. After mixing the sample, 0.5 milliliter (ml) of 30 percent sodium-hydroxide (NaOH) was added, and the solution was allowed to stand 15 minutes. The color was compared to that of a set of standard acetone solutions. This method was used with samples containing up to 0.02 grams (g) acetone. Isopropyl-alcohol was determined by a variation of the procedure. Isopropyl-alcohol was oxidized to acetone by adding 5ml of saturated bromine water to 10ml of the sample. The solution was allowed to stand 3 to 6 hours in a cool, dark place. One milliliter of 1 percent NaOH was added, followed by 2ml of 30 percent NaOH. After standing 15 minutes, the color was compared to that of a set of standards. The amount of acetone found represented the amount originally present plus that formed by the oxidation of isopropyl-alcohol. The amount of isopropyl-alcohol was found by subtracting the amount of acetone present originally. This procedure determined 0.025ml isopropyl-alcohol in a 10ml sample. Ethyl-alcohol was determined by a procedure based on potassium-dichromate oxidation. A solution containing 10g potassium-dichromate and 25ml concentrated sulfuric-acid per 100ml water was added to a sample of equal volume. The resulting acetic-acid was steam distilled and titrated with a 1 Normal solution of NaOH. In the titration, 1ml of NaOH was equal to 0.058ml ethyl-alcohol.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231994,Roldán et al. 2004,Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of CrVI and CrV by D-lactobionic acid,"The oxidation of D-lactobionic acid by Cr(VI) yields the 2-ketoaldobionic acid and Cr(3+) as final products when a 20-times or higher excess of the aldobionic acid over Cr(VI) is used. The redox reaction takes place through a complex multistep mechanism, which involves the formation of intermediate Cr(IV) and Cr(V) species. Cr(IV) reacts with lactobionic acid much faster than Cr(V) and Cr(VI) do, and cannot be directly detected. However, the formation of CrO(2)(2+), observed by the first time for an acid saccharide/Cr(VI) system, provides indirect evidence for the intermediacy of Cr(IV) in the reaction path. Cr(VI) and the intermediate Cr(V) react with lactobionic acid at comparable rates, being the complete rate laws for the Cr(VI) and Cr(V) consumption expressed by: -d[Cr(VI)]/dt=[k(I)+k(II)[H(+)]][lactobionicacid][Cr(VI)], where k(I)=(4.1+/-0.1) x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1) and k(II)=(2.1+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-2) s(-1); and -d[Cr(V)]/dt=[k(III)[H(+)]+(k(IV)+k(V)[H(+)])[lactobionicacid]] [Cr(V)], where k(III)=(1.8+/-0.1) x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1), k(IV)=(1.1+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) and k(V)=(1.0+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-2) s(-1), at 33 degrees C. The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra show that five-co-ordinate oxo-Cr(V) bischelates are formed at pH 1-5 with the aldobionic acid bound to Cr(V) through the alpha-hydroxyacid group.","Kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of CrVI and CrV by D-lactobionic acid Abs: The oxidation of D-lactobionic acid by Cr(VI) yields the 2-ketoaldobionic acid and Cr(3+) as final products when a 20-times or higher excess of the aldobionic acid over Cr(VI) is used. The redox reaction takes place through a complex multistep mechanism, which involves the formation of intermediate Cr(IV) and Cr(V) species. Cr(IV) reacts with lactobionic acid much faster than Cr(V) and Cr(VI) do, and cannot be directly detected. However, the formation of CrO(2)(2+), observed by the first time for an acid saccharide/Cr(VI) system, provides indirect evidence for the intermediacy of Cr(IV) in the reaction path. Cr(VI) and the intermediate Cr(V) react with lactobionic acid at comparable rates, being the complete rate laws for the Cr(VI) and Cr(V) consumption expressed by: -d[Cr(VI)]/dt=[k(I)+k(II)[H(+)]][lactobionicacid][Cr(VI)], where k(I)=(4.1+/-0.1) x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1) and k(II)=(2.1+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-2) s(-1); and -d[Cr(V)]/dt=[k(III)[H(+)]+(k(IV)+k(V)[H(+)])[lactobionicacid]] [Cr(V)], where k(III)=(1.8+/-0.1) x 10(-3) M(-1) s(-1), k(IV)=(1.1+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) and k(V)=(1.0+/-0.1) x 10(-2) M(-2) s(-1), at 33 degrees C. The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra show that five-co-ordinate oxo-Cr(V) bischelates are formed at pH 1-5 with the aldobionic acid bound to Cr(V) through the alpha-hydroxyacid group.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578284,Utkarsh and  Suresh 2011,Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Neem Bark,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has a dominant presence in most of the effluent streams as compared to other heavy metal ions coming out from the different industries such as metal finishing, tannery, electroplating etc. Due to its carcinogenic and toxic nature, it is considered as one of the most important environmental problems. The solution for this problem is a cost effective and eco-friendly treatment technique. Various treatment techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane separation, electro-coagulation and chemical reduction are available to reduce the contamination of Cr(VI) in the effluent streams. These techniques are not eco-friendly and economically viable for the large volume of wastewater ireatment. Adsorption using low cost adsorbents is found to be (me of the cost effective technique for Cr(VI) removal from the effluent streams. In the present study, a waste biodegradable material, neem bark, is used. This neem bark is activated using concenirated sulphuric acid (98 wt%) and is used as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for determining the performance of activated neem bark for removal of Cr(VI). The effect of various important parameters such as effect of contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration and dosage of adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) using activated neem bark adsorbent are studied. The kinetic studies show 70% removal of Cr(VI) using activated neem bark as an adsorbent while keeping 100 mg/L of initial Cr(VI) concentration The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neem bark is being tested with Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model. It is observed that it is following the Langmuir isotherm model and the corresponding adsorption capacity of activated neem bark is 26.95 mg/g. Pseudo first-order and second-order rate kinetic models are used to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neem bark It is observed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neon bark follows second order kinetics.","Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Activated Neem Bark Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has a dominant presence in most of the effluent streams as compared to other heavy metal ions coming out from the different industries such as metal finishing, tannery, electroplating etc. Due to its carcinogenic and toxic nature, it is considered as one of the most important environmental problems. The solution for this problem is a cost effective and eco-friendly treatment technique. Various treatment techniques such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, membrane separation, electro-coagulation and chemical reduction are available to reduce the contamination of Cr(VI) in the effluent streams. These techniques are not eco-friendly and economically viable for the large volume of wastewater ireatment. Adsorption using low cost adsorbents is found to be (me of the cost effective technique for Cr(VI) removal from the effluent streams. In the present study, a waste biodegradable material, neem bark, is used. This neem bark is activated using concenirated sulphuric acid (98 wt%) and is used as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted for determining the performance of activated neem bark for removal of Cr(VI). The effect of various important parameters such as effect of contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration and dosage of adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) using activated neem bark adsorbent are studied. The kinetic studies show 70% removal of Cr(VI) using activated neem bark as an adsorbent while keeping 100 mg/L of initial Cr(VI) concentration The equilibrium data for the adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neem bark is being tested with Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich isotherm model. It is observed that it is following the Langmuir isotherm model and the corresponding adsorption capacity of activated neem bark is 26.95 mg/g. Pseudo first-order and second-order rate kinetic models are used to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neem bark It is observed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated neon bark follows second order kinetics.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235175,Rogers and  Burrows 1975,Contact dermatitis to chrome in milk testers,,Contact dermatitis to chrome in milk testers Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510653,Berg 1994,"SYMBIOTIC VESICLE ULTRASTRUCTURE IN HIGH PRESSURE-FROZEN, FREEZE-SUBSTITUTED ACTINORHIZAE",,"SYMBIOTIC VESICLE ULTRASTRUCTURE IN HIGH PRESSURE-FROZEN, FREEZE-SUBSTITUTED ACTINORHIZAE Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510104,Stjohn 1997,"Site specific health and safety plan, 100-HR-3 pump and treat. Revision 2","The 100-HR-3 Pump and Treat system is a groundwater remedial action to remove Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6) from the groundwater underlying the 100-HR-3 Operable Unit. This plan covers operation, maintenance, repairs, resin exchange and equipment removal/installation. The 100-HR-3 Operable Unit addresses groundwater underlying the 100-D Area. The primary groundwater contaminant is Chromium +6. The chromium contamination resulted from the use of sodium dichromate during past reactor operations. Sodium dichromate was used to treat reactor coolant water during reactor operations. The purpose of this Pump and Treat system is to pump contaminated groundwater through above ground ion exchange resin and then return treated water to aquifer. Chromium levels extracted from the wells are anticipated to range in the low parts per billion ((approximately)50 ppb) which is the drinking water limit for Cr+6.","Site specific health and safety plan, 100-HR-3 pump and treat. Revision 2 Abs: The 100-HR-3 Pump and Treat system is a groundwater remedial action to remove Hexavalent Chromium (Cr+6) from the groundwater underlying the 100-HR-3 Operable Unit. This plan covers operation, maintenance, repairs, resin exchange and equipment removal/installation. The 100-HR-3 Operable Unit addresses groundwater underlying the 100-D Area. The primary groundwater contaminant is Chromium +6. The chromium contamination resulted from the use of sodium dichromate during past reactor operations. Sodium dichromate was used to treat reactor coolant water during reactor operations. The purpose of this Pump and Treat system is to pump contaminated groundwater through above ground ion exchange resin and then return treated water to aquifer. Chromium levels extracted from the wells are anticipated to range in the low parts per billion ((approximately)50 ppb) which is the drinking water limit for Cr+6.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509830,Le et al. 2010,Synthesis of chromium-doped malayaite pigments from wastewater containing low chromium(VI),"A malayaite pigment was synthesized with wastewater containing low chromium (Cr)(VI) by a novel liquid-phase reaction method. The effects of the particle size of the precursor and calcination temperature on the final product are examined. The result of scanning electron microscopy shows that the obtained precursor is amorphous and the particle size is approximately 250 nm. The results of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry show that the complete transformation temperature was approximately 1050 degrees C. Furthermore, the Commission International de l'Eclairage laboratory shows that the red color of as-prepared pigments is more saturated with a high a* value at 34.1. This process of malayaite pigment preparation via reuse of the Cr(VI)-containing wastewater is quite simple, economical, and energy-saving for the industry, and the products have a saturated red color. There is considerable foreground for the industrial application of this work.","Synthesis of chromium-doped malayaite pigments from wastewater containing low chromium(VI) Abs: A malayaite pigment was synthesized with wastewater containing low chromium (Cr)(VI) by a novel liquid-phase reaction method. The effects of the particle size of the precursor and calcination temperature on the final product are examined. The result of scanning electron microscopy shows that the obtained precursor is amorphous and the particle size is approximately 250 nm. The results of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry show that the complete transformation temperature was approximately 1050 degrees C. Furthermore, the Commission International de l'Eclairage laboratory shows that the red color of as-prepared pigments is more saturated with a high a* value at 34.1. This process of malayaite pigment preparation via reuse of the Cr(VI)-containing wastewater is quite simple, economical, and energy-saving for the industry, and the products have a saturated red color. There is considerable foreground for the industrial application of this work.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578109,Julian et al. 2002,A study of the method of synthesis and chromatic properties of the Cr-SnO(2) pigment,,A study of the method of synthesis and chromatic properties of the Cr-SnO(2) pigment Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515985,Karlsen et al. 1996,Exposure to Hazardous Aerosols during Manual Metal Arc Welding on Nickel-Rich Alloys,"A study of hazardous metal fume exposures associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding on nickel (7440020) containing alloys was conducted. Breathing zone samples were collected from three MMA welders during 5 consecutive work days and from one welder over 3 consecutive days while they welded on Inconel base material using Inconel electrodes. The Inconel alloy contained about 60% nickel and Inconel electrodes contained about 20% chromium (7440473). The samples were analyzed for total fume, nickel, iron (7439896), total chromium, hexavalent-chromium (18540299) (Cr+6), and manganese (7439965). The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Cr+6 was determined by absorption spectrophotometry. The total fume concentrations in the samples varied from 0.8 to 41mg/m3. The arithmetic mean (AM) concentration was 4.8mg/m3. The AM breathing zone nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese concentrations were 260, 340, 120, 21, and 14 micrograms per m3 (microg/m3), respectively. The nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese concentrations were lognormally distributed. The AM nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese contents of the fume were 38, 96, 16, 28, and 42microg/m3, respectively. The authors conclude that the metal composition of fume produced by MMA welding on Inconel (MMAnconel) welding appears to be different from the composition of fume produced by MMA on stainless steel (MMA/SS) welding. The nickel content of fume produced by MMA/Inconel welding is higher than that generated by MMA/SS welding and the iron, total chromium, and Cr+6 content of the fume is marginally less than that produced by MMA/SS welding.","Exposure to Hazardous Aerosols during Manual Metal Arc Welding on Nickel-Rich Alloys Abs: A study of hazardous metal fume exposures associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding on nickel (7440020) containing alloys was conducted. Breathing zone samples were collected from three MMA welders during 5 consecutive work days and from one welder over 3 consecutive days while they welded on Inconel base material using Inconel electrodes. The Inconel alloy contained about 60% nickel and Inconel electrodes contained about 20% chromium (7440473). The samples were analyzed for total fume, nickel, iron (7439896), total chromium, hexavalent-chromium (18540299) (Cr+6), and manganese (7439965). The metal concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Cr+6 was determined by absorption spectrophotometry. The total fume concentrations in the samples varied from 0.8 to 41mg/m3. The arithmetic mean (AM) concentration was 4.8mg/m3. The AM breathing zone nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese concentrations were 260, 340, 120, 21, and 14 micrograms per m3 (microg/m3), respectively. The nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese concentrations were lognormally distributed. The AM nickel, iron, total chromium, Cr+6, and manganese contents of the fume were 38, 96, 16, 28, and 42microg/m3, respectively. The authors conclude that the metal composition of fume produced by MMA welding on Inconel (MMAnconel) welding appears to be different from the composition of fume produced by MMA on stainless steel (MMA/SS) welding. The nickel content of fume produced by MMA/Inconel welding is higher than that generated by MMA/SS welding and the iron, total chromium, and Cr+6 content of the fume is marginally less than that produced by MMA/SS welding.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231915,Hellerich and  Nikolaidis 2005,Sorption studies of mixed chromium and chlorinated ethenes at the field and laboratory scales,"The sorption and desorption behavior of hexavalent chromium and chlorinated ethenes in a sandy ground water aquifer with a low reduction capacity was evaluated by performing a variety of analyses and experiments at the laboratory (batch and column studies) and field (in situ injection-withdrawal experiment) scales. The partitioning coefficients determined from the field and laboratory experiments are generally similar. Both sets of experiments yielded relatively low partition coefficients for chromium and chlorinated ethenes. The column studies and injection-withdrawal experiment indicate that chromium has the potential to leach from aquifer sediments and act as a secondary source of contamination. However, the magnitude of the secondary source effect is not significant due to low concentrations of leachable contamination. The chromium sorption isotherm data were also simulated using the triple layer surface complexation model (TLM). The isotherm data were modeled using the TLM, illustrating the applicability of geochemical modeling for sorption of chromium to these sediments under variable pE-pH conditions.","Sorption studies of mixed chromium and chlorinated ethenes at the field and laboratory scales Abs: The sorption and desorption behavior of hexavalent chromium and chlorinated ethenes in a sandy ground water aquifer with a low reduction capacity was evaluated by performing a variety of analyses and experiments at the laboratory (batch and column studies) and field (in situ injection-withdrawal experiment) scales. The partitioning coefficients determined from the field and laboratory experiments are generally similar. Both sets of experiments yielded relatively low partition coefficients for chromium and chlorinated ethenes. The column studies and injection-withdrawal experiment indicate that chromium has the potential to leach from aquifer sediments and act as a secondary source of contamination. However, the magnitude of the secondary source effect is not significant due to low concentrations of leachable contamination. The chromium sorption isotherm data were also simulated using the triple layer surface complexation model (TLM). The isotherm data were modeled using the TLM, illustrating the applicability of geochemical modeling for sorption of chromium to these sediments under variable pE-pH conditions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514468,Echeverria et al. 1999,Metal-induced chromium(VI) sorption by two calcareous soils,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Competing anions, notably SO42- and H2PO4-, reduce Cr(VI) sorption; however, the role of cooperative cations in Cr(VI) retention has merited less attention. This research studied the effect of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on sorption of Cr(VI) in 2 calcareous soils: Calcixerollic Xerochrept (CX) and Paralithic Xerorthent (PX). Sorption kinetics and isotherms were combined with sequential extractions and fractional factorial designs. Most cation sorption took place during the first hour, whereas sorption o 07 mM for the CX soil and 0.17 mM for the PX soil. For higher concentrations, sorption of Cr(VI) by both soils was described by a constant distribution isotherm. More than 80% of Cr(VI) sorbed by soils was extracted as a non-exchangeable fraction using the Tessier et al. sequential procedure. Fractional factorial designs indicated that although the 4 cations favoured sorption of Cr(VI), Cu had the greatest positive influence.","Metal-induced chromium(VI) sorption by two calcareous soils Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Competing anions, notably SO42- and H2PO4-, reduce Cr(VI) sorption; however, the role of cooperative cations in Cr(VI) retention has merited less attention. This research studied the effect of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on sorption of Cr(VI) in 2 calcareous soils: Calcixerollic Xerochrept (CX) and Paralithic Xerorthent (PX). Sorption kinetics and isotherms were combined with sequential extractions and fractional factorial designs. Most cation sorption took place during the first hour, whereas sorption o 07 mM for the CX soil and 0.17 mM for the PX soil. For higher concentrations, sorption of Cr(VI) by both soils was described by a constant distribution isotherm. More than 80% of Cr(VI) sorbed by soils was extracted as a non-exchangeable fraction using the Tessier et al. sequential procedure. Fractional factorial designs indicated that although the 4 cations favoured sorption of Cr(VI), Cu had the greatest positive influence.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
658534,Cozzani et al. 1998,Formation of hazardous compounds by unwanted reactions in industrial accidents,"'Unwanted reactions' caused by the accidental contact of reactive substances may result in either physical effects, such as fire or explosions, or chemical effects, as the formation and release of hazardous reaction products. To help to develop criteria for identifying such reactions, a number of industrial accidents caused by 'unwanted reactions' were analyzed. The chemical systems more frequently involved in these accidents and the substances released were identified. The process operations during which the accidents took place and the immediate causes of the accidents were also examined. Simple criteria for the identification of hazard conditions with respect to 'unwanted reaction' accidents were derived from European Council Directive 67/548 for the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The validity of these criteria was verified using the data on accidental events.","Formation of hazardous compounds by unwanted reactions in industrial accidents Abs: 'Unwanted reactions' caused by the accidental contact of reactive substances may result in either physical effects, such as fire or explosions, or chemical effects, as the formation and release of hazardous reaction products. To help to develop criteria for identifying such reactions, a number of industrial accidents caused by 'unwanted reactions' were analyzed. The chemical systems more frequently involved in these accidents and the substances released were identified. The process operations during which the accidents took place and the immediate causes of the accidents were also examined. Simple criteria for the identification of hazard conditions with respect to 'unwanted reaction' accidents were derived from European Council Directive 67/548 for the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The validity of these criteria was verified using the data on accidental events.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234479,Eberhard et al. 2000,Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals,"Attempts were made to develop an animal model for Cyclospora cayetanensis to identify a practical laboratory host for studying human cyclosporiasis. Oocysts collected from stool of infected humans in the United States, Haiti, Guatemala, Peru, and Nepal were held in potassium dichromate solution to allow development of sporozoites. The following animal types were inoculated: 9 strains of mice, including adult and neonatal immunocompetent and immune-deficient inbred and outbred strains, rats, sandrats, chickens, ducks, rabbits, jirds, hamsters, ferrets, pigs, dogs, owl monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and cynomolgus monkeys. Most animals were inoculated by gavage, although some of the primates were fed oocysts on food items. The animals were examined for signs of infection, particularly diarrhea, and stool samples were examined for 4-6 wk after inoculation. None of the animals developed patent infections or signs of infection. We conclude that none of the animals tested is susceptible to infection with C. cayetanensis.","Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals Abs: Attempts were made to develop an animal model for Cyclospora cayetanensis to identify a practical laboratory host for studying human cyclosporiasis. Oocysts collected from stool of infected humans in the United States, Haiti, Guatemala, Peru, and Nepal were held in potassium dichromate solution to allow development of sporozoites. The following animal types were inoculated: 9 strains of mice, including adult and neonatal immunocompetent and immune-deficient inbred and outbred strains, rats, sandrats, chickens, ducks, rabbits, jirds, hamsters, ferrets, pigs, dogs, owl monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and cynomolgus monkeys. Most animals were inoculated by gavage, although some of the primates were fed oocysts on food items. The animals were examined for signs of infection, particularly diarrhea, and stool samples were examined for 4-6 wk after inoculation. None of the animals developed patent infections or signs of infection. We conclude that none of the animals tested is susceptible to infection with C. cayetanensis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290188,Knasmüller et al. 1998,Detection of genotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils with plant bioassays,"Aim of the present study was the development of a bioassay which enables the detection of genotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils. In the first part of the present study, the data base on metal effects in plant bioassays was extended. Four metal salts, namely Cr(VI)O3, Cr(III)Cl3, Ni(II)Cl2 and Sb(III)Cl3 were tested comparatively in MN tests with pollen tetrad cells of Tradescantia clone #4430 and in meristematic root tip cells of Vicia faba. With Cr6+ and Ni2+, clear-cut dose-effects were observed in a range between 0.75 and 10.0 mM, whereas this was not the case with Cr3+ (range tested 1.25-10 mM) and Sb3+ (range 0.30-5.25 mM). In Vicia, negative results were obtained with the four metal salts under all conditions of test. To compare the mutagenic potencies of the metals, the increases of the regression curves (k-values) were calculated, they indicate the number of MN induced per mM in 100 tetrad cells. The corresponding values for Cr6+ and Ni2+ are 0.87 and 1.05, respectively. It appears that the Tradescantia system is in particular sensitive towards those metal species which cause DNA damage in animals and man such as Cr6+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, whereas no clear positive results were obtained with less harmful metal ions such as Cu2+, Cr3+ or Sb3+. In the second part of the study, the mutagenic effects of four metal contaminated soils and two types of standardized leachates (pH 4.0 and pH 7.0) of these soils were tested in Tradescantia and in Vicia. In addition, chemical analyses were carried out to determine the metal concentrations in the soils and in the extracts. Two of the samples contained highly elevated levels of a number of metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Sb, As), one soil came from the Central Austrian Alps and contained high As levels only. Direct exposure of the Tradescantia plants in the soils resulted in a drastic increase of the MN frequencies over the background. The lowest effect was seen with the Slovakian soil which contained in particular Sb and As (4.5-fold increase over the background), with the other soils, the induced frequencies were 11-15-fold over the control values. On the contrary, negative results were obtained upon exposure of Tradescantia cuttings in the leachates and upon implantation of germinated Vicia beans in the soils. The results of the present study indicate that Trad-MN assays with direct exposure of intact plants is an appropriate method which enables to detect genotoxic effects of metal contaminated soils in situ. This simple and fast biomonitoring assays might be a valuable supplement to analytical analyses of contaminated soils.","Detection of genotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils with plant bioassays Abs: Aim of the present study was the development of a bioassay which enables the detection of genotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils. In the first part of the present study, the data base on metal effects in plant bioassays was extended. Four metal salts, namely Cr(VI)O3, Cr(III)Cl3, Ni(II)Cl2 and Sb(III)Cl3 were tested comparatively in MN tests with pollen tetrad cells of Tradescantia clone #4430 and in meristematic root tip cells of Vicia faba. With Cr6+ and Ni2+, clear-cut dose-effects were observed in a range between 0.75 and 10.0 mM, whereas this was not the case with Cr3+ (range tested 1.25-10 mM) and Sb3+ (range 0.30-5.25 mM). In Vicia, negative results were obtained with the four metal salts under all conditions of test. To compare the mutagenic potencies of the metals, the increases of the regression curves (k-values) were calculated, they indicate the number of MN induced per mM in 100 tetrad cells. The corresponding values for Cr6+ and Ni2+ are 0.87 and 1.05, respectively. It appears that the Tradescantia system is in particular sensitive towards those metal species which cause DNA damage in animals and man such as Cr6+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, whereas no clear positive results were obtained with less harmful metal ions such as Cu2+, Cr3+ or Sb3+. In the second part of the study, the mutagenic effects of four metal contaminated soils and two types of standardized leachates (pH 4.0 and pH 7.0) of these soils were tested in Tradescantia and in Vicia. In addition, chemical analyses were carried out to determine the metal concentrations in the soils and in the extracts. Two of the samples contained highly elevated levels of a number of metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Sb, As), one soil came from the Central Austrian Alps and contained high As levels only. Direct exposure of the Tradescantia plants in the soils resulted in a drastic increase of the MN frequencies over the background. The lowest effect was seen with the Slovakian soil which contained in particular Sb and As (4.5-fold increase over the background), with the other soils, the induced frequencies were 11-15-fold over the control values. On the contrary, negative results were obtained upon exposure of Tradescantia cuttings in the leachates and upon implantation of germinated Vicia beans in the soils. The results of the present study indicate that Trad-MN assays with direct exposure of intact plants is an appropriate method which enables to detect genotoxic effects of metal contaminated soils in situ. This simple and fast biomonitoring assays might be a valuable supplement to analytical analyses of contaminated soils.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509949,Aluigi et al. 2012,Study on the adsorption of chromium (VI) by hydrolyzed keratin/polyamide 6 blend nanofibres,"In this study, nanofibre mats for chemical adsorption of heavy metals were prepared by electrospinning blends of hydrolyzed keratin (HK) and polyamide 6 (PA6) in formic acid. Viscosity measurements of the spinning solutions and morphological analyses of the fracture sections of the same polymer blends cast into films, suggested intermolecular interactions and good compatibility between HK and PA6. The mats made of continuous randomly oriented blend nanofilaments of HK/PA6 50/50 wt, with a mean diameter of about 200 nm, were tested as chromium (VI) ion adsorbents. The parameters investigated included initial chromium ion concentration, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacity occurred at acidic pH. The pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetics of adsorption process. It was found that kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order model and follow the intraparticle diffusion model, although diffusion is not the only rate control step. Adsorption data fit well the Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity was found 55.9 mg/g. Moreover, the mean free energy (E) of adsorption ranges between 8 and 16 kJ/mol, so that the adsorption mechanism for HK-based nanofibres was explained as an ion-exchange process.","Study on the adsorption of chromium (VI) by hydrolyzed keratin/polyamide 6 blend nanofibres Abs: In this study, nanofibre mats for chemical adsorption of heavy metals were prepared by electrospinning blends of hydrolyzed keratin (HK) and polyamide 6 (PA6) in formic acid. Viscosity measurements of the spinning solutions and morphological analyses of the fracture sections of the same polymer blends cast into films, suggested intermolecular interactions and good compatibility between HK and PA6. The mats made of continuous randomly oriented blend nanofilaments of HK/PA6 50/50 wt, with a mean diameter of about 200 nm, were tested as chromium (VI) ion adsorbents. The parameters investigated included initial chromium ion concentration, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacity occurred at acidic pH. The pseudo-first order, the pseudo-second order and the intraparticle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetics of adsorption process. It was found that kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order model and follow the intraparticle diffusion model, although diffusion is not the only rate control step. Adsorption data fit well the Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity was found 55.9 mg/g. Moreover, the mean free energy (E) of adsorption ranges between 8 and 16 kJ/mol, so that the adsorption mechanism for HK-based nanofibres was explained as an ion-exchange process.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231490,Mishra et al. 2011,Tracing the tracks of genotoxicity by trivalent and hexavalent chromium in Drosophila melanogaster,"Mutagen sensitive strains (mus) in Drosophila are known for their hypersensitivity to mutagens and environmental carcinogens. Accordingly, these mutants were grouped in pre- and post-replication repair pathways. However, studying mutants belonging to one particular repair pathway may not be adequate for examining chemical-induced genotoxicity when other repair pathways may neutralize its effect. To test whether both pre-and post-replication pathways are involved and effect of Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity in absence or presence of others, we used double mutant approach in D. melanogaster. We observed DNA damage as evident by changes in Comet assay DNA migration in cells of larvae of Oregon R(+) and single mutants of pre- (mei-9, mus201 and mus210) and post- (mei-41, mus209 and mus309) replication repair pathways and also in double mutants of different combinations (pre-pre, pre-post and post-post replication repair) exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr(VI) (0.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ?g/ml) for 48 h. The damage was greater in pre-replication repair mutants after exposure to 5.0 ?g/ml Cr(VI), while effects on Oregon R(+) and post replication repair mutants were insignificant. Post-replication repair mutants revealed significant DNA damage after exposure to 20.0 ?g/ml Cr(VI). Further, double mutants generated in the above repair categories were examined for DNA damage following Cr(VI) exposure and a comparison of damage was studied between single and double mutants. Combinations of double mutants generated in the pre-pre replication repair pathways showed an indifferent interaction between the two mutants after Cr(VI) exposure while a synergistic interaction was evident in exposed post-post replication repair double mutants. Cr(III) (20.0 ?g/ml) exposure to these strains did not induce any significant DNA damage in their cells. The study suggests that both pre- and post-replication pathways are affected in Drosophila by Cr(VI) leading to genotoxicity, which may have consequences for metal-induced carcinogenesis.","Tracing the tracks of genotoxicity by trivalent and hexavalent chromium in Drosophila melanogaster Abs: Mutagen sensitive strains (mus) in Drosophila are known for their hypersensitivity to mutagens and environmental carcinogens. Accordingly, these mutants were grouped in pre- and post-replication repair pathways. However, studying mutants belonging to one particular repair pathway may not be adequate for examining chemical-induced genotoxicity when other repair pathways may neutralize its effect. To test whether both pre-and post-replication pathways are involved and effect of Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity in absence or presence of others, we used double mutant approach in D. melanogaster. We observed DNA damage as evident by changes in Comet assay DNA migration in cells of larvae of Oregon R(+) and single mutants of pre- (mei-9, mus201 and mus210) and post- (mei-41, mus209 and mus309) replication repair pathways and also in double mutants of different combinations (pre-pre, pre-post and post-post replication repair) exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr(VI) (0.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ?g/ml) for 48 h. The damage was greater in pre-replication repair mutants after exposure to 5.0 ?g/ml Cr(VI), while effects on Oregon R(+) and post replication repair mutants were insignificant. Post-replication repair mutants revealed significant DNA damage after exposure to 20.0 ?g/ml Cr(VI). Further, double mutants generated in the above repair categories were examined for DNA damage following Cr(VI) exposure and a comparison of damage was studied between single and double mutants. Combinations of double mutants generated in the pre-pre replication repair pathways showed an indifferent interaction between the two mutants after Cr(VI) exposure while a synergistic interaction was evident in exposed post-post replication repair double mutants. Cr(III) (20.0 ?g/ml) exposure to these strains did not induce any significant DNA damage in their cells. The study suggests that both pre- and post-replication pathways are affected in Drosophila by Cr(VI) leading to genotoxicity, which may have consequences for metal-induced carcinogenesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516522,Thomas et al. 1990,UV multiwavelength absorptiometry (UVMA) for the examination of natural waters and wastewaters: Part III. Determination of chromium(VI),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium(VI) is one of the major pollutants of waters and unfortunately, at the present ime, it cannot be determined with a simple and fast method. The use of the ultraviolet multiwavelength absorptiometry (UVMA) for chromium determination is very conveninet for that purpose because of the well known absorption properties of chromium. Two methods are proposed which lead to different sensitivity. The first one needs hydroxide sodium addition for the measurement of the chromate form and has detect limit of 4 mug/ml. The second does not use any reagent and determines directly both dichromate and chromate forms, whose sum gives the concentration of chromium(VI). This last procedure is faster but the characteristics are slightly less precise. These proposed methods have been compared with a reference method, for natural waters and treated wastewaters, with good agreement. Thiese procedure can be used for water quality monitoring.","UV multiwavelength absorptiometry (UVMA) for the examination of natural waters and wastewaters: Part III. Determination of chromium(VI) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium(VI) is one of the major pollutants of waters and unfortunately, at the present ime, it cannot be determined with a simple and fast method. The use of the ultraviolet multiwavelength absorptiometry (UVMA) for chromium determination is very conveninet for that purpose because of the well known absorption properties of chromium. Two methods are proposed which lead to different sensitivity. The first one needs hydroxide sodium addition for the measurement of the chromate form and has detect limit of 4 mug/ml. The second does not use any reagent and determines directly both dichromate and chromate forms, whose sum gives the concentration of chromium(VI). This last procedure is faster but the characteristics are slightly less precise. These proposed methods have been compared with a reference method, for natural waters and treated wastewaters, with good agreement. Thiese procedure can be used for water quality monitoring.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236973,Nakamuro and  Sayato 1986,FORMS OF CHROMIUM IN RAT BLOOD TREATED IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO WITH CHROMIUM-51 SODIUM CHROMATE AND CHROMIUM-51 CHROMIUM-II CHLORIDE,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HEMOGLOBIN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION,FORMS OF CHROMIUM IN RAT BLOOD TREATED IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO WITH CHROMIUM-51 SODIUM CHROMATE AND CHROMIUM-51 CHROMIUM-II CHLORIDE Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HEMOGLOBIN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237887,Bubien et al. 1983,Electron microscopic studies on enterocytes of hens intoxicated with potassium dichromate,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Advanced necrotic changes in the ultrastructures of enterocytes were observed in hens intoxicated with K2Cr2O7. Destruction of mitochondria, breaking of the cellular coating of enterocytes with outflow of cytoplasm and its structures into the lumen of the intestine were found. Twenty days after intoxication no pathological changes were observed.","Electron microscopic studies on enterocytes of hens intoxicated with potassium dichromate Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Advanced necrotic changes in the ultrastructures of enterocytes were observed in hens intoxicated with K2Cr2O7. Destruction of mitochondria, breaking of the cellular coating of enterocytes with outflow of cytoplasm and its structures into the lumen of the intestine were found. Twenty days after intoxication no pathological changes were observed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235321,Francisco et al. 2010,Different physiological responses to chromate and dichromate in the chromium resistant and reducing strain Ochrobactrum tritici 5bvl1,"Studies of Cr(VI) toxicity are generally performed using chromate salts in solution, both when studying the effects on prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some studies on human carcinogenesis and toxicology on bacteria were done using dichromate, but comparison with chromate was never reported before, and dichromate existence was never taken into consideration and usually overlooked. This paper studied comparatively the effect of dichromate and chromate on the physiology of Ochrobactrum tritici strain 5bvl1, a highly Cr(VI)-resistant and reducing microorganism. This study demonstrated that the addition of chromate or dichromate sodium salts to growth medium at neutral pH ended-up in two different solutions with a different balance of chemical species. Cr(VI) was toxic to O. tritici strain 5bvl1, as clearly shown on growth, reduction, respiration, glucose accumulation assays and by comparing cell morphology. Moreover, the addition of sodium dichromate was always more toxic to cells when compared to chromate and achieved a higher inhibition of every parameter studied. The toxicity differences between the two Cr(VI) oxyanions indicate the possibility of a different impact of Cr(VI) contamination on the environment. This may be of major importance, considering the slight acidity of most of the arable lands which favours the presence of dichromate, the more toxic species.","Different physiological responses to chromate and dichromate in the chromium resistant and reducing strain Ochrobactrum tritici 5bvl1 Abs: Studies of Cr(VI) toxicity are generally performed using chromate salts in solution, both when studying the effects on prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some studies on human carcinogenesis and toxicology on bacteria were done using dichromate, but comparison with chromate was never reported before, and dichromate existence was never taken into consideration and usually overlooked. This paper studied comparatively the effect of dichromate and chromate on the physiology of Ochrobactrum tritici strain 5bvl1, a highly Cr(VI)-resistant and reducing microorganism. This study demonstrated that the addition of chromate or dichromate sodium salts to growth medium at neutral pH ended-up in two different solutions with a different balance of chemical species. Cr(VI) was toxic to O. tritici strain 5bvl1, as clearly shown on growth, reduction, respiration, glucose accumulation assays and by comparing cell morphology. Moreover, the addition of sodium dichromate was always more toxic to cells when compared to chromate and achieved a higher inhibition of every parameter studied. The toxicity differences between the two Cr(VI) oxyanions indicate the possibility of a different impact of Cr(VI) contamination on the environment. This may be of major importance, considering the slight acidity of most of the arable lands which favours the presence of dichromate, the more toxic species.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231514,Xie and  Cwiertny 2010,Use of dithionite to extend the reactive lifetime of nanoscale zero-valent iron treatment systems,"Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) represents a promising approach for source zone control, but concerns over its reactive lifetime might limit application. Here, we demonstrate that dithionite (S?O?²?), a reducing agent for in situ redox manipulation, can restore the reducing capacity of passivated NZVI. Slurries of NZVI were aged in the presence (3 days) and absence (60 days) of dissolved oxygen over a range of pH values (6-8). Upon loss of reactivity toward model pollutants{1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], nitrobenzene}, aged suspensions were reacted with dithionite, and the composition and reactivity of the dithionite-treated materials were determined. NZVI aging products generally depended on pH and the presence of oxygen, whereas the amount of dithionite influenced the nature and reducing capacity of products generated from reaction with aged NZVI suspensions. Notably, air oxidation at pH ? 8 quickly exhausted NZVI reactivity despite preservation of significant Fe(0) in the particle core. Under these conditions, formation of a passive surface layer hindered the complete transformation of NZVI particles into iron(III) oxides, which occurred at lower pH. Reduction of this passive layer by low dithionite concentrations( 1 g/g of NZVI) restored suspension reactivity to levels equal to, and occasionally greater than, that of unaged NZVI. Multiple dithionite additions further improved pollutant removal, allowing at least a 15-fold increase in Cr(VI) removal [?300 mg of Cr(VI)/g of NZVI] relative to that of as-received NZVI [?20 mg of Cr(VI)/g of NZVI].","Use of dithionite to extend the reactive lifetime of nanoscale zero-valent iron treatment systems Abs: Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) represents a promising approach for source zone control, but concerns over its reactive lifetime might limit application. Here, we demonstrate that dithionite (S?O?²?), a reducing agent for in situ redox manipulation, can restore the reducing capacity of passivated NZVI. Slurries of NZVI were aged in the presence (3 days) and absence (60 days) of dissolved oxygen over a range of pH values (6-8). Upon loss of reactivity toward model pollutants{1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], nitrobenzene}, aged suspensions were reacted with dithionite, and the composition and reactivity of the dithionite-treated materials were determined. NZVI aging products generally depended on pH and the presence of oxygen, whereas the amount of dithionite influenced the nature and reducing capacity of products generated from reaction with aged NZVI suspensions. Notably, air oxidation at pH ? 8 quickly exhausted NZVI reactivity despite preservation of significant Fe(0) in the particle core. Under these conditions, formation of a passive surface layer hindered the complete transformation of NZVI particles into iron(III) oxides, which occurred at lower pH. Reduction of this passive layer by low dithionite concentrations( 1 g/g of NZVI) restored suspension reactivity to levels equal to, and occasionally greater than, that of unaged NZVI. Multiple dithionite additions further improved pollutant removal, allowing at least a 15-fold increase in Cr(VI) removal [?300 mg of Cr(VI)/g of NZVI] relative to that of as-received NZVI [?20 mg of Cr(VI)/g of NZVI].",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235153,Johnson et al. 1976,"Mevalonate metabolism: effect of K2Cr2O7, a renal tubular toxin",,"Mevalonate metabolism: effect of K2Cr2O7, a renal tubular toxin Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234082,De Vero et al. 2011,Evolution-based strategy to generate non-genetically modified organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains impaired in sulfate assimilation pathway,"<strong>UNLABELLED: </strong>AIMs: An evolution-based strategy was designed to screen novel yeast strains impaired in sulfate assimilation. Specifically, molybdate and chromate resistance was used as selectable phenotype to select sulfate permease-deficient variants that unable to produce sulfites and hydrogen sulfide (H(2) S).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>Four Saccharomyces cerevisiae parent strains were induced to sporulate. After tetrad digestion, spore suspensions were observed under the microscope to monitor the conjugation of gametes. Then, the cell suspension was inoculated in tubes containing YPD medium supplemented with ammonium molybdate or potassium chromate. Forty-four resistant strains were obtained and then tested in microvinifications. Three strains with a low sulfite production (SO2 &lt; 10 mg l(-1)) and with an impaired H2S production in grape must without added sulfites were selected.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Our strategy enabled the selection of improved yeasts with desired oenological characteristics. Particularly, resistance to toxic analogues of sulfate allowed us to detect strains that unable to assimilate sulfates.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: </strong>This strategy that combines the sexual recombination of spores and application of a specific selective pressure provides a rapid screening method to generate genetic variants and select improved wine yeast strains with an impaired metabolism regarding the production of sulfites and H2S.","Evolution-based strategy to generate non-genetically modified organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains impaired in sulfate assimilation pathway Abs: <strong>UNLABELLED: </strong>AIMs: An evolution-based strategy was designed to screen novel yeast strains impaired in sulfate assimilation. Specifically, molybdate and chromate resistance was used as selectable phenotype to select sulfate permease-deficient variants that unable to produce sulfites and hydrogen sulfide (H(2) S).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>Four Saccharomyces cerevisiae parent strains were induced to sporulate. After tetrad digestion, spore suspensions were observed under the microscope to monitor the conjugation of gametes. Then, the cell suspension was inoculated in tubes containing YPD medium supplemented with ammonium molybdate or potassium chromate. Forty-four resistant strains were obtained and then tested in microvinifications. Three strains with a low sulfite production (SO2 &lt; 10 mg l(-1)) and with an impaired H2S production in grape must without added sulfites were selected.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Our strategy enabled the selection of improved yeasts with desired oenological characteristics. Particularly, resistance to toxic analogues of sulfate allowed us to detect strains that unable to assimilate sulfates.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: </strong>This strategy that combines the sexual recombination of spores and application of a specific selective pressure provides a rapid screening method to generate genetic variants and select improved wine yeast strains with an impaired metabolism regarding the production of sulfites and H2S.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237024,Kalafatic 1987,EFFECT OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE UPON REGENERATION OF HYPOSTOME AND FOOT OF HYDRA HYDRA-VULGARIS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM TOXICITY CARCINOGEN,EFFECT OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE UPON REGENERATION OF HYPOSTOME AND FOOT OF HYDRA HYDRA-VULGARIS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM TOXICITY CARCINOGEN,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235351,Chourey et al. 2009,Comparative temporal proteomics of a response regulator (SO2426)-deficient strain and wild-type Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 during chromate transformation,"Predicted orphan response regulators encoded in the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 genome are poorly understood from a cellular function perspective. Our previous transcriptomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated that an annotated DNA-binding response regulator, SO2426, was significantly up-regulated in wild-type S. oneidensis cells at both the mRNA and protein levels in response to acute chromate [Cr(VI)] challenge, suggesting a potential regulatory role for this protein in metal stress pathways. To investigate the impact of SO2426 activity on chromate stress response at a genome-wide scale, we describe here comparative and temporal proteome characterizations using multidimensional HPLC-MS/MS and statistical analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in biological replicates of wild-type S. oneidensis MR-1 and a so2426 deletion (Deltaso2426) strain, which exhibited an impaired Cr(VI) transformation rate compared to that of the parental strain. Global protein profiles were examined at different time intervals (0, 1, 3, 4 h) following exogenous chromate challenge. Results indicated that deletion of the so2426 gene negatively affected expression of a small protein subset (27 proteins) including those with annotated functions in siderophore biosynthesis (SO3032), Fe uptake (SO4743), intracellular Fe storage (Bfr1), and other transport processes. Cr(VI) exposure and subsequent transformation dramatically increased the number of differentially expressed proteins detected, with up-regulated abundance patterns observed largely for proteins involved in general stress protection and detoxification strategies, cell motility, and protein fate. In addition, the proteome data sets were mined for amino acids with potential post-translational modifications (PTMs) indicative of a level of gene expression regulation extending beyond the transcriptional control imposed by SO2426.","Comparative temporal proteomics of a response regulator (SO2426)-deficient strain and wild-type Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 during chromate transformation Abs: Predicted orphan response regulators encoded in the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 genome are poorly understood from a cellular function perspective. Our previous transcriptomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated that an annotated DNA-binding response regulator, SO2426, was significantly up-regulated in wild-type S. oneidensis cells at both the mRNA and protein levels in response to acute chromate [Cr(VI)] challenge, suggesting a potential regulatory role for this protein in metal stress pathways. To investigate the impact of SO2426 activity on chromate stress response at a genome-wide scale, we describe here comparative and temporal proteome characterizations using multidimensional HPLC-MS/MS and statistical analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins in biological replicates of wild-type S. oneidensis MR-1 and a so2426 deletion (Deltaso2426) strain, which exhibited an impaired Cr(VI) transformation rate compared to that of the parental strain. Global protein profiles were examined at different time intervals (0, 1, 3, 4 h) following exogenous chromate challenge. Results indicated that deletion of the so2426 gene negatively affected expression of a small protein subset (27 proteins) including those with annotated functions in siderophore biosynthesis (SO3032), Fe uptake (SO4743), intracellular Fe storage (Bfr1), and other transport processes. Cr(VI) exposure and subsequent transformation dramatically increased the number of differentially expressed proteins detected, with up-regulated abundance patterns observed largely for proteins involved in general stress protection and detoxification strategies, cell motility, and protein fate. In addition, the proteome data sets were mined for amino acids with potential post-translational modifications (PTMs) indicative of a level of gene expression regulation extending beyond the transcriptional control imposed by SO2426.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510030,Moran and  Lapuma 2005,Dissociation of Hexavalent Chromium from Primer Paint Particles into Simulated Mucus Fluid,"Master's thesis. litary relies heavily on chromate primer paints to protect equipment from corrosion. Epidemiological studies link chromate exposure to cancer however limited studies suggest exposure to chromate paint particles does not increase the risk of lung cancer. The particle size and paint type may hinder chromate released into lung fluid. To simulate particle deposition in the mucosal layer of the lungs, a viable cascade impactor collected paint particles into porcine-based simulated lung fluid (SLF). Samples were tested after 24 hours for dissolved and total chromate to determine the fraction of Cr(exp +6)(exp +6) that dissociated from the particles into the Porcine-SLF. In strontium chromate paints, 0.65-2.1 microns sized particles released significantly less chromate than 2.1-7.0 micron sizes. Barium chromate paints only released 3-7% of its chromate, while strontium based paints released from 20-90%. This method demonstrates a technique to evaluate the bioavailability of contaminants from any type of aerosols.","Dissociation of Hexavalent Chromium from Primer Paint Particles into Simulated Mucus Fluid Abs: Master's thesis. litary relies heavily on chromate primer paints to protect equipment from corrosion. Epidemiological studies link chromate exposure to cancer however limited studies suggest exposure to chromate paint particles does not increase the risk of lung cancer. The particle size and paint type may hinder chromate released into lung fluid. To simulate particle deposition in the mucosal layer of the lungs, a viable cascade impactor collected paint particles into porcine-based simulated lung fluid (SLF). Samples were tested after 24 hours for dissolved and total chromate to determine the fraction of Cr(exp +6)(exp +6) that dissociated from the particles into the Porcine-SLF. In strontium chromate paints, 0.65-2.1 microns sized particles released significantly less chromate than 2.1-7.0 micron sizes. Barium chromate paints only released 3-7% of its chromate, while strontium based paints released from 20-90%. This method demonstrates a technique to evaluate the bioavailability of contaminants from any type of aerosols.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231812,Rani et al. 2006,Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by Acacia nilotica bark,"Removal of hexavalent Cr from aqueous solutions by bark of Acacia nilotica L. was studied in batch process. Different parameters of adsorption viz. effect of pH, effect of dose and effect of contact time were studied. The percentage removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic sample was found to be 89.0 and 93.1% for 1.0 mm and 0.3 mm Acacia bark carbon (ABC) respectively and 60.9% and 68.1% for 1.0 mm and 0.3 mm Acacia bark untreated (ABU) respectively, in 30 min contact time. The optimum pH for both adsorbents was found to be 2.0 and adsorption equilibrium was found to be 30 min. for both adsorbents. The adsorption process was found to follow first order rate mechanism as well as Freundlich isotherm.","Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by Acacia nilotica bark Abs: Removal of hexavalent Cr from aqueous solutions by bark of Acacia nilotica L. was studied in batch process. Different parameters of adsorption viz. effect of pH, effect of dose and effect of contact time were studied. The percentage removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic sample was found to be 89.0 and 93.1% for 1.0 mm and 0.3 mm Acacia bark carbon (ABC) respectively and 60.9% and 68.1% for 1.0 mm and 0.3 mm Acacia bark untreated (ABU) respectively, in 30 min contact time. The optimum pH for both adsorbents was found to be 2.0 and adsorption equilibrium was found to be 30 min. for both adsorbents. The adsorption process was found to follow first order rate mechanism as well as Freundlich isotherm.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234485,Nota et al. 2000,Reducing phosphine after the smoking process using an oxidative treatment,"This article gives a description of the setup in a laboratory of a pilot system to reduce phosphine following the smoking process of foodstuffs. At present, this fumigant is released into the atmosphere and causes serious damage to the environment due to its transformation into aggressive compounds. However, phosphine may prove a good alternative to methyl bromide, which will legally be used as a fumigant until the year 2002, provided it is made inert after the smoking process and transformed into nontoxic and easily disposable substances. Oxidant solutions containing potassium permanganate or potassium bichromate in suitable concentrations proved moderately effective in reducing phosphine. The addition of traces of silver nitrate as a catalyst to the oxidant solutions increased the efficiency in reducing the fumigant, although not completely. Thus it was necessary to use a recycling system to decontaminate air from phosphine, as such an apparatus ensures the complete reduction of phosphine. The mathematical function describing how the concentration of phosphine varies in the smoking chamber also makes it possible to estimate the time necessary to reduce a phosphine concentration from any initial value to a fixed final value.","Reducing phosphine after the smoking process using an oxidative treatment Abs: This article gives a description of the setup in a laboratory of a pilot system to reduce phosphine following the smoking process of foodstuffs. At present, this fumigant is released into the atmosphere and causes serious damage to the environment due to its transformation into aggressive compounds. However, phosphine may prove a good alternative to methyl bromide, which will legally be used as a fumigant until the year 2002, provided it is made inert after the smoking process and transformed into nontoxic and easily disposable substances. Oxidant solutions containing potassium permanganate or potassium bichromate in suitable concentrations proved moderately effective in reducing phosphine. The addition of traces of silver nitrate as a catalyst to the oxidant solutions increased the efficiency in reducing the fumigant, although not completely. Thus it was necessary to use a recycling system to decontaminate air from phosphine, as such an apparatus ensures the complete reduction of phosphine. The mathematical function describing how the concentration of phosphine varies in the smoking chamber also makes it possible to estimate the time necessary to reduce a phosphine concentration from any initial value to a fixed final value.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231601,Sedumedi et al. 2009,Speciation of Cr(VI) in environmental samples in the vicinity of the ferrochrome smelter,"The impact of ferrochrome smelter on the contamination of its environment with toxic hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was assessed by analyzing smelter dusts, soil, grass and tree barks. For the separation of Cr(VI) from Cr(III), solid samples were treated with 0.1M Na(2)CO(3) and filtered through hydrophilic PDVF 0.45 microm filter prior to the determination of Cr(VI) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). Ferrochrome smelter dust was found to contain significant levels of Cr(VI), viz. 43.5 microg g(-1) (cyclone dust), 2710 microg g(-1) (fine dust), and 7800 microg g(-1) (slimes dust) which exceeded the maximum acceptable risk concentration (20 microg g(-1)). The concentration of Cr(VI) in environmental samples of grass (3.4+/-0.2), soil (7.7+/-0.2), and tree bark (11.8+/-1.2) collected in the vicinity of the chrome smelter were higher as compared with the same kind of samples collected from uncontaminated area. The results of the investigation show that ferrochrome smelter is a source of environmental pollution with contamination factors of Cr(VI) ranging between 10 and 50.","Speciation of Cr(VI) in environmental samples in the vicinity of the ferrochrome smelter Abs: The impact of ferrochrome smelter on the contamination of its environment with toxic hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), was assessed by analyzing smelter dusts, soil, grass and tree barks. For the separation of Cr(VI) from Cr(III), solid samples were treated with 0.1M Na(2)CO(3) and filtered through hydrophilic PDVF 0.45 microm filter prior to the determination of Cr(VI) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). Ferrochrome smelter dust was found to contain significant levels of Cr(VI), viz. 43.5 microg g(-1) (cyclone dust), 2710 microg g(-1) (fine dust), and 7800 microg g(-1) (slimes dust) which exceeded the maximum acceptable risk concentration (20 microg g(-1)). The concentration of Cr(VI) in environmental samples of grass (3.4+/-0.2), soil (7.7+/-0.2), and tree bark (11.8+/-1.2) collected in the vicinity of the chrome smelter were higher as compared with the same kind of samples collected from uncontaminated area. The results of the investigation show that ferrochrome smelter is a source of environmental pollution with contamination factors of Cr(VI) ranging between 10 and 50.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516348,Rosen 1993,PIMEX. Combined Use of Air Sampling Instruments and Video Filming: Experience and Results during Six Years of Use,"The first 6 years experience of the use of the Picture Mix Exposure (PIMEX) system for monitoring exposures to air contaminants in the workplace was discussed. The PIMEX system was designed to simultaneously measure chemical or physical agents in the breathing zone of a worker using real time monitoring instruments combined with video recording. The signals from the air monitor, which was carried in a backpack worn by the worker, were transmitted to a video mixer where they were superimposed on a video image showing the workplace and recorded on a video tape recorder for later analysis. Any type of real time monitoring instrument that produced a continuous signal with a lag time of less than 5 seconds could be used in the system. PIMEX has been used as a technique for evaluating efforts to control hexavalent chromium (7440473) fume exposures during welding operations and styrene (100425) exposures in the Swedish glass reinforced plastics industry. The recorded data were edited into short video films that have been used to train workers in work practices to avoid exposures. Films about occupational exposures in furniture manufacturing and screen printing shops, wood dust exposures occurring during furniture manufacturing, and gasoline vapor exposures at service stations have also been produced. The author notes that PIMEX can be used as a research tool for studying worker behaviors and developing control procedures.","PIMEX. Combined Use of Air Sampling Instruments and Video Filming: Experience and Results during Six Years of Use Abs: The first 6 years experience of the use of the Picture Mix Exposure (PIMEX) system for monitoring exposures to air contaminants in the workplace was discussed. The PIMEX system was designed to simultaneously measure chemical or physical agents in the breathing zone of a worker using real time monitoring instruments combined with video recording. The signals from the air monitor, which was carried in a backpack worn by the worker, were transmitted to a video mixer where they were superimposed on a video image showing the workplace and recorded on a video tape recorder for later analysis. Any type of real time monitoring instrument that produced a continuous signal with a lag time of less than 5 seconds could be used in the system. PIMEX has been used as a technique for evaluating efforts to control hexavalent chromium (7440473) fume exposures during welding operations and styrene (100425) exposures in the Swedish glass reinforced plastics industry. The recorded data were edited into short video films that have been used to train workers in work practices to avoid exposures. Films about occupational exposures in furniture manufacturing and screen printing shops, wood dust exposures occurring during furniture manufacturing, and gasoline vapor exposures at service stations have also been produced. The author notes that PIMEX can be used as a research tool for studying worker behaviors and developing control procedures.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577754,Mu?ller et al. 2004,Cr-Free Passivation on ZnNi Alloys,,Cr-Free Passivation on ZnNi Alloys Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1788795,Kaushal and  Nema ,Multi-stakeholder decision analysis and comparative risk assessment for reuse- recycle oriented e-waste management strategies: a game theoretic approach,"This article deals with assessment of the potential health risk posed by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances, namely lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper, chromium (CrVI), zinc, nickel and mercury, present in e-waste. A multi-objective, multi-stakeholder approach based on strategic game theory model has been developed considering cost, as well as human health risk. The trade-off due to cost difference between a hazardous substances-free (HSF) and a hazardous substance (HS)-containing desktop computer, and the risk posed by them at the time of disposal, has been analyzed. The cancer risk due to dust inhalation for workers at a recycling site in Bangalore for Pb, Cr(VI) and Cd was found to be 4, 33 and 101 in 1 million respectively. Pb and Cr(VI) result in a very high risk owing to dust ingestion at slums near the recycling site-175 and 81 in 1 million for children, and 24 and 11 in 1 million for adults respectively. The concentration of Pb at a battery workshop in Mayapuri, Delhi (hazard quotient = 3.178) was found to pose adverse health hazards. The government may impose an appropriate penalty on the land disposal of computer waste and/or may give an incentive to manufacturer for producing HSF computers through, for example, relaxing taxes, but there should be no such incentive for manufacturing HS-containing computers.","Multi-stakeholder decision analysis and comparative risk assessment for reuse- recycle oriented e-waste management strategies: a game theoretic approach Abs: This article deals with assessment of the potential health risk posed by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances, namely lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper, chromium (CrVI), zinc, nickel and mercury, present in e-waste. A multi-objective, multi-stakeholder approach based on strategic game theory model has been developed considering cost, as well as human health risk. The trade-off due to cost difference between a hazardous substances-free (HSF) and a hazardous substance (HS)-containing desktop computer, and the risk posed by them at the time of disposal, has been analyzed. The cancer risk due to dust inhalation for workers at a recycling site in Bangalore for Pb, Cr(VI) and Cd was found to be 4, 33 and 101 in 1 million respectively. Pb and Cr(VI) result in a very high risk owing to dust ingestion at slums near the recycling site-175 and 81 in 1 million for children, and 24 and 11 in 1 million for adults respectively. The concentration of Pb at a battery workshop in Mayapuri, Delhi (hazard quotient = 3.178) was found to pose adverse health hazards. The government may impose an appropriate penalty on the land disposal of computer waste and/or may give an incentive to manufacturer for producing HSF computers through, for example, relaxing taxes, but there should be no such incentive for manufacturing HS-containing computers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231540,Kubrak et al. 2010,"Chromium effects on free radical processes in goldfish tissues: comparison of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) exposures on oxidative stress markers, glutathione status and antioxidant enzymes","The present study directly compared the effects of exposure to Cr6+ and Cr3+ (10 mg/L) over 24, 48 and 96 h on indices of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant and related enzymes in goldfish brain, liver, kidney and gills. Glutathione status clearly demonstrated the development of oxidative stress, whereas changes in protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides were less pronounced. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was virtually unaffected after 24 or 96 h exposure, but 48 h exposure to Cr6+ reduced SOD activity in brain (by 30%), enhanced activity in kidney (by 28%) and had no effect on liver SOD. Chromium exposure for shorter times had no effect on catalase activity, whereas 96 h exposure depressed activity in liver, kidney and gills. Exposure to Cr6+ reduced catalase activity in liver by 53% and in kidney by 21%, while in gills it was reduced by 20 and 38% by exposure to Cr3+ and Cr6+, respectively. Exposure to chromium for 24 h did not affect glutathione-S-transferase activity, but treatment with Cr6+ for 48 h enhanced it in brain by 1.5-fold, whereas exposure to Cr3+ decreased activity by 29% in kidney. Fish treatment with chromium ions for 96 h decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity in liver by 51 and 25%, respectively. Chromium exposure had very little effect on the activities of GR or G6PDH. These data show that both chromium ions induced oxidative stress in goldfish tissues and affected the activity of antioxidant and associated enzymes.","Chromium effects on free radical processes in goldfish tissues: comparison of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) exposures on oxidative stress markers, glutathione status and antioxidant enzymes Abs: The present study directly compared the effects of exposure to Cr6+ and Cr3+ (10 mg/L) over 24, 48 and 96 h on indices of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant and related enzymes in goldfish brain, liver, kidney and gills. Glutathione status clearly demonstrated the development of oxidative stress, whereas changes in protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides were less pronounced. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was virtually unaffected after 24 or 96 h exposure, but 48 h exposure to Cr6+ reduced SOD activity in brain (by 30%), enhanced activity in kidney (by 28%) and had no effect on liver SOD. Chromium exposure for shorter times had no effect on catalase activity, whereas 96 h exposure depressed activity in liver, kidney and gills. Exposure to Cr6+ reduced catalase activity in liver by 53% and in kidney by 21%, while in gills it was reduced by 20 and 38% by exposure to Cr3+ and Cr6+, respectively. Exposure to chromium for 24 h did not affect glutathione-S-transferase activity, but treatment with Cr6+ for 48 h enhanced it in brain by 1.5-fold, whereas exposure to Cr3+ decreased activity by 29% in kidney. Fish treatment with chromium ions for 96 h decreased glutathione-S-transferase activity in liver by 51 and 25%, respectively. Chromium exposure had very little effect on the activities of GR or G6PDH. These data show that both chromium ions induced oxidative stress in goldfish tissues and affected the activity of antioxidant and associated enzymes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238348,Guidotti et al. 1992,Hazards of Welding Technologies,"Health hazards associated with welding were discussed. Welding consists of a number of complex operations that include exposure to potentially toxic gases including nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) and ozone (10028156), metal fumes including chromium oxides, hexavalent-chromium (18540299), nickel (7440020) and iron (7439896) particles, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, and extremes of temperature. A major source of welding associated health problems is the metal being welded. The metal workpieces are frequently coated, painted, or galvanized or consist of alloys containing relatively hazardous constituents. The various types of welding techniques and their potential for producing fumes were described. Physical hazards associated with welding were discussed. These include eye injuries caused by flying metal particles and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the welding arc, musculoskeletal problems caused by having to lift, move, or reposition heavy objects, and thermal burns caused by contact with hot metal fragments. Biological hazards associated with welding was considered. These include arc welders pneumoconiosis, nonspecific respiratory disorders, metal fume fever, cadmium (7440439) pneumonitis caused by welding cadmium containing alloys, fertility problems, and cancer. A number of studies have found excesses of lung, genitourinary, nasal, and laryngeal cancer and acute myeloid leukemia in various welding groups. Interpreting thesedata is complicated by confounding caused by multiple exposures. For example, a study of shipyard welders showed excesses of lung cancer, bladder cancer, and mesothelioma when compared to other nonwelding industrial workers. These findings suggested that the welders were probably exposed to several carcinogens including asbestos (1332214). Monitoring exposure to welding fumes during welding was discussed.","Hazards of Welding Technologies Abs: Health hazards associated with welding were discussed. Welding consists of a number of complex operations that include exposure to potentially toxic gases including nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) and ozone (10028156), metal fumes including chromium oxides, hexavalent-chromium (18540299), nickel (7440020) and iron (7439896) particles, infrared and ultraviolet radiation, and extremes of temperature. A major source of welding associated health problems is the metal being welded. The metal workpieces are frequently coated, painted, or galvanized or consist of alloys containing relatively hazardous constituents. The various types of welding techniques and their potential for producing fumes were described. Physical hazards associated with welding were discussed. These include eye injuries caused by flying metal particles and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the welding arc, musculoskeletal problems caused by having to lift, move, or reposition heavy objects, and thermal burns caused by contact with hot metal fragments. Biological hazards associated with welding was considered. These include arc welders pneumoconiosis, nonspecific respiratory disorders, metal fume fever, cadmium (7440439) pneumonitis caused by welding cadmium containing alloys, fertility problems, and cancer. A number of studies have found excesses of lung, genitourinary, nasal, and laryngeal cancer and acute myeloid leukemia in various welding groups. Interpreting thesedata is complicated by confounding caused by multiple exposures. For example, a study of shipyard welders showed excesses of lung cancer, bladder cancer, and mesothelioma when compared to other nonwelding industrial workers. These findings suggested that the welders were probably exposed to several carcinogens including asbestos (1332214). Monitoring exposure to welding fumes during welding was discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578006,Yu et al. 2005,The leachability of heavy metals in hardened fly ash cement and cement-solidified fly ash,,The leachability of heavy metals in hardened fly ash cement and cement-solidified fly ash Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290434,Ohta 1988,Accumulation and Composition of Inhaled Particulates in Human Lungs,"An analysis was made of particulate matter isolated from autopsied human lungs of deceased residents of the Tokyo metropolitan area, to establish a data base of elemental and toxic materials accumulated in lungs. Upper left lung lobes from 108 persons with no history of lung disease were studied. Black powder residues separated from lung tissue were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis, neutron activation, elemental analysis, electron spin resonance and x-ray diffraction. Mutagenicity of black deposits was assessed by the Ames test. Primary pathological results were chronic bronchiolitis, emphysema and pavement epithelium metaplasia and were related to heavy cigarette smoking. There was a significant positive correlation of particulate deposition rate with age. Various elements of natural and artificial environmental origin were detected. A high level of chromium (7440473) was noted in tissue from a chromium worker exposed to hexavalent chromium. Average total carbon (7440440) content was 55 weight percent and did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. Average elemental carbon content was 39 weight percent. Carbon free radicals were detected and attributed to smoking and soot. Mutagenicity tests revealed one sample positive for both Salmonella-typhimurium (TA-98) and (TA-100), while three samples were positive for (TA-98) only. Alpha-quartz (14808607) was observed in 55 samples, and asbestos (1332214) fibers were observed in three of ten samples analyzed. The latter were identified as chrysotile (12001295) in one sample and tremolite (77536686) and crocidolite (12001284) in another. The author concludes that multiple factors, including cigarette smoking, contribute to pulmonary disease due to environmental substances. These results may be useful in determining factors involved in lung disease caused by deposited particles.","Accumulation and Composition of Inhaled Particulates in Human Lungs Abs: An analysis was made of particulate matter isolated from autopsied human lungs of deceased residents of the Tokyo metropolitan area, to establish a data base of elemental and toxic materials accumulated in lungs. Upper left lung lobes from 108 persons with no history of lung disease were studied. Black powder residues separated from lung tissue were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray analysis, neutron activation, elemental analysis, electron spin resonance and x-ray diffraction. Mutagenicity of black deposits was assessed by the Ames test. Primary pathological results were chronic bronchiolitis, emphysema and pavement epithelium metaplasia and were related to heavy cigarette smoking. There was a significant positive correlation of particulate deposition rate with age. Various elements of natural and artificial environmental origin were detected. A high level of chromium (7440473) was noted in tissue from a chromium worker exposed to hexavalent chromium. Average total carbon (7440440) content was 55 weight percent and did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. Average elemental carbon content was 39 weight percent. Carbon free radicals were detected and attributed to smoking and soot. Mutagenicity tests revealed one sample positive for both Salmonella-typhimurium (TA-98) and (TA-100), while three samples were positive for (TA-98) only. Alpha-quartz (14808607) was observed in 55 samples, and asbestos (1332214) fibers were observed in three of ten samples analyzed. The latter were identified as chrysotile (12001295) in one sample and tremolite (77536686) and crocidolite (12001284) in another. The author concludes that multiple factors, including cigarette smoking, contribute to pulmonary disease due to environmental substances. These results may be useful in determining factors involved in lung disease caused by deposited particles.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234849,Cawthorn et al. 1986,"In vitro excystation of Sarcocystis capracanis, Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis tenella (Apicomplexa)","Improved rates of in vitro excystation of sporozoites from sporocysts of Sarcocystis capracanis, Sarcocystis cruzi, and Sarcocystis tenella were obtained by pretreating sporocysts with an aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution followed by incubation in excysting fluid (EF). After pretreatment with NaOCl, sporocysts were washed 4 times in Hanks' balanced salt solution and then incubated in various EF (pH 7.4) at 38.5 C in 5% CO2-95% air. Maximum rates of excystation (free sporozoites/(sporozoites in sporocysts + free sporozoites) X 100) for all 3 species of Sarcocystis occurred at 4 hr after incubation in EF. These rates were 17% for S. capracanis after incubation in EF containing 2% trypsin + 10% caprine bile; 90% for S. cruzi in 2% trypsin + 10% bovine bile; and 20% for S. tenella in 2% trypsin + 10% caprine bile. Only a 40% excystation rate occurred in sporocysts of S. cruzi that had been stored previously for 14 days in aqueous potassium dichromate. Excysted sporozoites of S. capracanis, S. cruzi, and S. tenella penetrated and developed to mature meronts in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells or bovine monocytes.","In vitro excystation of Sarcocystis capracanis, Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis tenella (Apicomplexa) Abs: Improved rates of in vitro excystation of sporozoites from sporocysts of Sarcocystis capracanis, Sarcocystis cruzi, and Sarcocystis tenella were obtained by pretreating sporocysts with an aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution followed by incubation in excysting fluid (EF). After pretreatment with NaOCl, sporocysts were washed 4 times in Hanks' balanced salt solution and then incubated in various EF (pH 7.4) at 38.5 C in 5% CO2-95% air. Maximum rates of excystation (free sporozoites/(sporozoites in sporocysts + free sporozoites) X 100) for all 3 species of Sarcocystis occurred at 4 hr after incubation in EF. These rates were 17% for S. capracanis after incubation in EF containing 2% trypsin + 10% caprine bile; 90% for S. cruzi in 2% trypsin + 10% bovine bile; and 20% for S. tenella in 2% trypsin + 10% caprine bile. Only a 40% excystation rate occurred in sporocysts of S. cruzi that had been stored previously for 14 days in aqueous potassium dichromate. Excysted sporozoites of S. capracanis, S. cruzi, and S. tenella penetrated and developed to mature meronts in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells or bovine monocytes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578085,Whalley et al. 1999,"Chromium speciation in natural waters draining contaminated land, Glasgow, U.K","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Historically, solid waste from chromite ore processing has been disposed of at a number of sites in Glasgow, Scotland. Leachate from these sites has been implicated as a source of chromium (Cr) contamination to both groundwaters and stream waters in the south east area of the city. In this study, chromium speciation has been determined in ground-, stream-, river- and pore waters, to assess the extent of contamination and the associated risk. The speciation of chromium is important, as the trival s and streamwaters in the area immediately surrounding the contaminated sites, and high concentrations of chromium were also found in River Clyde sediments downstream of these sites. However, these concentrations rapidly decrease away from the chromium-contaminated south eastern side of the city. Data from porewaters suggest that some reduction of Cr(VI) occurs naturally in the sediments, indicating that the risk posed by high concentrations of Cr(VI) should be decreased over the","Chromium speciation in natural waters draining contaminated land, Glasgow, U.K Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Historically, solid waste from chromite ore processing has been disposed of at a number of sites in Glasgow, Scotland. Leachate from these sites has been implicated as a source of chromium (Cr) contamination to both groundwaters and stream waters in the south east area of the city. In this study, chromium speciation has been determined in ground-, stream-, river- and pore waters, to assess the extent of contamination and the associated risk. The speciation of chromium is important, as the trival s and streamwaters in the area immediately surrounding the contaminated sites, and high concentrations of chromium were also found in River Clyde sediments downstream of these sites. However, these concentrations rapidly decrease away from the chromium-contaminated south eastern side of the city. Data from porewaters suggest that some reduction of Cr(VI) occurs naturally in the sediments, indicating that the risk posed by high concentrations of Cr(VI) should be decreased over the",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516422,Shea et al. 1947,Respiratory Excretion of Methyl Alcohol by White Rats,"The respiratory excretion of methyl-alcohol (67561) was investigated in rats. Rats were fed 1983 milligrams of methyl-alcohol. Respiratory samples were analyzed for oxidizable material. The total amount was extrapolated for a 24 hour period after determination of methyl-alcohol by reduction of potassium-dichromate. During the 24 hours following administration of methyl-alcohol, the rats lost an average of 11.7 percent by way of the respiratory tract. During the second 24 hour period, the average loss was 9.5 percent; with 5.5 and 2.1 percent lost during the next two 24 hour periods, respectively. An average of 31 percent of the total methyl-alcohol dose was excreted by the respiratory system. In rats exposed to an 8 percent carbon-dioxide (124389) (CO2) atmosphere for 90 minutes, excretion of methyl-alcohol was not different from rats given the alcohol alone, although there was a marked increase in respiratory rate and amplitude. The authors conclude that the difficulties reported by other investigators are overcome by the use of a face mask for collecting respired air, and by the use of a colorimetric method to determine methyl-alcohol in the respiratory products.","Respiratory Excretion of Methyl Alcohol by White Rats Abs: The respiratory excretion of methyl-alcohol (67561) was investigated in rats. Rats were fed 1983 milligrams of methyl-alcohol. Respiratory samples were analyzed for oxidizable material. The total amount was extrapolated for a 24 hour period after determination of methyl-alcohol by reduction of potassium-dichromate. During the 24 hours following administration of methyl-alcohol, the rats lost an average of 11.7 percent by way of the respiratory tract. During the second 24 hour period, the average loss was 9.5 percent; with 5.5 and 2.1 percent lost during the next two 24 hour periods, respectively. An average of 31 percent of the total methyl-alcohol dose was excreted by the respiratory system. In rats exposed to an 8 percent carbon-dioxide (124389) (CO2) atmosphere for 90 minutes, excretion of methyl-alcohol was not different from rats given the alcohol alone, although there was a marked increase in respiratory rate and amplitude. The authors conclude that the difficulties reported by other investigators are overcome by the use of a face mask for collecting respired air, and by the use of a colorimetric method to determine methyl-alcohol in the respiratory products.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576766,Jolly 2007,[Cement: guidance for improved protection],"Fresh cement is an irritant that can cause rash, skin erosion, crevasses and burns. It is also an allergen, giving rise to skin diseases known as cement dermatitis, mainly due to impurities containing hexavalent chromium. Overall, cement is believed to be responsible for 10% of occupational skin diseases. This article reviews the precautions to be taken for avoiding these diseases, essentially consisting of hygiene measures and the use of suitable work clothing and personal protective equipment. A box mentions relevant French regulations.","[Cement: guidance for improved protection] Abs: Fresh cement is an irritant that can cause rash, skin erosion, crevasses and burns. It is also an allergen, giving rise to skin diseases known as cement dermatitis, mainly due to impurities containing hexavalent chromium. Overall, cement is believed to be responsible for 10% of occupational skin diseases. This article reviews the precautions to be taken for avoiding these diseases, essentially consisting of hygiene measures and the use of suitable work clothing and personal protective equipment. A box mentions relevant French regulations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225411,Johnston et al. 2013,True digestive utilization of phosphorus in pea (Pisum sativum) fed to growing pigs,,True digestive utilization of phosphorus in pea (Pisum sativum) fed to growing pigs Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509924,Larraza et al. 2012,"Hybrid materials: Magnetite-Polyethylenimine-Montmorillonite, as magnetic adsorbents for Cr(VI) water treatment","Hybrid materials formed by the combination of a sodium rich Montmorillonite (MMT), with magnetite nanoparticles (40 nm, Fe(3)O(4) NPs) coated with Polyethylenimine polymer (PEI 800 g/mol or PEI 25000 g/mol) were prepared. The intercalation of the magnetite nanoparticles coated with PEI among MMT platelets was achieved by cationic exchange. The resulting materials presented a high degree of exfoliation of the MMT sheets and a good dispersion of Fe(3)O(4) NPs on both the surface and among the layers of MMT. The presence of amine groups in the PEI structure not only aids the exfoliation of the MMT layers, but also gives to the hybrid material the necessary functionality to interact with heavy metals. These hybrid materials were used as magnetic sorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from water. The effect that pH, Cr(VI) concentration, and adsorbent material composition have on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency was studied. A complete characterization of the materials was performed. The hybrid materials showed a slight dependence of the removal efficiency with the pH in a wide range (1-9). A maximum amount of adsorption capacity of 8.8 mg/g was determined by the Langmuir isotherm. Results show that these hybrid materials can be considered as potential magnetic adsorbent for the Cr(VI) removal from water in a wide range of pH.","Hybrid materials: Magnetite-Polyethylenimine-Montmorillonite, as magnetic adsorbents for Cr(VI) water treatment Abs: Hybrid materials formed by the combination of a sodium rich Montmorillonite (MMT), with magnetite nanoparticles (40 nm, Fe(3)O(4) NPs) coated with Polyethylenimine polymer (PEI 800 g/mol or PEI 25000 g/mol) were prepared. The intercalation of the magnetite nanoparticles coated with PEI among MMT platelets was achieved by cationic exchange. The resulting materials presented a high degree of exfoliation of the MMT sheets and a good dispersion of Fe(3)O(4) NPs on both the surface and among the layers of MMT. The presence of amine groups in the PEI structure not only aids the exfoliation of the MMT layers, but also gives to the hybrid material the necessary functionality to interact with heavy metals. These hybrid materials were used as magnetic sorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from water. The effect that pH, Cr(VI) concentration, and adsorbent material composition have on the Cr(VI) removal efficiency was studied. A complete characterization of the materials was performed. The hybrid materials showed a slight dependence of the removal efficiency with the pH in a wide range (1-9). A maximum amount of adsorption capacity of 8.8 mg/g was determined by the Langmuir isotherm. Results show that these hybrid materials can be considered as potential magnetic adsorbent for the Cr(VI) removal from water in a wide range of pH.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509519,Kuhnert et al. 1976,The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity in several tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri),"The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity was studied in several tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Those tissues studied were: intestine, gill, liver, and kidney. Tissue chromium levels were determined for control rainbow trout and trout exposed to 2.5 mg Cr/1 (as chromate) for 48 hours. After exposure to chromium, inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activity, but not Mg ATPase activity, was observed. These results may partially explain the detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium on fish.","The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity in several tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Abs: The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity was studied in several tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Those tissues studied were: intestine, gill, liver, and kidney. Tissue chromium levels were determined for control rainbow trout and trout exposed to 2.5 mg Cr/1 (as chromate) for 48 hours. After exposure to chromium, inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activity, but not Mg ATPase activity, was observed. These results may partially explain the detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium on fish.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509735,Adam and  Pribil 1974,Extractions with long-chain amines-VIII Colorimetric determination of chromium(VI) with diphenylcarbazide,"Traces of chromium(VI) are extracted from sulphuric acid solution into a chloroform solution of trioctylmethylammonium chloride. After the addition of solid diphenylcarbazide to the separated organic phase, a red colour is developed and is measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm. A great number of common metals, including iron and copper, do not interfere when present in ratios up to at least 1:40,000 (chromium: metal).","Extractions with long-chain amines-VIII Colorimetric determination of chromium(VI) with diphenylcarbazide Abs: Traces of chromium(VI) are extracted from sulphuric acid solution into a chloroform solution of trioctylmethylammonium chloride. After the addition of solid diphenylcarbazide to the separated organic phase, a red colour is developed and is measured spectrophotometrically at 550 nm. A great number of common metals, including iron and copper, do not interfere when present in ratios up to at least 1:40,000 (chromium: metal).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576760,Gabisoniya et al. 1989,Metal regeneration from electroplating technology effluents containing chromium and copper ions,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The data revealing optimal conditions for the regeneration of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions and their transition to the low-valent state under radiation treatment from electroplating effluents are presented.,Metal regeneration from electroplating technology effluents containing chromium and copper ions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The data revealing optimal conditions for the regeneration of Cr (VI) and Cu (II) ions and their transition to the low-valent state under radiation treatment from electroplating effluents are presented.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786423,Varga et al. 2013,Comparative study of sorption kinetics and equilibrium of chromium (VI) on charcoals prepared from different low-cost materials,,Comparative study of sorption kinetics and equilibrium of chromium (VI) on charcoals prepared from different low-cost materials Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
480854,Hong et al. 2008,Luminescent and magnetic Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites for the chromium(VI) determination,"A novel luminescent and magnetic Fe3O4/pyrene/polyacrylamide (Fe3O4/Py/PAM) nanocomposite has been prepared under ultrasonic radiation. This magnetic nanocomposite combined with pyrene would lead to a special functional magnetic luminescent composite that enjoys both the advantages of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 and fluorescence nanoparticles of pyrene. Taking advantage of the magnetic property of Fe3O4 nanocomposites, we can separate Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites from solution easily just by using a permanent magnet. Based on the fluorescence quenching of Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites by Cr(VI), a method for the selective determination of Cr(VI), without separation of Cr(III) in water, was developed. Under optimal experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.01 mu g mL(-1) was achieved. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-14.0 mu g mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975. The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr(VI) in synthetic samples and wastewater samples with the satisfactory results. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Luminescent and magnetic Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites for the chromium(VI) determination Abs: A novel luminescent and magnetic Fe3O4/pyrene/polyacrylamide (Fe3O4/Py/PAM) nanocomposite has been prepared under ultrasonic radiation. This magnetic nanocomposite combined with pyrene would lead to a special functional magnetic luminescent composite that enjoys both the advantages of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 and fluorescence nanoparticles of pyrene. Taking advantage of the magnetic property of Fe3O4 nanocomposites, we can separate Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites from solution easily just by using a permanent magnet. Based on the fluorescence quenching of Fe3O4/Py/PAM nanocomposites by Cr(VI), a method for the selective determination of Cr(VI), without separation of Cr(III) in water, was developed. Under optimal experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.01 mu g mL(-1) was achieved. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-14.0 mu g mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975. The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr(VI) in synthetic samples and wastewater samples with the satisfactory results. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231869,Pal et al. 2005,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by cell-free extract of Bacillus sphaericus AND 303 isolated from serpentine soil,"Cell-free extracts (CFEs) of chromium-resistant bacterium Bacillus sphaericus AND 303 isolated from serpentine soil of Andaman, India reduced Cr(VI) in in vitro condition, and the reductase activity was solely localized in the soluble cell-fractions (S12, S32, and S150). The enzyme was constitutive as the CFEs from cells grown in Cr(VI)-free and Cr(VI)-containing media reduced a more or less equal amount of Cr(VI). Optimum Cr(VI) reductase activity was obtained at an enzyme (S150) concentration equivalent to 4.56 mg protein/mL, 300 microM: Cr(VI) and pH 6.0 after 30 min incubation at 30 degrees C. The enzyme was heat labile; 80% of its activity was lost when exposed at 70 degrees C for 15 min. Kinetics of Cr(VI) reductase activity fit well with the linearized Lineweaver-Burk plot and showed a V(max) of 1.432 micromol Cr(VI)/mg protein/min and K(m) of 158.12 microM: Cr(VI). The presence of additional electron donors accelerated Cr(VI) reductase activity of CFE, and an increase of 28% activity over control was recorded with 1.0 microM: NADH. Heavy metal ions such as Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) were strong inhibitors of Cr(VI) reductase unlike that of 100 microM: Co(II), which retained 93% activity over control.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by cell-free extract of Bacillus sphaericus AND 303 isolated from serpentine soil Abs: Cell-free extracts (CFEs) of chromium-resistant bacterium Bacillus sphaericus AND 303 isolated from serpentine soil of Andaman, India reduced Cr(VI) in in vitro condition, and the reductase activity was solely localized in the soluble cell-fractions (S12, S32, and S150). The enzyme was constitutive as the CFEs from cells grown in Cr(VI)-free and Cr(VI)-containing media reduced a more or less equal amount of Cr(VI). Optimum Cr(VI) reductase activity was obtained at an enzyme (S150) concentration equivalent to 4.56 mg protein/mL, 300 microM: Cr(VI) and pH 6.0 after 30 min incubation at 30 degrees C. The enzyme was heat labile; 80% of its activity was lost when exposed at 70 degrees C for 15 min. Kinetics of Cr(VI) reductase activity fit well with the linearized Lineweaver-Burk plot and showed a V(max) of 1.432 micromol Cr(VI)/mg protein/min and K(m) of 158.12 microM: Cr(VI). The presence of additional electron donors accelerated Cr(VI) reductase activity of CFE, and an increase of 28% activity over control was recorded with 1.0 microM: NADH. Heavy metal ions such as Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) were strong inhibitors of Cr(VI) reductase unlike that of 100 microM: Co(II), which retained 93% activity over control.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510470,Sridevi and  Yusuff 2007,Rapid in vitro screening of drug-metal ion interactions,,Rapid in vitro screening of drug-metal ion interactions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238008,Clark 1976,Thermal Analysis and Thermal Batteries,"Some applications of thermal analysis to studying problems associated with thermal batteries are presented. A definition of thermal batteries is given. Applications include the study of the thermal decomposition of zinc chromates, the thermal stability of Vespel (a high-temperature polyimide used as a rigid insulating material), determining phase diagrams for the salt systems that are used in the thermal batteries, measurements of heats of reaction or reactions between some of the thermal battery constituents.","Thermal Analysis and Thermal Batteries Abs: Some applications of thermal analysis to studying problems associated with thermal batteries are presented. A definition of thermal batteries is given. Applications include the study of the thermal decomposition of zinc chromates, the thermal stability of Vespel (a high-temperature polyimide used as a rigid insulating material), determining phase diagrams for the salt systems that are used in the thermal batteries, measurements of heats of reaction or reactions between some of the thermal battery constituents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509805,Durante et al. 2010,Exhaustive depletion of recalcitrant chromium fractions in a real wastewater,"This paper reports investigations on electrochemical removal of Cr(III) from a real wastewater sample from a 4x10(4)m(3)d(-1) purification plant located in the leather district of Arzignano (Italy). A crucial point evaluated is the relation between Cr(III) abatement and the reduction of total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. Here we present the results of different abatement approaches including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and electrocoagulation applied separately or in series. Neither of these methods show satisfactory results when applied alone. In particular, AOPs are completely inefficient owing to the formation of Cr(VI), which is more soluble than Cr(III). Almost total depletion (99.7%) of the recalcitrant fraction of Cr(III) is successfully achieved by combining ozonization and electrocoagulation processes. The results are consistent with the abatement of Cr in its hexavalent form by fast precipitation as NH(4)Fe(CrO(4))(2).","Exhaustive depletion of recalcitrant chromium fractions in a real wastewater Abs: This paper reports investigations on electrochemical removal of Cr(III) from a real wastewater sample from a 4x10(4)m(3)d(-1) purification plant located in the leather district of Arzignano (Italy). A crucial point evaluated is the relation between Cr(III) abatement and the reduction of total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand. Here we present the results of different abatement approaches including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and electrocoagulation applied separately or in series. Neither of these methods show satisfactory results when applied alone. In particular, AOPs are completely inefficient owing to the formation of Cr(VI), which is more soluble than Cr(III). Almost total depletion (99.7%) of the recalcitrant fraction of Cr(III) is successfully achieved by combining ozonization and electrocoagulation processes. The results are consistent with the abatement of Cr in its hexavalent form by fast precipitation as NH(4)Fe(CrO(4))(2).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515204,Furtmann and  Seifert 1990,On the routine determination of chromium-vi in soils,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental toxicology sewage spectrophotometry,On the routine determination of chromium-vi in soils Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental toxicology sewage spectrophotometry,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238865,Levis et al. 1983,NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID (NTA) ENHANCES THE MUTAGENICITY OF METALS,,NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID (NTA) ENHANCES THE MUTAGENICITY OF METALS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
31014,Varnbo et al. 1985,Effects of toxic chemicals on the respiratory activity of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells,"The effects of 20 common toxic chemicals on respiratory activity were investigated in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cultured cells were grown in medium and maintained at 37 degrees-C in 5.0 percent carbon-dioxide in air. For determination of oxygen consumption, chambers were perfused with a phosphate buffered saline solution. Measurements were made polarographically with oxygen electrodes. Effects of pentachlorophenol (87865) were recorded as an initial increase followed by a gradual dose related decrease in respiration. A corresponding time course of effects was obtained for the high concentrations of hexachlorophene (70304), whereas the low concentrations caused only inhibition. Potassium-cyanide (151508), pyridine (110861), 2,5-hexanedione (110134), meta-arsenite, potassium-chromate (7789006), mercury-chloride (51312244), methylmercury (22967926), and triethyltin (997502) caused an immediate progressive dose dependent decrease in respiration. Simpler time courses of inhibition were obtained with these substances. Ethanol (64175), methanol (67561), dimethyl-sulfoxide (67685), benzidine (71432), nickel-acetate (373024), manganese-chloride (7773015), phenol (108952), cobalt-chloride (1332827), sodium-selenate (13410010), and cadmium-chloride (10108642) produced no significant changes in respiration. The authors conclude that the system presented is useful for determining toxic action of chemicals on neural respiratory activity.","Effects of toxic chemicals on the respiratory activity of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells Abs: The effects of 20 common toxic chemicals on respiratory activity were investigated in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cultured cells were grown in medium and maintained at 37 degrees-C in 5.0 percent carbon-dioxide in air. For determination of oxygen consumption, chambers were perfused with a phosphate buffered saline solution. Measurements were made polarographically with oxygen electrodes. Effects of pentachlorophenol (87865) were recorded as an initial increase followed by a gradual dose related decrease in respiration. A corresponding time course of effects was obtained for the high concentrations of hexachlorophene (70304), whereas the low concentrations caused only inhibition. Potassium-cyanide (151508), pyridine (110861), 2,5-hexanedione (110134), meta-arsenite, potassium-chromate (7789006), mercury-chloride (51312244), methylmercury (22967926), and triethyltin (997502) caused an immediate progressive dose dependent decrease in respiration. Simpler time courses of inhibition were obtained with these substances. Ethanol (64175), methanol (67561), dimethyl-sulfoxide (67685), benzidine (71432), nickel-acetate (373024), manganese-chloride (7773015), phenol (108952), cobalt-chloride (1332827), sodium-selenate (13410010), and cadmium-chloride (10108642) produced no significant changes in respiration. The authors conclude that the system presented is useful for determining toxic action of chemicals on neural respiratory activity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577285,Nitiyanontakit et al. 2013,Hybrid flow analyzer for automatic hollow-fiber-assisted ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction with in-line membrane regeneration,"The proof-of-concept of a new methodology for in-line hollow-fiber (HF)-assisted three-phase liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) allowing for handling of the feed and acceptor aqueous solutions and of minute volumes of the organic extracting phase in a programmable flow mode is reported in this paper. The flow analyzer fosters in-line anchoring of ionic-liquid-laden extracting solution (10 % (v/v) methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride in kerosene) in the pores of a single-strand microporous polypropylene HF, and regeneration of the liquid-phase membrane itself for each individual analysis cycle in a fully automated mode. Using hexavalent chromium as a model analyte and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as a chromogenic probe in the acceptor solution, the flow-based HF-LPME hyphenated system was harnessed to the clean-up of troublesome samples (viz., domestic wastewater and soil leachates) with concomitant enrichment of target species. Distinct extraction modes and chemistries were assessed for enhanced Cr(VI) permeability. A single sample plug was subjected to a twofold backward-forward flow extraction so as to decrease the thickness of the boundary layer at the HF shell side for improved extraction efficiency. Under the optimized physicochemical variables, a limit of detection of 4.6 ?g?L(-1) Cr(VI), a dynamic linear range of up to 500 ?g?L(-1) and intermediate precision better than 10 % were obtained for a sample volume of 2.8 mL buffered at pH 4 and a volume of organic extractant of 120 ?L, with an enrichment factor of ca. 11 for a sample residence time in the donor compartment of merely 4.5 min. Analyte recoveries in domestic wastewaters were ?83 % using external calibration with relative standard deviations better than 14 %, thereby demonstrating the expedient clean-up of samples with elevated content of dissolved organic carbon. The automatic HF-LPME method was validated in terms of bias against the SRM 2701 (NIST soil) preceded by the EPA alkaline digestion method 3060A. No significant differences between Cr(VI) concentration as obtained with the automatic HF-LPME system (546?±?57 mg?kg(-1)) and the certified value (551.2?±?17.2 mg?kg(-1), expressed as mean ± combined uncertainty) were encountered at the 0.05 significance level.","Hybrid flow analyzer for automatic hollow-fiber-assisted ionic liquid-based liquid-phase microextraction with in-line membrane regeneration Abs: The proof-of-concept of a new methodology for in-line hollow-fiber (HF)-assisted three-phase liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) allowing for handling of the feed and acceptor aqueous solutions and of minute volumes of the organic extracting phase in a programmable flow mode is reported in this paper. The flow analyzer fosters in-line anchoring of ionic-liquid-laden extracting solution (10 % (v/v) methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride in kerosene) in the pores of a single-strand microporous polypropylene HF, and regeneration of the liquid-phase membrane itself for each individual analysis cycle in a fully automated mode. Using hexavalent chromium as a model analyte and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as a chromogenic probe in the acceptor solution, the flow-based HF-LPME hyphenated system was harnessed to the clean-up of troublesome samples (viz., domestic wastewater and soil leachates) with concomitant enrichment of target species. Distinct extraction modes and chemistries were assessed for enhanced Cr(VI) permeability. A single sample plug was subjected to a twofold backward-forward flow extraction so as to decrease the thickness of the boundary layer at the HF shell side for improved extraction efficiency. Under the optimized physicochemical variables, a limit of detection of 4.6 ?g?L(-1) Cr(VI), a dynamic linear range of up to 500 ?g?L(-1) and intermediate precision better than 10 % were obtained for a sample volume of 2.8 mL buffered at pH 4 and a volume of organic extractant of 120 ?L, with an enrichment factor of ca. 11 for a sample residence time in the donor compartment of merely 4.5 min. Analyte recoveries in domestic wastewaters were ?83 % using external calibration with relative standard deviations better than 14 %, thereby demonstrating the expedient clean-up of samples with elevated content of dissolved organic carbon. The automatic HF-LPME method was validated in terms of bias against the SRM 2701 (NIST soil) preceded by the EPA alkaline digestion method 3060A. No significant differences between Cr(VI) concentration as obtained with the automatic HF-LPME system (546?±?57 mg?kg(-1)) and the certified value (551.2?±?17.2 mg?kg(-1), expressed as mean ± combined uncertainty) were encountered at the 0.05 significance level.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237721,Kogan YU 1976,The effect of the pattern of potassium bichromate administration on the state of the renal parenchyma and its lethality for albino mice,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was made of the state of the tubular apparatus in 360 albino mice given repeated s.c. injections of potassium bichromate with intervals of 1 day, 1 wk and 1 mo. A more frequent action of the pathogenic agent proved to lead to less lethality and produced less toxicity of the renal tubules.","The effect of the pattern of potassium bichromate administration on the state of the renal parenchyma and its lethality for albino mice Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was made of the state of the tubular apparatus in 360 albino mice given repeated s.c. injections of potassium bichromate with intervals of 1 day, 1 wk and 1 mo. A more frequent action of the pathogenic agent proved to lead to less lethality and produced less toxicity of the renal tubules.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231914,Gode and  Pehlivan 2005,Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by two Lewatit-anion exchange resins,"The sorption of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from aqueous solutions on macroporous resins containing tertiary amine groups (Lewatit MP 62 and Lewatit M 610) was studied at varying Cr(VI) concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and temperatures. The concentration of chromium in aqueous solution was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES). Batch shaking sorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of Lewatit MP 62 and Lewatit M 610 anion exchange resins in the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The ion-exchange process, which is pH dependent, shows maximum removal of Cr(VI) in the pH range 2-6 for an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 100 ppm. The sorption increases with the decrease in pH and slightly decreases with the increase in temperature. Both ion exchangers had high bonding constants with Lewatit M 610 showing stronger binding. It was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.40 mmol of Cr(VI)/g for Lewatit MP 62 and 0.41 mmol of Cr(VI)/g for Lewatit M 610 was achieved at pH of 5.0. The thermodynamic parameters (free energy change, DeltaG degrees ; enthalpy change, DeltaS degrees ; and entropy change, DeltaH degrees ) for the sorption have been evaluated. The rise in temperature caused a slight decrease in the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the sorption of Cr(VI) ion. The sorption of Cr(VI) on the resin was rapid during the first 15 min and equilibrium was found to be attained within 30 min. The sorption of Cr(VI) onto the resins followed reversible first-order rate kinetics. Such ion exchange resins can be used for the efficient removal of chromium from water and wastewater.","Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by two Lewatit-anion exchange resins Abs: The sorption of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from aqueous solutions on macroporous resins containing tertiary amine groups (Lewatit MP 62 and Lewatit M 610) was studied at varying Cr(VI) concentrations, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and temperatures. The concentration of chromium in aqueous solution was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES). Batch shaking sorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of Lewatit MP 62 and Lewatit M 610 anion exchange resins in the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The ion-exchange process, which is pH dependent, shows maximum removal of Cr(VI) in the pH range 2-6 for an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 100 ppm. The sorption increases with the decrease in pH and slightly decreases with the increase in temperature. Both ion exchangers had high bonding constants with Lewatit M 610 showing stronger binding. It was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.40 mmol of Cr(VI)/g for Lewatit MP 62 and 0.41 mmol of Cr(VI)/g for Lewatit M 610 was achieved at pH of 5.0. The thermodynamic parameters (free energy change, DeltaG degrees ; enthalpy change, DeltaS degrees ; and entropy change, DeltaH degrees ) for the sorption have been evaluated. The rise in temperature caused a slight decrease in the value of the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the sorption of Cr(VI) ion. The sorption of Cr(VI) on the resin was rapid during the first 15 min and equilibrium was found to be attained within 30 min. The sorption of Cr(VI) onto the resins followed reversible first-order rate kinetics. Such ion exchange resins can be used for the efficient removal of chromium from water and wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577766,Shankar 2009,"Chromium Pollution in the Groundwaters of an Industrial Area in Bangalore, India",,"Chromium Pollution in the Groundwaters of an Industrial Area in Bangalore, India Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238406,Roche 1995,Reducing Carcinogens in Public Schools: A Non-Regulatory Approach by a Regulatory Agency,"A pilot project which used information from the 1990 Right to Know (RTK) Survey to reduce public school staff potential exposure to carcinogens was conducted. A total of 318 school districts in New Jersey were identified which reported any of 10 selected carcinogens on the Survey. Of the 32 randomly selected school districts from the 318, 31 (97%) participated in a phone survey. The findings from this survey indicated the use of arsenic (7440382), arsenic-trioxide (1327533), asbestos (1332214), benzene (71432), lead-chromate (7758976), sodium-arsenate (7778430), and sodium-dichromate (10588019) in pure form for science or chemistry experiments or demonstrations. Asbestos was also used for roof patching or cement, benzene for drying leather, benzene in gasoline/fuel or in cleaners, lead-chromate (7758976) in paint for maintenance and in glazes for an art class, and sodium-dichromate in floorstripper. Employees potentially exposed included chemistry and science teachers and maintenance personnel. Following the study, 78% of the reported carcinogens in school districts that returned the follow up form were disposed of, used completely and not reordered, or were scheduled for disposal. The author concludes that both the enforcement of the New Jersey RTK Law and this project contributed to the reduction of exposure to carcinogens in the school districts.","Reducing Carcinogens in Public Schools: A Non-Regulatory Approach by a Regulatory Agency Abs: A pilot project which used information from the 1990 Right to Know (RTK) Survey to reduce public school staff potential exposure to carcinogens was conducted. A total of 318 school districts in New Jersey were identified which reported any of 10 selected carcinogens on the Survey. Of the 32 randomly selected school districts from the 318, 31 (97%) participated in a phone survey. The findings from this survey indicated the use of arsenic (7440382), arsenic-trioxide (1327533), asbestos (1332214), benzene (71432), lead-chromate (7758976), sodium-arsenate (7778430), and sodium-dichromate (10588019) in pure form for science or chemistry experiments or demonstrations. Asbestos was also used for roof patching or cement, benzene for drying leather, benzene in gasoline/fuel or in cleaners, lead-chromate (7758976) in paint for maintenance and in glazes for an art class, and sodium-dichromate in floorstripper. Employees potentially exposed included chemistry and science teachers and maintenance personnel. Following the study, 78% of the reported carcinogens in school districts that returned the follow up form were disposed of, used completely and not reordered, or were scheduled for disposal. The author concludes that both the enforcement of the New Jersey RTK Law and this project contributed to the reduction of exposure to carcinogens in the school districts.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225048,Sarkar et al. 2013,Manganese(II)-catalyzed and clay-minerals-mediated reduction of chromium(VI) by citrate,"Unlike lower valent iron (Fe), the potential role of lower valent manganese (Mn) in the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in soil is poorly documented. In this study, we report that citrate along with Mn(II) and clay minerals (montmorillonite and kaolinite) reduce Cr(VI) both in aqueous phase and in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (SDOC) extracted from a forest soil. The reduction was favorable at acidic pH (up to pH 5) and followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The citrate (10 mM) + Mn(II) (182.02 ?M) + clay minerals (3% w/v) system in SDOC accounted for complete reduction of Cr(VI) (192.32 ?M) in about 72 h at pH 4.9. In this system, citrate was the reductant, Mn(II) was a catalyst, and the clay minerals acted as an accelerator for both the reductant and catalyst. The clay minerals also serve as a sink for Cr(III). This study reveals the underlying mechanism of the Mn(II)-induced reduction of Cr(VI) by organic ligand in the presence of clay minerals under certain environmental conditions.","Manganese(II)-catalyzed and clay-minerals-mediated reduction of chromium(VI) by citrate Abs: Unlike lower valent iron (Fe), the potential role of lower valent manganese (Mn) in the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in soil is poorly documented. In this study, we report that citrate along with Mn(II) and clay minerals (montmorillonite and kaolinite) reduce Cr(VI) both in aqueous phase and in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (SDOC) extracted from a forest soil. The reduction was favorable at acidic pH (up to pH 5) and followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The citrate (10 mM) + Mn(II) (182.02 ?M) + clay minerals (3% w/v) system in SDOC accounted for complete reduction of Cr(VI) (192.32 ?M) in about 72 h at pH 4.9. In this system, citrate was the reductant, Mn(II) was a catalyst, and the clay minerals acted as an accelerator for both the reductant and catalyst. The clay minerals also serve as a sink for Cr(III). This study reveals the underlying mechanism of the Mn(II)-induced reduction of Cr(VI) by organic ligand in the presence of clay minerals under certain environmental conditions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237260,Rempel et al. 1991,Respiratory effects of exposure of shipyard workers to epoxy paints,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Epoxy resin systems have been associated with occupational asthma in several case reports, but medical publications contain little on the potential adverse respiratory effects of these chemicals in exposed worker populations. To further evaluate the association of workplace exposure to epoxy paints and respiratory dysfunction, the cross workshift changes in pulmonary function and symptoms of 32 shipyard painters exposed to epoxy paints were compared with 28 shipyard painters not exposed to epoxy paints. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract symptoms was significantly higher among painters exposed to epoxy paints compared with controls. Among exposed painters the mean cross workshift change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (-3.4%) was greater than the decrement in the non-exposed group (-1.4%). A significant linear relation was seen between % decrement in FEV1 and hours of exposure to epoxy paints. This study suggests that epoxy resin coatings as used","Respiratory effects of exposure of shipyard workers to epoxy paints Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Epoxy resin systems have been associated with occupational asthma in several case reports, but medical publications contain little on the potential adverse respiratory effects of these chemicals in exposed worker populations. To further evaluate the association of workplace exposure to epoxy paints and respiratory dysfunction, the cross workshift changes in pulmonary function and symptoms of 32 shipyard painters exposed to epoxy paints were compared with 28 shipyard painters not exposed to epoxy paints. The prevalence of lower respiratory tract symptoms was significantly higher among painters exposed to epoxy paints compared with controls. Among exposed painters the mean cross workshift change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (-3.4%) was greater than the decrement in the non-exposed group (-1.4%). A significant linear relation was seen between % decrement in FEV1 and hours of exposure to epoxy paints. This study suggests that epoxy resin coatings as used",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510537,Petruzzelli et al. 2011,Chemical and geochemical characterisation of a disused red brick factory area of central Italy,,Chemical and geochemical characterisation of a disused red brick factory area of central Italy Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235600,Holmes et al. 1998,Development of a model for classification of toxin-induced lesions using 1H NMR spectroscopy of urine combined with pattern recognition,"Pattern recognition approaches were developed and applied to the classification of 600 MHz 1H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed with compounds that induced organ-specific damage in either the liver or kidney. Male rats were separated into groups (n = 5) and each treated with one of the following compounds; adriamycin, allyl alcohol, 2-bromoethanamine hydrobromide, hexachlorobutadiene, hydrazine, lead acetate, mercury II chloride, puromycin aminonucleoside, sodium chromate, thioacetamide, 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene or dose vehicle. Urine samples were collected over a 7 day time-course and analysed using 600 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Each NMR spectrum was data-reduced to provide 256 intensity-related descriptors of the spectra. Data corresponding to the periods 8-24 h, 24-32 h and 32-56 h post-dose were first analysed using principal components analysis (PCA). In addition, samples obtained 120-144 h following the administration of adriamycin and puromycin were included in the analysis in order to compensate for the late onset of glomerular toxicity. Having established that toxin-related clustering behaviour could be detected in the first three principal components (PCs), three-quarters of the data were used to construct a soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) model. The remainder of the data were used as a test set of the model. Only three out of 61 samples in the test set were misclassified. Finally as a further test of the model, data from the 1H NMR spectra of urine from rats that had been treated with uranyl nitrate were used. Successful prediction of the toxicity type of the compound was achieved based on NMR urinalysis data confirming the robust nature of the derived model.","Development of a model for classification of toxin-induced lesions using 1H NMR spectroscopy of urine combined with pattern recognition Abs: Pattern recognition approaches were developed and applied to the classification of 600 MHz 1H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed with compounds that induced organ-specific damage in either the liver or kidney. Male rats were separated into groups (n = 5) and each treated with one of the following compounds; adriamycin, allyl alcohol, 2-bromoethanamine hydrobromide, hexachlorobutadiene, hydrazine, lead acetate, mercury II chloride, puromycin aminonucleoside, sodium chromate, thioacetamide, 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene or dose vehicle. Urine samples were collected over a 7 day time-course and analysed using 600 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy. Each NMR spectrum was data-reduced to provide 256 intensity-related descriptors of the spectra. Data corresponding to the periods 8-24 h, 24-32 h and 32-56 h post-dose were first analysed using principal components analysis (PCA). In addition, samples obtained 120-144 h following the administration of adriamycin and puromycin were included in the analysis in order to compensate for the late onset of glomerular toxicity. Having established that toxin-related clustering behaviour could be detected in the first three principal components (PCs), three-quarters of the data were used to construct a soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) model. The remainder of the data were used as a test set of the model. Only three out of 61 samples in the test set were misclassified. Finally as a further test of the model, data from the 1H NMR spectra of urine from rats that had been treated with uranyl nitrate were used. Successful prediction of the toxicity type of the compound was achieved based on NMR urinalysis data confirming the robust nature of the derived model.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233621,Choi et al. 2009,Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto cationic surfactant-modified activated carbon,"Highly toxic oxyanions, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), have caused adverse effects on human health. This study evaluated the feasibility of using cationic surfactant-modified activated carbon (AC) to remove Cr(VI). To modify activated carbon using a cationic surfactant, AC was mixed with a surfactant solution of 0.5 critical micelle concentration (CMC), at which concentration the surfactant molecules exist as mono-molecules. Adsorption kinetics and an isotherm model were used to study the adsorption characteristics of Cr(VI) onto MAC. The adsorption capacity of MAC for Cr(V) was enhanced compared to that of AC. MAC modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium had a higher adsorption capacity for the removal of Cr(VI) than that modified by cetylpyridinium. The modification of AC by a cationic surfactant enhanced both its Cr(VI) adsorption rate and its Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. The breakthrough point of MAC for Cr(VI) was 100 times greater than for the raw AC. As a result, MAC is a promising adsorbent to treat Cr(VI) in an aqueous stream.","Adsorption of Cr(VI) onto cationic surfactant-modified activated carbon Abs: Highly toxic oxyanions, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), have caused adverse effects on human health. This study evaluated the feasibility of using cationic surfactant-modified activated carbon (AC) to remove Cr(VI). To modify activated carbon using a cationic surfactant, AC was mixed with a surfactant solution of 0.5 critical micelle concentration (CMC), at which concentration the surfactant molecules exist as mono-molecules. Adsorption kinetics and an isotherm model were used to study the adsorption characteristics of Cr(VI) onto MAC. The adsorption capacity of MAC for Cr(V) was enhanced compared to that of AC. MAC modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium had a higher adsorption capacity for the removal of Cr(VI) than that modified by cetylpyridinium. The modification of AC by a cationic surfactant enhanced both its Cr(VI) adsorption rate and its Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. The breakthrough point of MAC for Cr(VI) was 100 times greater than for the raw AC. As a result, MAC is a promising adsorbent to treat Cr(VI) in an aqueous stream.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510532,Diwan et al. 2010,Uptake-related parameters as indices of phytoremediation potential,,Uptake-related parameters as indices of phytoremediation potential Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577978,Idris et al. 2012,Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by PVA-alginate encapsulated ?Fe2O3 magnetic beads using different types of illumination lamp and light,,Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by PVA-alginate encapsulated ?Fe2O3 magnetic beads using different types of illumination lamp and light Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237746,Marchenko and  Broitman 1977,Occupational hygiene of an inductive surfacing process of agricultural machinery components with hard high chromium alloys,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Dust was studied during metal surfacing processes of agricultural machinery parts with a high Cr alloy containing 50% chromium oxide, 36% iron carbide, 2-3% silicon dioxide, 2% Mg and traces of Ni, Cu and B. Dust was present in an aerosol form during several operational processes. Chronic Cr intoxication occurred in long-term workers. An objective investigation revealed 2 cases of pharyngitis of occupation origin and mild anemia. Measures were proposed for different stages of the metal surfacing process to alleviate health hazards. Protection against IR radiation used in the process was also stressed.","Occupational hygiene of an inductive surfacing process of agricultural machinery components with hard high chromium alloys Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Dust was studied during metal surfacing processes of agricultural machinery parts with a high Cr alloy containing 50% chromium oxide, 36% iron carbide, 2-3% silicon dioxide, 2% Mg and traces of Ni, Cu and B. Dust was present in an aerosol form during several operational processes. Chronic Cr intoxication occurred in long-term workers. An objective investigation revealed 2 cases of pharyngitis of occupation origin and mild anemia. Measures were proposed for different stages of the metal surfacing process to alleviate health hazards. Protection against IR radiation used in the process was also stressed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225435,Wanees et al. 2013,Adsorption Studies on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium-Contaminated Wastewater Using Activated Carbon and Bentonite,,Adsorption Studies on the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium-Contaminated Wastewater Using Activated Carbon and Bentonite Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
49044,Sidhu et al. 1991,"Induction of morphological transformation, anchorage-independent growth and plasminogen activators in non-tumorigenic human osteosarcoma cells by lead chromate","The possible carcinogenicity of insoluble chromium (VI) compound, PbCrO4, in human cells has been tested using a nontumorigenic human osteosarcoma cell line (HOS, TE 85). Electron microscopic studies show that PbCrO4 is phagocytosed by HOS cells and accumulates within the vacuoles in the cytoplasm. A number of cell lines have been isolated following multiple treatment of HOS cells with PbCrO4. These cell lines are morphologically different from HOS cells, form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar and form quickly regressing small tumor nodules in athymic nude mice. The cellular and secreted plasminogen activator (PA) levels of 5 cell lines isolated after PbCrO4 treatment are increased up to 8 fold and up to 10 fold respectively as compared to untreated HOS controls. SDS-PAGE analysis in the presence of copolymerized substrates is consistent with increase in 55 kDa urokinase-type PA (u-PA) and 68 kDa tissue-type PA (t-PA). These results show that PbCrO4 treatment leads to stable phenotypic changes indicative of the transformation of HOS cells.","Induction of morphological transformation, anchorage-independent growth and plasminogen activators in non-tumorigenic human osteosarcoma cells by lead chromate Abs: The possible carcinogenicity of insoluble chromium (VI) compound, PbCrO4, in human cells has been tested using a nontumorigenic human osteosarcoma cell line (HOS, TE 85). Electron microscopic studies show that PbCrO4 is phagocytosed by HOS cells and accumulates within the vacuoles in the cytoplasm. A number of cell lines have been isolated following multiple treatment of HOS cells with PbCrO4. These cell lines are morphologically different from HOS cells, form anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar and form quickly regressing small tumor nodules in athymic nude mice. The cellular and secreted plasminogen activator (PA) levels of 5 cell lines isolated after PbCrO4 treatment are increased up to 8 fold and up to 10 fold respectively as compared to untreated HOS controls. SDS-PAGE analysis in the presence of copolymerized substrates is consistent with increase in 55 kDa urokinase-type PA (u-PA) and 68 kDa tissue-type PA (t-PA). These results show that PbCrO4 treatment leads to stable phenotypic changes indicative of the transformation of HOS cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235593,Chang et al. 1999,Rat gastrointestinal motor responses mediated via activation of neurokinin receptors,"Natural neurokinins (NK) and their specific receptor agonists, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), septide, [NIe10]-NKA4-10 and senktide, were used to assess whether they could activate established NK receptors in rat gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system to alter gastric emptying or intestinal transit. Fasting rats were intubated with an orogastric catheter to feed them liquid radiochromium. Neurokinins and analogues (at 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg) and vehicle (saline + 0.1% bovine serum albumin) were injected via an intraperitoneal route. Rats were killed 15 min later and the whole gut was removed. The radioactivity of the stomach and 10 equally divided small intestinal segments was counted to determine gastric emptying and the geometric centre of intestinal transit. Septide treatment at 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg markedly delayed gastric emptying. All doses of NKA inhibited gastric emptying. However, other peptides did not influence gastric emptying. Both septide and NKB treatment at 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg enhanced intestinal transit. Substance P or senktide treatment (10-(-7) mol/kg) also enhanced intestinal transit. Stasis of remaining radioactivity in the proximal intestine was found following SP, septide, NKA and NKB treatment, whereas accelerated transit in the distal intestine was induced following NKA, NKB and senktide treatment. In conclusion, the in vivo study of NK and their specific agonists manifests a selective influence of these compounds on rat gastrointestinal tract. This selective activation of stomach NK1 and NK2 receptors delays gastric emptying, whereas activation of intestinal NK1 and NK3 receptors enhances intestinal transit.","Rat gastrointestinal motor responses mediated via activation of neurokinin receptors Abs: Natural neurokinins (NK) and their specific receptor agonists, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), septide, [NIe10]-NKA4-10 and senktide, were used to assess whether they could activate established NK receptors in rat gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system to alter gastric emptying or intestinal transit. Fasting rats were intubated with an orogastric catheter to feed them liquid radiochromium. Neurokinins and analogues (at 10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg) and vehicle (saline + 0.1% bovine serum albumin) were injected via an intraperitoneal route. Rats were killed 15 min later and the whole gut was removed. The radioactivity of the stomach and 10 equally divided small intestinal segments was counted to determine gastric emptying and the geometric centre of intestinal transit. Septide treatment at 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg markedly delayed gastric emptying. All doses of NKA inhibited gastric emptying. However, other peptides did not influence gastric emptying. Both septide and NKB treatment at 10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/kg enhanced intestinal transit. Substance P or senktide treatment (10-(-7) mol/kg) also enhanced intestinal transit. Stasis of remaining radioactivity in the proximal intestine was found following SP, septide, NKA and NKB treatment, whereas accelerated transit in the distal intestine was induced following NKA, NKB and senktide treatment. In conclusion, the in vivo study of NK and their specific agonists manifests a selective influence of these compounds on rat gastrointestinal tract. This selective activation of stomach NK1 and NK2 receptors delays gastric emptying, whereas activation of intestinal NK1 and NK3 receptors enhances intestinal transit.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
900777,Tinjum et al. 2008,Mobilization of Cr(VI) from chromite ore processing residue through acid treatment,"Batch leaching studies on chromite ore processing residue (COPR) were performed using acids to investigate leaching of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), with respect to particle size, reaction time, and type of acid (HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4)). Aqueous Cr(VI) is maximized at approximately 0.04 mol Cr(VI) per kg of dry COPR at pH 7.6-8.1. Cr(VI) mobilized more slowly for larger particles, and the pH increased with time and increased more rapidly for smaller particles, suggesting that rate limitations occur in the solid phase. With H(2)SO(4), the pH stabilized at a higher value (8.8 for H(2)SO(4) vs. 8.0 for HNO(3)) and more rapidly (16 h vs. 30 h), and the differences in pH for different particle sizes were smaller. The acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of COPR is very large (8 mol HNO(3) per kg of dry COPR for a stable eluate pH of 7.5). Changes to the elemental and mineralogical composition and distribution in COPR particles after mixing with acid indicate that Cr(VI)-bearing solids dissolved. However, concentrations of Cr(VI) &gt;2800 mg kg(-1) (&gt;50% of the pre-treatment concentration) were still found after mixing with acid, regardless of the particle size, reaction time, or type of acid used. The residual Cr(VI) appears to be partially associated with poorly-ordered Fe and Al oxyhydroxides that precipitated in the interstitial areas of COPR particles. Remediation strategies that use HNO(3) or H(2)SO(4) to neutralize COPR or to maximize Cr(VI) in solution are likely to require extensive amounts of acid, may not mobilize all of the Cr(VI), and may require extended contact time, even under well-mixed conditions.","Mobilization of Cr(VI) from chromite ore processing residue through acid treatment Abs: Batch leaching studies on chromite ore processing residue (COPR) were performed using acids to investigate leaching of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), with respect to particle size, reaction time, and type of acid (HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4)). Aqueous Cr(VI) is maximized at approximately 0.04 mol Cr(VI) per kg of dry COPR at pH 7.6-8.1. Cr(VI) mobilized more slowly for larger particles, and the pH increased with time and increased more rapidly for smaller particles, suggesting that rate limitations occur in the solid phase. With H(2)SO(4), the pH stabilized at a higher value (8.8 for H(2)SO(4) vs. 8.0 for HNO(3)) and more rapidly (16 h vs. 30 h), and the differences in pH for different particle sizes were smaller. The acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of COPR is very large (8 mol HNO(3) per kg of dry COPR for a stable eluate pH of 7.5). Changes to the elemental and mineralogical composition and distribution in COPR particles after mixing with acid indicate that Cr(VI)-bearing solids dissolved. However, concentrations of Cr(VI) &gt;2800 mg kg(-1) (&gt;50% of the pre-treatment concentration) were still found after mixing with acid, regardless of the particle size, reaction time, or type of acid used. The residual Cr(VI) appears to be partially associated with poorly-ordered Fe and Al oxyhydroxides that precipitated in the interstitial areas of COPR particles. Remediation strategies that use HNO(3) or H(2)SO(4) to neutralize COPR or to maximize Cr(VI) in solution are likely to require extensive amounts of acid, may not mobilize all of the Cr(VI), and may require extended contact time, even under well-mixed conditions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234103,Monico et al. 2011,Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods. 1. Artificially aged model samples,"On several paintings by artists of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th Century a darkening of the original yellow areas, painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO(4), PbCrO(4)·xPbSO(4), or PbCrO(4)·xPbO) is observed. The most famous of these are the various Sunflowers paintings Vincent van Gogh made during his career. In the first part of this work, we attempt to elucidate the degradation process of chrome yellow by studying artificially aged model samples. In view of the very thin (1-3 ?m) alteration layers that are formed, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (?-XANES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (?-XRF), and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) were employed. Some of these use synchrotron radiation (SR). Additionally, microscopic SR X-ray diffraction (SR ?-XRD), ?-Raman, and mid-FTIR spectroscopy were employed to completely characterize the samples. The formation of Cr(III) compounds at the surface of the chrome yellow paint layers is particularly observed in one aged model sample taken from a historic paint tube (ca. 1914). About two-thirds of the chromium that is present at the surface has reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent state. The EELS and ?-XANES spectra are consistent with the presence of Cr(2)O(3)·2H(2)O (viridian). Moreover, as demonstrated by ?-XANES, the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr(2)(SO(4))(3)·H(2)O or (CH(3)CO(2))(7)Cr(3)(OH)(2) [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide], is likely.","Degradation process of lead chromate in paintings by Vincent van Gogh studied by means of synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy and related methods. 1. Artificially aged model samples Abs: On several paintings by artists of the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th Century a darkening of the original yellow areas, painted with the chrome yellow pigment (PbCrO(4), PbCrO(4)·xPbSO(4), or PbCrO(4)·xPbO) is observed. The most famous of these are the various Sunflowers paintings Vincent van Gogh made during his career. In the first part of this work, we attempt to elucidate the degradation process of chrome yellow by studying artificially aged model samples. In view of the very thin (1-3 ?m) alteration layers that are formed, high lateral resolution spectroscopic methods such as microscopic X-ray absorption near edge (?-XANES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (?-XRF), and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) were employed. Some of these use synchrotron radiation (SR). Additionally, microscopic SR X-ray diffraction (SR ?-XRD), ?-Raman, and mid-FTIR spectroscopy were employed to completely characterize the samples. The formation of Cr(III) compounds at the surface of the chrome yellow paint layers is particularly observed in one aged model sample taken from a historic paint tube (ca. 1914). About two-thirds of the chromium that is present at the surface has reduced from the hexavalent to the trivalent state. The EELS and ?-XANES spectra are consistent with the presence of Cr(2)O(3)·2H(2)O (viridian). Moreover, as demonstrated by ?-XANES, the presence of another Cr(III) compound, such as either Cr(2)(SO(4))(3)·H(2)O or (CH(3)CO(2))(7)Cr(3)(OH)(2) [chromium(III) acetate hydroxide], is likely.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1021580,El-Hasan et al. 2011,Cr(VI)/Cr(III) and As(V)/As(III) ratio assessments in Jordanian spent oil shale produced by aerobic combustion and Anaerobic Pyrolysis,"With the increase in the awareness of the public in the environmental impact of oil shale utilization, it is of interest to reveal the mobility of potentially toxic trace elements in spent oil shale. Therefore, the Cr and As oxidation state in a representative Jordanian oil shale sample from the El-Lajjoun area were investigated upon different lab-scale furnace treatments. The anaerobic pyrolysis was performed in a retort flushed by nitrogen gas at temperatures in between 600 and 800 °C (pyrolytic oil shale, POS). The aerobic combustion was simply performed in porcelain cups heated in a muffle furnace for 4 h at temperatures in between 700 and 1000 °C (burned oil shale, BOS). The high loss-on-ignition in the BOS samples of up to 370 g kg(-1) results from both calcium carbonate and organic carbon degradation. The LOI leads to enrichment in the Cr concentrations from 480 mg kg(-1) in the original oil shale up to 675 mg kg(-1) in the ? 850 °C BOS samples. Arsenic concentrations were not much elevated beyond that in the average shale standard (13 mg kg(-1)). Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that within the original oil shale the oxidation states of Cr and As were lower than after its aerobic combustion. Cr(VI) increased from 0% in the untreated or pyrolyzed oil shale up to 60% in the BOS ash combusted at 850 °C, while As(V) increased from 64% in the original oil shale up to 100% in the BOS ash at 700 °C. No Cr was released from original oil shale and POS products by the European compliance leaching test CEN/TC 292 EN 12457-1 (1:2 solid/water ratio, 24 h shaking), whereas leachates from BOS samples showed Cr release in the order of one mmol L(-1). The leachable Cr content is dominated by chromate as revealed by catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry (CAdSV) which could cause harmful contamination of surface and groundwater in the semiarid environment of Jordan.","Cr(VI)/Cr(III) and As(V)/As(III) ratio assessments in Jordanian spent oil shale produced by aerobic combustion and Anaerobic Pyrolysis Abs: With the increase in the awareness of the public in the environmental impact of oil shale utilization, it is of interest to reveal the mobility of potentially toxic trace elements in spent oil shale. Therefore, the Cr and As oxidation state in a representative Jordanian oil shale sample from the El-Lajjoun area were investigated upon different lab-scale furnace treatments. The anaerobic pyrolysis was performed in a retort flushed by nitrogen gas at temperatures in between 600 and 800 °C (pyrolytic oil shale, POS). The aerobic combustion was simply performed in porcelain cups heated in a muffle furnace for 4 h at temperatures in between 700 and 1000 °C (burned oil shale, BOS). The high loss-on-ignition in the BOS samples of up to 370 g kg(-1) results from both calcium carbonate and organic carbon degradation. The LOI leads to enrichment in the Cr concentrations from 480 mg kg(-1) in the original oil shale up to 675 mg kg(-1) in the ? 850 °C BOS samples. Arsenic concentrations were not much elevated beyond that in the average shale standard (13 mg kg(-1)). Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that within the original oil shale the oxidation states of Cr and As were lower than after its aerobic combustion. Cr(VI) increased from 0% in the untreated or pyrolyzed oil shale up to 60% in the BOS ash combusted at 850 °C, while As(V) increased from 64% in the original oil shale up to 100% in the BOS ash at 700 °C. No Cr was released from original oil shale and POS products by the European compliance leaching test CEN/TC 292 EN 12457-1 (1:2 solid/water ratio, 24 h shaking), whereas leachates from BOS samples showed Cr release in the order of one mmol L(-1). The leachable Cr content is dominated by chromate as revealed by catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry (CAdSV) which could cause harmful contamination of surface and groundwater in the semiarid environment of Jordan.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231743,Poljsak and  Raspor 2008,The antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of vitamin C and trolox in vitro: a comparative study,"The antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol (trolox) were compared. Trolox has advantages over alpha-tocopherol, the latter being only lipid-soluble due to the presence of a carboxyl group in lieu of a phytol chain which imparts trolox with water solubility. Trolox is used as a standard antioxidant in biochemical studies against which the antioxidant capacity of compounds is compared. Although ascorbic acid and tocopherols possess strong antioxidant properties, they might also exhibit pro-oxidant properties in the presence of free transition metals. Thus, reactions detailed in this study were performed in the presence of Cr(VI) in an effort to investigate the potential of ascorbic acid and trolox to generate hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction. Results obtained were derived from reactions containing the same concentration of ascorbic acid and trolox under identical experimental conditions. Hydroxyl radical formation was observed in the reaction of Cr(VI) with ascorbic acid resulting from ascorbic acid auto-oxidation and H2O2 formation. Hydroxyl radical formation was only detected in the reaction mixture containing Cr(VI) and trolox following the addition of H2O2.","The antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of vitamin C and trolox in vitro: a comparative study Abs: The antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the water-soluble analogue of alpha-tocopherol (trolox) were compared. Trolox has advantages over alpha-tocopherol, the latter being only lipid-soluble due to the presence of a carboxyl group in lieu of a phytol chain which imparts trolox with water solubility. Trolox is used as a standard antioxidant in biochemical studies against which the antioxidant capacity of compounds is compared. Although ascorbic acid and tocopherols possess strong antioxidant properties, they might also exhibit pro-oxidant properties in the presence of free transition metals. Thus, reactions detailed in this study were performed in the presence of Cr(VI) in an effort to investigate the potential of ascorbic acid and trolox to generate hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction. Results obtained were derived from reactions containing the same concentration of ascorbic acid and trolox under identical experimental conditions. Hydroxyl radical formation was observed in the reaction of Cr(VI) with ascorbic acid resulting from ascorbic acid auto-oxidation and H2O2 formation. Hydroxyl radical formation was only detected in the reaction mixture containing Cr(VI) and trolox following the addition of H2O2.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225296,Ye et al. 2014,A highly selective turn-on fluorescent chemodosimeter for Cr(VI) and its application in living cell imaging,,A highly selective turn-on fluorescent chemodosimeter for Cr(VI) and its application in living cell imaging Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786387,Pillai et al. 2013,Biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by chemically modified potato starch: equilibrium and kinetic studies,"The biosorption capacity of chemically modified potato starch (CPS) for Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated. The materials derived from carbohydrates are biodegradable and are generally regarded as safe and environmentally acceptable. The hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl groups are responsible for the biosorption process. In the present study, the influence of various important parameters such as pH, time, biosorbent dose and initial Cr(VI) concentration on the biosorption capacity were investigated. The isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin were studied. The Freundlich and the Redlich-Peterson isotherms had been well fitted the biosorption of Cr(VI) with chemically modified potato starch. The kinetics of Cr(VI) removal using chemically modified potato starch was well explained by second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated from the biosorption measurements. Among the various desorbing agents tested, 98.2 percent chromium recovery was achieved with 0.1molL(-1) NaOH.","Biosorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by chemically modified potato starch: equilibrium and kinetic studies Abs: The biosorption capacity of chemically modified potato starch (CPS) for Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated. The materials derived from carbohydrates are biodegradable and are generally regarded as safe and environmentally acceptable. The hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl groups are responsible for the biosorption process. In the present study, the influence of various important parameters such as pH, time, biosorbent dose and initial Cr(VI) concentration on the biosorption capacity were investigated. The isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin were studied. The Freundlich and the Redlich-Peterson isotherms had been well fitted the biosorption of Cr(VI) with chemically modified potato starch. The kinetics of Cr(VI) removal using chemically modified potato starch was well explained by second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated from the biosorption measurements. Among the various desorbing agents tested, 98.2 percent chromium recovery was achieved with 0.1molL(-1) NaOH.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
482254,Hutchinson et al. 2007,Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode,"A commercial portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument has been used to separate inorganic anions and cations found in postblast residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) of the type used frequently in terrorism attacks. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the type of explosive used. The CE instrument was modified for use with an in-house miniaturized light-emitting diode (LED) detector to enable sensitive indirect photometric detection to be employed for the detection of 15 anions (acetate, benzoate, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, chlorite, cyanate, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate) and 12 cations (ammonium, monomethylammonium, ethylammonium, potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, lead) as the target analytes. These ions are known to be present in postblast residues from inorganic IEDs constructed from ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixtures, black powder, and chlorate/perchlorate/sugar mixtures. For the analysis of cations, a blue LED (470 nm) was used in conjunction with the highly absorbing cationic dye, chrysoidine (absorption maximum at 453 rim). A nonaqueous background electrolyte comprising 10 mM chrysoidine in methanol was found to give greatly improved baseline stability in comparison to aqueous electrolytes due to the increased solubility of chrysoidine and its decreased adsorption onto the capillary, wall. Glacial acetic acid (0.7% v/v) was added to ensure chrysoidine was protonated and to enhance separation selectivity by means of complexation with transition metal ions. The 12 target cations were separated in less than 9.5 min with detection limits of 0.11-2.30 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The anions separation system utilized a UV LED (370 nm) in conjunction with an aqueous chromate electrolyte (absorption maximum at 371 nm) consisting of 10 mM chromium(VI) oxide and 10 mM sodium chromate, buffered with 40 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 8.05. All 15 target anions were baseline separated in less than 9 min with limits of detection ranging from 0.24 to 1.15 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the portable instrumentation in the field was demonstrated by analyzing postblast residues in a mobile laboratory immediately after detonation of the explosive devices. Profiling the ionic composition of the inorganic IEDs allowed identification of the chemicals used in their construction.","Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode Abs: A commercial portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument has been used to separate inorganic anions and cations found in postblast residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) of the type used frequently in terrorism attacks. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the type of explosive used. The CE instrument was modified for use with an in-house miniaturized light-emitting diode (LED) detector to enable sensitive indirect photometric detection to be employed for the detection of 15 anions (acetate, benzoate, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, chlorite, cyanate, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate) and 12 cations (ammonium, monomethylammonium, ethylammonium, potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, lead) as the target analytes. These ions are known to be present in postblast residues from inorganic IEDs constructed from ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixtures, black powder, and chlorate/perchlorate/sugar mixtures. For the analysis of cations, a blue LED (470 nm) was used in conjunction with the highly absorbing cationic dye, chrysoidine (absorption maximum at 453 rim). A nonaqueous background electrolyte comprising 10 mM chrysoidine in methanol was found to give greatly improved baseline stability in comparison to aqueous electrolytes due to the increased solubility of chrysoidine and its decreased adsorption onto the capillary, wall. Glacial acetic acid (0.7% v/v) was added to ensure chrysoidine was protonated and to enhance separation selectivity by means of complexation with transition metal ions. The 12 target cations were separated in less than 9.5 min with detection limits of 0.11-2.30 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The anions separation system utilized a UV LED (370 nm) in conjunction with an aqueous chromate electrolyte (absorption maximum at 371 nm) consisting of 10 mM chromium(VI) oxide and 10 mM sodium chromate, buffered with 40 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 8.05. All 15 target anions were baseline separated in less than 9 min with limits of detection ranging from 0.24 to 1.15 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the portable instrumentation in the field was demonstrated by analyzing postblast residues in a mobile laboratory immediately after detonation of the explosive devices. Profiling the ionic composition of the inorganic IEDs allowed identification of the chemicals used in their construction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
668469,Tra et al. 1998,"Pollution of water and agricultural soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts of Hanoi City, Vietnam: A report","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Limited information is available on the quality of water and agricultural soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts of Hanoi city. Based on the Vietnam standard for the quality of water and soils, 14 water and 22 soil samples in Thanhtri district, and 7 water and 14 soil samples in Tuliem district were collected and analyzed for the prescribed parameters. In comparison with the Vietnam standard for the quality of water and soils, quality of water and soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts was evaluated. Quality of water as agricultural use was as follows: pH was neutral; EC was between 0.18 and 0.59 dS/m; COD was below the limit; no sample was over the limit value for Zn, but one, three and two samples exceeded the limit values for Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively. Quality of agricultural soils was as follows: pH ranged from 5.40 to 7.00; all soil samples showed total N content below 0.25% and available P2O5 more than 20 mg/kg; contamination of several heavy metals was indicate","Pollution of water and agricultural soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts of Hanoi City, Vietnam: A report Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Limited information is available on the quality of water and agricultural soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts of Hanoi city. Based on the Vietnam standard for the quality of water and soils, 14 water and 22 soil samples in Thanhtri district, and 7 water and 14 soil samples in Tuliem district were collected and analyzed for the prescribed parameters. In comparison with the Vietnam standard for the quality of water and soils, quality of water and soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri districts was evaluated. Quality of water as agricultural use was as follows: pH was neutral; EC was between 0.18 and 0.59 dS/m; COD was below the limit; no sample was over the limit value for Zn, but one, three and two samples exceeded the limit values for Cu, Pb and Cd, respectively. Quality of agricultural soils was as follows: pH ranged from 5.40 to 7.00; all soil samples showed total N content below 0.25% and available P2O5 more than 20 mg/kg; contamination of several heavy metals was indicate",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516305,Prather 1981,"Industrial hygiene evaluation aircraft painting facility, bldg 692, mcclellan afb, california","HMTC This report presents the results of an industrial hygiene evaluation of the hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and diisocyanate levels generated during spray painting operations in the aircraft painting facility, Bldg 692, McClellan AFB, California. Building 692 is a large hangar-type facility specifically designed for spray painting aircraft. The building has vertical downdraft ventilation with air being supplied through numerous ceiling diffusers and exhausted through floor grills. Personal Time-Weighted Average (TWA) and process samples were collected for the painters and helpers involved with typical radome, aircraft, and van painting operations which are concurrently done in the facility. Area samples were also collected to determine if hazardous levels of CrVI or diisocyanates migrated throughout the facility. Approximately 500 isocyanate and 325 chromate samples were taken during the two-week survey in August 1980. The area samples clearly demonstrated that hazardous levels were not migrating throughout the building. Only minor levels of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were observed in the radome spray painting. However, exposures frequently exceeding the standards for unprotected workers were observed in the immediate work area of the van and aircraft painting operations. The adequacy of various respirators is discussed and recommendations are made for practically eliminating the potential exposures. (Author Abstract)","Industrial hygiene evaluation aircraft painting facility, bldg 692, mcclellan afb, california Abs: HMTC This report presents the results of an industrial hygiene evaluation of the hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and diisocyanate levels generated during spray painting operations in the aircraft painting facility, Bldg 692, McClellan AFB, California. Building 692 is a large hangar-type facility specifically designed for spray painting aircraft. The building has vertical downdraft ventilation with air being supplied through numerous ceiling diffusers and exhausted through floor grills. Personal Time-Weighted Average (TWA) and process samples were collected for the painters and helpers involved with typical radome, aircraft, and van painting operations which are concurrently done in the facility. Area samples were also collected to determine if hazardous levels of CrVI or diisocyanates migrated throughout the facility. Approximately 500 isocyanate and 325 chromate samples were taken during the two-week survey in August 1980. The area samples clearly demonstrated that hazardous levels were not migrating throughout the building. Only minor levels of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were observed in the radome spray painting. However, exposures frequently exceeding the standards for unprotected workers were observed in the immediate work area of the van and aircraft painting operations. The adequacy of various respirators is discussed and recommendations are made for practically eliminating the potential exposures. (Author Abstract)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516663,Wimberley and  Tittlebaum 1989,Chromium removal by activated sludge,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human industrial wastewater treatment groundwater contamination hazardous constituents epa carcinogenicity,Chromium removal by activated sludge Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human industrial wastewater treatment groundwater contamination hazardous constituents epa carcinogenicity,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
82903,Dave 1992,"Sediment toxicity in lakes along the river Kolbacksan, central Sweden","The River Kolbacksan system is located in a historical mining and steel works district of central Sweden. Ten years ago, intensive limnological studies indicated that the sediments in many of the lakes of this system were contaminated with metals and oil (grease). More recently a very high toxicity was found in the sediments from some of these lakes in tests with Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity to Daphnia magna of surficial sediments from representative locations (N = 39) within this system of lakes and to look for possible correlations with concentrations of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and oil (total) analysed in parallel samples. These results were also compared with spiked sediment toxicity data generated for these metals and with the bottom fauna at 8 of the 39 locations. Among the metals analyzed, only Cd, Pb and Zn were correlated with whole sediment toxicity. Only for Zn and Cr did the maximum concentrations approach those that were toxic in the spiked sediments. Correlations using single and combined metal contamination and toxicity (additive models) explained 16% of the sediment toxicity (r 2 = 0.16; N = 39). Significant correlations with the bottom fauna in situ (gross abundance, biomass and species richness) were found for whole sediment toxicity, but not for metal contamination (N = 8). The use of the sediment quality triad approach for assessment of sediment quality is exemplified with a numerical normalization procedure for the latter 8 sites.","Sediment toxicity in lakes along the river Kolbacksan, central Sweden Abs: The River Kolbacksan system is located in a historical mining and steel works district of central Sweden. Ten years ago, intensive limnological studies indicated that the sediments in many of the lakes of this system were contaminated with metals and oil (grease). More recently a very high toxicity was found in the sediments from some of these lakes in tests with Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity to Daphnia magna of surficial sediments from representative locations (N = 39) within this system of lakes and to look for possible correlations with concentrations of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and oil (total) analysed in parallel samples. These results were also compared with spiked sediment toxicity data generated for these metals and with the bottom fauna at 8 of the 39 locations. Among the metals analyzed, only Cd, Pb and Zn were correlated with whole sediment toxicity. Only for Zn and Cr did the maximum concentrations approach those that were toxic in the spiked sediments. Correlations using single and combined metal contamination and toxicity (additive models) explained 16% of the sediment toxicity (r 2 = 0.16; N = 39). Significant correlations with the bottom fauna in situ (gross abundance, biomass and species richness) were found for whole sediment toxicity, but not for metal contamination (N = 8). The use of the sediment quality triad approach for assessment of sediment quality is exemplified with a numerical normalization procedure for the latter 8 sites.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231693,Zhou et al. 2008,Influence of complex reagents on removal of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron,"The removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) and the effect of three complex reagents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), NaF and 1,10-phenanthroline, on this reaction were investigated using batch reactors at pH values of 4, 5 and 6. The results indicate that the removal of Cr(VI) by Fe(0) is slow at pH 5.0 and that three complex reagents play different roles in the reaction. EDTA and NaF significantly enhance the reaction rate. The zero-order rate constants at pH 5.0 were 5.44 microM min(-1) in the presence of 4mM EDTA and 0.99 micrM min(-1) in the presence of 8 mM NaF, respectively, whereas that of control was only 0.33 micrM min(-1), even at pH=4.0. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of complex compounds between EDTA/NaF and reaction products, such as Cr(III) and Fe(III), which eliminate the precipitates of Cr(III), Fe(III) hydroxides and Cr(x)Fe(1-)(x)(OH)(3) and thus reduce surface passivation of Fe(0). In contrast, 1,10-phenanthroline, a complex reagent for Fe(II), dramatically decreases Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(0). At pH=4.0, the zero-order rate constant in the presence of 1mM of 1,10-phenanthroline was 0.02 micrM min(-1), decreasing by 99.7% and 93.9%, respectively, compared with the results in the presence and absence of EDTA. The results suggest that a pathway of the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(0) may involve dissolution of Fe(0) to produce Fe(II), followed by reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II), rather than the direct reaction between Cr(VI) and Fe(0), in which Fe(0) transfers electrons to Cr(VI).","Influence of complex reagents on removal of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron Abs: The removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) and the effect of three complex reagents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), NaF and 1,10-phenanthroline, on this reaction were investigated using batch reactors at pH values of 4, 5 and 6. The results indicate that the removal of Cr(VI) by Fe(0) is slow at pH 5.0 and that three complex reagents play different roles in the reaction. EDTA and NaF significantly enhance the reaction rate. The zero-order rate constants at pH 5.0 were 5.44 microM min(-1) in the presence of 4mM EDTA and 0.99 micrM min(-1) in the presence of 8 mM NaF, respectively, whereas that of control was only 0.33 micrM min(-1), even at pH=4.0. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of complex compounds between EDTA/NaF and reaction products, such as Cr(III) and Fe(III), which eliminate the precipitates of Cr(III), Fe(III) hydroxides and Cr(x)Fe(1-)(x)(OH)(3) and thus reduce surface passivation of Fe(0). In contrast, 1,10-phenanthroline, a complex reagent for Fe(II), dramatically decreases Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(0). At pH=4.0, the zero-order rate constant in the presence of 1mM of 1,10-phenanthroline was 0.02 micrM min(-1), decreasing by 99.7% and 93.9%, respectively, compared with the results in the presence and absence of EDTA. The results suggest that a pathway of the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(0) may involve dissolution of Fe(0) to produce Fe(II), followed by reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II), rather than the direct reaction between Cr(VI) and Fe(0), in which Fe(0) transfers electrons to Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
730649,Pan et al. 2009,Elucidation of the percutaneous absorption of chromium compounds by functional proteomics,"Chromium compounds are known to be associated with cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity when applied via a skin route. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skin permeability and toxicological profiles of four chromium species. Chromium permeation across the skin, as determined by an in vitro Franz cell, decreased in the order of sodium chromate>potassium chromate>potassium dichromate>chromium nitrate. The uptake of chromium species within the skin generally showed a contrary trend to the results of permeation, although differences among the various compounds were not large. Levels of in vivo skin deposition of the four compounds showed no statistically significant differences. Potassium chromate produced the greatest disruption of the skin structure as determined by HE staining, followed in order by sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, and chromium nitrate. This indicates that hexavalent chromium elicited greater toxicity to the skin compared to trivalent chromium. A similar result was observed for the viability of skin fibroblasts. To improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to functional changes in proteins, proteomic tools, including 2-DE and MS techniques combined with sequence database correlations, were applied to identify target proteins altered by pathologic states. Eight protein spots, corresponding to cutaneous enzymes involved in energy metabolism and chaperon proteins, which were identified and discussed in this study, were associated with skin cytotoxicity, immunity, and carcinogenesis. In addition, functional proteomics of skin tissues may provide a promising tool for developing therapeutic strategies and can serve as the basis for further research.","Elucidation of the percutaneous absorption of chromium compounds by functional proteomics Abs: Chromium compounds are known to be associated with cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity when applied via a skin route. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skin permeability and toxicological profiles of four chromium species. Chromium permeation across the skin, as determined by an in vitro Franz cell, decreased in the order of sodium chromate>potassium chromate>potassium dichromate>chromium nitrate. The uptake of chromium species within the skin generally showed a contrary trend to the results of permeation, although differences among the various compounds were not large. Levels of in vivo skin deposition of the four compounds showed no statistically significant differences. Potassium chromate produced the greatest disruption of the skin structure as determined by HE staining, followed in order by sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, and chromium nitrate. This indicates that hexavalent chromium elicited greater toxicity to the skin compared to trivalent chromium. A similar result was observed for the viability of skin fibroblasts. To improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to functional changes in proteins, proteomic tools, including 2-DE and MS techniques combined with sequence database correlations, were applied to identify target proteins altered by pathologic states. Eight protein spots, corresponding to cutaneous enzymes involved in energy metabolism and chaperon proteins, which were identified and discussed in this study, were associated with skin cytotoxicity, immunity, and carcinogenesis. In addition, functional proteomics of skin tissues may provide a promising tool for developing therapeutic strategies and can serve as the basis for further research.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
628586,Sugden et al. 2004,Oxidative activation of the human carcinogen chromate by arsenite: A model for synergistic metal activation leading to oxidative DNA damage,"Human exposure to toxic metals and metalloids in the environment seldom occurs from a single pure compound. Most environmental exposure profiles are heterogeneous with co-exposure occurring coincident with multiple toxic metal species. This co-exposure to metals and metalloids in complex mixtures can result in a synergistic, additive or even depletive toxic response. The complexity of interactions presented by metal mixtures presents a need for convenient and sensitive methods to determine potential toxic responses from such co-exposure. We have studied the reaction between the two commonly associated toxic metals of chromate, Cr(VI), and arsenite, As(III), with regards to the ability of As(III) to reductively activate Cr(VI) to generate oxidative stress and DNA damage. Using a DCF-based fluorescent dye assay we have demonstrated that the redox reaction between As(III) and Cr(VI) yields high valent intermediates of chromium, Cr(V), that are highly oxidizing. This induction of oxidizing potential was dose dependent and did not occur with As(III) or Cr(VI) alone or, with the other major oxidation state of arsenic, arsenate, As(V). The mechanism of oxidation of DCFH to the fluorescent species, DCF, in this reaction was through a direct, metal-based oxidation since addition of radical scavengers did not significantly decrease oxidation of the dye in this system. The addition of a ligand that stabilizes the high valent Cr(V) oxidation state, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid (EHBA), to the chromate and arsenite mixture resulted in an enhancement of DCF fluorescence. The DCF fluorescence observed with the Cr(VI) and As(III) mixture was also found to correlate with oxidative DNA damage as measured by a plasmid nicking assay. These data show how metal-metal interactions in environmental mixtures could result in the synergistic induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Further, these data demonstrate the utility of the DCF fluorescence assay as a sensitive method for screening synergistic redox interactions in metal mixtures.","Oxidative activation of the human carcinogen chromate by arsenite: A model for synergistic metal activation leading to oxidative DNA damage Abs: Human exposure to toxic metals and metalloids in the environment seldom occurs from a single pure compound. Most environmental exposure profiles are heterogeneous with co-exposure occurring coincident with multiple toxic metal species. This co-exposure to metals and metalloids in complex mixtures can result in a synergistic, additive or even depletive toxic response. The complexity of interactions presented by metal mixtures presents a need for convenient and sensitive methods to determine potential toxic responses from such co-exposure. We have studied the reaction between the two commonly associated toxic metals of chromate, Cr(VI), and arsenite, As(III), with regards to the ability of As(III) to reductively activate Cr(VI) to generate oxidative stress and DNA damage. Using a DCF-based fluorescent dye assay we have demonstrated that the redox reaction between As(III) and Cr(VI) yields high valent intermediates of chromium, Cr(V), that are highly oxidizing. This induction of oxidizing potential was dose dependent and did not occur with As(III) or Cr(VI) alone or, with the other major oxidation state of arsenic, arsenate, As(V). The mechanism of oxidation of DCFH to the fluorescent species, DCF, in this reaction was through a direct, metal-based oxidation since addition of radical scavengers did not significantly decrease oxidation of the dye in this system. The addition of a ligand that stabilizes the high valent Cr(V) oxidation state, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid (EHBA), to the chromate and arsenite mixture resulted in an enhancement of DCF fluorescence. The DCF fluorescence observed with the Cr(VI) and As(III) mixture was also found to correlate with oxidative DNA damage as measured by a plasmid nicking assay. These data show how metal-metal interactions in environmental mixtures could result in the synergistic induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Further, these data demonstrate the utility of the DCF fluorescence assay as a sensitive method for screening synergistic redox interactions in metal mixtures.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576626,Sengupta et al. 1981,KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF D-FRUCTOSE AND L-SORBOSE BY CHROMIUM(VI) AND VANADIUM(V) IN PERCHLORIC-ACID MEDIUM,,KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF D-FRUCTOSE AND L-SORBOSE BY CHROMIUM(VI) AND VANADIUM(V) IN PERCHLORIC-ACID MEDIUM Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225378,Zhang et al. 2013,Pb(II) and Cr(VI) sorption by biochars pyrolyzed from the municipal wastewater sludge under different heating conditions,,Pb(II) and Cr(VI) sorption by biochars pyrolyzed from the municipal wastewater sludge under different heating conditions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235338,Lin et al. 2009,Chromate reduction by zero-valent Al metal as catalyzed by polyoxometalate,"In spite of a high reduction potential of zero-valent Al (ZVAl), its ability to reduce Cr(VI), a widespread pollutant, to less toxic Cr(III) remains to be uncovered. In the present study, Cr(VI) reduction by ZVAl was conducted to evaluate the potential application of Al as a reductant for Cr(VI). Polyoxometalate (POM, HNa(2)PW(12)O(40)), a catalyst, was used to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction by Al. The reaction of 0.192mM Cr(VI) on ZVAl was investigated in the presence of N(2) or O(2) at pH 1. A slight decrease in Cr(VI) concentration was observed on as-received (uncleaned) ZVAl due to the presence of oxide layer with a low surface area (ca. 3.4x10(-3)m(2)/g) of ZVAl. On addition of 0.1mM POM, Cr(VI) reduction on uncleaned ZVAl increased significantly. This is attributed to the unique properties of POM, which has a Brphinsted acidity higher than usual inorganic acids such as H(2)SO(4) and HCl. Thus, POM could remove rapidly the oxidize layer on ZVAl, followed by acting as a shuttle for electron transfer from ZVAl to Cr(VI). Under a N(2) atmosphere, one- or two-electron reduction of POM by ZVAl was responsible for Cr(VI) reduction in the early stage of the reaction. However, during reaction with ZVAl over 120min, three-electron reduction of POM predominated over Cr(VI) reduction. On interaction of O(2) with reduced POM, the formation of H(2)O(2) was responsible for subsequent Cr(VI) reduction. The results suggest that POM is an efficient catalyst for Cr(VI) reduction by Al due to the extremely rapid consumption of reduced POM or H(2)O(2) by Cr(VI).","Chromate reduction by zero-valent Al metal as catalyzed by polyoxometalate Abs: In spite of a high reduction potential of zero-valent Al (ZVAl), its ability to reduce Cr(VI), a widespread pollutant, to less toxic Cr(III) remains to be uncovered. In the present study, Cr(VI) reduction by ZVAl was conducted to evaluate the potential application of Al as a reductant for Cr(VI). Polyoxometalate (POM, HNa(2)PW(12)O(40)), a catalyst, was used to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction by Al. The reaction of 0.192mM Cr(VI) on ZVAl was investigated in the presence of N(2) or O(2) at pH 1. A slight decrease in Cr(VI) concentration was observed on as-received (uncleaned) ZVAl due to the presence of oxide layer with a low surface area (ca. 3.4x10(-3)m(2)/g) of ZVAl. On addition of 0.1mM POM, Cr(VI) reduction on uncleaned ZVAl increased significantly. This is attributed to the unique properties of POM, which has a Brphinsted acidity higher than usual inorganic acids such as H(2)SO(4) and HCl. Thus, POM could remove rapidly the oxidize layer on ZVAl, followed by acting as a shuttle for electron transfer from ZVAl to Cr(VI). Under a N(2) atmosphere, one- or two-electron reduction of POM by ZVAl was responsible for Cr(VI) reduction in the early stage of the reaction. However, during reaction with ZVAl over 120min, three-electron reduction of POM predominated over Cr(VI) reduction. On interaction of O(2) with reduced POM, the formation of H(2)O(2) was responsible for subsequent Cr(VI) reduction. The results suggest that POM is an efficient catalyst for Cr(VI) reduction by Al due to the extremely rapid consumption of reduced POM or H(2)O(2) by Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235674,Natochin et al. 1994,Renal failure and nephrotoxic drug-induced disturbances in rat kidney tissue,"The injection to rats of glycerol, cisplatin, uranyl acetate, sodium dichromate, and mercuric chloride is followed on the third day by acute renal failure. A new approach for quantitative estimation of disturbance of excretory renal function is presented. The decrease in renal function due to uranyl acetate was 77%; sodium dichromate, 71%; mercuric chloride, 52%; cisplatin, 25%; and glycerol, 10%. The kidneys still maintained serum ion concentration close to normal values. Injection of nephrotoxic drugs increased kidney wet weight by 24-57%. This was caused by swelling of renal tissue and increases in dry weight of the kidneys. The sodium content increased in the renal cortex and decreased in the papilla. The potassium content of the renal cortex is increased. The effect of some nephrotoxic drugs is suggested to depend on an increased number of cells in the renal cortex (probably due to hemostasis and inflammation) and a decrease of renal medulla function. The above drugs induce disturbance of kidney tissue but have no effect on the ion and water content in liver and m. gastrocnemius.","Renal failure and nephrotoxic drug-induced disturbances in rat kidney tissue Abs: The injection to rats of glycerol, cisplatin, uranyl acetate, sodium dichromate, and mercuric chloride is followed on the third day by acute renal failure. A new approach for quantitative estimation of disturbance of excretory renal function is presented. The decrease in renal function due to uranyl acetate was 77%; sodium dichromate, 71%; mercuric chloride, 52%; cisplatin, 25%; and glycerol, 10%. The kidneys still maintained serum ion concentration close to normal values. Injection of nephrotoxic drugs increased kidney wet weight by 24-57%. This was caused by swelling of renal tissue and increases in dry weight of the kidneys. The sodium content increased in the renal cortex and decreased in the papilla. The potassium content of the renal cortex is increased. The effect of some nephrotoxic drugs is suggested to depend on an increased number of cells in the renal cortex (probably due to hemostasis and inflammation) and a decrease of renal medulla function. The above drugs induce disturbance of kidney tissue but have no effect on the ion and water content in liver and m. gastrocnemius.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509784,Silva et al. 2009,Ecotoxicity tests using the green algae Chlorella vulgaris--a useful tool in hazardous effluents management,"The treatment efficiency of laboratory wastewaters was evaluated and ecotoxicity tests with Chlorella vulgaris were performed on them to assess the safety of their environmental discharge. For chemical oxygen demand wastewaters, chromium (VI), mercury (II) and silver were efficiently removed by chemical treatments. A reduction of ecotoxicity was achieved; nevertheless, an EC50 (effective concentration that causes a 50% inhibition in the algae growth) of 1.5% (v/v) indicated still high level of ecotoxicity. For chloride determination wastewaters, an efficient reduction of chromium and silver was achieved after treatment. Regarding the reduction of ecotoxicity observed, EC50 increased from 0.059% to 0.5%, only a 0.02% concentration in the aquatic environment would guarantee no effects. Wastewaters containing phenanthroline/iron (II) complex were treated by chemical oxidation. Treatment was satisfactory concerning chemical parameters, although an increase in ecotoxicity was observed (EC50 reduced from 0.31% to 0.21%). The wastes from the kinetic study of persulphate and iodide reaction were treated with sodium bisulphite until colour was removed. Although they did not reveal significant ecotoxicity, only over 1% of the untreated waste produced observable effects over algae. Therefore, ecotoxicity tests could be considered a useful tool not only in laboratory effluents treatment, as shown, but also in hazardous wastewaters management.","Ecotoxicity tests using the green algae Chlorella vulgaris--a useful tool in hazardous effluents management Abs: The treatment efficiency of laboratory wastewaters was evaluated and ecotoxicity tests with Chlorella vulgaris were performed on them to assess the safety of their environmental discharge. For chemical oxygen demand wastewaters, chromium (VI), mercury (II) and silver were efficiently removed by chemical treatments. A reduction of ecotoxicity was achieved; nevertheless, an EC50 (effective concentration that causes a 50% inhibition in the algae growth) of 1.5% (v/v) indicated still high level of ecotoxicity. For chloride determination wastewaters, an efficient reduction of chromium and silver was achieved after treatment. Regarding the reduction of ecotoxicity observed, EC50 increased from 0.059% to 0.5%, only a 0.02% concentration in the aquatic environment would guarantee no effects. Wastewaters containing phenanthroline/iron (II) complex were treated by chemical oxidation. Treatment was satisfactory concerning chemical parameters, although an increase in ecotoxicity was observed (EC50 reduced from 0.31% to 0.21%). The wastes from the kinetic study of persulphate and iodide reaction were treated with sodium bisulphite until colour was removed. Although they did not reveal significant ecotoxicity, only over 1% of the untreated waste produced observable effects over algae. Therefore, ecotoxicity tests could be considered a useful tool not only in laboratory effluents treatment, as shown, but also in hazardous wastewaters management.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510592,Vanpittius et al. 1992,EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM DURING PH CHANGE ON BLOOD-COAGULATION IN TILAPIA-SPARRMANII (CICHLIDAE),,EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM DURING PH CHANGE ON BLOOD-COAGULATION IN TILAPIA-SPARRMANII (CICHLIDAE) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235130,Blythman and  Forman 1977,The use of preserved milk samples in the Brucella milk ring test,"Brucella milk ring tests (BMRT's) were performed on fresh herd milk samples and pooled samples, preserved at a processing factory with potassium dichromate. Preserved milk from samples pooled over a 10-day period, gave results that were similar to an average result for individual fresh daily samples over the same period. When fresh samples gave variable results and the pooled preserved sample gave a negative result, it was considered that the latter result was more reliable, possibly due to factors causing false positive reactions being diluted. Blood testing of herds for circulating antibody indicated that the use of either fresh or preserved milk samples could occasionally produce false negative or false positive results.","The use of preserved milk samples in the Brucella milk ring test Abs: Brucella milk ring tests (BMRT's) were performed on fresh herd milk samples and pooled samples, preserved at a processing factory with potassium dichromate. Preserved milk from samples pooled over a 10-day period, gave results that were similar to an average result for individual fresh daily samples over the same period. When fresh samples gave variable results and the pooled preserved sample gave a negative result, it was considered that the latter result was more reliable, possibly due to factors causing false positive reactions being diluted. Blood testing of herds for circulating antibody indicated that the use of either fresh or preserved milk samples could occasionally produce false negative or false positive results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
155860,Ince et al. 1999,Assessment of toxic interactions of heavy metals in binary mixtures: a statistical approach,"Toxicity of zinc, copper, cobalt, and chromium ions and their binary interactions were studied at varying test levels by using a battery of two tests, Microtox and duckweed with Vibrio fisheri and Lemna minor as test organisms, respectively. The type of toxic interaction at each test combination was assessed by a statistical approach based on testing the null hypothesis of additive toxicity at 95% confidence level. The interactions were called antagonistic, additive, or synergistic in accordance with the statistical significance and the sign of the difference between the tested hypothesis and the value of the observed toxicity at the binary test level concerned. In the majority of the combinations studied by the two bioassays, the interactions were of antagonistic nature. Additive toxicity was the next frequently predicted interaction in both test results, the frequency being much higher in Microtox responses than in those of duckweed. Finally, synergism was found to be a rare interaction in Microtox results, but totally unlikely in duckweed within the selected test combinations.","Assessment of toxic interactions of heavy metals in binary mixtures: a statistical approach Abs: Toxicity of zinc, copper, cobalt, and chromium ions and their binary interactions were studied at varying test levels by using a battery of two tests, Microtox and duckweed with Vibrio fisheri and Lemna minor as test organisms, respectively. The type of toxic interaction at each test combination was assessed by a statistical approach based on testing the null hypothesis of additive toxicity at 95% confidence level. The interactions were called antagonistic, additive, or synergistic in accordance with the statistical significance and the sign of the difference between the tested hypothesis and the value of the observed toxicity at the binary test level concerned. In the majority of the combinations studied by the two bioassays, the interactions were of antagonistic nature. Additive toxicity was the next frequently predicted interaction in both test results, the frequency being much higher in Microtox responses than in those of duckweed. Finally, synergism was found to be a rare interaction in Microtox results, but totally unlikely in duckweed within the selected test combinations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237156,Lindgaard-Jorgensen and  Riemann 1989,Tritiated thymidine incorporation preliminary investigations of a method to forecast the toxicity of chemicals in biodegradability tests,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In biodegradability tests it is essential that true non-biodegradability can be distinguished from inhibited biodegradability. Presently none of the microbial toxicity test methods available consistently forecast toxicity in the biodegradability tests, probably because the toxicity tests do not reflect the conditions in the biodegradability test methods. In this study we tested 3,5-dichlorophenol and potassiumdichromate, two chemicals often used as reference substances in microbial toxicity tests, by means of the 3H-thymidine incorporation methods and three standardized test methods. Using natural bacterial assemblages from activated sludge, freshwater and seawater we found that eutrophic bacteria were less sensitive than oligotrophic bacteria towards both test chemicals in the 3H-thymidine incorporation. Previous observations of biodegradability of dichlorophenols at the 10-20 mg liter level showing degradability in activated sludge and nonbiodegradability in seawater","Tritiated thymidine incorporation preliminary investigations of a method to forecast the toxicity of chemicals in biodegradability tests Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In biodegradability tests it is essential that true non-biodegradability can be distinguished from inhibited biodegradability. Presently none of the microbial toxicity test methods available consistently forecast toxicity in the biodegradability tests, probably because the toxicity tests do not reflect the conditions in the biodegradability test methods. In this study we tested 3,5-dichlorophenol and potassiumdichromate, two chemicals often used as reference substances in microbial toxicity tests, by means of the 3H-thymidine incorporation methods and three standardized test methods. Using natural bacterial assemblages from activated sludge, freshwater and seawater we found that eutrophic bacteria were less sensitive than oligotrophic bacteria towards both test chemicals in the 3H-thymidine incorporation. Previous observations of biodegradability of dichlorophenols at the 10-20 mg liter level showing degradability in activated sludge and nonbiodegradability in seawater",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234404,Lozsekova et al. 2002,"The effect of nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts and actin skeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes","The authors tested the effects of known allergens, namely nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cytotoxic cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts (vinculin, talin, E-cadherin, desmoplaktin) and actin cytoskeleton (actin filaments) of cultivated human keratinocytes. The localisation of proteins of cellular contacts was detected by means of direct immunofluorescence. The authors have detected a decrease in, and destruction of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton after testing the effect of all allergens, while the most significant changes were detected in E-cadherin, vunkulin and actin filaments. Desmoplaktin and talin were less damaged. Potassium dichromate caused damage already in concentration of 1 microg/ml. A similar effect of the other two tested haptanes was brought about in concentration being 100-fold higher. CONCLUSION: the gained results indicate that the investigation of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes can possibly become a part of the testing of allergy-triggering potential of chemical substances. (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 18.)","The effect of nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts and actin skeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes Abs: The authors tested the effects of known allergens, namely nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cytotoxic cadmium sulphate on the proteins of cellular contacts (vinculin, talin, E-cadherin, desmoplaktin) and actin cytoskeleton (actin filaments) of cultivated human keratinocytes. The localisation of proteins of cellular contacts was detected by means of direct immunofluorescence. The authors have detected a decrease in, and destruction of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton after testing the effect of all allergens, while the most significant changes were detected in E-cadherin, vunkulin and actin filaments. Desmoplaktin and talin were less damaged. Potassium dichromate caused damage already in concentration of 1 microg/ml. A similar effect of the other two tested haptanes was brought about in concentration being 100-fold higher. CONCLUSION: the gained results indicate that the investigation of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes can possibly become a part of the testing of allergy-triggering potential of chemical substances. (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 18.)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516492,Sturges et al. 1991,Performance of soil flushing and groundwater extraction at the United Chrome Superfund site,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In 1987, CH2M HILL, under contract with the U.S. EPA, undertook the cleanup of the United Chrome Superfund site in Corvallis, Oregon. Waste disposal practices and leaky plating tanks at this chrome plating facility had resulted in heavy contamination of soil and groundwater by hexavalent chromium. Distinguishing elements of this site remediation project were two infiltration basins to flush contaminated soils, a 23-well groundwater extraction network in low permeability soils, and treatment of the concentrated chromium wastewaters. Remedial actions also included decontamination and demolition of structures, and offsite disposal of1,100 tons of contaminated soil and debris. The infiltration basins and groundwater extraction and treatment system have been operating since July 1988. This paper presents the data and experience gathered on the system's performance during the 2 years of operation, and points to potential application at other sites.","Performance of soil flushing and groundwater extraction at the United Chrome Superfund site Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In 1987, CH2M HILL, under contract with the U.S. EPA, undertook the cleanup of the United Chrome Superfund site in Corvallis, Oregon. Waste disposal practices and leaky plating tanks at this chrome plating facility had resulted in heavy contamination of soil and groundwater by hexavalent chromium. Distinguishing elements of this site remediation project were two infiltration basins to flush contaminated soils, a 23-well groundwater extraction network in low permeability soils, and treatment of the concentrated chromium wastewaters. Remedial actions also included decontamination and demolition of structures, and offsite disposal of1,100 tons of contaminated soil and debris. The infiltration basins and groundwater extraction and treatment system have been operating since July 1988. This paper presents the data and experience gathered on the system's performance during the 2 years of operation, and points to potential application at other sites.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225298,Demim et al. 2013,Cadmium and nickel: Assessment of the physiological effects and heavy metal removal using a response surface approach by L. gibba,,Cadmium and nickel: Assessment of the physiological effects and heavy metal removal using a response surface approach by L. gibba Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576618,Petrilli and  Deflora 1978,OXIDATION OF INACTIVE TRIVALENT CHROMIUM TO MUTAGENIC HEXAVALENT FORM,,OXIDATION OF INACTIVE TRIVALENT CHROMIUM TO MUTAGENIC HEXAVALENT FORM Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509690,Han et al. 2007,Determination of chromium(VI) by surface plasmon field-enhanced resonance light scattering,"A surface plasmon-enhanced resonance light scattering method has been developed. The method features strong light scattering but very weak background, and after incorporating with selective sample extraction and ion-association complexation using rhodamine B and KI as reactants, it could selectively determine Cr(VI) in both of standard and real samples, reaching a limit of detection down to 20 nM which is about 40-fold as sensitive as flame atomic absorption spectrometry and 140-fold as sensitive as fluorescent spectroscopy. Its linear working range was found in between 40 and 320 nM, with a relative standard deviation of peak height at &lt;3% (n = 5) and recovery between 94.8-104.9%. In theory, the method is applicable to the analysis of all substances able to produce or destroy I2.","Determination of chromium(VI) by surface plasmon field-enhanced resonance light scattering Abs: A surface plasmon-enhanced resonance light scattering method has been developed. The method features strong light scattering but very weak background, and after incorporating with selective sample extraction and ion-association complexation using rhodamine B and KI as reactants, it could selectively determine Cr(VI) in both of standard and real samples, reaching a limit of detection down to 20 nM which is about 40-fold as sensitive as flame atomic absorption spectrometry and 140-fold as sensitive as fluorescent spectroscopy. Its linear working range was found in between 40 and 320 nM, with a relative standard deviation of peak height at &lt;3% (n = 5) and recovery between 94.8-104.9%. In theory, the method is applicable to the analysis of all substances able to produce or destroy I2.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509686,Oze et al. 2007,Genesis of hexavalent chromium from natural sources in soil and groundwater,"Naturally occurring Cr(VI) has recently been reported in ground and surface waters. Rock strata rich in Cr(III)-bearing minerals, in particular chromite, are universally found in these areas that occur near convergent plate margins. Here we report experiments demonstrating accelerated dissolution of chromite and subsequent oxidation of Cr(III) to aqueous Cr(VI) in the presence of birnessite, a common manganese mineral, explaining the generation of Cr(VI) by a Cr(III)-bearing mineral considered geochemically inert. Our results demonstrate that Cr(III) within ultramafic- and serpentinite-derived soils/sediments can be oxidized and dissolved through natural processes, leading to hazardous levels of aqueous Cr(VI) in surface and groundwater.","Genesis of hexavalent chromium from natural sources in soil and groundwater Abs: Naturally occurring Cr(VI) has recently been reported in ground and surface waters. Rock strata rich in Cr(III)-bearing minerals, in particular chromite, are universally found in these areas that occur near convergent plate margins. Here we report experiments demonstrating accelerated dissolution of chromite and subsequent oxidation of Cr(III) to aqueous Cr(VI) in the presence of birnessite, a common manganese mineral, explaining the generation of Cr(VI) by a Cr(III)-bearing mineral considered geochemically inert. Our results demonstrate that Cr(III) within ultramafic- and serpentinite-derived soils/sediments can be oxidized and dissolved through natural processes, leading to hazardous levels of aqueous Cr(VI) in surface and groundwater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1040766,Mohanty and  Cock 2010,Bioactivity of Syzygium jambos methanolic extracts: Antibacterial activity and toxicity,"Methanol extracts from S. jambos leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. S. jambos leaf extract inhibited the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (29%). Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growths were inhibited by S. jambos leaf extract, although gram-positive bacteria appeared more susceptible. Two of the 10 gram-negative bacteria (20%) and 2 of the 4 gram-positive bacteria (50%) tested had their growths inhibited by the extract. The leaf extract also proved to be toxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with a 48-h LC(50) of 387.9 ± 38.8 µg/mL, making it slightly more toxic than Mevinphos (505.3± 37.7 µg/mL) and approximately 5-fold less toxic than potassium dichromate (80.4 ± 4.3 µg/mL). Whilst potassium dichromate's LC(50) remained constant across the 72-hour test period (24-h LC(50), 86.3 ± 5.1; 72-h LC(50), 77.9 ± 4.9), the extract and Mevinphos LC(50) values decreased by 72 hours (87.0 ± 11.3 µg/mL and 103.9 ± 12.8 µg/mL, respectively), indicating their similar levels of toxicity in the assay.","Bioactivity of Syzygium jambos methanolic extracts: Antibacterial activity and toxicity Abs: Methanol extracts from S. jambos leaves were tested for antimicrobial activity and toxicity. S. jambos leaf extract inhibited the growth of 4 of the 14 bacteria tested (29%). Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial growths were inhibited by S. jambos leaf extract, although gram-positive bacteria appeared more susceptible. Two of the 10 gram-negative bacteria (20%) and 2 of the 4 gram-positive bacteria (50%) tested had their growths inhibited by the extract. The leaf extract also proved to be toxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with a 48-h LC(50) of 387.9 ± 38.8 µg/mL, making it slightly more toxic than Mevinphos (505.3± 37.7 µg/mL) and approximately 5-fold less toxic than potassium dichromate (80.4 ± 4.3 µg/mL). Whilst potassium dichromate's LC(50) remained constant across the 72-hour test period (24-h LC(50), 86.3 ± 5.1; 72-h LC(50), 77.9 ± 4.9), the extract and Mevinphos LC(50) values decreased by 72 hours (87.0 ± 11.3 µg/mL and 103.9 ± 12.8 µg/mL, respectively), indicating their similar levels of toxicity in the assay.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516619,Vincze et al. 1994,Investigation of chromium (VI) tolerant bacteria,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Pseudomonas strains were isolated from a heavy metal contaminated sludge. Some of the strains grew on chromium (VI) containing medium, and others were inhibited in their growth. Cells were able to remove chromium from the medium. This ability was independent of the rate of their growth. The concentration of chromium (VI) of the media decreased with 15-20 ppm in presence of 109 cells. The chromium (VI) was converted into a reduced form of chromium by bacteria. The reduced form of chromium was bound in the cell well. The bound form of chromium could be recovered more or less with different chemicals. The best percentages of recovery were achieved with NaOH solution.","Investigation of chromium (VI) tolerant bacteria Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Pseudomonas strains were isolated from a heavy metal contaminated sludge. Some of the strains grew on chromium (VI) containing medium, and others were inhibited in their growth. Cells were able to remove chromium from the medium. This ability was independent of the rate of their growth. The concentration of chromium (VI) of the media decreased with 15-20 ppm in presence of 109 cells. The chromium (VI) was converted into a reduced form of chromium by bacteria. The reduced form of chromium was bound in the cell well. The bound form of chromium could be recovered more or less with different chemicals. The best percentages of recovery were achieved with NaOH solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509592,Jensen and  Børve 2002,Reduction of chromium in ethylene polymerisation using bis(imido)chromium(VI) catalyst precursors,"Hybrid density functional calculations on [Cr(NR)2C3H7(C2H4)]+ (R = H, tBu) have revealed a facile reductive elimination reaction involving beta-hydrogen transfer from the alkyl chain, suggesting that the active species in ethylene polymerisation with bis(imido)chromium(VI) precursors contains a reduced chromium atom.","Reduction of chromium in ethylene polymerisation using bis(imido)chromium(VI) catalyst precursors Abs: Hybrid density functional calculations on [Cr(NR)2C3H7(C2H4)]+ (R = H, tBu) have revealed a facile reductive elimination reaction involving beta-hydrogen transfer from the alkyl chain, suggesting that the active species in ethylene polymerisation with bis(imido)chromium(VI) precursors contains a reduced chromium atom.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516234,Nusko and  Heumann 1994,Chromium speciation with isotope dilution mass spectrometry,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article chromiumiii chromiumvi waste water fresh water stability analytical method,Chromium speciation with isotope dilution mass spectrometry Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article chromiumiii chromiumvi waste water fresh water stability analytical method,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237069,M-A et al. 1987,HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS INFORMATION AND DISPOSAL GUIDE THIRD EDITION,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HAZARDOUS WASTE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS WASTE MANAGEMENT,HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS INFORMATION AND DISPOSAL GUIDE THIRD EDITION Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HAZARDOUS WASTE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS WASTE MANAGEMENT,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290131,Coudray et al. 1992,Hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation enhancement by chromium. In vitro study,"Chromium VI compounds have been shown to be carcinogenic in occupationally exposed humans, and to be genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in a variety of experimental systems. In contrast, most chromium III compounds are relatively nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and nonmutagenic. Reduction of Cr6+ leads to reactive intermediates, such as Cr5+, Cr4+, or other radical species. The molecular mechanism for the intracellular Cr6+ reduction has been the focus of recent studies, but the details are still not understood. Our study was initiated to compare the effect of Cr(6+)-hydroxyl radical formation and Cr(6+)-induced lipid peroxidation vs those of Cr3+. Electron spin resonance measurements provide evidence for the formation of long-lived Cr5+ intermediates in the reduction of Cr6+ by glutathione reductase in the presence of NADPH and for the hydroxyl radical formation during the glutathione reductase catalyzed reduction of Cr6+. Hydrogen peroxide suppresses Cr5+ and enhances the formation of hydroxyl radical. Thus, Cr5+ intermediates catalyze generation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-like reaction. Comparative effects of Cr6+ and Cr3+ on the development of lipid peroxidation were studied by using rat heart homogenate. Heart homogenate was incubated with different concentrations of Cr6+ compounds at 22 degrees C for 60 min. Lipid peroxidation was determined as thiobarbituric acid reacting materiels (TBA-RM). The results confirm that Cr6+ induces lipid peroxidation in the rat heart homogenate. These observations might suggest a possible causative role of lipid peroxidation in Cr6+ toxicity. This enhancement of lipid peroxidation is modified by the addition of some metal chelators and antioxidants. Thus, strategies for combating Cr6+ toxicity should take into account the role of the hydroxy radicals, and hence, steps for blocking its chain propagation and preventing the formation of lipid peroxides.","Hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation enhancement by chromium. In vitro study Abs: Chromium VI compounds have been shown to be carcinogenic in occupationally exposed humans, and to be genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in a variety of experimental systems. In contrast, most chromium III compounds are relatively nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and nonmutagenic. Reduction of Cr6+ leads to reactive intermediates, such as Cr5+, Cr4+, or other radical species. The molecular mechanism for the intracellular Cr6+ reduction has been the focus of recent studies, but the details are still not understood. Our study was initiated to compare the effect of Cr(6+)-hydroxyl radical formation and Cr(6+)-induced lipid peroxidation vs those of Cr3+. Electron spin resonance measurements provide evidence for the formation of long-lived Cr5+ intermediates in the reduction of Cr6+ by glutathione reductase in the presence of NADPH and for the hydroxyl radical formation during the glutathione reductase catalyzed reduction of Cr6+. Hydrogen peroxide suppresses Cr5+ and enhances the formation of hydroxyl radical. Thus, Cr5+ intermediates catalyze generation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-like reaction. Comparative effects of Cr6+ and Cr3+ on the development of lipid peroxidation were studied by using rat heart homogenate. Heart homogenate was incubated with different concentrations of Cr6+ compounds at 22 degrees C for 60 min. Lipid peroxidation was determined as thiobarbituric acid reacting materiels (TBA-RM). The results confirm that Cr6+ induces lipid peroxidation in the rat heart homogenate. These observations might suggest a possible causative role of lipid peroxidation in Cr6+ toxicity. This enhancement of lipid peroxidation is modified by the addition of some metal chelators and antioxidants. Thus, strategies for combating Cr6+ toxicity should take into account the role of the hydroxy radicals, and hence, steps for blocking its chain propagation and preventing the formation of lipid peroxides.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514415,Dahab and  Al-Madfa 1997,Chromium distribution in waters and sediments of the eastern side of the Qatari Peninsula,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The coastal environment on the eastern side of the Qatari peninsula is subjected to several sources of pollution such as the leaching from a solid waste disposal site, the merchant and naval harbours of Doha and surface water discharge outlets. Chromium was measured in surface sea water and in surficial sediments by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Average Cr concentrations in the investigated waters during the period of study were 0.08, 0.66 and 0.54 mug l-1, respectively, for Cr (III), Cr (VI), and particulate phases. The areal distribution of Cr in the studied waters reflected the impact of the leachate from the solid waste disposal site, the surface water discharge and the two harbours in the area. Cr concentrations in the investigated sediments ranged from 11.6 to 46.5 mug g-1 dry wt. with an average of 25.4 | 8.7 mug g-1 dry wt. Elevated Cr levels were identified in the sediments around the solid waste disposal site ( > 40 mug g-1 d","Chromium distribution in waters and sediments of the eastern side of the Qatari Peninsula Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The coastal environment on the eastern side of the Qatari peninsula is subjected to several sources of pollution such as the leaching from a solid waste disposal site, the merchant and naval harbours of Doha and surface water discharge outlets. Chromium was measured in surface sea water and in surficial sediments by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Average Cr concentrations in the investigated waters during the period of study were 0.08, 0.66 and 0.54 mug l-1, respectively, for Cr (III), Cr (VI), and particulate phases. The areal distribution of Cr in the studied waters reflected the impact of the leachate from the solid waste disposal site, the surface water discharge and the two harbours in the area. Cr concentrations in the investigated sediments ranged from 11.6 to 46.5 mug g-1 dry wt. with an average of 25.4 | 8.7 mug g-1 dry wt. Elevated Cr levels were identified in the sediments around the solid waste disposal site ( > 40 mug g-1 d",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
657960,Di Toro et al. 1991,Technical Basis for Establishing Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Organic Chemicals Using Equilibrium Partitioning,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review organism toxicity ecosystem contamination environmental analysis method,Technical Basis for Establishing Sediment Quality Criteria for Nonionic Organic Chemicals Using Equilibrium Partitioning Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review organism toxicity ecosystem contamination environmental analysis method,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234175,Grossman and  Ghosh 2009,Measurement of activated carbon and other black carbons in sediments,"Black carbon in sediment, present natively or added as a treatment amendment in the form of activated carbon, reduces contaminant bioavailability. Field evaluation of activated carbon effectiveness in reducing contaminant bioavailability requires accurate methods to measure the amendment in sediments. The most commonly used method to separate black carbon from natural organic matter in soils and sediments is low temperature (375 degrees C) thermal oxidation which resulted in significant losses of activated carbons. A method was developed to isolate activated carbon using a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate to oxidize the natural organic matter while preserving the activated carbon. The chemical oxidation method was applied to assess the delivery of activated carbon to sediments in a pilot-scale demonstration project carried out in Grasse River, NY. Using this method on sediment from the Grasse River, over 98% of the natural organic matter was removed while preserving at least 95% of the activated carbon. The method was also demonstrated on other carbonaceous geosorbents and native black carbon in several sediment samples.","Measurement of activated carbon and other black carbons in sediments Abs: Black carbon in sediment, present natively or added as a treatment amendment in the form of activated carbon, reduces contaminant bioavailability. Field evaluation of activated carbon effectiveness in reducing contaminant bioavailability requires accurate methods to measure the amendment in sediments. The most commonly used method to separate black carbon from natural organic matter in soils and sediments is low temperature (375 degrees C) thermal oxidation which resulted in significant losses of activated carbons. A method was developed to isolate activated carbon using a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate to oxidize the natural organic matter while preserving the activated carbon. The chemical oxidation method was applied to assess the delivery of activated carbon to sediments in a pilot-scale demonstration project carried out in Grasse River, NY. Using this method on sediment from the Grasse River, over 98% of the natural organic matter was removed while preserving at least 95% of the activated carbon. The method was also demonstrated on other carbonaceous geosorbents and native black carbon in several sediment samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1384194,Kjaerheim 1999,Occupational cancer research in the Nordic countries,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Occupational cancer research in the Nordic countries benefits from certain structural advantages, including the existence of computerized population registries, national cancer registries with high-quality data on cancer incidence, and a personal identification number for each inhabitant. This article outlines the utilization of this research infrastructure in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, together with research examples from the different countries. Future research on occupatio nt data sources together. Although previous occupational research has focused on male workers, a broader approach is needed in the future, including a study of how cancer risk in women may be affected by occupational activity and the question of possible cancer risk in offspring of men and women exposed to workplace carcinogens.","Occupational cancer research in the Nordic countries Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Occupational cancer research in the Nordic countries benefits from certain structural advantages, including the existence of computerized population registries, national cancer registries with high-quality data on cancer incidence, and a personal identification number for each inhabitant. This article outlines the utilization of this research infrastructure in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, together with research examples from the different countries. Future research on occupatio nt data sources together. Although previous occupational research has focused on male workers, a broader approach is needed in the future, including a study of how cancer risk in women may be affected by occupational activity and the question of possible cancer risk in offspring of men and women exposed to workplace carcinogens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225052,Huang et al. ,Comparative Studies of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium Cytotoxicity and Their Effects on Oxidative State of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells,"Chromium is a significant mutagen and carcinogen in environment. We compared the effects of tri- and hexavalent chromium on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in yeast. Cell growth was inhibited by Cr(3+) or Cr(6+), and Cr(6+) significantly increased the lethal rate compared with Cr(3+). Both Cr(3+) and Cr(6+) can enter into the yeast cells. The percent of propidium iodide permeable cells treated with Cr(3+) is almost five times as that treated with the same concentration of Cr(6+). Levels of TBARS, O2 (-), and carbonyl protein were significantly increased in both Cr(6+)- and Cr(3+)-treated cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the accumulation of these stress markers in Cr(6+)-treated cells was over the Cr(3+)-treated ones. The decreased GSH level and increased activity of GPx were observed after 300 ?M Cr(6+)-exposure compared with the untreated control, whereas there was no other change of GSH content in cells treated with Cr(3+) even at very high concentration. Exposure to both Cr(3+) and Cr(6+) resulted in the decrease of activities of SOD and catalase. Furthermore, the effect of Cr(6+) is stronger than that of Cr(3+). Null mutation sensitivity assay demonstrated that the gsh1 mutant was sensitive to Cr(6+) other than Cr(3+), the apn1 mutant is more sensitive to Cr(6+) than Cr(3+), and the rad1 mutant is sensitive to both Cr(6+) and Cr(3+). Therefore, Cr(3+) can be concluded to inhibit cell growth probably due to the damage of plasma membrane integrality in yeast. Although both tri- and hexavalent chromium can induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, the action mode of Cr(3+) is different from that of Cr(6+), and serious membrane damage caused by Cr(3+) is not the direct consequence of the increase of lipid peroxidation.","Comparative Studies of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium Cytotoxicity and Their Effects on Oxidative State of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Abs: Chromium is a significant mutagen and carcinogen in environment. We compared the effects of tri- and hexavalent chromium on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in yeast. Cell growth was inhibited by Cr(3+) or Cr(6+), and Cr(6+) significantly increased the lethal rate compared with Cr(3+). Both Cr(3+) and Cr(6+) can enter into the yeast cells. The percent of propidium iodide permeable cells treated with Cr(3+) is almost five times as that treated with the same concentration of Cr(6+). Levels of TBARS, O2 (-), and carbonyl protein were significantly increased in both Cr(6+)- and Cr(3+)-treated cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the accumulation of these stress markers in Cr(6+)-treated cells was over the Cr(3+)-treated ones. The decreased GSH level and increased activity of GPx were observed after 300 ?M Cr(6+)-exposure compared with the untreated control, whereas there was no other change of GSH content in cells treated with Cr(3+) even at very high concentration. Exposure to both Cr(3+) and Cr(6+) resulted in the decrease of activities of SOD and catalase. Furthermore, the effect of Cr(6+) is stronger than that of Cr(3+). Null mutation sensitivity assay demonstrated that the gsh1 mutant was sensitive to Cr(6+) other than Cr(3+), the apn1 mutant is more sensitive to Cr(6+) than Cr(3+), and the rad1 mutant is sensitive to both Cr(6+) and Cr(3+). Therefore, Cr(3+) can be concluded to inhibit cell growth probably due to the damage of plasma membrane integrality in yeast. Although both tri- and hexavalent chromium can induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, the action mode of Cr(3+) is different from that of Cr(6+), and serious membrane damage caused by Cr(3+) is not the direct consequence of the increase of lipid peroxidation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576796,Pacha and  Galimska-Stypa 1988,ACTION OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS ON SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE AND GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA ESCHERICHIA-COLI STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS BACILLUS-SUBTILIS STRONG ACID WEAK ACID,ACTION OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS ON SELECTED GRAM-NEGATIVE AND GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA ESCHERICHIA-COLI STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS BACILLUS-SUBTILIS STRONG ACID WEAK ACID,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238832,Parodi et al. 1983,Quantitative predictivity of the transformation in vitro assay compared with the Ames test,"For 59 chemical compounds, we have found homogeneous data on transformation in vitro, mutagenicity in the Ames test, and carcinogenicity. We have compared the potency in inducing transformation in vitro in hamster fibroblast cells with the carcinogenic potency and found a modest correlation coefficient between the two parameters (r = 0.37). For these same 59 compounds it was also possible to compare mutagenic potency in the Ames test with carcinogenic potency. The correlation level was very similar (r = 0.34). The predictivity of transformation in vitro increased significantly when only compounds for which some kind of dose-response relationship was available were utilized (r = 0.65). This result stresses the importance of the quantitative aspect of the response in predictivity studies. The present study is compared with previous studies on the quantitative predictivity of different short-term tests. Our work is not definitive, but gives an idea of the possible type of approach to the problem of comparing quantitative predictivities.","Quantitative predictivity of the transformation in vitro assay compared with the Ames test Abs: For 59 chemical compounds, we have found homogeneous data on transformation in vitro, mutagenicity in the Ames test, and carcinogenicity. We have compared the potency in inducing transformation in vitro in hamster fibroblast cells with the carcinogenic potency and found a modest correlation coefficient between the two parameters (r = 0.37). For these same 59 compounds it was also possible to compare mutagenic potency in the Ames test with carcinogenic potency. The correlation level was very similar (r = 0.34). The predictivity of transformation in vitro increased significantly when only compounds for which some kind of dose-response relationship was available were utilized (r = 0.65). This result stresses the importance of the quantitative aspect of the response in predictivity studies. The present study is compared with previous studies on the quantitative predictivity of different short-term tests. Our work is not definitive, but gives an idea of the possible type of approach to the problem of comparing quantitative predictivities.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576776,Li et al. 1989,[Urine-Cr assay with diphenylcarbazide],"Systemic investigations of chromium determination in urine with diphenylcarbazide were carried out and suitable analytic conditions for the determination established. Urine samples were first digested with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide and then the chromium in the sample was oxidized to the hexavalent state by permanganate in acidic medium. After the excess oxidizing reagent was destroyed with sodium nitrite, chromium (VI) combined with diphenylcarbazide, forming a stable red color. The average recovery was 101.1%, ranging from 82.0% to 115.8%. Coefficients of variation were in the range from 2.0% to 8.4%. The method can be conveniently applied to the analysis of trace chromium in urine samples with satisfactory sensitivity and recovery. The method was applied to the measurement of 180 normal and 124 CHD (coronary heart disease) urine samples from Chengdu city. The mean of chromium level in normal urine was 6.1 micrograms/L and the range with 95% confidence of urine chromium was determined as 1.7-11 micrograms/L. The mean of chromium level in CHD urine samples was 4.2 micrograms/L. By statistical analysis, there was a significant difference between the means of the two groups (t' = 6.9, P less than 0.05).","[Urine-Cr assay with diphenylcarbazide] Abs: Systemic investigations of chromium determination in urine with diphenylcarbazide were carried out and suitable analytic conditions for the determination established. Urine samples were first digested with nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide and then the chromium in the sample was oxidized to the hexavalent state by permanganate in acidic medium. After the excess oxidizing reagent was destroyed with sodium nitrite, chromium (VI) combined with diphenylcarbazide, forming a stable red color. The average recovery was 101.1%, ranging from 82.0% to 115.8%. Coefficients of variation were in the range from 2.0% to 8.4%. The method can be conveniently applied to the analysis of trace chromium in urine samples with satisfactory sensitivity and recovery. The method was applied to the measurement of 180 normal and 124 CHD (coronary heart disease) urine samples from Chengdu city. The mean of chromium level in normal urine was 6.1 micrograms/L and the range with 95% confidence of urine chromium was determined as 1.7-11 micrograms/L. The mean of chromium level in CHD urine samples was 4.2 micrograms/L. By statistical analysis, there was a significant difference between the means of the two groups (t' = 6.9, P less than 0.05).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
57328,Sharma and  Talukder 1987,Effects of metals on chromosomes of higher organisms,"An analysis of the available data on the clastogenic effects of metals and their compounds on higher organisms indicates some general trends. Following chronic exposure to subtoxic doses, a decrease in mitotic frequency and an increase in the number of chromosomal abnormalities are observed. These effects are usually directly proportional to the dose applied and the duration of treatment within the threshold limits. Recovery after acute treatment is inversely related to the dosage. The ultimate expression of the effects depends on certain factors, including the mode and vehicle of administration; the form administered; the test system used; the rate of detoxification, distribution, and retention in the different tissues; and interaction with foreign and endogenous substances as well as the mode of action with the biological macromolecules. In mammals, the clastogenic activity of the metals within each vertical group of the periodic table is directly proportional to the increase in atomic weight, electropositivity, and solubility of the metallic cations in water and lipids, except for Li and Ba. This pattern of inherent cytotoxicity increases with successive periods in the horizontal level. It is enhanced by the formation of covalent and coordinate covalent complexes by heavy metals with the biological macromolecules. In plants, the solubility of the metals in water is of much greater importance. The degree of dissociation of metallic salts and the rate of absorption affect significantly the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In assessing the effects of environmental metal pollution, the presence of other metals and toxic chemicals and the level of nutrition should be taken into account, since in nature, metals occur in combination and these factors modify the cytotoxic effects to a significant extent.","Effects of metals on chromosomes of higher organisms Abs: An analysis of the available data on the clastogenic effects of metals and their compounds on higher organisms indicates some general trends. Following chronic exposure to subtoxic doses, a decrease in mitotic frequency and an increase in the number of chromosomal abnormalities are observed. These effects are usually directly proportional to the dose applied and the duration of treatment within the threshold limits. Recovery after acute treatment is inversely related to the dosage. The ultimate expression of the effects depends on certain factors, including the mode and vehicle of administration; the form administered; the test system used; the rate of detoxification, distribution, and retention in the different tissues; and interaction with foreign and endogenous substances as well as the mode of action with the biological macromolecules. In mammals, the clastogenic activity of the metals within each vertical group of the periodic table is directly proportional to the increase in atomic weight, electropositivity, and solubility of the metallic cations in water and lipids, except for Li and Ba. This pattern of inherent cytotoxicity increases with successive periods in the horizontal level. It is enhanced by the formation of covalent and coordinate covalent complexes by heavy metals with the biological macromolecules. In plants, the solubility of the metals in water is of much greater importance. The degree of dissociation of metallic salts and the rate of absorption affect significantly the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. In assessing the effects of environmental metal pollution, the presence of other metals and toxic chemicals and the level of nutrition should be taken into account, since in nature, metals occur in combination and these factors modify the cytotoxic effects to a significant extent.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234346,Schecter et al. 2004,The use of potassium dichromate and ethyl alcohol as blood preservatives for analysis of organochlorine contaminants,"The &quot;gold standard&quot; for preserving and shipping of human tissue samples for analysis of organochlorine contaminants is freezing. This method can be difficult, costly if using heavy dry ice for shipping, and often unfeasible, especially in less developed countries where electricity and dry ice are frequently rare or absent. Therefore, it is essential that more convenient and practical methods for preservation of blood samples are found. As an alternative to freezing, there have been studies employing potassium dichromate as a preservative for human or cow's milk or ethyl alcohol preservation of blood for dioxin analysis. In this study, four methods were compared to investigate the effectiveness of ethyl alcohol and potassium dichromate as blood preservatives for analysis of dioxins, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Samples of whole blood from a Dallas, Texas hospital were collected and pooled. Freezing, ethyl alcohol in two concentrations (20% and 40% per volume of sample), and potassium dichromate were used for blood preservation. The blood samples containing potassium dichromate or ethyl alcohol were stored and sent to ERGO laboratory for dioxin analysis and comparison with results from the frozen sample, which was kept frozen at all times until analyzed. This study suggests that potassium dichromate is a suitable alternative to freezing for preservation of whole blood for dioxin, dibenzofuran, and PCB measurements when either lipid or wet weight based results are reported. Potassium dichromate tablets were very easy and convenient to use--two 100 mg tablets (with a dichromate content of about 33 mg each) were added to each bottle containing 65 ml of blood. However, ethyl alcohol at 20% and 40% concentration under the conditions of this pilot study and the analytical method employed did not appear to provide satisfactory preservation when lipid based results are given or when the fat content has to be determined (wet or whole weight). Further research with a larger number of samples, inclusion also of other groups of persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides or brominated flame retardants, a longer duration of storage time, and at temperatures greater than US or German room temperature is indicated in order to recommend the routine use of potassium dichromate as preservative for whole blood intended for dioxin, dibenzofuran, and PCB analysis.","The use of potassium dichromate and ethyl alcohol as blood preservatives for analysis of organochlorine contaminants Abs: The &quot;gold standard&quot; for preserving and shipping of human tissue samples for analysis of organochlorine contaminants is freezing. This method can be difficult, costly if using heavy dry ice for shipping, and often unfeasible, especially in less developed countries where electricity and dry ice are frequently rare or absent. Therefore, it is essential that more convenient and practical methods for preservation of blood samples are found. As an alternative to freezing, there have been studies employing potassium dichromate as a preservative for human or cow's milk or ethyl alcohol preservation of blood for dioxin analysis. In this study, four methods were compared to investigate the effectiveness of ethyl alcohol and potassium dichromate as blood preservatives for analysis of dioxins, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Samples of whole blood from a Dallas, Texas hospital were collected and pooled. Freezing, ethyl alcohol in two concentrations (20% and 40% per volume of sample), and potassium dichromate were used for blood preservation. The blood samples containing potassium dichromate or ethyl alcohol were stored and sent to ERGO laboratory for dioxin analysis and comparison with results from the frozen sample, which was kept frozen at all times until analyzed. This study suggests that potassium dichromate is a suitable alternative to freezing for preservation of whole blood for dioxin, dibenzofuran, and PCB measurements when either lipid or wet weight based results are reported. Potassium dichromate tablets were very easy and convenient to use--two 100 mg tablets (with a dichromate content of about 33 mg each) were added to each bottle containing 65 ml of blood. However, ethyl alcohol at 20% and 40% concentration under the conditions of this pilot study and the analytical method employed did not appear to provide satisfactory preservation when lipid based results are given or when the fat content has to be determined (wet or whole weight). Further research with a larger number of samples, inclusion also of other groups of persistent organic pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides or brominated flame retardants, a longer duration of storage time, and at temperatures greater than US or German room temperature is indicated in order to recommend the routine use of potassium dichromate as preservative for whole blood intended for dioxin, dibenzofuran, and PCB analysis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236935,Sweeney et al. 1985,Mortality among retired fur workers dyers dressers tanners and service workers,"A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted on 807 fur dyers, fur dressers (tanners), and fur service workers who were pensioned between 1952 and 1977 by the Fur, Leather and Machine Workers Union of New York City. Workplace exposures of fur workers varied with job category. Dyers were exposed to oxidative dyes used in commercial hair dyes; dressers and service workers were exposed to tanning chemicals. In a comparison with the New York City population, no significant increases in mortality were observed among the fur dyers. Among fur dressers, mortality from all malignant neoplasms [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 151] and lung cancer (SMR 232) was significantly elevated, as was mortality from cardiovascular disease (SMR 126) among fur service workers. When examined by ethnic origin, the elevated SMR values and directly age-adjusted rate ratios suggested that foreign-born fur dressers and eastern European-born fur workers experienced the highest risks for lung and colorectal cancers, respectively. These data support previous findings of increased mortality from colorectal cancer in the foreign-born population of the United States and suggest a possible occupational etiology for the observed lung cancer excess.","Mortality among retired fur workers dyers dressers tanners and service workers Abs: A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted on 807 fur dyers, fur dressers (tanners), and fur service workers who were pensioned between 1952 and 1977 by the Fur, Leather and Machine Workers Union of New York City. Workplace exposures of fur workers varied with job category. Dyers were exposed to oxidative dyes used in commercial hair dyes; dressers and service workers were exposed to tanning chemicals. In a comparison with the New York City population, no significant increases in mortality were observed among the fur dyers. Among fur dressers, mortality from all malignant neoplasms [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 151] and lung cancer (SMR 232) was significantly elevated, as was mortality from cardiovascular disease (SMR 126) among fur service workers. When examined by ethnic origin, the elevated SMR values and directly age-adjusted rate ratios suggested that foreign-born fur dressers and eastern European-born fur workers experienced the highest risks for lung and colorectal cancers, respectively. These data support previous findings of increased mortality from colorectal cancer in the foreign-born population of the United States and suggest a possible occupational etiology for the observed lung cancer excess.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225390,Dutta and  Das 2013,Derivatised L-methionine: a new amino polycarboxylate functionality for trace level speciation of chromium by solid-phase extraction,,Derivatised L-methionine: a new amino polycarboxylate functionality for trace level speciation of chromium by solid-phase extraction Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
765727,Hendricks and  Larsen 1966,An evaluation of selected methods of collection and analysis of low concentrations of ozone,"Seven analytical methods for the analysis of low concentrations of ozone (10028156) (O3) were evaluated. A few problems associated with collection of O3 were assessed. One collection method used a short absorption train of granular chromic-acid and potassium-permanganate. This system resulted in a 15 percent loss in an 0.8 parts per million (ppm) ozone gas stream. Silica gel saturated with an 0.4 molar (M) concentration of sodium-dichromate and 0.72M sulfuric-acid in a Schwartz drying tube were used to remove nitrogen-dioxide. A recovery test with a Mylar bag given eight conditional treatments with 2ppm of ozone for 23 hours gave a 75 percent recovery after 90 minutes. The analytical method using potassium-iodide lacked specificity and was reported unsuitable for industrial hygiene investigations. The phenolphthalein method was sensitive, rapid and simple; however, this method also lacked specificity and was judged to be a poor choice for field use. A sodium-diphenylamine-sulfonate method was less subject to interferences than the previous two methods. The method was rapid and simple, but the reagent was expensive and sensitivity was poor. The fluorescein method had excellent sensitivity but standardization and reagent preparation was difficult. An analytical method using 4,4'-dimethoxystilbene was specific, but sensitivity was not satisfactory. There was also difficulty with the corrosive nature and unavailability of reagents. The nitrogen-dioxide equivalent method was sensitive, specific, and rapid, and the color developed was relatively stable. The rubber cracking method was rapid, simple, and relatively specific but less precise. The authors suggest that the rubber cracking method may be useful for preliminary surveys. They recommend the nitrogen-dioxide equivalent method for situations where the ozone concentration remains unchanged during the time of collection and analysis.","An evaluation of selected methods of collection and analysis of low concentrations of ozone Abs: Seven analytical methods for the analysis of low concentrations of ozone (10028156) (O3) were evaluated. A few problems associated with collection of O3 were assessed. One collection method used a short absorption train of granular chromic-acid and potassium-permanganate. This system resulted in a 15 percent loss in an 0.8 parts per million (ppm) ozone gas stream. Silica gel saturated with an 0.4 molar (M) concentration of sodium-dichromate and 0.72M sulfuric-acid in a Schwartz drying tube were used to remove nitrogen-dioxide. A recovery test with a Mylar bag given eight conditional treatments with 2ppm of ozone for 23 hours gave a 75 percent recovery after 90 minutes. The analytical method using potassium-iodide lacked specificity and was reported unsuitable for industrial hygiene investigations. The phenolphthalein method was sensitive, rapid and simple; however, this method also lacked specificity and was judged to be a poor choice for field use. A sodium-diphenylamine-sulfonate method was less subject to interferences than the previous two methods. The method was rapid and simple, but the reagent was expensive and sensitivity was poor. The fluorescein method had excellent sensitivity but standardization and reagent preparation was difficult. An analytical method using 4,4'-dimethoxystilbene was specific, but sensitivity was not satisfactory. There was also difficulty with the corrosive nature and unavailability of reagents. The nitrogen-dioxide equivalent method was sensitive, specific, and rapid, and the color developed was relatively stable. The rubber cracking method was rapid, simple, and relatively specific but less precise. The authors suggest that the rubber cracking method may be useful for preliminary surveys. They recommend the nitrogen-dioxide equivalent method for situations where the ozone concentration remains unchanged during the time of collection and analysis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235233,Drummond and  Grant 1966,"Potentiometric determination of plutonium by argentic oxidation, ferrous reduction and dichromate titration","A simple and rapid method is described for the routine determination of plutonium with a coefficient of variation of better than 0.2%. It is directly applicable to nitrate solutions containing a large amount of uranium; moderate amounts of iron, molybdenum, fluoride and phosphate do not interfere. Chromium, cerium and manganese interfere quantitatively, and the procedure may also prove convenient for the determination of these elements. The plutonium is oxidised to the sexivalent state with argentic oxide in nitric acid solution, and the excess of oxidant is destroyed by reaction with sulphamic acid. A weighed small excess of iron(II) solution is then added, and the excess is titrated potentiometrically with standard potassium dichromate solution using polarised gold indicator electrodes. The whole determination is performed in one vessel at room temperature, and takes about 20 min.","Potentiometric determination of plutonium by argentic oxidation, ferrous reduction and dichromate titration Abs: A simple and rapid method is described for the routine determination of plutonium with a coefficient of variation of better than 0.2%. It is directly applicable to nitrate solutions containing a large amount of uranium; moderate amounts of iron, molybdenum, fluoride and phosphate do not interfere. Chromium, cerium and manganese interfere quantitatively, and the procedure may also prove convenient for the determination of these elements. The plutonium is oxidised to the sexivalent state with argentic oxide in nitric acid solution, and the excess of oxidant is destroyed by reaction with sulphamic acid. A weighed small excess of iron(II) solution is then added, and the excess is titrated potentiometrically with standard potassium dichromate solution using polarised gold indicator electrodes. The whole determination is performed in one vessel at room temperature, and takes about 20 min.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578009,Lin et al. 2009,Photo-enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa,,Photo-enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by fungal biomass of Neurospora crassa Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514383,Choi and  Young 1996,Factors affecting bioremediation of chromiumvi-contaminated soils,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract heavy metal toxicity pollution biodegradation industrial waste,Factors affecting bioremediation of chromiumvi-contaminated soils Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract heavy metal toxicity pollution biodegradation industrial waste,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225254,Asgari et al. 2013,"Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solution using a surfactant-modified Iranian zeolite: characterization, optimization, and kinetic approach",,"Cr (VI) adsorption from aqueous solution using a surfactant-modified Iranian zeolite: characterization, optimization, and kinetic approach Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225041,Liu et al. 2013,"Speciation, adsorption and determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) on a mesoporous surface imprinted polymer adsorbent by combining inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and UV spectrophotometry","In the present study, a Cr(III)-imprinted polymer (Cr(III)-IIP) was prepared by an easy one-step sol-gel reaction with a surface imprinting technique on the support of silica mesoporous material. A new SPE method for the speciation, separation, preconcentration, and determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and UV on the mesoporous-imprinted polymer adsorbent was developed. The structure of the imprinted polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics behavior, and recognition ability toward Cr(III) on Cr(III)-IIP and nonimprinted polymer were compared. The results showed that Cr(III)-IIP had higher selectivity and nearly a two times larger Langmuir adsorption capacity (38.50 mg/g) than that of NIP. The proposed method has been successfully applied in the determination and speciation of chromium in natural water samples with satisfactory results.","Speciation, adsorption and determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) on a mesoporous surface imprinted polymer adsorbent by combining inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and UV spectrophotometry Abs: In the present study, a Cr(III)-imprinted polymer (Cr(III)-IIP) was prepared by an easy one-step sol-gel reaction with a surface imprinting technique on the support of silica mesoporous material. A new SPE method for the speciation, separation, preconcentration, and determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and UV on the mesoporous-imprinted polymer adsorbent was developed. The structure of the imprinted polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics behavior, and recognition ability toward Cr(III) on Cr(III)-IIP and nonimprinted polymer were compared. The results showed that Cr(III)-IIP had higher selectivity and nearly a two times larger Langmuir adsorption capacity (38.50 mg/g) than that of NIP. The proposed method has been successfully applied in the determination and speciation of chromium in natural water samples with satisfactory results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1444932,Rajeh et al. 2012,"Acute toxicity impacts of Euphorbia hirta L extract on behavior, organs body weight index and histopathology of organs of the mice and Artemia salina","<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The methanol extract of Euphorbia hirta L (Euphorbiaceae), which is used in traditional medicines, was tested for in vivo toxicity.<br /><br /><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </strong>In vivo brine shrimp lethality assay and oral acute toxicity study at single high dose of 5000 mg/kg and observation for 14 days in mice were used to study the toxic effect of E. hirta.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to calculate the median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of E. hirta (for leaves, stems, flowers and roots) methanolic extracts at concentrations from 100 to 0.07 mg/ml. The LC(50) values of 1.589, 1.420, 0.206 and 0.0827 mg/ml were obtained for stems, leaves, flowers and roots, respectively. Potassium dichromate (the positive control) had LC(50) value of 0.00758 mg/ml. The acute oral toxicity study of the leaf extract resulted in one third mortality and mild behavioral changes among the treated mice. No significant statistical differences found between body weight, relative (%) and absolute (g) organ weights of treated and untreated groups (P&gt; 0.05). Gross and microscopic examination of the vital organ tissues revealed no differences between control and treated mice. All the tissues appeared normal.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>E. hirta leaves methanol extract has exhibited mild toxic effects in mice.","Acute toxicity impacts of Euphorbia hirta L extract on behavior, organs body weight index and histopathology of organs of the mice and Artemia salina Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The methanol extract of Euphorbia hirta L (Euphorbiaceae), which is used in traditional medicines, was tested for in vivo toxicity.<br /><br /><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </strong>In vivo brine shrimp lethality assay and oral acute toxicity study at single high dose of 5000 mg/kg and observation for 14 days in mice were used to study the toxic effect of E. hirta.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to calculate the median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of E. hirta (for leaves, stems, flowers and roots) methanolic extracts at concentrations from 100 to 0.07 mg/ml. The LC(50) values of 1.589, 1.420, 0.206 and 0.0827 mg/ml were obtained for stems, leaves, flowers and roots, respectively. Potassium dichromate (the positive control) had LC(50) value of 0.00758 mg/ml. The acute oral toxicity study of the leaf extract resulted in one third mortality and mild behavioral changes among the treated mice. No significant statistical differences found between body weight, relative (%) and absolute (g) organ weights of treated and untreated groups (P&gt; 0.05). Gross and microscopic examination of the vital organ tissues revealed no differences between control and treated mice. All the tissues appeared normal.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>E. hirta leaves methanol extract has exhibited mild toxic effects in mice.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1079444,Huang et al. 2008,Systemic inflammation caused by white smoke inhalation in a combat exercise,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>White smoke inhalation is an uncommon but potentially deadly cause of acute lung injury. No clinical spectrum or treatment protocol have been developed.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Twenty patients accidentally been exposed to white smoke during military training were the subjects of this study. We analyzed clinical manifestations, cytokine changes, and treatment outcomes.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>All patients initially presented with fever, dry cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Twenty-five percent of these patients had severe acute lung injury requiring artificial ventilation support. Elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was observed before treatment with antibiotics and glucocorticoids, but the elevation of transforming growth factor-beta(1) was delayed for 2 to 4 weeks after the accident. All the patients had leukocytosis, which correlated positively to disease severity and negatively to intensive treatments. Ninety-five percent of patients had varying degrees of restrictive ventilation impairment, and 85% of these patients had a significantly reduced diffusion capacity in the lungs. Seventy percent of these patients had transient impairment of liver function, which did not correlate to disease severity. The respiratory sequela of restrictive ventilation impairment developed in the most severely affected patients, whereas other tissue toxicities were mostly transient. Treatment included glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and respiratory therapy. All of the patients survived.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>A proper ventilation strategy, early pharmacologic therapy including glucocorticoids, and complication prevention may contribute to good treatment outcomes after white smoke inhalation.","Systemic inflammation caused by white smoke inhalation in a combat exercise Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>White smoke inhalation is an uncommon but potentially deadly cause of acute lung injury. No clinical spectrum or treatment protocol have been developed.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Twenty patients accidentally been exposed to white smoke during military training were the subjects of this study. We analyzed clinical manifestations, cytokine changes, and treatment outcomes.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>All patients initially presented with fever, dry cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Twenty-five percent of these patients had severe acute lung injury requiring artificial ventilation support. Elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha was observed before treatment with antibiotics and glucocorticoids, but the elevation of transforming growth factor-beta(1) was delayed for 2 to 4 weeks after the accident. All the patients had leukocytosis, which correlated positively to disease severity and negatively to intensive treatments. Ninety-five percent of patients had varying degrees of restrictive ventilation impairment, and 85% of these patients had a significantly reduced diffusion capacity in the lungs. Seventy percent of these patients had transient impairment of liver function, which did not correlate to disease severity. The respiratory sequela of restrictive ventilation impairment developed in the most severely affected patients, whereas other tissue toxicities were mostly transient. Treatment included glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and respiratory therapy. All of the patients survived.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>A proper ventilation strategy, early pharmacologic therapy including glucocorticoids, and complication prevention may contribute to good treatment outcomes after white smoke inhalation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
13981,Yamamoto et al. 1981,"A low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in mammals","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Male mice (dd) were injected i.p. with a single dose of potassium dichromate (50 or 200 mumol Cr/kg). Assay of Cr in organs and their soluble fractions showed that most Cr was found in the cytosol. Along with high MW compounds of Cr, a low MW Cr compound was identified by Sephadex chromatography of liver supernatants. Its content increased soon after injection and it persisted as long as 7 days, in contrast to the rapid disappearance of high MW compounds. Examination of urine and feces by molecular sieve experiments revealed a similar low MW Cr compound in the same fraction of the eluate as that of liver. A significant amount of Cr was found in the same elution fraction of plasma at 2 h although it was not clearly evident at 15 min. A low MW, Cr binding substance (LMCr) was formed in liver which participated in retention and excretion of Cr in the body. LMCr was partially purified from livers of rabbits injected i.v. with potassium dichromate (200 mumol Cr/kg) by a combination of ethanol extraction and DEAE-Sephadex, Sephadex gel and TLC, followed by paper electrophoresis. Based on its demonstrated characteristics, LMCr was an anionic organic complex which contained Cr (III), amino acids and some other UV absorbable components. It was separated into 2 subfractions with MW of","A low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance in mammals Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Male mice (dd) were injected i.p. with a single dose of potassium dichromate (50 or 200 mumol Cr/kg). Assay of Cr in organs and their soluble fractions showed that most Cr was found in the cytosol. Along with high MW compounds of Cr, a low MW Cr compound was identified by Sephadex chromatography of liver supernatants. Its content increased soon after injection and it persisted as long as 7 days, in contrast to the rapid disappearance of high MW compounds. Examination of urine and feces by molecular sieve experiments revealed a similar low MW Cr compound in the same fraction of the eluate as that of liver. A significant amount of Cr was found in the same elution fraction of plasma at 2 h although it was not clearly evident at 15 min. A low MW, Cr binding substance (LMCr) was formed in liver which participated in retention and excretion of Cr in the body. LMCr was partially purified from livers of rabbits injected i.v. with potassium dichromate (200 mumol Cr/kg) by a combination of ethanol extraction and DEAE-Sephadex, Sephadex gel and TLC, followed by paper electrophoresis. Based on its demonstrated characteristics, LMCr was an anionic organic complex which contained Cr (III), amino acids and some other UV absorbable components. It was separated into 2 subfractions with MW of",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786396,Rouff 2013,Temperature-dependent phosphorus precipitation and chromium removal from struvite-saturated solutions,"The effect of temperature from 25 to 300°C on the precipitation of phosphorus (P) from struvite-saturated (MgNH(4)PO(4)·6H(2)O) solutions was explored. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed reduced particle size and a change in morphology from elongated to rhombohedral crystals with temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated that at 25°C, the precipitate was struvite, while newberyite (MgHPO(4)·3H(2)O) formed at 100°C, and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg(2)P(2)O(7)) at 300°C. Increased temperature reduced the association of ammonium and water of crystallization with the solid and increased P polymerization. The behavior of dissolved chromium (Cr) under these conditions was also assessed. Removal of Cr with the solid phase from Cr(III) solutions was observed at all temperatures, whereas removal from Cr(VI) solutions was significant only at 300°C. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) revealed that regardless of initial oxidation state in solution, Cr(III) was associated with the solid, interacting by the adsorption of short-range Cr polymers. Therefore, for struvite-saturated solutions, increasing the temperature changed both the mineralogy of the P phase recovered and enhanced the interaction of otherwise unreactive Cr(VI) with the substrate. These results have implications for the temperature-enhanced recovery of P from wastewater.","Temperature-dependent phosphorus precipitation and chromium removal from struvite-saturated solutions Abs: The effect of temperature from 25 to 300°C on the precipitation of phosphorus (P) from struvite-saturated (MgNH(4)PO(4)·6H(2)O) solutions was explored. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed reduced particle size and a change in morphology from elongated to rhombohedral crystals with temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated that at 25°C, the precipitate was struvite, while newberyite (MgHPO(4)·3H(2)O) formed at 100°C, and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg(2)P(2)O(7)) at 300°C. Increased temperature reduced the association of ammonium and water of crystallization with the solid and increased P polymerization. The behavior of dissolved chromium (Cr) under these conditions was also assessed. Removal of Cr with the solid phase from Cr(III) solutions was observed at all temperatures, whereas removal from Cr(VI) solutions was significant only at 300°C. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) revealed that regardless of initial oxidation state in solution, Cr(III) was associated with the solid, interacting by the adsorption of short-range Cr polymers. Therefore, for struvite-saturated solutions, increasing the temperature changed both the mineralogy of the P phase recovered and enhanced the interaction of otherwise unreactive Cr(VI) with the substrate. These results have implications for the temperature-enhanced recovery of P from wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238496,standards 1994,Scientific basis for Swedish occupational standards. XV. Consensus report for Strontium and Strontium compounds,"Dose-response/ dose-effect relationships. Human data: Extremely high chromate concentrations in blood (387 to 4160 nmol/l) and urine (99 to 444 nmol/mmol creatine) were measured in workers exposed to strontium chromate during manufacture of chromate pigment. Physical examinations of the 13 exposed subject revealed that 11 had inflammation in nasal mucosa, 7 had skin eruptions and 1 had erosion of the nasal septum. Similar effects have been observed with exposure to other chromium compounds. Animal data: For strontium, the LD50 for intraperitoneal injection to animals is 90 to 259 mg/kg body weight. For strontium chromate, the LD50 for rats is 3118 mg/kg with oral administration and 16,600 mg/kg for intravenous injection. For strontium chloride, the lethal intravenous dose is 123 mg/kg for rats and 590 mg/kg for rabbits. Rats given SrCl2x6H2O in food showed no effects on behaviour, appetite or growth at any of the tested dose levels. In the highest exposure groups, a dose-dependent activation and enlargement of the thyroid was seen in males and increased glycogen depletion was noted in the livers of the females. Conclusions. Judging mostly from animal data, the critical effects of exposure to strontium and its compounds are effects on the muscles and inhibited mineralization of bone tissue.","Scientific basis for Swedish occupational standards. XV. Consensus report for Strontium and Strontium compounds Abs: Dose-response/ dose-effect relationships. Human data: Extremely high chromate concentrations in blood (387 to 4160 nmol/l) and urine (99 to 444 nmol/mmol creatine) were measured in workers exposed to strontium chromate during manufacture of chromate pigment. Physical examinations of the 13 exposed subject revealed that 11 had inflammation in nasal mucosa, 7 had skin eruptions and 1 had erosion of the nasal septum. Similar effects have been observed with exposure to other chromium compounds. Animal data: For strontium, the LD50 for intraperitoneal injection to animals is 90 to 259 mg/kg body weight. For strontium chromate, the LD50 for rats is 3118 mg/kg with oral administration and 16,600 mg/kg for intravenous injection. For strontium chloride, the lethal intravenous dose is 123 mg/kg for rats and 590 mg/kg for rabbits. Rats given SrCl2x6H2O in food showed no effects on behaviour, appetite or growth at any of the tested dose levels. In the highest exposure groups, a dose-dependent activation and enlargement of the thyroid was seen in males and increased glycogen depletion was noted in the livers of the females. Conclusions. Judging mostly from animal data, the critical effects of exposure to strontium and its compounds are effects on the muscles and inhibited mineralization of bone tissue.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234340,Chun et al. 2004,Evaluation of current techniques for isolation of chars as natural adsorbents,"Chars in soils or sediments may potentially influence the soil/sediment sorption behavior. Current techniques for the isolation of black carbon including chars rely often on acid demineralization, base extraction, and chemical oxidation to remove salts and minerals, humic acid, and refractory kerogen, respectively. Little is known about the potential effects of these chemical processes on the char surface and adsorptive properties. This study examined the effects of acid demineralization, base extraction, and acidic Cr2O7 2- oxidation on the surface areas, surface acidity, and benzene adsorption characteristics of laboratory-produced pinewood and wheat-residue chars, pure or mixed with soils, and a commercial activated carbon. Demineralization resulted in a small reduction in the char surface area, whereas base extraction showed no obvious effect. Neither demineralization nor base extraction caused an appreciable variation in benzene adsorption and presumably the char surface properties. By contrast, the Cr2O7 2- oxidation caused a &gt;31% reduction in char surface area. The Boehm titration, supplemented by FTIR spectra, indicated that the surface acidity of oxidized chars increased by a factor between 2.3 and 12 compared to non-oxidized chars. Benzene adsorption with the oxidized chars was lower than that with the non-oxidized chars by a factor of &gt;8.9; both the decrease in char surface area and the increase in char surface acidity contributed to the reduction in char adsorptive power. Although the Cr2O7 2-oxidation effectively removes resistant kerogen, it is not well suited for the isolation of chars as contaminant adsorbents because of its destructive nature. Alternative nondestructive techniques that preserve the char surface properties and effectively remove kerogen must be sought.","Evaluation of current techniques for isolation of chars as natural adsorbents Abs: Chars in soils or sediments may potentially influence the soil/sediment sorption behavior. Current techniques for the isolation of black carbon including chars rely often on acid demineralization, base extraction, and chemical oxidation to remove salts and minerals, humic acid, and refractory kerogen, respectively. Little is known about the potential effects of these chemical processes on the char surface and adsorptive properties. This study examined the effects of acid demineralization, base extraction, and acidic Cr2O7 2- oxidation on the surface areas, surface acidity, and benzene adsorption characteristics of laboratory-produced pinewood and wheat-residue chars, pure or mixed with soils, and a commercial activated carbon. Demineralization resulted in a small reduction in the char surface area, whereas base extraction showed no obvious effect. Neither demineralization nor base extraction caused an appreciable variation in benzene adsorption and presumably the char surface properties. By contrast, the Cr2O7 2- oxidation caused a &gt;31% reduction in char surface area. The Boehm titration, supplemented by FTIR spectra, indicated that the surface acidity of oxidized chars increased by a factor between 2.3 and 12 compared to non-oxidized chars. Benzene adsorption with the oxidized chars was lower than that with the non-oxidized chars by a factor of &gt;8.9; both the decrease in char surface area and the increase in char surface acidity contributed to the reduction in char adsorptive power. Although the Cr2O7 2-oxidation effectively removes resistant kerogen, it is not well suited for the isolation of chars as contaminant adsorbents because of its destructive nature. Alternative nondestructive techniques that preserve the char surface properties and effectively remove kerogen must be sought.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
41073,Levaggi et al. 1974,Quantitative analysis of nitric oxide in presence of nitrogen dioxide at atmospheric concentrations,"Chromium trioxide (Cr03) was tested as a replacement for the potassium permanganate-sulfuric acid solutions designed to oxidize NO for conversion and detection as NO2. The Cr03 oxidizer was prepared by soaking firebrick in a 17% solution of pure Cr03, draining, and drying at 105 degrees C. The final loading was about 10% by weight. Since the optimal relative humidity (R.H.) working range of the Cr03 oxidizer without sulfuric acid is higher (35-90% R.H.) than the material mixed with sulfuric acid, a humidifier with a shortened inlet tube was used so that the airstream was blown over water rather than bubbled through it. This gave a relative humidity of about 70-80%. Three to 5 grams of the hydrated oxidizer was placed in a midget impinger. An interesting and desirable feature of the Cr03 oxidizer is its color change when hydrated (dull yellow) or dehydrated (dull pink) and when its oxidizing ability is spent (greenish brown). The midget impinger should be changed before more than half has depleted. At ambient levels of NO the oxidant should last at least 3 months. The oxidation efficiency is close to 100%.","Quantitative analysis of nitric oxide in presence of nitrogen dioxide at atmospheric concentrations Abs: Chromium trioxide (Cr03) was tested as a replacement for the potassium permanganate-sulfuric acid solutions designed to oxidize NO for conversion and detection as NO2. The Cr03 oxidizer was prepared by soaking firebrick in a 17% solution of pure Cr03, draining, and drying at 105 degrees C. The final loading was about 10% by weight. Since the optimal relative humidity (R.H.) working range of the Cr03 oxidizer without sulfuric acid is higher (35-90% R.H.) than the material mixed with sulfuric acid, a humidifier with a shortened inlet tube was used so that the airstream was blown over water rather than bubbled through it. This gave a relative humidity of about 70-80%. Three to 5 grams of the hydrated oxidizer was placed in a midget impinger. An interesting and desirable feature of the Cr03 oxidizer is its color change when hydrated (dull yellow) or dehydrated (dull pink) and when its oxidizing ability is spent (greenish brown). The midget impinger should be changed before more than half has depleted. At ambient levels of NO the oxidant should last at least 3 months. The oxidation efficiency is close to 100%.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231670,Amuda et al. 2009,Kinetics and equilibrium studies of adsorption of chromium(VI) ion from industrial wastewater using Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) seed shells,"A new biosorbent has been prepared by coating Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) seed shells with chitosan and/or oxidizing agents such as sulfuric acid. This study investigated the technical feasibility of activated and modified activated C. albidum seed shells carbons for the adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution. The sorption process with respect to its equilibria and kinetics as well as the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, adsorbate concentration and particle size on adsorption was also studied. The most effective pH range was found to be between 4.5 and 5 for the sorption of the metal ion. The pseudo-first-order rate equation by Lagergren and pseudo-second-order rate equation were tested on the kinetic data, the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order rate kinetics, also, isotherm data was analyzed for possible agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, the Freundlich and Langmuir models for dynamics of metal ion uptake proposed in this work fitted the experimental data reasonably well. However, equilibrium sorption data were better represented by Langmuir model than Freundlich. The adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 84.31, 76.23 and 59.63mgCr(VI)/g at initial pH of 3.0 at 30 degrees C for the particle size of 1.00-1.25mm with the use of 12.5, 16.5 and 2.1g/L of CACASC, CCASC and ACASC adsorbent mass, respectively. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Cr(VI) ion in aqueous solution, thus, it could be an excellent alternative for the removal of heavy metals and organic matter from water and wastewater.","Kinetics and equilibrium studies of adsorption of chromium(VI) ion from industrial wastewater using Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) seed shells Abs: A new biosorbent has been prepared by coating Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) seed shells with chitosan and/or oxidizing agents such as sulfuric acid. This study investigated the technical feasibility of activated and modified activated C. albidum seed shells carbons for the adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution. The sorption process with respect to its equilibria and kinetics as well as the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, adsorbate concentration and particle size on adsorption was also studied. The most effective pH range was found to be between 4.5 and 5 for the sorption of the metal ion. The pseudo-first-order rate equation by Lagergren and pseudo-second-order rate equation were tested on the kinetic data, the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order rate kinetics, also, isotherm data was analyzed for possible agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, the Freundlich and Langmuir models for dynamics of metal ion uptake proposed in this work fitted the experimental data reasonably well. However, equilibrium sorption data were better represented by Langmuir model than Freundlich. The adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 84.31, 76.23 and 59.63mgCr(VI)/g at initial pH of 3.0 at 30 degrees C for the particle size of 1.00-1.25mm with the use of 12.5, 16.5 and 2.1g/L of CACASC, CCASC and ACASC adsorbent mass, respectively. This readily available adsorbent is efficient in the uptake of Cr(VI) ion in aqueous solution, thus, it could be an excellent alternative for the removal of heavy metals and organic matter from water and wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509731,Rao et al. 1972,Ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) as an oxidizing agent-VI Determination of chronuum(III) through oxidation to chromium(VI) at room temperature,"A new method has been developed for the determination of chromium(III), depending on its oxidation to chromium(VI) at room temperature by treatment with 50-100% excess of ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) in 1.0M nitric acid medium. The reaction is complete within 15 min. The unreacted cerium(IV) is titrated potentiometrically with sodium oxalate.","Ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) as an oxidizing agent-VI Determination of chronuum(III) through oxidation to chromium(VI) at room temperature Abs: A new method has been developed for the determination of chromium(III), depending on its oxidation to chromium(VI) at room temperature by treatment with 50-100% excess of ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) in 1.0M nitric acid medium. The reaction is complete within 15 min. The unreacted cerium(IV) is titrated potentiometrically with sodium oxalate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1043376,Hoshi et al. 1998,The simple and rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace chromium(VI) after preconcentration as its colored complex on chitin,"Preconcentration method with collection of metal complexes on a chitin has been applied to the spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) in water. The chromium(VI) is collected as its 1,5-diphenylcarbazide(DPC) complex on a column of chitin in the presence of dodecyl sulfate as counter-ion. The Cr-DPC complex retained on the chitin is eluted with a methanol-1 M acetic acid mixture (7:3, v/v), and the absorbance of the eluent is measured at 541 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.05-0.6 mug of chromium(VI) in 1 ml of the eluent. The apparent molar absorptivity is 3.5x10(4) dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1). The tolerance limits for Fe(III) is low, i.e. ten times that of chromium(VI), but some metal ions and common inorganic anions do not interfere in concentration range of 100-10 000 times that of chromium(VI). The present method can be applied to the determination of chromium(VI) in natural water samples.","The simple and rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace chromium(VI) after preconcentration as its colored complex on chitin Abs: Preconcentration method with collection of metal complexes on a chitin has been applied to the spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) in water. The chromium(VI) is collected as its 1,5-diphenylcarbazide(DPC) complex on a column of chitin in the presence of dodecyl sulfate as counter-ion. The Cr-DPC complex retained on the chitin is eluted with a methanol-1 M acetic acid mixture (7:3, v/v), and the absorbance of the eluent is measured at 541 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.05-0.6 mug of chromium(VI) in 1 ml of the eluent. The apparent molar absorptivity is 3.5x10(4) dm(3) mol(-1) cm(-1). The tolerance limits for Fe(III) is low, i.e. ten times that of chromium(VI), but some metal ions and common inorganic anions do not interfere in concentration range of 100-10 000 times that of chromium(VI). The present method can be applied to the determination of chromium(VI) in natural water samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510144,Segall and  Dewees 1992,"Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 4. Site 6 Emission Test Report - Appendices","Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 3, PB92-151570 and Volume 5, PB92-151596. Prepared in cooperation with DEECO, Inc., Cary, NC., and Lewis (F. Michael), Mountain View, CA. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. , a multiple hearth furnace was tested under two operating conditions, normal combustion was compared with improved combustion conditions as indicated by reduced CO and THC emissions. The effect of lime conditioning on the conversion of total chromium in the sludge to hexavalent chromium emissions was also a primary concern at Site 6. Secondary objectives included comparing the results for chromium and nickel subspecies determined by different analytical procedures, gathering data on other metals and inorganic/organic gases in incinerator emissions, and assessing pollutant removal efficiencies by measuring emissions at both the inlet and outlet to the control system. Volume IV contains the appendices to volume III (Site 6 Emission Test Report). These are (1) Incinerator and Scrubber Operating Data; (2) Sampling and Analytical Methods; (3) Sample Calculations; (4) Analytical Data and Reports, and (5) Continuous Emissions Monitoring Data, Calibrations/One-min Average.","Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 4. Site 6 Emission Test Report - Appendices Abs: Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 3, PB92-151570 and Volume 5, PB92-151596. Prepared in cooperation with DEECO, Inc., Cary, NC., and Lewis (F. Michael), Mountain View, CA. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. , a multiple hearth furnace was tested under two operating conditions, normal combustion was compared with improved combustion conditions as indicated by reduced CO and THC emissions. The effect of lime conditioning on the conversion of total chromium in the sludge to hexavalent chromium emissions was also a primary concern at Site 6. Secondary objectives included comparing the results for chromium and nickel subspecies determined by different analytical procedures, gathering data on other metals and inorganic/organic gases in incinerator emissions, and assessing pollutant removal efficiencies by measuring emissions at both the inlet and outlet to the control system. Volume IV contains the appendices to volume III (Site 6 Emission Test Report). These are (1) Incinerator and Scrubber Operating Data; (2) Sampling and Analytical Methods; (3) Sample Calculations; (4) Analytical Data and Reports, and (5) Continuous Emissions Monitoring Data, Calibrations/One-min Average.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578100,Islam and  Bhowmik 2005,Toxicopathogenic effect of hexavalent chromium(VI) in chickens,,Toxicopathogenic effect of hexavalent chromium(VI) in chickens Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234230,Huang et al. 2005,An efficient and selective solvent-free oxidation of alcohols by shaking with chromium trioxide supported on aluminium silicate,A selective oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes by shaking with chromium trioxide supported on aluminium silicate at room temperature under solvent free conditions is reported. This new procedure can also oxidise secondary alcohols.,An efficient and selective solvent-free oxidation of alcohols by shaking with chromium trioxide supported on aluminium silicate Abs: A selective oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes by shaking with chromium trioxide supported on aluminium silicate at room temperature under solvent free conditions is reported. This new procedure can also oxidise secondary alcohols.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576685,Nozaki et al. 1993,TANNERY WASTES CLEANING WITH NATURAL POLYELECTROLYTES - CHEMICAL SPECIATION STUDIES OF CHROMIUM,,TANNERY WASTES CLEANING WITH NATURAL POLYELECTROLYTES - CHEMICAL SPECIATION STUDIES OF CHROMIUM Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510192,Bridges and  Patrick 2000,National Metal Finishing Environmental R and D Plan: An Update,"Sponsored by National Risk Management Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Office of Research and Development. ocument is an update to the National Metal Finishing Environmental R&amp;D Plan (EPA/600/R-97/095), dated September 1997. Based upon the finding of this update, it is recommended that Nickel be included as a high priority R&amp;D area. Technology Transfer and technical assistance resurfaced as an important item by representatives in the industry. Hexavalent Chromium, Cyanide, and Cadmium remained high priority R&amp;D areas, but the emphasis is shifting from emission control and other end of pipe approaches to research, development and demonstration of alternative materials and pollution prevention. Chlorinated Solvents require more emphasis on demonstration of alternative materials and information transfer. Technology Verification Protocol continues to be a high priority. Recycling and Metals Recovery should be focused more on finding technologies that will be appropriate for small platers. Emissions and Risk Characterization R&amp;D has progressed. Past R&amp;D in this area focused on the development of a metal finishing risk assessment tool that will target reduction of risks to workers. The R&amp;D need in this area is shifting to the development of a tool that not only will identify risks to workers and the environment but also will consider cost-effective pollution prevention solutions.","National Metal Finishing Environmental R and D Plan: An Update Abs: Sponsored by National Risk Management Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Office of Research and Development. ocument is an update to the National Metal Finishing Environmental R&amp;D Plan (EPA/600/R-97/095), dated September 1997. Based upon the finding of this update, it is recommended that Nickel be included as a high priority R&amp;D area. Technology Transfer and technical assistance resurfaced as an important item by representatives in the industry. Hexavalent Chromium, Cyanide, and Cadmium remained high priority R&amp;D areas, but the emphasis is shifting from emission control and other end of pipe approaches to research, development and demonstration of alternative materials and pollution prevention. Chlorinated Solvents require more emphasis on demonstration of alternative materials and information transfer. Technology Verification Protocol continues to be a high priority. Recycling and Metals Recovery should be focused more on finding technologies that will be appropriate for small platers. Emissions and Risk Characterization R&amp;D has progressed. Past R&amp;D in this area focused on the development of a metal finishing risk assessment tool that will target reduction of risks to workers. The R&amp;D need in this area is shifting to the development of a tool that not only will identify risks to workers and the environment but also will consider cost-effective pollution prevention solutions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514283,Bassi et al. 1990,"Effects of chromium (VI) on two freshwater plants, Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes 1 morphological observations","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes were grown in nutrient solution to which K2Cr2O7 was added to give final concentrations of Cr(VI) varying from 0.1 to 20 ppm. In both plants the main effects were retardation of growth, chlorosis and wilting. Ultrastructural alterations were brought about by even lower doses of the metal, such as 0.1 and 1 ppm, respectively, and concerned primarily the plasma membrane, and also the thylakoids. In developing cells the proplastids failed to develop into normal chloroplasts and the nuclei had aberrant shapes. It is suggested that one of the major consequences of Cr poisoning is damage to the plasma membrane.","Effects of chromium (VI) on two freshwater plants, Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes 1 morphological observations Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes were grown in nutrient solution to which K2Cr2O7 was added to give final concentrations of Cr(VI) varying from 0.1 to 20 ppm. In both plants the main effects were retardation of growth, chlorosis and wilting. Ultrastructural alterations were brought about by even lower doses of the metal, such as 0.1 and 1 ppm, respectively, and concerned primarily the plasma membrane, and also the thylakoids. In developing cells the proplastids failed to develop into normal chloroplasts and the nuclei had aberrant shapes. It is suggested that one of the major consequences of Cr poisoning is damage to the plasma membrane.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1386712,Lange et al. 1996,BIOMONITORING,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW HUMAN HEALTH METALS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IMPACTS POLLUTION CONTROL BIOMONITORING PETROLEUM WASTEWATER OUTFALLS AIR POLLUTION ACIDIFICATION FLOW VARIATIONS,BIOMONITORING Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW HUMAN HEALTH METALS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IMPACTS POLLUTION CONTROL BIOMONITORING PETROLEUM WASTEWATER OUTFALLS AIR POLLUTION ACIDIFICATION FLOW VARIATIONS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515966,Johansson et al. 1988,Rabbit lung after inhalation of lithium chloride,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm inflammation metals,Rabbit lung after inhalation of lithium chloride Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm inflammation metals,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786400,Samuel et al. 2013,Batch and continuous flow studies of adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) by adapted bacterial consortia immobilized in alginate beads,"The adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) by alginate beads containing Cr(VI)-adapted Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in batch and continuous packed bed column reactors was investigated. Under optimized conditions (pH 3.0; contact time, 180 min; 30 °C; initial Cr(VI) concentration of 100 mg/L), 65.86 mg/g adsorption capacity was recorded in the batch study. When an adsorbent dosage of 1g/L, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, a bed height of 20 cm, an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 300 mg/L was employed, a capacity of 657 mg/g was noted for the continuous column assay. The batch sorption data followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics. Five sorption/desorption cycles yielded 100%, 99.63%, 95.31%, 80.7% and 74.22% regeneration, respectively. Cr(VI) adsorption studies using spiked ground water, freshwater and domestic wastewater in a packed bed reactor demonstrated Cr(VI) removals of 64.8%, 55.08%, 56.86% respectively. Cr(VI) sorption on immobilized bacteria was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.","Batch and continuous flow studies of adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) by adapted bacterial consortia immobilized in alginate beads Abs: The adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) by alginate beads containing Cr(VI)-adapted Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in batch and continuous packed bed column reactors was investigated. Under optimized conditions (pH 3.0; contact time, 180 min; 30 °C; initial Cr(VI) concentration of 100 mg/L), 65.86 mg/g adsorption capacity was recorded in the batch study. When an adsorbent dosage of 1g/L, a flow rate of 5 mL/min, a bed height of 20 cm, an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 300 mg/L was employed, a capacity of 657 mg/g was noted for the continuous column assay. The batch sorption data followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics. Five sorption/desorption cycles yielded 100%, 99.63%, 95.31%, 80.7% and 74.22% regeneration, respectively. Cr(VI) adsorption studies using spiked ground water, freshwater and domestic wastewater in a packed bed reactor demonstrated Cr(VI) removals of 64.8%, 55.08%, 56.86% respectively. Cr(VI) sorption on immobilized bacteria was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225568,Teymouri et al. 2013,BIOSORPTION STUDIES ON NACL-MODIFIED CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM: REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHROMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION,,BIOSORPTION STUDIES ON NACL-MODIFIED CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM: REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHROMIUM FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786378,Niu et al. 2013,Absorption of Cr(VI) onto amino-modified titanate nanotubes using 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide through SN2 reaction,"Unlike the complex reaction of grafting amino groups using harmful organic solvents, we proposed an environmental friendly method for effective amino grafting on titanate nanotubes (TNTs) with 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (2-Bh) through a two-step SN2 reaction in pure water solution. The amino-modified titanate nanotubes (TNTs-RNH2) were characterized by Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the molar ratio of NaOH/2-Bh was 1.2 for step 1 and 1.3 for step 2 with corresponding reaction time of 12h and 24h, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) onto TNTs-RNH2 well fits Langmuir model with maximal adsorption capacity of 69.1 mg/g, which is almost five times larger than that of fresh TNTs. The slight decrease in adsorption capacity with NO3(-) concentration was attributed to competition from ions, suppression of electric double layer and changes of Cr(VI) speciation. The wide adsorption pH range was due to much larger point of zero charge (8.2) and electrostatic attraction between positively charged TNTs-RNH2 and Cr(VI) with different speciations. The products could be well reused due to simple desorption at pH 10 with about 20% loss of the adsorption capacity after three recycles without any regeneration treatment.","Absorption of Cr(VI) onto amino-modified titanate nanotubes using 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide through SN2 reaction Abs: Unlike the complex reaction of grafting amino groups using harmful organic solvents, we proposed an environmental friendly method for effective amino grafting on titanate nanotubes (TNTs) with 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (2-Bh) through a two-step SN2 reaction in pure water solution. The amino-modified titanate nanotubes (TNTs-RNH2) were characterized by Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the molar ratio of NaOH/2-Bh was 1.2 for step 1 and 1.3 for step 2 with corresponding reaction time of 12h and 24h, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) onto TNTs-RNH2 well fits Langmuir model with maximal adsorption capacity of 69.1 mg/g, which is almost five times larger than that of fresh TNTs. The slight decrease in adsorption capacity with NO3(-) concentration was attributed to competition from ions, suppression of electric double layer and changes of Cr(VI) speciation. The wide adsorption pH range was due to much larger point of zero charge (8.2) and electrostatic attraction between positively charged TNTs-RNH2 and Cr(VI) with different speciations. The products could be well reused due to simple desorption at pH 10 with about 20% loss of the adsorption capacity after three recycles without any regeneration treatment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786405,Serpi et al. 2013,Adsorptive transfer voltammetry applied to the study of chromium-induced DNA damage in the presence of curcumin,,Adsorptive transfer voltammetry applied to the study of chromium-induced DNA damage in the presence of curcumin Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576775,Li et al. 2007,[Separation and determination methods for hexavalent chromium in working places],,[Separation and determination methods for hexavalent chromium in working places] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786467,Georgieva et al. 2013,PVA-BASED HYBRID MATERIALS FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TRICHOSPORON CUTANEUM R57 EFFICIENT IN REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM IONS,"New hybrid materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxyxilane (APTEOS), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared. To determine the thermal stability of the hybrid materials, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed. The new materials were tested for biofilm formation and biosorption studies. They were tested as matrices for immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 capable to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The use of APTEOS and MPTEOS as precursors, incorporated new NH- and SH- bonds, which ensured additional binding places for cells immobilization. The presence of SH- and NH- groups in the hybrid matrices resulted in apparently higher Cr(VI) sorption capacity of the immobilized Tr. cutaneum R57 cells due to the incorporation of additional adsorption sites in the matrix through the PVA functionalities. The synthesized PVA/APTEOS materials proved efficient for use in biosorption applications.","PVA-BASED HYBRID MATERIALS FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF TRICHOSPORON CUTANEUM R57 EFFICIENT IN REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM IONS Abs: New hybrid materials based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxyxilane (APTEOS), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were prepared. To determine the thermal stability of the hybrid materials, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed. The new materials were tested for biofilm formation and biosorption studies. They were tested as matrices for immobilization of Trichosporon cutaneum R57 capable to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The use of APTEOS and MPTEOS as precursors, incorporated new NH- and SH- bonds, which ensured additional binding places for cells immobilization. The presence of SH- and NH- groups in the hybrid matrices resulted in apparently higher Cr(VI) sorption capacity of the immobilized Tr. cutaneum R57 cells due to the incorporation of additional adsorption sites in the matrix through the PVA functionalities. The synthesized PVA/APTEOS materials proved efficient for use in biosorption applications.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237031,Guay and  Siemiatycki 1987,HISTORIC COHORT STUDY IN MONTREAL'S FUR INDUSTRY,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WORKERS COLORECTAL CANCER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY MUTAGEN CARCINOGEN AIR POLLUTION ETHNIC FACTOR CANADA,HISTORIC COHORT STUDY IN MONTREAL'S FUR INDUSTRY Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WORKERS COLORECTAL CANCER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY MUTAGEN CARCINOGEN AIR POLLUTION ETHNIC FACTOR CANADA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578234,Perezbenito et al. 1994,CHROMIUM(II) IS AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE REDUCTION OF CARCINOGENIC CHROMATE WITH BIOLOGICAL THIOLS,"Superoxochromium(III), CrO22+, has been detected by UV spectroscopy in the aqueous reduction of Cr(VI) by biological thiols (DL-penicillamine, L-cysteine, and glutathione) in the presence of O-2 under conditions of near-physiological pH, thus evidencing that Cr2+ is an intermediate in these reactions. It is proposed that this intermediate might be an active agent in the mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by chromium(VI) compounds.","CHROMIUM(II) IS AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE REDUCTION OF CARCINOGENIC CHROMATE WITH BIOLOGICAL THIOLS Abs: Superoxochromium(III), CrO22+, has been detected by UV spectroscopy in the aqueous reduction of Cr(VI) by biological thiols (DL-penicillamine, L-cysteine, and glutathione) in the presence of O-2 under conditions of near-physiological pH, thus evidencing that Cr2+ is an intermediate in these reactions. It is proposed that this intermediate might be an active agent in the mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by chromium(VI) compounds.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786412,Stasinos and  Zabetakis 2013,"The uptake of nickel and chromium from irrigation water by potatoes, carrots and onions","Heavy metals, in general, can migrate from polluted soil and/or irrigation water to tuber plants, leading, after chronic consumption, to health problems. The scope of this study was to investigate the uptake of chromium and nickel by carrots (Daucus carrota), onions (Allium cepa) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) in a greenhouse experiment simulating the open-field irrigation conditions in the two biggest tuber producing regions of Greece (Asopos river in Viotia and Messapia in Evia). The study included cultivation of tubers for a period of approximately 4 months in six irrigation lines, each one provided by a water solution containing different levels of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ranging from 0?g/l (control) to 250?g/l. The soil used was obtained from a certified organic greenhouse. Uptake of Cr was observed in onion leaves between 0 and 10?g/l water concentrations (+109.2 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 20?g/l (+47.5 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 50?g/l (+202.8 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 100?g/l (+89.9 percent, p=0.028), 0?g/l and 250?g/l (+61.3 percent, p=0.009). Uptake of Ni was observed: (a) in onion leaves between 0 and 250?g/l water concentrations (+90.2 percent, p=0.076), (b) in onion shoots between 0 and 10?g/l (+39.1 percent, p=0.045), 0 and 250?g/l (+55 percent, p=0.047) and (c) in potatoes between 0 and 20?g/l (+28.1 percent, p=0.083). Our results suggest that irrigation water containing Cr and Ni can cross-contaminate onions and potatoes cultivated in a soil never previously polluted, anthropogenically, with heavy metals. No such results were found for carrots.","The uptake of nickel and chromium from irrigation water by potatoes, carrots and onions Abs: Heavy metals, in general, can migrate from polluted soil and/or irrigation water to tuber plants, leading, after chronic consumption, to health problems. The scope of this study was to investigate the uptake of chromium and nickel by carrots (Daucus carrota), onions (Allium cepa) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) in a greenhouse experiment simulating the open-field irrigation conditions in the two biggest tuber producing regions of Greece (Asopos river in Viotia and Messapia in Evia). The study included cultivation of tubers for a period of approximately 4 months in six irrigation lines, each one provided by a water solution containing different levels of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) ranging from 0?g/l (control) to 250?g/l. The soil used was obtained from a certified organic greenhouse. Uptake of Cr was observed in onion leaves between 0 and 10?g/l water concentrations (+109.2 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 20?g/l (+47.5 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 50?g/l (+202.8 percent, p=0.006), 0?g/l and 100?g/l (+89.9 percent, p=0.028), 0?g/l and 250?g/l (+61.3 percent, p=0.009). Uptake of Ni was observed: (a) in onion leaves between 0 and 250?g/l water concentrations (+90.2 percent, p=0.076), (b) in onion shoots between 0 and 10?g/l (+39.1 percent, p=0.045), 0 and 250?g/l (+55 percent, p=0.047) and (c) in potatoes between 0 and 20?g/l (+28.1 percent, p=0.083). Our results suggest that irrigation water containing Cr and Ni can cross-contaminate onions and potatoes cultivated in a soil never previously polluted, anthropogenically, with heavy metals. No such results were found for carrots.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578053,Rezi? and  Zeiner 2009,Determination of extractable chromium from leather,,Determination of extractable chromium from leather Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233273,Adachi et al. 1991,Metal concentrations in lung tissue of subjects suffering from lung cancer,"Concentrations of nine metals (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Cr) concentrations in lung tissues from 224 lung cancer cases were compared with those in other cases to achieve an understanding of their contribution to the development of lung cancer and the varieties after the development of cancer. Comparisons of metal concentrations in each cell type of lung cancer were also performed. All cases were collected from routine autopsies in Tokyo and Saitama, Japan. The copper concentration in tissue from lung cancers was significantly higher than that in other specimens, although calcium, magnesium, zinc and cobalt concentrations in lung cancers were significantly lower than those in other cases. There were no significant differences in the 99% intervals (excluding extremely high values for occupationally exposed cases) for chromium, nickel and lead concentrations between lung cancers and other cases, although these values were lower in lung cancers. However, in comparisons of men only, the chromium concentration, the degree of lung contamination and the severity of pulmonary emphysema in lung cancer cases were significantly higher than those in other specimens. Moreover, percentages of lung cancer in men at each degree of contamination and each severity of emphysema increased with increasing grades. Thus, this finding could be evidence that the exposure to contaminants other than chromium and nickel in the air had affected the development of lung cancer, except for occupationally exposed individuals. Therefore, almost all chromium and nickel in lung tissue might not deposit in carcinogenic forms such as hexavalent chromium or nickel subsulfide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Metal concentrations in lung tissue of subjects suffering from lung cancer Abs: Concentrations of nine metals (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Cr) concentrations in lung tissues from 224 lung cancer cases were compared with those in other cases to achieve an understanding of their contribution to the development of lung cancer and the varieties after the development of cancer. Comparisons of metal concentrations in each cell type of lung cancer were also performed. All cases were collected from routine autopsies in Tokyo and Saitama, Japan. The copper concentration in tissue from lung cancers was significantly higher than that in other specimens, although calcium, magnesium, zinc and cobalt concentrations in lung cancers were significantly lower than those in other cases. There were no significant differences in the 99% intervals (excluding extremely high values for occupationally exposed cases) for chromium, nickel and lead concentrations between lung cancers and other cases, although these values were lower in lung cancers. However, in comparisons of men only, the chromium concentration, the degree of lung contamination and the severity of pulmonary emphysema in lung cancer cases were significantly higher than those in other specimens. Moreover, percentages of lung cancer in men at each degree of contamination and each severity of emphysema increased with increasing grades. Thus, this finding could be evidence that the exposure to contaminants other than chromium and nickel in the air had affected the development of lung cancer, except for occupationally exposed individuals. Therefore, almost all chromium and nickel in lung tissue might not deposit in carcinogenic forms such as hexavalent chromium or nickel subsulfide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516621,Wai et al. 1987,A 2-step extraction method for differentiating chromium species in water,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human hexavalent chromium toxicity water pollution natural water systems,A 2-step extraction method for differentiating chromium species in water Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human hexavalent chromium toxicity water pollution natural water systems,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233583,Wienold et al. 2011,Elemental analysis of printed circuit boards considering the ROHS regulations,"The EU RoHS Directive (2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council) bans the placing of new electrical and electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on the EU market. It necessitates methods for the evaluation of RoHS compliance of assembled electronic equipment. In this study mounted printed circuit boards from personal computers were analyzed on their content of the three elements Cd, Pb and Hg which were limited by the EU RoHS directive. Main focus of the investigations was the influence of sample pre-treatment on the precision and reproducibility of the results. The sample preparation steps used were based on the guidelines given in EN 62321. Five different types of dissolution procedures were tested on different subsequent steps of sample treatment like cutting and milling. Elemental analysis was carried out using ICP-OES, XRF and CV-AFS (Hg). The results obtained showed that for decision-making with respect to RoHS compliance a size reduction of the material to be analyzed to particles ? 1.5mm can already be sufficient. However, to ensure analytical results with relative standard deviations of less than 20%, as recommended by the EN 62321, a much larger effort for sample processing towards smaller particle sizes might be required which strongly depends on the mass fraction of the element under investigation.","Elemental analysis of printed circuit boards considering the ROHS regulations Abs: The EU RoHS Directive (2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council) bans the placing of new electrical and electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants on the EU market. It necessitates methods for the evaluation of RoHS compliance of assembled electronic equipment. In this study mounted printed circuit boards from personal computers were analyzed on their content of the three elements Cd, Pb and Hg which were limited by the EU RoHS directive. Main focus of the investigations was the influence of sample pre-treatment on the precision and reproducibility of the results. The sample preparation steps used were based on the guidelines given in EN 62321. Five different types of dissolution procedures were tested on different subsequent steps of sample treatment like cutting and milling. Elemental analysis was carried out using ICP-OES, XRF and CV-AFS (Hg). The results obtained showed that for decision-making with respect to RoHS compliance a size reduction of the material to be analyzed to particles ? 1.5mm can already be sufficient. However, to ensure analytical results with relative standard deviations of less than 20%, as recommended by the EN 62321, a much larger effort for sample processing towards smaller particle sizes might be required which strongly depends on the mass fraction of the element under investigation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514310,Boiano and  Aw 1983,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report, No. HETA-82-191-1267, Engineered Air Systems, Incorporated (Formerly American Air Filter Company) St. Louis, Missouri","The effects of exposure to sulfur-dioxide (7446095) (SO2) were investigated on April 1 and 2, 1982 at Engineering Air Systems, Incorporated (SIC-348) in St. Louis, Missouri. The evaluation was requested by the Assistant Director of Safety and Health, International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers following an industrial accident in which SO2 was released when a dip tank was cleaned. The company employed 150 production workers. Information about the accident and general work procedures was reviewed, and medical questionnaires were given to the 40 workers who were seen by physicians following the accident. SO2 was released when sodium-bisulfite (7681381) was added to a dip tank containing chromic-acid (7738945) solution to clean and desludge the tank. The 40 workers experienced cough, chest discomfort, throat irritation, and eye irritation. Review of the workers' medical records concerning the accident did not reveal any X-ray or pulmonary function abnormalities. The authors conclude that acute overexposure to SO2 did occur at the company, but no serious long term health effects are evident. They recommend work practice and engineering controls to prevent reoccurrence of accidents.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report, No. HETA-82-191-1267, Engineered Air Systems, Incorporated (Formerly American Air Filter Company) St. Louis, Missouri Abs: The effects of exposure to sulfur-dioxide (7446095) (SO2) were investigated on April 1 and 2, 1982 at Engineering Air Systems, Incorporated (SIC-348) in St. Louis, Missouri. The evaluation was requested by the Assistant Director of Safety and Health, International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers following an industrial accident in which SO2 was released when a dip tank was cleaned. The company employed 150 production workers. Information about the accident and general work procedures was reviewed, and medical questionnaires were given to the 40 workers who were seen by physicians following the accident. SO2 was released when sodium-bisulfite (7681381) was added to a dip tank containing chromic-acid (7738945) solution to clean and desludge the tank. The 40 workers experienced cough, chest discomfort, throat irritation, and eye irritation. Review of the workers' medical records concerning the accident did not reveal any X-ray or pulmonary function abnormalities. The authors conclude that acute overexposure to SO2 did occur at the company, but no serious long term health effects are evident. They recommend work practice and engineering controls to prevent reoccurrence of accidents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577900,Hsu et al. 2009,Reduction of Cr(VI) by crop-residue-derived black carbon,"Burning crop residues is a common postharvest practice on farmland, leading to the accumulation of black carbon (BC) in the soil. To understand the potential role of BC in immobilizing toxic Cr(VI) in soil, this study evaluated the Cr(VI) sorption kinetics at pH levels ranging from 3 to 7 and examined the reaction mechanism of Cr(VI) with BC derived from burning rice straw. The BC samples, after reacting with Cr(VI), were analyzed using Cr K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that Cr(VI) was sorbed and subsequently reduced to Cr(III), which was bound to the BC surface through surface complexation and precipitation. As indicated by the diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectra, the phenolic groups of BC are the dominant drivers of Cr(VI) reduction, giving rise to carbonyl/carboxyl groups on the BC surface. The reaction rate of Cr(VI) with BC increased from 10(-3.62) to 10(-1.65) h(-1) as pH was decreased from 7 to 3 because Cr(VI) sorption and reduction both occur faster at low pH. These results suggest that BC derived from burning crop residue is an effective reductant for Cr(VI) and may play an important role in determining the fate of Cr(VI) in BC-rich farmland soils.","Reduction of Cr(VI) by crop-residue-derived black carbon Abs: Burning crop residues is a common postharvest practice on farmland, leading to the accumulation of black carbon (BC) in the soil. To understand the potential role of BC in immobilizing toxic Cr(VI) in soil, this study evaluated the Cr(VI) sorption kinetics at pH levels ranging from 3 to 7 and examined the reaction mechanism of Cr(VI) with BC derived from burning rice straw. The BC samples, after reacting with Cr(VI), were analyzed using Cr K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that Cr(VI) was sorbed and subsequently reduced to Cr(III), which was bound to the BC surface through surface complexation and precipitation. As indicated by the diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectra, the phenolic groups of BC are the dominant drivers of Cr(VI) reduction, giving rise to carbonyl/carboxyl groups on the BC surface. The reaction rate of Cr(VI) with BC increased from 10(-3.62) to 10(-1.65) h(-1) as pH was decreased from 7 to 3 because Cr(VI) sorption and reduction both occur faster at low pH. These results suggest that BC derived from burning crop residue is an effective reductant for Cr(VI) and may play an important role in determining the fate of Cr(VI) in BC-rich farmland soils.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510425,Kaszycki et al. 2005,Exogenously applied sulphate as a tool to investigate transport and reduction of chromate in the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza,,Exogenously applied sulphate as a tool to investigate transport and reduction of chromate in the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237741,Collins and  Tenney 1977,Fishery waste effluents: A suggested system for determining and calculating pollutant parameters,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An improved and simplified system to test for pollutants in shrimp waste effluents is presented. In addition, 2 methods were developed to calculate protein and oil and grease content. The 1st method is based on establishing empirical regressions of protein or oil and grease on total residue. The 2nd and preferred method, a simultaneous equation, is independent of these correlations but dependent on the total residue and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste effluent obtained through routine analyses. The COD value depended on the amount of potassium dichromate remaining at the completion of the 2-h reflux period. The dichromate can vary from 0-6.25 meq excess, and between 2 and 5 meq, the COD will vary 4.2%. A table of factors is given to correct the COD to 3.5 meq excess. Coefficients of COD were determined on a number of preparations of protein and oil and grease from shrimp waste effluent and from fish and shellfish. These coefficients (1.338 mg COD/mg protein and 2.678 mg COD/mg oil and grease) were required for the simultaneous equation. The simple analytical tests and mathematical treatment used in this system would be less expensive to the industry and would result in a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation of the waste load than currently obtainable by methods specified in the monitoring regulations.","Fishery waste effluents: A suggested system for determining and calculating pollutant parameters Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An improved and simplified system to test for pollutants in shrimp waste effluents is presented. In addition, 2 methods were developed to calculate protein and oil and grease content. The 1st method is based on establishing empirical regressions of protein or oil and grease on total residue. The 2nd and preferred method, a simultaneous equation, is independent of these correlations but dependent on the total residue and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the waste effluent obtained through routine analyses. The COD value depended on the amount of potassium dichromate remaining at the completion of the 2-h reflux period. The dichromate can vary from 0-6.25 meq excess, and between 2 and 5 meq, the COD will vary 4.2%. A table of factors is given to correct the COD to 3.5 meq excess. Coefficients of COD were determined on a number of preparations of protein and oil and grease from shrimp waste effluent and from fish and shellfish. These coefficients (1.338 mg COD/mg protein and 2.678 mg COD/mg oil and grease) were required for the simultaneous equation. The simple analytical tests and mathematical treatment used in this system would be less expensive to the industry and would result in a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation of the waste load than currently obtainable by methods specified in the monitoring regulations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510195,Vaccarello 2001,Preliminary Hazard Classification for the In Situ Redox Manipulation Treatment for the 100-HR-3 Operable Unit (100-D Area)(Revision 2),"Prepared in cooperation with CH2M Hill, Greenwood Village, CO. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. u redox (reduction-oxidation) manipulation treatment for chromate contamination will be performed in the aquifer on the west side of the 100-D Area (100-HR-3 Operable Unit) of the Hanford Site. This in situ redox manipulation treatment involves the pumping of a solution, sodium dithionite, into ground wells to reduce the hexavalent chromium dissolved in groundwater to trivalent chromium, which will precipitate the chromium from the groundwater as immobile Cr(OH)(sub 3). This document serves as the preliminary hazard classification (PHC) for the 100-D Area In Situ Redox Manipulation Project. The PHC was prepared in accordance with the requirements for nuclear safety (DOE-RL 1996). Per these requirements, the PHC is based on the total hazardous substance inventories associated with the in situ redox treatability activities. Based on the estimated hazardous substance inventory contained within the evaporation pond, which will be used to evaporate the water extracted from the wells treated by the in situ redox method, the PHC for the facility was determined to be non-nuclear, low hazard.","Preliminary Hazard Classification for the In Situ Redox Manipulation Treatment for the 100-HR-3 Operable Unit (100-D Area)(Revision 2) Abs: Prepared in cooperation with CH2M Hill, Greenwood Village, CO. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. u redox (reduction-oxidation) manipulation treatment for chromate contamination will be performed in the aquifer on the west side of the 100-D Area (100-HR-3 Operable Unit) of the Hanford Site. This in situ redox manipulation treatment involves the pumping of a solution, sodium dithionite, into ground wells to reduce the hexavalent chromium dissolved in groundwater to trivalent chromium, which will precipitate the chromium from the groundwater as immobile Cr(OH)(sub 3). This document serves as the preliminary hazard classification (PHC) for the 100-D Area In Situ Redox Manipulation Project. The PHC was prepared in accordance with the requirements for nuclear safety (DOE-RL 1996). Per these requirements, the PHC is based on the total hazardous substance inventories associated with the in situ redox treatability activities. Based on the estimated hazardous substance inventory contained within the evaporation pond, which will be used to evaporate the water extracted from the wells treated by the in situ redox method, the PHC for the facility was determined to be non-nuclear, low hazard.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515168,Frey et al. 1983,Sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton to hexavalent chromium,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of hexavalent Cr on both natural assemblages of phytoplankton and cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana clone 3H were tested. Water was collected from various locations in Yaquina Bay, Oregon (USA), with salinities ranging from 32.5 to 0.03 . A variety of nutrient regimes were tested by adding major nutrients and micronutrients and/or stripping micronutrients with activated C. In one high salinity experiment, Cr was stimulatory, as were micronutrient additions. In other high and medium salinity experiments, Cr was neither stimulatory nor inhibitory, at levels up to 1.9 mumol l-1 Cr. There was slight inhibition of growth at 19.0 mumol l-1 Cr, due specifically to inhibition of Skeletonema costatum. In freshwater experiments, Cr was very inhibitory at 1.9 mumol l-1 Cr, and slightly inhibitory at 0.19 mumol l-1 Cr. Species inhibited by Cr were Surirella ovata, Detonula confervacea and Cyclotella sp. Experiments were conducted with T. pseudonana grown over a wide range of salinities. Cr was very inhibitory in fresh water and became progressively less toxic as the salinity increased. Most inhibition was neutralized by a salinity of 2.1 .","Sensitivity of estuarine phytoplankton to hexavalent chromium Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of hexavalent Cr on both natural assemblages of phytoplankton and cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana clone 3H were tested. Water was collected from various locations in Yaquina Bay, Oregon (USA), with salinities ranging from 32.5 to 0.03 . A variety of nutrient regimes were tested by adding major nutrients and micronutrients and/or stripping micronutrients with activated C. In one high salinity experiment, Cr was stimulatory, as were micronutrient additions. In other high and medium salinity experiments, Cr was neither stimulatory nor inhibitory, at levels up to 1.9 mumol l-1 Cr. There was slight inhibition of growth at 19.0 mumol l-1 Cr, due specifically to inhibition of Skeletonema costatum. In freshwater experiments, Cr was very inhibitory at 1.9 mumol l-1 Cr, and slightly inhibitory at 0.19 mumol l-1 Cr. Species inhibited by Cr were Surirella ovata, Detonula confervacea and Cyclotella sp. Experiments were conducted with T. pseudonana grown over a wide range of salinities. Cr was very inhibitory in fresh water and became progressively less toxic as the salinity increased. Most inhibition was neutralized by a salinity of 2.1 .",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786297,Bennett et al. 2013,Reduction of hexavalent chromium using fungi and bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and water samples,,Reduction of hexavalent chromium using fungi and bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and water samples Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509984,Qiang et al. 2013,Optimization of fermentation conditions and properties of an exopolysaccharide from Klebsiella sp. H-207 and application in adsorption of hexavalent chromium,"The novel exopolysaccharide HZ-7 is produced by Klebsiella sp. H-207, and its fermentation conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, the optimized medium consisted of sucrose 31.93 g/L, KNO(3) 2.17 g/L and K(2)HPO(4) 5.47 g/L; while the optimized culture conditions consisted of seed age 13 h, with an inoculum size of 10.6% and incubation temperature of 28.9°C. A maximum HZ-7 yield of about 15.05 g/L was achieved under the optimized conditions using RSM and single-factor experiments. Next the exopolysaccharide HZ-7 was partially purified and characterized. The resulting product showed good properties, such as high concentration of uronic acid (41.67%), low average molecular weight (about 1.94×10(5) Da) and porous surface structure, were very advantageous to biosorption. Therefore HZ-7 was applied to absorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The maximum adsorption efficiency (99.2%) which was obtained at an initial pH of 1.0 along with an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 20 mg/L, was not affected by ordinary metal ions and temperature. These data suggest Klebsiella sp. H-207 exopolysaccharide will be promising potential for industrial application.","Optimization of fermentation conditions and properties of an exopolysaccharide from Klebsiella sp. H-207 and application in adsorption of hexavalent chromium Abs: The novel exopolysaccharide HZ-7 is produced by Klebsiella sp. H-207, and its fermentation conditions were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, the optimized medium consisted of sucrose 31.93 g/L, KNO(3) 2.17 g/L and K(2)HPO(4) 5.47 g/L; while the optimized culture conditions consisted of seed age 13 h, with an inoculum size of 10.6% and incubation temperature of 28.9°C. A maximum HZ-7 yield of about 15.05 g/L was achieved under the optimized conditions using RSM and single-factor experiments. Next the exopolysaccharide HZ-7 was partially purified and characterized. The resulting product showed good properties, such as high concentration of uronic acid (41.67%), low average molecular weight (about 1.94×10(5) Da) and porous surface structure, were very advantageous to biosorption. Therefore HZ-7 was applied to absorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The maximum adsorption efficiency (99.2%) which was obtained at an initial pH of 1.0 along with an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 20 mg/L, was not affected by ordinary metal ions and temperature. These data suggest Klebsiella sp. H-207 exopolysaccharide will be promising potential for industrial application.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576703,Salapala 1971,STEREOCHEMISTRY IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - ACTION OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE ON CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE,,STEREOCHEMISTRY IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - ACTION OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE ON CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225273,Bohrn et al. 2013,A critical comparison of cell-based sensor systems for the detection of Cr(VI) in aquatic environment,,A critical comparison of cell-based sensor systems for the detection of Cr(VI) in aquatic environment Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510538,Mangaiyarkarasi et al. 2011,Bioreduction of Cr(VI) by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis and interaction of the membrane groups,,Bioreduction of Cr(VI) by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis and interaction of the membrane groups Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238518,Little 1993,Are occupational carcinogens teratogenic?,"A variety of congenital anomalies have been associated with neoplasms in humans. In particular, acute lymphocytic leukaemia in childhood is associated with Bloom's syndrome, Fanconi's anaemia and Down's syndrome, lymphomas are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and thymic alymphoplasia, and Wilms' tumor has been associated with a variety of congenital anomalies including aniridia, hemihypertrophy, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These associations relate primarily to cancer in childhood and some have a clear genetic basis. However, carcinogens are inferred to interfere with cell function and such interference would be likely to affect developmental processes. Data on experimental carcinogenesis show that many agents known to be carcinogenic postnatally in animals are teratogenic to the fetus or embryo. For example, Di Paolo and Kotin listed 26 chemical agents that had been tested for both carcinogenic and teratogenic activity in animals. Of the 20 listed as carcinogenic, 19 had been shown to be teratogenic. Carcinogens have been identified from the IARC Monographs. Exposure to many of the carcinogens identified in the Monographs occurs in an occupational context and, therefore, the aim of this chapter is to assess the evidence as to the teratogenicity in humans of occupational exposures considered to be carcinogenic. First, the framework used to evaluate evidence as to the carcinogenicity of the occupational exposures will be described. Next, the sources of information on teratogenicity will be specified. Evidence regarding the teratogenicity of occupational exposures for which data are available on humans will then be considered. This will be followed by consideration of exposures for which data are available only from experimental animals. Finally, mechanisms whereby exposures may produce both teratogenic and carcinogenic affects will be discussed.","Are occupational carcinogens teratogenic? Abs: A variety of congenital anomalies have been associated with neoplasms in humans. In particular, acute lymphocytic leukaemia in childhood is associated with Bloom's syndrome, Fanconi's anaemia and Down's syndrome, lymphomas are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and thymic alymphoplasia, and Wilms' tumor has been associated with a variety of congenital anomalies including aniridia, hemihypertrophy, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These associations relate primarily to cancer in childhood and some have a clear genetic basis. However, carcinogens are inferred to interfere with cell function and such interference would be likely to affect developmental processes. Data on experimental carcinogenesis show that many agents known to be carcinogenic postnatally in animals are teratogenic to the fetus or embryo. For example, Di Paolo and Kotin listed 26 chemical agents that had been tested for both carcinogenic and teratogenic activity in animals. Of the 20 listed as carcinogenic, 19 had been shown to be teratogenic. Carcinogens have been identified from the IARC Monographs. Exposure to many of the carcinogens identified in the Monographs occurs in an occupational context and, therefore, the aim of this chapter is to assess the evidence as to the teratogenicity in humans of occupational exposures considered to be carcinogenic. First, the framework used to evaluate evidence as to the carcinogenicity of the occupational exposures will be described. Next, the sources of information on teratogenicity will be specified. Evidence regarding the teratogenicity of occupational exposures for which data are available on humans will then be considered. This will be followed by consideration of exposures for which data are available only from experimental animals. Finally, mechanisms whereby exposures may produce both teratogenic and carcinogenic affects will be discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231936,Ochola and  Moo-Young 2004,Establishing and elucidating reduction as the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) by reclaimed limestone residual RLR (Modified Steel Slag),"The viability of utilizing Reclaimed Limestone Residual RLR (Modified Steel Slag) to remove hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase was investigated. A physical characterization of RLR showed that it is composed of various minerals some of which can reduce and others adsorb Cr(VI). Preliminary results showed that RLR significantly reduced the concentration of Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase. Adsorption competition tests with orthophosphate (HP04(2-)) and sulfate (SO4(2-)) showed that Cr(VI) was still effectively reduced from solution regardless of the competing anions present. Kinetic tests based on the relationship d[Cr(VI)]/dt = kCr[RLR]alpha[Cr(VI)]beta showed that under initially neutral to basic conditions kCr = 3.45+/-(0.25) x 10(-4) mg0.4 L(-0.4) h(-1), alpha = 0.9, and beta = -0.3, while under initially acidic conditions kCr = 5.65+/-(1.055) x 10(-1) mg(-0.4) L0.4 h(-1), alpha = 2.2, and beta = -0.8. Stirred batch tests with RLR in deionized water showed significant drops in the redox potential (Eh), and in the presence of oxygen Eh values dropped to between 50 and 100 mV while in the absence of oxygen Eh values as low as -200 mV were observed. These results lead to the conclusion that redox mechanisms were responsible for the reduction of hexavalent chromium by RLR.","Establishing and elucidating reduction as the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) by reclaimed limestone residual RLR (Modified Steel Slag) Abs: The viability of utilizing Reclaimed Limestone Residual RLR (Modified Steel Slag) to remove hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase was investigated. A physical characterization of RLR showed that it is composed of various minerals some of which can reduce and others adsorb Cr(VI). Preliminary results showed that RLR significantly reduced the concentration of Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase. Adsorption competition tests with orthophosphate (HP04(2-)) and sulfate (SO4(2-)) showed that Cr(VI) was still effectively reduced from solution regardless of the competing anions present. Kinetic tests based on the relationship d[Cr(VI)]/dt = kCr[RLR]alpha[Cr(VI)]beta showed that under initially neutral to basic conditions kCr = 3.45+/-(0.25) x 10(-4) mg0.4 L(-0.4) h(-1), alpha = 0.9, and beta = -0.3, while under initially acidic conditions kCr = 5.65+/-(1.055) x 10(-1) mg(-0.4) L0.4 h(-1), alpha = 2.2, and beta = -0.8. Stirred batch tests with RLR in deionized water showed significant drops in the redox potential (Eh), and in the presence of oxygen Eh values dropped to between 50 and 100 mV while in the absence of oxygen Eh values as low as -200 mV were observed. These results lead to the conclusion that redox mechanisms were responsible for the reduction of hexavalent chromium by RLR.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509922,Liu et al. 2012,"Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads: characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics","Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads (CS-NZVI beads) were prepared and used to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater. Characterization with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that with the increase of the concentration of CS from 5.0 to 20.0 g/L and NaOH from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L, the average aperture size of the CS-NZVI beads decreased from 26.8 to 10.6 ?m and 42.6 to 0.8 ?m, respectively. Batch experiments revealed that the removal of Cr (VI) using CS-NZVI beads was consistent with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. The rate constant increased with increasing NZVI dosage but decreased with the increase in pH values. The Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption process better, suggesting that the CS-NZVI beads were heterogeneous in the surface properties. At equilibrium qmax was 35.97 mg/g. The thermodynamics study suggested that Cr (VI) removal by CS-NZVI beads was an endothermic and spontaneous process, reflecting good affinity of the sorbent for Cr (VI) ions and increasing randomness at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption process. This result will be very useful to understand the effects of NZVI on heavy metal Cr (VI) removal from wastewater in the successful application.","Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater by Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads: characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics Abs: Fe0-nanoparticles-chitosan composite beads (CS-NZVI beads) were prepared and used to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater. Characterization with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that with the increase of the concentration of CS from 5.0 to 20.0 g/L and NaOH from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L, the average aperture size of the CS-NZVI beads decreased from 26.8 to 10.6 ?m and 42.6 to 0.8 ?m, respectively. Batch experiments revealed that the removal of Cr (VI) using CS-NZVI beads was consistent with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. The rate constant increased with increasing NZVI dosage but decreased with the increase in pH values. The Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption process better, suggesting that the CS-NZVI beads were heterogeneous in the surface properties. At equilibrium qmax was 35.97 mg/g. The thermodynamics study suggested that Cr (VI) removal by CS-NZVI beads was an endothermic and spontaneous process, reflecting good affinity of the sorbent for Cr (VI) ions and increasing randomness at the solid-solution interface during the adsorption process. This result will be very useful to understand the effects of NZVI on heavy metal Cr (VI) removal from wastewater in the successful application.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225541,Komsta et al. 2013,EXPLORING HIDDEN TRENDS IN CLASSIC AND MICELLAR THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION OF MODEL COMPOUNDS BY CHEMOMETRIC METHODS,,EXPLORING HIDDEN TRENDS IN CLASSIC AND MICELLAR THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC RETENTION OF MODEL COMPOUNDS BY CHEMOMETRIC METHODS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235713,Mullaney et al. 1993,Stimulation of D-aspartate efflux by mercuric chloride from rat primary astrocyte cultures,"Mercuric chloride (HgCl2; MC) was shown to increase D-aspartate release from preloaded astrocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. Two sulfhydryl (-SH) protecting agents, a cell membrane non-penetrating compound, reduced glutathione (GSH), and the membrane-permeable dithiothreitol (DTT), were found to inhibit the stimulatory action of MC on the efflux of radiolabeled D-aspartate. MC-induced D-aspartate release was completely inhibited by the addition of 1 mM DTT or GSH during the actual 5 min perfusion period with MC (5 microM). However, when added after MC treatment, this inhibition could not be sustained by GSH, while DTT fully inhibited the MC-induced release of D-aspartate. Neither DTT nor GSH alone had any effect on the rate of astrocytic D-aspartate release. Accordingly, it is postulated that the stimulatory effect exerted by MC on astrocytic D-aspartate release is associated with vulnerable -SH groups located within, but not on the surface of the cell membrane. Omission of Na+ from the perfusion solution did not accelerate MC-induced D-aspartate release, suggesting that reversal of the D-aspartate carrier can not be invoked to explain MC-induced D-aspartate release. Furthermore, MC did not appear to be associated with astrocytic swelling.","Stimulation of D-aspartate efflux by mercuric chloride from rat primary astrocyte cultures Abs: Mercuric chloride (HgCl2; MC) was shown to increase D-aspartate release from preloaded astrocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. Two sulfhydryl (-SH) protecting agents, a cell membrane non-penetrating compound, reduced glutathione (GSH), and the membrane-permeable dithiothreitol (DTT), were found to inhibit the stimulatory action of MC on the efflux of radiolabeled D-aspartate. MC-induced D-aspartate release was completely inhibited by the addition of 1 mM DTT or GSH during the actual 5 min perfusion period with MC (5 microM). However, when added after MC treatment, this inhibition could not be sustained by GSH, while DTT fully inhibited the MC-induced release of D-aspartate. Neither DTT nor GSH alone had any effect on the rate of astrocytic D-aspartate release. Accordingly, it is postulated that the stimulatory effect exerted by MC on astrocytic D-aspartate release is associated with vulnerable -SH groups located within, but not on the surface of the cell membrane. Omission of Na+ from the perfusion solution did not accelerate MC-induced D-aspartate release, suggesting that reversal of the D-aspartate carrier can not be invoked to explain MC-induced D-aspartate release. Furthermore, MC did not appear to be associated with astrocytic swelling.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509707,Mandiwana 2008,Rapid leaching of Cr(VI) in soil with Na3PO4 in the determination of hexavalent chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,"A method has been developed that leaches Cr(VI) selectively from soil samples. Hexavalent chromium was leached completely from soil with 0.01molL(-1) Na(3)PO(4). This was achieved by boiling the soil-reagent solution mixture for a period of 5min. The leached Cr(VI) was then quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) after filtration of the sample solutions through Hydrophilic Millipore PVDF 0.45microm filter. Statistical evaluations indicated that the new developed method is reliable since neither its comparison with the established method nor the comparison of the sum of the concentrations of chromium species to that of the total concentration of chromium show any difference at 95% level of confidence. The spiking of soil samples with Cr(III) standards before pretreatment show that Cr(III) was not oxidized to Cr(VI) during leaching as the Cr(VI) content never increased. The detection limit established was 0.07microg g(-1), which is an improvement to that of the US EPA method 3060A by a factor of more than 500. The maximum concentrations of Cr(VI) found in soil samples collected around the new chromium mine was 8.0microg g(-1) and falls within acceptable level of 15microg g(-1) in accordance with the Italian Guidelines.","Rapid leaching of Cr(VI) in soil with Na3PO4 in the determination of hexavalent chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Abs: A method has been developed that leaches Cr(VI) selectively from soil samples. Hexavalent chromium was leached completely from soil with 0.01molL(-1) Na(3)PO(4). This was achieved by boiling the soil-reagent solution mixture for a period of 5min. The leached Cr(VI) was then quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) after filtration of the sample solutions through Hydrophilic Millipore PVDF 0.45microm filter. Statistical evaluations indicated that the new developed method is reliable since neither its comparison with the established method nor the comparison of the sum of the concentrations of chromium species to that of the total concentration of chromium show any difference at 95% level of confidence. The spiking of soil samples with Cr(III) standards before pretreatment show that Cr(III) was not oxidized to Cr(VI) during leaching as the Cr(VI) content never increased. The detection limit established was 0.07microg g(-1), which is an improvement to that of the US EPA method 3060A by a factor of more than 500. The maximum concentrations of Cr(VI) found in soil samples collected around the new chromium mine was 8.0microg g(-1) and falls within acceptable level of 15microg g(-1) in accordance with the Italian Guidelines.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578206,Nam et al. 2003,Direct determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by ion chromatography combined with end-on view inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry,"Selenium is essential in small amounts in the human diet but is toxic in large amounts. Moreover, its toxicity depends on the chemical form of the element. Accordingly, species determination is necessary in any environmental analysis. A highly sensitive procedure is described in this article that combines separation of the oxidation states of the element by ion chromatography with detection by plasma AES.","Direct determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) by ion chromatography combined with end-on view inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Abs: Selenium is essential in small amounts in the human diet but is toxic in large amounts. Moreover, its toxicity depends on the chemical form of the element. Accordingly, species determination is necessary in any environmental analysis. A highly sensitive procedure is described in this article that combines separation of the oxidation states of the element by ion chromatography with detection by plasma AES.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225333,Sayin and  Karakas 2013,Quantum chemical studies on the some inorganic corrosion inhibitors,"Some quantum chemical parameters were calculated by using Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation, Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP) and Moller Plesset perturbation theory (MP3) methods at LANL2DZ, LANL2MB and SOD levels in gas phase and water for dichromate (Cr2O72-), chromate (CrO42-), tungstate (WO42-), molybdate (MoO42-), nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) which are used as inorganic corrosion inhibitors. All theoretical results and experimental inhibition efficiencies of inhibitors were subjected to correlation analyses. In a summary, MP3/SDD level in water was found as the best level. In this level, the inhibition efficiency ranking was found as CrO42- > WO42- > MoO42- > Cr2O72- > NO2- approximate to NO3-. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Quantum chemical studies on the some inorganic corrosion inhibitors Abs: Some quantum chemical parameters were calculated by using Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation, Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP) and Moller Plesset perturbation theory (MP3) methods at LANL2DZ, LANL2MB and SOD levels in gas phase and water for dichromate (Cr2O72-), chromate (CrO42-), tungstate (WO42-), molybdate (MoO42-), nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) which are used as inorganic corrosion inhibitors. All theoretical results and experimental inhibition efficiencies of inhibitors were subjected to correlation analyses. In a summary, MP3/SDD level in water was found as the best level. In this level, the inhibition efficiency ranking was found as CrO42- > WO42- > MoO42- > Cr2O72- > NO2- approximate to NO3-. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233574,Shen and  Wang 1994,Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in Escherichia coli 33456,"A model based on te analysis of the mechanism of enzymatic reactions was developed to characterize the rate and extent of microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium in Escherichia coli 33456. A finite reduction capacity (R(c)) was proposed and incorporated into the enzymatic model to regulate the toxicity effect on cells due to the oxidizing power of Cr(VI). The parameter values were determined by nonlinear least-square analysis using experimental data of anaerobic cultures. The obtained parameters were then used to predict Cr(VI) reduction in aerobic cultures along with a modification term of uncompetitive inhibition from molecular oxygen. The applicability of the developed model was demonstrated through excellent prediction of the results of batch studies conducted over range of initial Cr(VI) concentrations, initial cell densities, and DO levels. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the parameters obtained using the experimental data were unique, and neither change in K(c), the half-velocity constant, at high initial Cr(VI) concentrations nor change in R(c), the reduction capacity, at low initial Cr(VI) concentrations was sensitive to model prediction. (c) 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.","Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in Escherichia coli 33456 Abs: A model based on te analysis of the mechanism of enzymatic reactions was developed to characterize the rate and extent of microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium in Escherichia coli 33456. A finite reduction capacity (R(c)) was proposed and incorporated into the enzymatic model to regulate the toxicity effect on cells due to the oxidizing power of Cr(VI). The parameter values were determined by nonlinear least-square analysis using experimental data of anaerobic cultures. The obtained parameters were then used to predict Cr(VI) reduction in aerobic cultures along with a modification term of uncompetitive inhibition from molecular oxygen. The applicability of the developed model was demonstrated through excellent prediction of the results of batch studies conducted over range of initial Cr(VI) concentrations, initial cell densities, and DO levels. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the parameters obtained using the experimental data were unique, and neither change in K(c), the half-velocity constant, at high initial Cr(VI) concentrations nor change in R(c), the reduction capacity, at low initial Cr(VI) concentrations was sensitive to model prediction. (c) 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1574411,Ding et al. 2012,[Mechanism of Cr( VI) removal from aqueous solution using biochar promoted by humic acid],"Biochar derived from excess sludge was used for hexavalent chromium [Cr( VI)] removal from water as a sorbent, and impacts of co-existing humic acid on performance of Cr( VI) sorption onto biochar were studied. The experimental results indicated that humic acid facilitated biochar adsorption of Cr(VI), which enhanced capacity of Cr sorption and shortened reaction time reaching equilibrium remarkably. The sorption kinetic process could be described with the pseudo second order model. On the condition of initial pH 4.0, biochar concentration 20 g x L(-1), initial concentration of Cr(VI) in the range of 50-800 mg x L(-1), the Langmuir model fitted adsorption isotherm better than the Freudlich model. The Langmuir Q0 values of biochar with and without existing humic acid were 10.10 mg x g(-1) and 5.56 mg x g(-1), respectively. In the pH range of 2.0-8.0, sorption capacity of all sorbents decreased with increasing initial pH value. Ascending concentration of humic acid in solution promoted sorption capacity of biochar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester, aromatic C-H stretch and ring C=C on the biochar were responsible for Cr(VI) sorption. Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, mechanism of promoting Cr( VI) sorption onto biochar was speculated that humic acid enhanced concentration of Cr( VI) ions aggregating on the surface of biochar and benefited Cr(VI) adsorption coupled with subsequent reduction by biochar functional groups. Meanwhile, humic acid also increased amount of Cr(VI) and Cr(II) removal from aqueous solution.","[Mechanism of Cr( VI) removal from aqueous solution using biochar promoted by humic acid] Abs: Biochar derived from excess sludge was used for hexavalent chromium [Cr( VI)] removal from water as a sorbent, and impacts of co-existing humic acid on performance of Cr( VI) sorption onto biochar were studied. The experimental results indicated that humic acid facilitated biochar adsorption of Cr(VI), which enhanced capacity of Cr sorption and shortened reaction time reaching equilibrium remarkably. The sorption kinetic process could be described with the pseudo second order model. On the condition of initial pH 4.0, biochar concentration 20 g x L(-1), initial concentration of Cr(VI) in the range of 50-800 mg x L(-1), the Langmuir model fitted adsorption isotherm better than the Freudlich model. The Langmuir Q0 values of biochar with and without existing humic acid were 10.10 mg x g(-1) and 5.56 mg x g(-1), respectively. In the pH range of 2.0-8.0, sorption capacity of all sorbents decreased with increasing initial pH value. Ascending concentration of humic acid in solution promoted sorption capacity of biochar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester, aromatic C-H stretch and ring C=C on the biochar were responsible for Cr(VI) sorption. Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, mechanism of promoting Cr( VI) sorption onto biochar was speculated that humic acid enhanced concentration of Cr( VI) ions aggregating on the surface of biochar and benefited Cr(VI) adsorption coupled with subsequent reduction by biochar functional groups. Meanwhile, humic acid also increased amount of Cr(VI) and Cr(II) removal from aqueous solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516623,Wall and  Stratton 1994,The effects of chromium on the growth and activity of a pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of chromium (or chromate, as supplied by CrO3) on a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 53874) were examined in a liquid bacterial growth medium. Cr6+ concentrations \ 5.0 mug mL-1 caused the complete inhibition of bacterial growth. The EC25, EC50, and EC75 calculated after 96 h of incubation were 0.44, 1.44, and 3.82 mug mL-1, respectively. Cr6+ caused an irreversible reduction in total cell yield during the 21-day incubation. Cr6+ also elicited an increase in the lag time recorded before there was measurable pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation by this bacterium. There was also an increase in the overall time required for complete degradation of PCP to nondetectable levels. A similar response was noted with all PCP concentrations examined from 10 to 100 mug mL-1. However, a more pronounced response occurred at the lower PCP concentrations. The significance of these data relative to the in situ use of PCP-degrading bacteria for site bioreme","The effects of chromium on the growth and activity of a pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of chromium (or chromate, as supplied by CrO3) on a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 53874) were examined in a liquid bacterial growth medium. Cr6+ concentrations \ 5.0 mug mL-1 caused the complete inhibition of bacterial growth. The EC25, EC50, and EC75 calculated after 96 h of incubation were 0.44, 1.44, and 3.82 mug mL-1, respectively. Cr6+ caused an irreversible reduction in total cell yield during the 21-day incubation. Cr6+ also elicited an increase in the lag time recorded before there was measurable pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation by this bacterium. There was also an increase in the overall time required for complete degradation of PCP to nondetectable levels. A similar response was noted with all PCP concentrations examined from 10 to 100 mug mL-1. However, a more pronounced response occurred at the lower PCP concentrations. The significance of these data relative to the in situ use of PCP-degrading bacteria for site bioreme",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225364,Wang et al. 2013,Adsorption and desorption characteristics of imidazole-modified silica for chromium(VI),,Adsorption and desorption characteristics of imidazole-modified silica for chromium(VI) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510542,Ramirez et al. 2011,"Relationships between physiological characteristics and trace metal body burdens of banded garden spiders Argiope trifasciata (Araneae, Araneidae)",,"Relationships between physiological characteristics and trace metal body burdens of banded garden spiders Argiope trifasciata (Araneae, Araneidae) Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514233,Aide 1993,Chromiumvi adsorption on soils,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article phosphate chromate aluminum iron toxicity ph,Chromiumvi adsorption on soils Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article phosphate chromate aluminum iron toxicity ph,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516026,Krishnan 1983,Recovery of heavy metals from steelmaking dust,"HMTC Almost two million metric tons of dusts containing iron, zinc, and lead are produced annually by the steelmaking industry. This dust originates from open hearth furnaces (OH), basic oxygen furnaces (BOF), and electric arc furnaces (EAF). EAF dust is currently listed as a hazardous waste because of its toxic constituents: lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. Because it is a hazardous waste, the dust must be encapsulated or transported to a controlled landfill. Since disposal sites are becoming scarcer, the steelmaking industry is looking for variable options for handling dust. Recovery alternatives are being investigated since the dust represents a potential source of valuable elements such as iron and zinc. Three smelting technologies feasible for the recovery of heavy metals from carbon-steel EAF dusts are the caustic leach electrolytic smelting process, and two pyrometallurgical smelting techniques: the Waelz-kiln process and a process using an electrothermic shaft furnace. An assessment of these technologies reveals that the two pyrometallurgical smelting techniques appear to be the most feasible at this time; however, detailed economic analyses are required. (13 ref.)","Recovery of heavy metals from steelmaking dust Abs: HMTC Almost two million metric tons of dusts containing iron, zinc, and lead are produced annually by the steelmaking industry. This dust originates from open hearth furnaces (OH), basic oxygen furnaces (BOF), and electric arc furnaces (EAF). EAF dust is currently listed as a hazardous waste because of its toxic constituents: lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium. Because it is a hazardous waste, the dust must be encapsulated or transported to a controlled landfill. Since disposal sites are becoming scarcer, the steelmaking industry is looking for variable options for handling dust. Recovery alternatives are being investigated since the dust represents a potential source of valuable elements such as iron and zinc. Three smelting technologies feasible for the recovery of heavy metals from carbon-steel EAF dusts are the caustic leach electrolytic smelting process, and two pyrometallurgical smelting techniques: the Waelz-kiln process and a process using an electrothermic shaft furnace. An assessment of these technologies reveals that the two pyrometallurgical smelting techniques appear to be the most feasible at this time; however, detailed economic analyses are required. (13 ref.)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233604,Graham and  Bouwer 2010,Rates of hexavalent chromium reduction in anoxic estuarine sediments: pH effects and the role of acid volatile sulfides,"Rates of Cr(VI) reduction were assessed in batch kinetic experiments using dilute suspensions of anoxic sediments collected from the Baltimore Harbor. Rapid and complete Cr(VI) reduction occurred on the time scale of minutes (pseudo-first-order rate constants ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 min(-1) for 1.0 g/L sediment suspensions at pH 7.0) via reaction with mineral surfaces. The reaction rate was first-order with respect to Cr(VI) concentration and proportional to the concentration of sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS). AVS-normalized rates of Cr(VI) reduction decreased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude as the suspension pH increased from 5.0 to 8.2. The AVS-normalized rate constant was linearly correlated with the fraction of total dissolved Cr(VI) in the protonated HCrO(4)(-) form at a given pH (f(HCrO(4))((-))). The following rate law was found to describe all the experimental data: d[Cr(VI)]/dt = -k[AVS]f(HCrO(4))((-))[Cr(VI)](T), where the AVS- and pH-independent rate constant k = 3.14(+/-0.75) x 10(4) M(-1) min(-1). The results of this study suggest the importance of reactions between Cr(VI) and solid phase AVS constituents in controlling Cr(VI) fate in anoxic estuarine sediments, and indicate that Cr(VI) is unlikely to be a toxicological stressor in AVS-containing sediments.","Rates of hexavalent chromium reduction in anoxic estuarine sediments: pH effects and the role of acid volatile sulfides Abs: Rates of Cr(VI) reduction were assessed in batch kinetic experiments using dilute suspensions of anoxic sediments collected from the Baltimore Harbor. Rapid and complete Cr(VI) reduction occurred on the time scale of minutes (pseudo-first-order rate constants ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 min(-1) for 1.0 g/L sediment suspensions at pH 7.0) via reaction with mineral surfaces. The reaction rate was first-order with respect to Cr(VI) concentration and proportional to the concentration of sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS). AVS-normalized rates of Cr(VI) reduction decreased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude as the suspension pH increased from 5.0 to 8.2. The AVS-normalized rate constant was linearly correlated with the fraction of total dissolved Cr(VI) in the protonated HCrO(4)(-) form at a given pH (f(HCrO(4))((-))). The following rate law was found to describe all the experimental data: d[Cr(VI)]/dt = -k[AVS]f(HCrO(4))((-))[Cr(VI)](T), where the AVS- and pH-independent rate constant k = 3.14(+/-0.75) x 10(4) M(-1) min(-1). The results of this study suggest the importance of reactions between Cr(VI) and solid phase AVS constituents in controlling Cr(VI) fate in anoxic estuarine sediments, and indicate that Cr(VI) is unlikely to be a toxicological stressor in AVS-containing sediments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231343,Lenihan 1988,"Preliminary Survey Report: Control Technology for Gallium Arsenide Processing at Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, Report No. CT-163-16a","A study was conducted at Texas Instruments (SIC-3674), Dallas, Texas, to evaluate the technology currently available for controlling gallium-arsenide (1303000) (GaAs) dusts in the semiconductor industry. At this facility, GaAs optoelectronic devices were produced along with monolithic microwave integrated circuits and field effect transistors in low volume quantities. Hazardous chemicals used included methanol (67561), ammonia (7664417), silane (7803625), hydrochloric-acid (7647010), nitric-acid (7697372), hydrofluoric-acid (7664393), sulfuric-acid (7664939), chromic-acid (1333820), silicon-tetrafluoride (7783611), tellurium (13494809), and cadmium-telluride (1306258). A localized exhaust was being designed at this facility for cleaning crystal pullers. To clean the beryllium implanter saws, a dry bead blaster was employed. Chemical fume hoods were used in the production areas with 100 linear feet per minute being the minimum face velocity at 2 inches above the work surface. The minimum face velocity on the exhaust hoods for cleaning the ion implant source areas was 125 linear feet per minute. The coolant catch basin at the sawing or slicing operation for GaAs wafers was enclosed with a rubber skirting. A general summary of work practices, monitoring, and personal protective equipment was included. The author concludes that some useful control measures are employed at this facility for limiting the potential exposures.","Preliminary Survey Report: Control Technology for Gallium Arsenide Processing at Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, Report No. CT-163-16a Abs: A study was conducted at Texas Instruments (SIC-3674), Dallas, Texas, to evaluate the technology currently available for controlling gallium-arsenide (1303000) (GaAs) dusts in the semiconductor industry. At this facility, GaAs optoelectronic devices were produced along with monolithic microwave integrated circuits and field effect transistors in low volume quantities. Hazardous chemicals used included methanol (67561), ammonia (7664417), silane (7803625), hydrochloric-acid (7647010), nitric-acid (7697372), hydrofluoric-acid (7664393), sulfuric-acid (7664939), chromic-acid (1333820), silicon-tetrafluoride (7783611), tellurium (13494809), and cadmium-telluride (1306258). A localized exhaust was being designed at this facility for cleaning crystal pullers. To clean the beryllium implanter saws, a dry bead blaster was employed. Chemical fume hoods were used in the production areas with 100 linear feet per minute being the minimum face velocity at 2 inches above the work surface. The minimum face velocity on the exhaust hoods for cleaning the ion implant source areas was 125 linear feet per minute. The coolant catch basin at the sawing or slicing operation for GaAs wafers was enclosed with a rubber skirting. A general summary of work practices, monitoring, and personal protective equipment was included. The author concludes that some useful control measures are employed at this facility for limiting the potential exposures.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233987,Hewitt and  Gray 1983,Some difficulties in the assessment of electric arc welding fume,"During electric arc welding of metals, particulate fume in a variety of chemical compositions and physical forms is produced with consequent complex solution chemistry. Mechanisms of fume formation include condensation of vaporized metals to produce submicron diameter chains, and spatter of larger particles with subsequent oxidation to yield mixed metal oxide fumes in the respirable range. Complete dissolution of certain constituent metals such as chromium, can be achieved by fusion with potassium hydrogen sulphate. Extraction of hexavalent chromium by sodium carbonate/hydroxide solution is efficient and rapid, while some other extractants give erroneous results. Investigations show that constituent metals are released from the fume at different rates both in vitro and in vivo. The implications arising from the complex nature of welding fume for industrial hygiene assessment are discussed.","Some difficulties in the assessment of electric arc welding fume Abs: During electric arc welding of metals, particulate fume in a variety of chemical compositions and physical forms is produced with consequent complex solution chemistry. Mechanisms of fume formation include condensation of vaporized metals to produce submicron diameter chains, and spatter of larger particles with subsequent oxidation to yield mixed metal oxide fumes in the respirable range. Complete dissolution of certain constituent metals such as chromium, can be achieved by fusion with potassium hydrogen sulphate. Extraction of hexavalent chromium by sodium carbonate/hydroxide solution is efficient and rapid, while some other extractants give erroneous results. Investigations show that constituent metals are released from the fume at different rates both in vitro and in vivo. The implications arising from the complex nature of welding fume for industrial hygiene assessment are discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509892,Ouyang et al. 2012,Flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of chromium(VI),"We report here the fabrication of a flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a highly sensitive platform for ultratrace Cr(VI) detection. Two AuNP layers are used in the current approach, in which the first is electroplated on the GCE surface as anchors for binding to an overcoated thiol sol-gel film derived from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS). The second AuNP layer is then self-assembled on the surface of the sol-gel film, forming flower-like gold nanoelectrodes enlarging the electrode surface. When functionalized by a thiol pyridinium, the fabricated electrode displays a well-defined peak for selective Cr(VI) reduction with an unusually large, linear concentration range of 10-1200 ng L(-1) and a low detection limit of 2.9 ng L(-1). In comparison to previous approaches using MPTS and AuNPs on Au electrodes, the current work expands the use of AuNPs to the GCE. Subsequent functionalization of the secondary AuNPs by a thiol pyridinium and adsorption/preconcentration of Cr(VI) lead to the unusually large detection range and high sensitivity. The stepwise preparation of the electrode has been characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and IR. The newly designed electrode exhibits good stability, and has been successfully employed to measure chromium in a pre-treated blood sample. The method demonstrates acceptable fabrication reproducibility and accuracy.","Flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of chromium(VI) Abs: We report here the fabrication of a flower-like self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a highly sensitive platform for ultratrace Cr(VI) detection. Two AuNP layers are used in the current approach, in which the first is electroplated on the GCE surface as anchors for binding to an overcoated thiol sol-gel film derived from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS). The second AuNP layer is then self-assembled on the surface of the sol-gel film, forming flower-like gold nanoelectrodes enlarging the electrode surface. When functionalized by a thiol pyridinium, the fabricated electrode displays a well-defined peak for selective Cr(VI) reduction with an unusually large, linear concentration range of 10-1200 ng L(-1) and a low detection limit of 2.9 ng L(-1). In comparison to previous approaches using MPTS and AuNPs on Au electrodes, the current work expands the use of AuNPs to the GCE. Subsequent functionalization of the secondary AuNPs by a thiol pyridinium and adsorption/preconcentration of Cr(VI) lead to the unusually large detection range and high sensitivity. The stepwise preparation of the electrode has been characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and IR. The newly designed electrode exhibits good stability, and has been successfully employed to measure chromium in a pre-treated blood sample. The method demonstrates acceptable fabrication reproducibility and accuracy.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786290,Augustynowicz et al. 2013,Study on chromium-binding capacity of Callitriche cophocarpa in an aquatic environment,"The aim of the present study was to investigate the binding strength of chromium (Cr) ions to aquatic macrophyte Callitriche cophocarpa. Shoots of the plants were incubated in a natural water solution containing Cr(III) or Cr(VI) at a concentration ranging from 0.5 to 4 mM under laboratory conditions. We found that C. cophocarpa has an extremely high capacity to bind Cr. The average level of accumulation reached 28,385 or 7,315 mg kg(-1) dry weight for plants incubated with Cr(III) or Cr(VI), respectively. Shoots incubated in a 0.5 mM concentration of Cr(III) for 5 days removed almost 100 % of the metal from solution. The major pool of the bound Cr(III) ions follows the strongest mechanism of metal-binding to an organic matter. In contrast, we found that only 25 % of Cr(VI) ions are bound into the metallo-organic compounds and 57 % of Cr(VI) exists in an easily remobilizable form. Activity of a photosynthetic electron transport (as F V/F M) was evaluated with respect to the Cr-binding mechanism. Our results contribute to the development of knowledge on processes controlling bioremediation of heavy-metallic compounds in aquatic systems.","Study on chromium-binding capacity of Callitriche cophocarpa in an aquatic environment Abs: The aim of the present study was to investigate the binding strength of chromium (Cr) ions to aquatic macrophyte Callitriche cophocarpa. Shoots of the plants were incubated in a natural water solution containing Cr(III) or Cr(VI) at a concentration ranging from 0.5 to 4 mM under laboratory conditions. We found that C. cophocarpa has an extremely high capacity to bind Cr. The average level of accumulation reached 28,385 or 7,315 mg kg(-1) dry weight for plants incubated with Cr(III) or Cr(VI), respectively. Shoots incubated in a 0.5 mM concentration of Cr(III) for 5 days removed almost 100 % of the metal from solution. The major pool of the bound Cr(III) ions follows the strongest mechanism of metal-binding to an organic matter. In contrast, we found that only 25 % of Cr(VI) ions are bound into the metallo-organic compounds and 57 % of Cr(VI) exists in an easily remobilizable form. Activity of a photosynthetic electron transport (as F V/F M) was evaluated with respect to the Cr-binding mechanism. Our results contribute to the development of knowledge on processes controlling bioremediation of heavy-metallic compounds in aquatic systems.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234143,Brito-Júnior et al. 2009,Sealing ability of MTA used as cervical barrier in intracoronal bleaching,"The aim of this study was to compare the sealing ability of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with that of other materials used as a cervical barrier during intracoronal bleaching. Thirty eight extracted teeth were endodontically treated and 3 mm of filling was removed to receive the barrier material: G1-Coltosol; G2 - Vidrion R; G3 - White MTA; G4-No barrier (negative control) and G5- Roots totally protected with three layers of cyanoacrylate (positive control). The 30% hydrogen peroxide associated with the sodium perborate was left in the pulp chamber for 24 h. The specimens were immersed in a test tube containing a solution of potassium chromate (yellow), which turns blue in the presence ofhydrogen peroxide. Two calibrated evaluators scored according to color in the presence of the detecting solution (0 - unaltered color, 1 - light blue and 2 - dark blue). Data were analyzed by the Kruskall-Wallis test (p&lt;0.05). The results showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental group G3 and positive control (G5). No statistically significant difference was observed between G1 and G3. However a statistical difference was verified between G2 and G3. MTA presented higher sealing ability than Vidrion R and did not differ from the positive control. However there was no difference between MTA and Coltosol.","Sealing ability of MTA used as cervical barrier in intracoronal bleaching Abs: The aim of this study was to compare the sealing ability of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with that of other materials used as a cervical barrier during intracoronal bleaching. Thirty eight extracted teeth were endodontically treated and 3 mm of filling was removed to receive the barrier material: G1-Coltosol; G2 - Vidrion R; G3 - White MTA; G4-No barrier (negative control) and G5- Roots totally protected with three layers of cyanoacrylate (positive control). The 30% hydrogen peroxide associated with the sodium perborate was left in the pulp chamber for 24 h. The specimens were immersed in a test tube containing a solution of potassium chromate (yellow), which turns blue in the presence ofhydrogen peroxide. Two calibrated evaluators scored according to color in the presence of the detecting solution (0 - unaltered color, 1 - light blue and 2 - dark blue). Data were analyzed by the Kruskall-Wallis test (p&lt;0.05). The results showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental group G3 and positive control (G5). No statistically significant difference was observed between G1 and G3. However a statistical difference was verified between G2 and G3. MTA presented higher sealing ability than Vidrion R and did not differ from the positive control. However there was no difference between MTA and Coltosol.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
50067,Manzo et al. 1992,Metabolic studies as a basis for the interpretation of metal toxicity,"The use of metabolic patterns as a basis for the interpretation of toxic effects of metal compounds was reviewed. Most metals were transformed in mammalian tissues by reduction/oxidation, conjugation, or alkylation/dealkylation processes. It occurred in liver and other organs as well as in the gut lumen in which case intestinal microflora were involved. Studies with mercurials showed that marked metabolic differences existed between organic (alkyl, aryl, and alkoxyalkyl) and inorganic compounds. The lower toxicity of the last two types was due to their rapid conversion to inorganic mercury (7439976) which was mediated by a cytosolic enzyme in the liver. The reduction of hexavalent chromium (7440473) to the trivalent form by both rat liver preparations and human erythrocyte lysate through the microsomal system was discussed. The involvement of cytochrome-P450 dependent monoxygenases in the conversion of tin (7440315) and lead (7439921) compounds was addressed. The biotransformation of arsenic (7440382) was strikingly different between species. The metabolism of inorganic and certain organic selenium (7782492) compounds in mammals was based on common pathways. Theoretically, the biotransformation of metal could alter toxicity or kinetics, or both. Conjugation with glutathione could activate or reduce carcinogenic potential. Examples of pollutant metals, their metabolism and associated toxic effects included the demethylation of methyl-mercury (22967926) and neurotoxicity, the immunotoxicity of tributyltin (688733) and its neurotoxic effects, the limited biochemical reduction of pentavalent vanadium (7440622) to the tetravalent form, and the unreduced vanadate causing toxicity, and the reduction of pentavalent arsenic to the trivalent carcinogenic form. The authors conclude that a better knowledge of metal biotransformation can lead to significant advances in interpreting toxicological changes.","Metabolic studies as a basis for the interpretation of metal toxicity Abs: The use of metabolic patterns as a basis for the interpretation of toxic effects of metal compounds was reviewed. Most metals were transformed in mammalian tissues by reduction/oxidation, conjugation, or alkylation/dealkylation processes. It occurred in liver and other organs as well as in the gut lumen in which case intestinal microflora were involved. Studies with mercurials showed that marked metabolic differences existed between organic (alkyl, aryl, and alkoxyalkyl) and inorganic compounds. The lower toxicity of the last two types was due to their rapid conversion to inorganic mercury (7439976) which was mediated by a cytosolic enzyme in the liver. The reduction of hexavalent chromium (7440473) to the trivalent form by both rat liver preparations and human erythrocyte lysate through the microsomal system was discussed. The involvement of cytochrome-P450 dependent monoxygenases in the conversion of tin (7440315) and lead (7439921) compounds was addressed. The biotransformation of arsenic (7440382) was strikingly different between species. The metabolism of inorganic and certain organic selenium (7782492) compounds in mammals was based on common pathways. Theoretically, the biotransformation of metal could alter toxicity or kinetics, or both. Conjugation with glutathione could activate or reduce carcinogenic potential. Examples of pollutant metals, their metabolism and associated toxic effects included the demethylation of methyl-mercury (22967926) and neurotoxicity, the immunotoxicity of tributyltin (688733) and its neurotoxic effects, the limited biochemical reduction of pentavalent vanadium (7440622) to the tetravalent form, and the unreduced vanadate causing toxicity, and the reduction of pentavalent arsenic to the trivalent carcinogenic form. The authors conclude that a better knowledge of metal biotransformation can lead to significant advances in interpreting toxicological changes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
360849,Krishnani et al. 2009,Metal ions binding onto lignocellulosic biosorbent,"This paper describes the use of a lignocellulosic biosorbent for the adsorption and ion exchange of nine different heavy metals ions. Batch isothermal equilibrium and continuous column adsorption experiments were carried out in an effort to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity, pH dependence and to study the mechanism of removal of metal ions onto the biosorbent. Bio-sorption data were interpreted using Langmuir isotherm which reflect the influence of metal concentration on the uptake of the metal ion. Potentiometric titrations were used to determine the contents of total functional groups. The biosorbent showed the strongest affinity for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. The metal ions such as Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ seemed to be exclusively involved in ion-exchange mechanism with Ca2+ ions. The column adsorption experiment of multiple metals revealed the role of another cation in effective removal of Pb2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+. The biosorbent has been found to be a good electron donor for the reduction of Cr(VI) in an acidic medium.","Metal ions binding onto lignocellulosic biosorbent Abs: This paper describes the use of a lignocellulosic biosorbent for the adsorption and ion exchange of nine different heavy metals ions. Batch isothermal equilibrium and continuous column adsorption experiments were carried out in an effort to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity, pH dependence and to study the mechanism of removal of metal ions onto the biosorbent. Bio-sorption data were interpreted using Langmuir isotherm which reflect the influence of metal concentration on the uptake of the metal ion. Potentiometric titrations were used to determine the contents of total functional groups. The biosorbent showed the strongest affinity for Pb2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. The metal ions such as Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ seemed to be exclusively involved in ion-exchange mechanism with Ca2+ ions. The column adsorption experiment of multiple metals revealed the role of another cation in effective removal of Pb2+, Hg2+ and Zn2+. The biosorbent has been found to be a good electron donor for the reduction of Cr(VI) in an acidic medium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
631033,Teschke et al. 1997,Surveillance of nasal and bladder cancer to locate sources of exposure to occupational carcinogens,"OBJECTIVE: To locate sources of occupational exposure to nasal and bladder carcinogens for surveillance follow up in British Columbia, Canada. METHODS: Incident cases of nasal cancer (n = 48), bladder cancer (n = 105), and population based controls (n = 159) matched for sex and age, were interviewed about their jobs, exposures, and smoking histories. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for 57 occupational groups with stratified exact methods to control for age, sex, and smoking. RESULTS: Occupational groups at increased risk of nasal cancer included: textile workers (six cases, OR 7.6); miners, drillers, and blasters (six cases, OR 3.5); welders (two cases, OR 3.5); pulp and paper workers (three cases, OR 3.1); and plumbers and pipefitters (two cases, OR 3.0). Nasal cancer ORs were not increased in occupations exposed to wood dust, possibly due to low exposures in local wood industries. Strongly increased risks of bladder cancer were found for sheet metal workers (four cases, OR 5.3), miners (19 cases, OR 4.5), gardeners (six cases, OR 3.7), and hairdressers (three cases, OR 3.2). Among occupations originally considered at risk, the following had increased risks of bladder cancer: painters (four cases, OR 2.8); laundry workers (five cases, OR 2.3); chemical and petroleum workers (15 cases, OR 1.8); machinists (eight cases, OR 1.6); and textile workers (three cases, OR 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational groups with increased risks and three or more cases with similar duties were selected for surveillance follow up. For nasal cancer, these included textile workers (five were garment makers) and pulp and paper workers (three performed maintenance tasks likely to entail stainless steel welding). For bladder cancer, these included miners (12 worked underground), machinists (five worked in traditional machining), hairdressers (three had applied hair dyes), and laundry workers (three were drycleaners)","Surveillance of nasal and bladder cancer to locate sources of exposure to occupational carcinogens Abs: OBJECTIVE: To locate sources of occupational exposure to nasal and bladder carcinogens for surveillance follow up in British Columbia, Canada. METHODS: Incident cases of nasal cancer (n = 48), bladder cancer (n = 105), and population based controls (n = 159) matched for sex and age, were interviewed about their jobs, exposures, and smoking histories. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for 57 occupational groups with stratified exact methods to control for age, sex, and smoking. RESULTS: Occupational groups at increased risk of nasal cancer included: textile workers (six cases, OR 7.6); miners, drillers, and blasters (six cases, OR 3.5); welders (two cases, OR 3.5); pulp and paper workers (three cases, OR 3.1); and plumbers and pipefitters (two cases, OR 3.0). Nasal cancer ORs were not increased in occupations exposed to wood dust, possibly due to low exposures in local wood industries. Strongly increased risks of bladder cancer were found for sheet metal workers (four cases, OR 5.3), miners (19 cases, OR 4.5), gardeners (six cases, OR 3.7), and hairdressers (three cases, OR 3.2). Among occupations originally considered at risk, the following had increased risks of bladder cancer: painters (four cases, OR 2.8); laundry workers (five cases, OR 2.3); chemical and petroleum workers (15 cases, OR 1.8); machinists (eight cases, OR 1.6); and textile workers (three cases, OR 1.5). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational groups with increased risks and three or more cases with similar duties were selected for surveillance follow up. For nasal cancer, these included textile workers (five were garment makers) and pulp and paper workers (three performed maintenance tasks likely to entail stainless steel welding). For bladder cancer, these included miners (12 worked underground), machinists (five worked in traditional machining), hairdressers (three had applied hair dyes), and laundry workers (three were drycleaners)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578079,Schmitt et al. 2005,Assessment of Cyto- and Genotoxic Effects of a Variety of Chemicals UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiae,,Assessment of Cyto- and Genotoxic Effects of a Variety of Chemicals UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiae Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225006,López-García et al. 2013,Experimental evidences for a new model in the description of the adsorption-coupled reduction of Cr(VI) by protonated banana skin,"This work reports experimental evidences, not previously considered, to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal by protonated banana skin biomass. Variations in the number of hydroxyl groups, quantified by potentiometric titrations, and CO2 evolution during experiments, were attributed mainly to the oxidation of hydroxylic entities present in the studied material. The results indicate that these groups together with the carboxylic moieties are the main functionalities involved on the adsorption-coupled reduction process. The column experiment carried out provides a new approach to obtain the maximum reduction capacity of the material (3.72 mmol g(-1)). Moreover, we hereby propose a model that reports the first evidence for the instant bound of Cr(III) species to the material used, formed after the reduction of Cr(VI) present in solution. The removal process was quantified carrying out experiments under various pHs, biomass doses and Cr(VI) concentrations, and the mechanism underlying chromium removal was identified.","Experimental evidences for a new model in the description of the adsorption-coupled reduction of Cr(VI) by protonated banana skin Abs: This work reports experimental evidences, not previously considered, to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal by protonated banana skin biomass. Variations in the number of hydroxyl groups, quantified by potentiometric titrations, and CO2 evolution during experiments, were attributed mainly to the oxidation of hydroxylic entities present in the studied material. The results indicate that these groups together with the carboxylic moieties are the main functionalities involved on the adsorption-coupled reduction process. The column experiment carried out provides a new approach to obtain the maximum reduction capacity of the material (3.72 mmol g(-1)). Moreover, we hereby propose a model that reports the first evidence for the instant bound of Cr(III) species to the material used, formed after the reduction of Cr(VI) present in solution. The removal process was quantified carrying out experiments under various pHs, biomass doses and Cr(VI) concentrations, and the mechanism underlying chromium removal was identified.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233590,Liu et al. 2010,Entrapment of nanoscale zero-valent iron in chitosan beads for hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater,Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was successfully entrapped in chitosan (CS) beads for reduction of Cr (VI) from wastewater. The removal mechanism may include both physical adsorption of Cr (VI) on the surface or inside of CS-NZVI beads and subsequent reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). The free amino groups and hydroxyl groups on CS may contribute little to hinder the formation of Fe(III)-Cr(III) precipitate. Entrapment of NZVI in CS beads prevents the particles from aggregation and oxidation. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the reaction rates of bare NZVI and entrapped NZVI. Cr (VI) reduction kinetics follows a pseudo-first-order rate expression. The reduction capacity for Cr (VI) increases with increasing temperature and NZVI dosage but decreases with the increase in initial concentration of Cr (VI) and pH values. This study demonstrates that entrapment of NZVI in CS beads has the potential to become a promising technique for in situ groundwater remediation.,Entrapment of nanoscale zero-valent iron in chitosan beads for hexavalent chromium removal from wastewater Abs: Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was successfully entrapped in chitosan (CS) beads for reduction of Cr (VI) from wastewater. The removal mechanism may include both physical adsorption of Cr (VI) on the surface or inside of CS-NZVI beads and subsequent reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). The free amino groups and hydroxyl groups on CS may contribute little to hinder the formation of Fe(III)-Cr(III) precipitate. Entrapment of NZVI in CS beads prevents the particles from aggregation and oxidation. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the reaction rates of bare NZVI and entrapped NZVI. Cr (VI) reduction kinetics follows a pseudo-first-order rate expression. The reduction capacity for Cr (VI) increases with increasing temperature and NZVI dosage but decreases with the increase in initial concentration of Cr (VI) and pH values. This study demonstrates that entrapment of NZVI in CS beads has the potential to become a promising technique for in situ groundwater remediation.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516501,Sweet et al. 1999,Xenobiotic-induced apoptosis: Significance and potential application as a general biomarker of response,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The process of apoptosis, often coined programmed cell death, involves cell injury induced by a variety of stimuli including xenobiotics and is morphologically, biochemically, and physiologically distinct from necrosis. Apoptotic death is characterized by cellular changes such as cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and plasma membrane asymmetry. This form of cell suicide is appealing as a general biomarker of response in that it is expressed in multiple cell systems (e.g. immune, neuron ormation on xenobiotic stress. Studies reviewed here suggest that apoptosis is a sensitive and earlyindicator of acute and chronic chemical stress, loss of cellular function and structure, and organismal health. Examples are provided of the application of this methodology in studies of health of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the Laurentian Great Lakes.","Xenobiotic-induced apoptosis: Significance and potential application as a general biomarker of response Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The process of apoptosis, often coined programmed cell death, involves cell injury induced by a variety of stimuli including xenobiotics and is morphologically, biochemically, and physiologically distinct from necrosis. Apoptotic death is characterized by cellular changes such as cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and plasma membrane asymmetry. This form of cell suicide is appealing as a general biomarker of response in that it is expressed in multiple cell systems (e.g. immune, neuron ormation on xenobiotic stress. Studies reviewed here suggest that apoptosis is a sensitive and earlyindicator of acute and chronic chemical stress, loss of cellular function and structure, and organismal health. Examples are provided of the application of this methodology in studies of health of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the Laurentian Great Lakes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786344,Holt et al. 2013,Heat-treated polyacrylonitrile nanofibers: A new material for efficient photo-assisted reduction of Cr(VI),,Heat-treated polyacrylonitrile nanofibers: A new material for efficient photo-assisted reduction of Cr(VI) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225555,Zhao et al. 2013,Enhanced photo-reduction and removal of Cr(VI) on reduced graphene oxide decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles,"Reduced graphene oxide decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-RGO) was synthesized and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photo-reduction and removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution using the material were investigated under visible light irradiation. Compared to pure TiO2, the TiO2-RGO exhibited an improved photocatalytic performance in the reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation, with a maximum removal of 86.5% vs 54.2% due to the increased light absorption intensity and wavelength range as well as the reduction in electron-hole pair recombination in TiO2 with the addition of RGO. The adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) decreased with increasing pH, due to the decrease in the electrostatic attraction between anionic Cr(VI) and TiO2-RGO and the decrease in the thermodynamic driving force of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III).","Enhanced photo-reduction and removal of Cr(VI) on reduced graphene oxide decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles Abs: Reduced graphene oxide decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-RGO) was synthesized and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photo-reduction and removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution using the material were investigated under visible light irradiation. Compared to pure TiO2, the TiO2-RGO exhibited an improved photocatalytic performance in the reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation, with a maximum removal of 86.5% vs 54.2% due to the increased light absorption intensity and wavelength range as well as the reduction in electron-hole pair recombination in TiO2 with the addition of RGO. The adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) decreased with increasing pH, due to the decrease in the electrostatic attraction between anionic Cr(VI) and TiO2-RGO and the decrease in the thermodynamic driving force of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786269,Wang et al. 2013,Efficient photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) over flower-like SnIn4S8 microspheres under visible light illumination,"Photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) was successfully achieved on nanostructured SnIn(4)S(8). The SnIn(4)S(8) particles with flower-like nanostructure were synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) indicated that the SnIn(4)S(8) particles had strong absorption in visible region and the band gap was estimated to be from 2.27 to 2.35 eV. The photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) by flower-like SnIn(4)S(8) was evaluated under visible light (?&gt;400 nm) irradiation. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) assisted SnIn(4)S(8) sample exhibits excellent removal efficiency of Cr(VI) (~97%) and good photocatalytic stability. The predominant photocatalytic activity is due to its large surface area, strong absorption in visible-light region and excellent charge separation characteristics.","Efficient photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) over flower-like SnIn4S8 microspheres under visible light illumination Abs: Photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) was successfully achieved on nanostructured SnIn(4)S(8). The SnIn(4)S(8) particles with flower-like nanostructure were synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) indicated that the SnIn(4)S(8) particles had strong absorption in visible region and the band gap was estimated to be from 2.27 to 2.35 eV. The photocatalytic reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) by flower-like SnIn(4)S(8) was evaluated under visible light (?&gt;400 nm) irradiation. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) assisted SnIn(4)S(8) sample exhibits excellent removal efficiency of Cr(VI) (~97%) and good photocatalytic stability. The predominant photocatalytic activity is due to its large surface area, strong absorption in visible-light region and excellent charge separation characteristics.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510552,Dias da Silva et al. 2011,Evaluation of the chromium bioavailability in tanned leather shavings using the SM&T sequential extractions scheme,,Evaluation of the chromium bioavailability in tanned leather shavings using the SM&T sequential extractions scheme Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
656795,Harrison et al. 2004,What is responsible for the carcinogenicity of PM2.5?,"Aims: To test whether exposure to known chemical carcinogens in the atmosphere is capable of explaining the association between concentrations of PM2.5 and lung cancer mortality observed in the extended ACS Cohort Study.(1) Methods: Taking account of possible cancer latency periods, lung cancer rates due to exposure to As, Cr(VI), Ni, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated based on a review of historic measurements from the United States and the use of unit risk factors. The predicted rates were compared with rates of cancer attributable to PM2.5 derived from data in the ACS study.(1) Results: Despite many uncertainties, the lung cancer rates predicted due to exposure to US urban concentrations of the carcinogenic substances arsenic, nickel, chromium, and PAHs measured in 1960 and earlier ( and hence allowing for a latency period) were within the range predicted on the basis of the ACS Cohort Study due to exposure of PM2.5. There are, however, many caveats, most particularly that for the chemical carcinogens to be responsible for the effects attributed to PM2.5 by Pope and colleagues,(1) the concentrations of chemical carcinogens at the time of relevant exposures would need to be correlated with the concentrations of PM2.5 in US urban areas measured between 1979 and 2000 and used in the ACS study. Conclusions: While many uncertainties remain, it appears plausible that known chemical carcinogens are responsible for the lung cancers attributed to PM2.5 exposure in the extended ACS Cohort Study. However, the possibility should not be ruled out that particulate matter is capable of causing lung cancer independent of the presence of known carcinogens.","What is responsible for the carcinogenicity of PM2.5? Abs: Aims: To test whether exposure to known chemical carcinogens in the atmosphere is capable of explaining the association between concentrations of PM2.5 and lung cancer mortality observed in the extended ACS Cohort Study.(1) Methods: Taking account of possible cancer latency periods, lung cancer rates due to exposure to As, Cr(VI), Ni, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated based on a review of historic measurements from the United States and the use of unit risk factors. The predicted rates were compared with rates of cancer attributable to PM2.5 derived from data in the ACS study.(1) Results: Despite many uncertainties, the lung cancer rates predicted due to exposure to US urban concentrations of the carcinogenic substances arsenic, nickel, chromium, and PAHs measured in 1960 and earlier ( and hence allowing for a latency period) were within the range predicted on the basis of the ACS Cohort Study due to exposure of PM2.5. There are, however, many caveats, most particularly that for the chemical carcinogens to be responsible for the effects attributed to PM2.5 by Pope and colleagues,(1) the concentrations of chemical carcinogens at the time of relevant exposures would need to be correlated with the concentrations of PM2.5 in US urban areas measured between 1979 and 2000 and used in the ACS study. Conclusions: While many uncertainties remain, it appears plausible that known chemical carcinogens are responsible for the lung cancers attributed to PM2.5 exposure in the extended ACS Cohort Study. However, the possibility should not be ruled out that particulate matter is capable of causing lung cancer independent of the presence of known carcinogens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509738,Yoshimura and  Ohashi 1978,Ion-exchanger colorimetry-II microdetermination of chromium in natural waters,"Ion-exchanger colorimetry for chromium(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide has been developed for the determination of chromium at mug/l. concentrations in natural water samples. About 90% of the chromium(VI) in a 1-litre sample solution is concentrated in 200-400 mesh Dowex 50W-X4 resin within half an hour. It is possible to obtain higher sensitivity by employing a larger amount of sample solution. Total chromium can be determined by oxidizing chromium(III) to chromium(VI) with ceric sulphate.","Ion-exchanger colorimetry-II microdetermination of chromium in natural waters Abs: Ion-exchanger colorimetry for chromium(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide has been developed for the determination of chromium at mug/l. concentrations in natural water samples. About 90% of the chromium(VI) in a 1-litre sample solution is concentrated in 200-400 mesh Dowex 50W-X4 resin within half an hour. It is possible to obtain higher sensitivity by employing a larger amount of sample solution. Total chromium can be determined by oxidizing chromium(III) to chromium(VI) with ceric sulphate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235209,Dubey et al. 1970,The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces,"Coccidian oocysts resembling those of Isospora bigemina were excreted by cats fed Toxoplasma. In order to identify these oocysts with Toxoplasma infectivity a number of critical comparisons were made. The appearance of oocysts and Toxoplasma infectivity was simultaneous in the feces of 23 of 24 adult cats, 3-5 days after feeding of Toxoplasma cysts; in the feces of 4 out of 9 cats, 7-10 days after feeding of trophozoites; and in 8 out of 17 cats, 20-24 days after feeding of cat feces containing oocysts. Oocysts and infectivity were present in similar numbers, and they disappeared simultaneously from the feces of cats. Oocysts and infectivity were also observed simultaneously in the feces of 9 kittens, 1-2 days old, fed Toxoplasma cysts. Oocysts could not be separated from infectivity by filtration, by continuous particle electrophoresis, or by density gradient centrifugation. Excystation of oocysts was followed by an increase in titer of Toxoplasma infectivity. Unsporulated oocysts in fresh cat feces were noninfectious to mice, but oocyst sporulation was associated quantitatively with the development of infectivity at different temperatures and conditions of oxygenation. Maximum oocyst sporulation at 48 hr correlated with the development of maximum Toxoplasma infectivity. 1 and 2% sulfuric acid, and 2.5% potassium dichromate were found to be the best preservatives for sporulation of oocysts and for the development of Toxoplasma infectivity. Low sporulation rates in 0.1% formalin, 20% ethanol, and in water were associated with low infectivity in these reagents. Neither Toxoplasma infectivity nor oocysts developed in 0.3% formalin, 1% ammonium hydroxide, or 1% iodine in 20% ethanol. Oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites were stained specifically with Toxoplasma antibody in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Typical coccidian stages, schizonts, and male and female gametocytes were found in the epithelium of the small intestine of kittens fed Toxoplasma cysts. The classification of T. gondii is discussed in relation to that of other isosporan coccidia of cats and dogs. The term &quot;Toxoplasma oocyst&quot; is introduced and Toxoplasma is classified in the family Toxoplasmidae of the suborder Eimeriina. The species Isospora bigemina is restricted to dogs, and I. cati to cats. I. felis and so-called I. rivolta from cats were noninfectious to dogs, and did not confer immunity to subsequent infection with I. canis and I. rivolta from dogs.","The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces Abs: Coccidian oocysts resembling those of Isospora bigemina were excreted by cats fed Toxoplasma. In order to identify these oocysts with Toxoplasma infectivity a number of critical comparisons were made. The appearance of oocysts and Toxoplasma infectivity was simultaneous in the feces of 23 of 24 adult cats, 3-5 days after feeding of Toxoplasma cysts; in the feces of 4 out of 9 cats, 7-10 days after feeding of trophozoites; and in 8 out of 17 cats, 20-24 days after feeding of cat feces containing oocysts. Oocysts and infectivity were present in similar numbers, and they disappeared simultaneously from the feces of cats. Oocysts and infectivity were also observed simultaneously in the feces of 9 kittens, 1-2 days old, fed Toxoplasma cysts. Oocysts could not be separated from infectivity by filtration, by continuous particle electrophoresis, or by density gradient centrifugation. Excystation of oocysts was followed by an increase in titer of Toxoplasma infectivity. Unsporulated oocysts in fresh cat feces were noninfectious to mice, but oocyst sporulation was associated quantitatively with the development of infectivity at different temperatures and conditions of oxygenation. Maximum oocyst sporulation at 48 hr correlated with the development of maximum Toxoplasma infectivity. 1 and 2% sulfuric acid, and 2.5% potassium dichromate were found to be the best preservatives for sporulation of oocysts and for the development of Toxoplasma infectivity. Low sporulation rates in 0.1% formalin, 20% ethanol, and in water were associated with low infectivity in these reagents. Neither Toxoplasma infectivity nor oocysts developed in 0.3% formalin, 1% ammonium hydroxide, or 1% iodine in 20% ethanol. Oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites were stained specifically with Toxoplasma antibody in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Typical coccidian stages, schizonts, and male and female gametocytes were found in the epithelium of the small intestine of kittens fed Toxoplasma cysts. The classification of T. gondii is discussed in relation to that of other isosporan coccidia of cats and dogs. The term &quot;Toxoplasma oocyst&quot; is introduced and Toxoplasma is classified in the family Toxoplasmidae of the suborder Eimeriina. The species Isospora bigemina is restricted to dogs, and I. cati to cats. I. felis and so-called I. rivolta from cats were noninfectious to dogs, and did not confer immunity to subsequent infection with I. canis and I. rivolta from dogs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1088967,Dennis et al. 1997,"The effects of welding parameters on ultra-violet light emissions, ozone and CrVI formation in MIG welding","This paper describes the relationships between ultra-violet emission, ozone generation and CrVI production in MIG welding which were measured as a function of shield gas flow rate, welding voltage, electrode stick-out and shield gas composition using an automatic welding rig that permitted MIG welding under reproducible conditions. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the physico-chemical processes occurring in the micro- and macro-environments of the arc as part of research into process modification to reduce occupational exposure to ozone and CrVI production rates in MIG welding. We believe the techniques described here, and in particular the use of what we have termed u.v.-ozone measurements, will prove useful in further study of ozone generation and CrVI formation and may be applied in the investigation of engineering control of occupational exposure in MIG and other welding process such as Manual Metal Arc (MMA) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).","The effects of welding parameters on ultra-violet light emissions, ozone and CrVI formation in MIG welding Abs: This paper describes the relationships between ultra-violet emission, ozone generation and CrVI production in MIG welding which were measured as a function of shield gas flow rate, welding voltage, electrode stick-out and shield gas composition using an automatic welding rig that permitted MIG welding under reproducible conditions. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the physico-chemical processes occurring in the micro- and macro-environments of the arc as part of research into process modification to reduce occupational exposure to ozone and CrVI production rates in MIG welding. We believe the techniques described here, and in particular the use of what we have termed u.v.-ozone measurements, will prove useful in further study of ozone generation and CrVI formation and may be applied in the investigation of engineering control of occupational exposure in MIG and other welding process such as Manual Metal Arc (MMA) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516106,Manju and  Anirudhan 1997,Use of coconut fibre pith-based pseudo-activated carbon for chromium (VI) removal,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ability of coconut fibre pith carbon to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption was studied. The extent of removal was found to be dependent on sorbent dose, initial concentration, pH and temperature. The adsorption follows a second order kinetics. An empirical relationship has been suggested to predict the percentage Cr(VI) removal at any time for known values of sorbent dose and initial sorbate concentration under observed test conditions. Studies on the diverse ions reveal that the sorption of Cr(VI) is practically unaffected by the presence of diverse ions. The adsorption process is exothermic with a maximum adsorption of 99.2 percent at 30êC for an initial concentration of 50 mgL-1 at pH 2.0. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Desorption studies revealed that the spent adsorbent can be regenerated and reused by alkali treatment.","Use of coconut fibre pith-based pseudo-activated carbon for chromium (VI) removal Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ability of coconut fibre pith carbon to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by adsorption was studied. The extent of removal was found to be dependent on sorbent dose, initial concentration, pH and temperature. The adsorption follows a second order kinetics. An empirical relationship has been suggested to predict the percentage Cr(VI) removal at any time for known values of sorbent dose and initial sorbate concentration under observed test conditions. Studies on the diverse ions reveal that the sorption of Cr(VI) is practically unaffected by the presence of diverse ions. The adsorption process is exothermic with a maximum adsorption of 99.2 percent at 30êC for an initial concentration of 50 mgL-1 at pH 2.0. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. Desorption studies revealed that the spent adsorbent can be regenerated and reused by alkali treatment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
41891,Nettesheim et al. 1970,Effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants on the respiratory tracts of mice: Histopathological findings,"The effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants was studied in mice. C57BL/6-mice were exposed to filtered air, chromium-trioxide (1333820) (CT) dust, or artificial smog for 5.5 hours per day, 5 days per week, for up to 160 weeks. Some animals were irradiated with 100 roentgens of whole body X-radiation or were infected with an influenza virus 4 or 2 weeks prior to exposure, respectively. The artificial smog consisted of a mixture of straight run unleaded gasoline and oxygen and ozone, the maximum concentrations being 24 to 30 and 1 part per million, respectively. All animals were necropsied and their lungs were examined for histopathological changes. The mean survival time was 102.4 weeks and was not significantly affected by the type of exposure. Males had a slightly higher incidence of tumors than females. Irradiation with X-rays increased the incidence of lung tumors in females but not in males. Chronic exposure to artificial smog increased the lung tumor incidence in both sexes. Infection with influenza virus reduced lung tumor incidence. Exposure to CT dust had no effect on lung tumor incidence. All lung tumors were adenomas or adenocarcinomas. No additive or potentiating effects were observed. Nonneoplastic changes included epithelial hyperplasia and disorganization at the bronchiolar/alveolar junctions caused by the artificial smog and goblet cell metaplasia in the small airways after introduction of virus infection. Infection with the virus increased the retention of CT. X-radiation did not cause any detectable cellular changes.","Effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants on the respiratory tracts of mice: Histopathological findings Abs: The effect of chronic exposure to air pollutants was studied in mice. C57BL/6-mice were exposed to filtered air, chromium-trioxide (1333820) (CT) dust, or artificial smog for 5.5 hours per day, 5 days per week, for up to 160 weeks. Some animals were irradiated with 100 roentgens of whole body X-radiation or were infected with an influenza virus 4 or 2 weeks prior to exposure, respectively. The artificial smog consisted of a mixture of straight run unleaded gasoline and oxygen and ozone, the maximum concentrations being 24 to 30 and 1 part per million, respectively. All animals were necropsied and their lungs were examined for histopathological changes. The mean survival time was 102.4 weeks and was not significantly affected by the type of exposure. Males had a slightly higher incidence of tumors than females. Irradiation with X-rays increased the incidence of lung tumors in females but not in males. Chronic exposure to artificial smog increased the lung tumor incidence in both sexes. Infection with influenza virus reduced lung tumor incidence. Exposure to CT dust had no effect on lung tumor incidence. All lung tumors were adenomas or adenocarcinomas. No additive or potentiating effects were observed. Nonneoplastic changes included epithelial hyperplasia and disorganization at the bronchiolar/alveolar junctions caused by the artificial smog and goblet cell metaplasia in the small airways after introduction of virus infection. Infection with the virus increased the retention of CT. X-radiation did not cause any detectable cellular changes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234837,Syversen and  Jenssen 1987,High hydrostatic pressure potentiation of the toxic effects of chromate in cell culture,"Development of hyperbaric welding has created the need for new occupational health standards. We have used cell cultures to investigate effects of high pressure chromate on the toxicity of the welding-fume component, chromate. The results indicate that pressure caused rounding-up of cells and changes in F-actin filaments, and that these effects were related to the extent of high pressure and independent of exposure duration. When exposing the Flow 5000 cells to chromate (1-5 microM) the amount of disrupted F-actin fibers was found to depend on the concentration applied and the duration of exposure. The amount of cell-associated chromate was the same for 1 h exposure at 1 and 150 bar. The fraction of rounded cells after exposure to 1 microM chromate and 100 bar for 18 h was higher than would be expected if the effects were purely additive.","High hydrostatic pressure potentiation of the toxic effects of chromate in cell culture Abs: Development of hyperbaric welding has created the need for new occupational health standards. We have used cell cultures to investigate effects of high pressure chromate on the toxicity of the welding-fume component, chromate. The results indicate that pressure caused rounding-up of cells and changes in F-actin filaments, and that these effects were related to the extent of high pressure and independent of exposure duration. When exposing the Flow 5000 cells to chromate (1-5 microM) the amount of disrupted F-actin fibers was found to depend on the concentration applied and the duration of exposure. The amount of cell-associated chromate was the same for 1 h exposure at 1 and 150 bar. The fraction of rounded cells after exposure to 1 microM chromate and 100 bar for 18 h was higher than would be expected if the effects were purely additive.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231577,Kong and  Ni 2009,Determination of Cr(VI) concentration in diluted samples based on the paper test strip method,"At present, there are many methods for Cr(VI) concentration determination in diluted samples, however, these methods have their own inherent drawbacks, such as long response time, complicated pretreatment, expensive equipment etc. In this paper, a paper-based test strip method specific for determination of diluted Cr(VI) samples was developed. In this method, Aliquat 336, as an anion exchanger was loaded into filter paper to form a test strip. This test strip was used to pre-concentrate Cr(VI) when contacting with the diluted Cr(VI)-containing solution. The Cr(VI)-containing test strip was then immersed into a diphenylcarbazide (DPC) solution (a color forming solution), and the color intensity was correlated to the Cr(VI) concentration. The detection range of the present method was found to be 0.02-1.50 mg/L. The results also showed that the method gave a high selectivity for Cr(VI) in the diluted samples to be tested. The method was applied to synthesized samples and the results, which were compared to those from a reference method, showed that the developed method is an effective, reliable way for Cr(VI) determination in diluted samples.","Determination of Cr(VI) concentration in diluted samples based on the paper test strip method Abs: At present, there are many methods for Cr(VI) concentration determination in diluted samples, however, these methods have their own inherent drawbacks, such as long response time, complicated pretreatment, expensive equipment etc. In this paper, a paper-based test strip method specific for determination of diluted Cr(VI) samples was developed. In this method, Aliquat 336, as an anion exchanger was loaded into filter paper to form a test strip. This test strip was used to pre-concentrate Cr(VI) when contacting with the diluted Cr(VI)-containing solution. The Cr(VI)-containing test strip was then immersed into a diphenylcarbazide (DPC) solution (a color forming solution), and the color intensity was correlated to the Cr(VI) concentration. The detection range of the present method was found to be 0.02-1.50 mg/L. The results also showed that the method gave a high selectivity for Cr(VI) in the diluted samples to be tested. The method was applied to synthesized samples and the results, which were compared to those from a reference method, showed that the developed method is an effective, reliable way for Cr(VI) determination in diluted samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231458,Panda et al. 2011,Removal of hexavalent chromium by biosorption process in rotating packed bed,"Removal of hexavalent chromium ions from an aqueous solution by crude tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell was examined in a rotating packed bed contactor by continuously recirculating a given volume of solution through the bed. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) within the biosorbent appeared to be the removal mechanism. Depletion rate of Cr(VI) from, and release of reduced Cr(III) ions into the aqueous phase, was influenced by mass transfer resistance besides pH and packing depth. A mathematical model considering the reduction reaction to be irreversible and incorporating intraparticle and external phase mass transfer resistances represented the experimental data adequately. The study indicated that the limitations of fixed bed contactor operating under terrestrial gravity in intensifying mass transfer rates for this system can be overcome with rotating packed bed due to liquid flow under centrifugal acceleration.","Removal of hexavalent chromium by biosorption process in rotating packed bed Abs: Removal of hexavalent chromium ions from an aqueous solution by crude tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit shell was examined in a rotating packed bed contactor by continuously recirculating a given volume of solution through the bed. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) within the biosorbent appeared to be the removal mechanism. Depletion rate of Cr(VI) from, and release of reduced Cr(III) ions into the aqueous phase, was influenced by mass transfer resistance besides pH and packing depth. A mathematical model considering the reduction reaction to be irreversible and incorporating intraparticle and external phase mass transfer resistances represented the experimental data adequately. The study indicated that the limitations of fixed bed contactor operating under terrestrial gravity in intensifying mass transfer rates for this system can be overcome with rotating packed bed due to liquid flow under centrifugal acceleration.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232078,Wei et al. 2002,Thermal stabilization of chromium(VI) in kaolin,"Reduction of Cr(VI) by heating may be a useful detoxification mechanism for thermal immobilization. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the change of speciation of chromium in 105 degrees C dried 3.7% Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin further heated at 500, 900, or 1100 degrees C was studied. The 105 degrees C dried 3.7% Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin sample was prepared by mixing 1.5 L of 0.257 M CrO3 solution (pH 0.71) with 0.5 kg of kaolin powder for 48 h, and then the slurry was heated (dried) at 105 degrees C until a constant weight was reached. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure method was used to determine the percentage of leached chromium from all heated samples. In all 500-900 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin samples, Cr2O3 transformed from the hydrated Cr(VI) by a 4-h heat application was identified by the X-ray absorption near edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy as the key species that is leaching-resistant due to its low solubility. For the 1100 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin sample, the Fourier transform of its EXAFS spectrum indicates that the intensity of the peaks at 2.45 (Cr-Cr shell of Cr2O3) and 5.00 A (Cr-Cr and Cr-O shells of Cr2O3) without phase shift correction is either relatively smaller or disappearing, compared with that of the 500-900 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin samples. It is suggested that chromium octahedra were bridged to silica tetrahedra and incorporated in minerals formed at 1100 degrees C, such as mullite or sillimanite, since these phases were detected by XRD. Cr of this form is not easily leached.","Thermal stabilization of chromium(VI) in kaolin Abs: Reduction of Cr(VI) by heating may be a useful detoxification mechanism for thermal immobilization. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the change of speciation of chromium in 105 degrees C dried 3.7% Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin further heated at 500, 900, or 1100 degrees C was studied. The 105 degrees C dried 3.7% Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin sample was prepared by mixing 1.5 L of 0.257 M CrO3 solution (pH 0.71) with 0.5 kg of kaolin powder for 48 h, and then the slurry was heated (dried) at 105 degrees C until a constant weight was reached. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure method was used to determine the percentage of leached chromium from all heated samples. In all 500-900 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin samples, Cr2O3 transformed from the hydrated Cr(VI) by a 4-h heat application was identified by the X-ray absorption near edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy as the key species that is leaching-resistant due to its low solubility. For the 1100 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin sample, the Fourier transform of its EXAFS spectrum indicates that the intensity of the peaks at 2.45 (Cr-Cr shell of Cr2O3) and 5.00 A (Cr-Cr and Cr-O shells of Cr2O3) without phase shift correction is either relatively smaller or disappearing, compared with that of the 500-900 degrees C heated Cr(VI)-sorbed kaolin samples. It is suggested that chromium octahedra were bridged to silica tetrahedra and incorporated in minerals formed at 1100 degrees C, such as mullite or sillimanite, since these phases were detected by XRD. Cr of this form is not easily leached.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516425,Shen et al. 1996,Microbial reduction of Cr(VI) during anaerobic degradation of benzoate,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A series of microcosms and enrichments were conducted to evaluate the potential for microbially mediated Cr(VI) reduction linked to benzoate catabolism. Bacterial degradation of benzoate with the transport of electrons to Cr(VI) was achieved using nitrate or molecular oxygen as an initial stimulator. After depletion of nitrate or oxygen, microcosms and enrichments still retained the capacity for benzoate degradation linked to Cr(VI) reduction. Experiments demonstrated that benzoate degradation occurred concurrently with the reduction of Cr(VI) and was strongly dependent on the presence of Cr(VI). Benzoate degradation proceeded as long as Cr(VI) was present, ceased when Cr(VI) was completely removed, and continued once Cr(VI) was added. Furthermore, the observed benzoate removal, linearly correlated with Cr(VI) consumed, and the stoichiometric ratio were in good agreement to the theoretical ratio for the complete oxidation of benzoate to carbon dioxide coupled to the red","Microbial reduction of Cr(VI) during anaerobic degradation of benzoate Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A series of microcosms and enrichments were conducted to evaluate the potential for microbially mediated Cr(VI) reduction linked to benzoate catabolism. Bacterial degradation of benzoate with the transport of electrons to Cr(VI) was achieved using nitrate or molecular oxygen as an initial stimulator. After depletion of nitrate or oxygen, microcosms and enrichments still retained the capacity for benzoate degradation linked to Cr(VI) reduction. Experiments demonstrated that benzoate degradation occurred concurrently with the reduction of Cr(VI) and was strongly dependent on the presence of Cr(VI). Benzoate degradation proceeded as long as Cr(VI) was present, ceased when Cr(VI) was completely removed, and continued once Cr(VI) was added. Furthermore, the observed benzoate removal, linearly correlated with Cr(VI) consumed, and the stoichiometric ratio were in good agreement to the theoretical ratio for the complete oxidation of benzoate to carbon dioxide coupled to the red",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786370,Mirov et al. 2013,Frontiers of mid-infrared lasers based on transition metal doped II–VI semiconductors,,Frontiers of mid-infrared lasers based on transition metal doped II–VI semiconductors Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231576,Mu et al. 2010,On the photocatalytic properties of elongated TiO2 nanoparticles for phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction,"Elongated TiO(2) nanoparticles with high aspect ratio have specific advantages in separation processes. In this study, TiO(2) nanofiber was prepared via a hydrothermal reaction, and TiO(2) nanoparticles with varied structural properties were obtained using hydrothermal and calcination post-treatments. Photocatalytic phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction over these catalysts was investigated. Results showed that hydrothermally prepared TiO(2) nanofiber consisted of titanate with high aspect ratio. Calcining the as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber at 400 and 600 degrees C led to the crystalline phase transformation from titanate to TiO(2)-B and to the presence of mixed crystalline phases composed of TiO(2)-B and anatase. In contrast, hydrothermal post-treatment results in the generation of pure anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles. For photocatalytic phenol degradation, calcining the as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber resulted in an enhanced catalytic activity, whereas TiO(2) nanoparticles obtained by calcination post-treatment showed lower catalytic activities for photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction compared to as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber. TiO(2) nanofiber modified using the hydrothermal post-treatment, however, exhibited the highest catalytic activity among TiO(2) nanoparticles examined for both photocatalytic phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, TiO(2) nanoparticles obtained by hydrothermal post-treatment showed the best sedimentation efficiency, highlighting its prominent potential as a readily separable and recoverable photocatalyst.","On the photocatalytic properties of elongated TiO2 nanoparticles for phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction Abs: Elongated TiO(2) nanoparticles with high aspect ratio have specific advantages in separation processes. In this study, TiO(2) nanofiber was prepared via a hydrothermal reaction, and TiO(2) nanoparticles with varied structural properties were obtained using hydrothermal and calcination post-treatments. Photocatalytic phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction over these catalysts was investigated. Results showed that hydrothermally prepared TiO(2) nanofiber consisted of titanate with high aspect ratio. Calcining the as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber at 400 and 600 degrees C led to the crystalline phase transformation from titanate to TiO(2)-B and to the presence of mixed crystalline phases composed of TiO(2)-B and anatase. In contrast, hydrothermal post-treatment results in the generation of pure anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles. For photocatalytic phenol degradation, calcining the as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber resulted in an enhanced catalytic activity, whereas TiO(2) nanoparticles obtained by calcination post-treatment showed lower catalytic activities for photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction compared to as-prepared TiO(2) nanofiber. TiO(2) nanofiber modified using the hydrothermal post-treatment, however, exhibited the highest catalytic activity among TiO(2) nanoparticles examined for both photocatalytic phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, TiO(2) nanoparticles obtained by hydrothermal post-treatment showed the best sedimentation efficiency, highlighting its prominent potential as a readily separable and recoverable photocatalyst.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577767,Pamukoglu and  Kargi 2008,Biological Treatment of Cu(II) Containing Synthetic Wastewater in an Activated Sludge Unit: Copper(II) Ion Toxicity,,Biological Treatment of Cu(II) Containing Synthetic Wastewater in an Activated Sludge Unit: Copper(II) Ion Toxicity Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231520,Piñón-Castillo et al. 2010,Hexavalent chromium reduction by bacterial consortia and pure strains from an alkaline industrial effluent,"<strong>AIMS: </strong>To characterize the bacterial consortia and isolates selected for their role in hexavalent chromium removal by adsorption and reduction.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>Bacterial consortia from industrial wastes revealed significant Cr(VI) removal after 15 days when incubated in medium M9 at pH 6·5 and 8·0. The results suggested chromium reduction. The bacterial consortia diversity (T-RFLP based on 16S rRNA gene) indicated a highest number of operational taxonomic units in an alkaline carbonate medium mimicking in situ conditions. However, incubations under such conditions revealed low Cr(VI) removal. Genomic libraries were obtained for the consortia exhibiting optimal Cr(VI) removal (M9 medium at pH 6·5 and 8·0). They revealed the dominance of 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the genera Pseudomonas/Stenotrophomonas or Enterobacter/Halomonas, respectively. Isolates related to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were efficient in Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption to the biomass.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Cr(VI) reduction was better at neutral pH rather than under in situ conditions (alkaline pH with carbonate). Isolated strains exhibited significant capacity for Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: </strong>Bacterial communities from chromium-contaminated industrial wastes as well as isolates were able to remove Cr(VI). The results suggest a good potential for bioremediation of industrial wastes when optimal conditions are applied.","Hexavalent chromium reduction by bacterial consortia and pure strains from an alkaline industrial effluent Abs: <strong>AIMS: </strong>To characterize the bacterial consortia and isolates selected for their role in hexavalent chromium removal by adsorption and reduction.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>Bacterial consortia from industrial wastes revealed significant Cr(VI) removal after 15 days when incubated in medium M9 at pH 6·5 and 8·0. The results suggested chromium reduction. The bacterial consortia diversity (T-RFLP based on 16S rRNA gene) indicated a highest number of operational taxonomic units in an alkaline carbonate medium mimicking in situ conditions. However, incubations under such conditions revealed low Cr(VI) removal. Genomic libraries were obtained for the consortia exhibiting optimal Cr(VI) removal (M9 medium at pH 6·5 and 8·0). They revealed the dominance of 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the genera Pseudomonas/Stenotrophomonas or Enterobacter/Halomonas, respectively. Isolates related to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Enterobacter aerogenes were efficient in Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption to the biomass.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Cr(VI) reduction was better at neutral pH rather than under in situ conditions (alkaline pH with carbonate). Isolated strains exhibited significant capacity for Cr(VI) reduction and adsorption.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: </strong>Bacterial communities from chromium-contaminated industrial wastes as well as isolates were able to remove Cr(VI). The results suggest a good potential for bioremediation of industrial wastes when optimal conditions are applied.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225295,Mukherjee et al. 2013,Selection of Promoter and Mice liar Catalyst for Chromic Acid oxidation of Tartaric Acid in Aqueous Medium at Room Temperature,,Selection of Promoter and Mice liar Catalyst for Chromic Acid oxidation of Tartaric Acid in Aqueous Medium at Room Temperature Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231064,Travis and  Berkowitz 1980,Characterization of Soybean Plasma Membrane during Development: FREE STEROL COMPOSITION AND CONCANAVALIN A BINDING STUDIES,"PLASMA MEMBRANE PREPARATIONS FROM SOYBEAN ROOT AND HYPOCOTYL CONTAINED THE FOLLOWING FREE STEROLS: cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol. The cholesterol level was relatively low in root plasma membrane (less than 0.5%) but was 1.4 to 2.4% in hypocotyl membrane. The relative levels of the three other sterols fluctuated with cellular development and tissue source. Campesterol level decreased with the development of both root and hypocotyl membrane. With development, stigmasterol increased greatly in root membrane but remained constant in hypocotyl membrane, and sitosterol, the major free sterol component of all membrane preparations, decreased in root membrane but increased slightly in hypocotyl membrane.Electron microscope studies indicated that all root plasma membrane preparations were equivalent in terms of relative purity. Hypocotyl membrane preparations contained significantly greater levels of contaminating membrane components.Root plasma membrane fractions were between 70 and 80% pure as determined by staining with the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid procedure (PACP). Staining was most definitive for vesicles present in complete cross-section. Electron micrographs showed that vesicles treated with concanavalin A (Con A)-ferritin were extensively labeled at the outer surface indicating the presence of mannosyl and/or glucosyl residues at the vesicle surface. Densities of ferritin were highest on vesicles present in oblique section. PACP and Con A-ferritin were thus complementary with respect to topological specificity.The percentage of Con A-ferritin-labeled and/or PACP-stained vesicles in plasma membrane root preparations was greater than 80%. Con A did not bind in purified tonoplast preparations, and binding was reduced in regions of low PACP reactivity in a root membrane fraction containing a lowered proportion of plasma membrane. Con A specificity for the plasma membrane in subcellular membrane preparations is discussed.","Characterization of Soybean Plasma Membrane during Development: FREE STEROL COMPOSITION AND CONCANAVALIN A BINDING STUDIES Abs: PLASMA MEMBRANE PREPARATIONS FROM SOYBEAN ROOT AND HYPOCOTYL CONTAINED THE FOLLOWING FREE STEROLS: cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol. The cholesterol level was relatively low in root plasma membrane (less than 0.5%) but was 1.4 to 2.4% in hypocotyl membrane. The relative levels of the three other sterols fluctuated with cellular development and tissue source. Campesterol level decreased with the development of both root and hypocotyl membrane. With development, stigmasterol increased greatly in root membrane but remained constant in hypocotyl membrane, and sitosterol, the major free sterol component of all membrane preparations, decreased in root membrane but increased slightly in hypocotyl membrane.Electron microscope studies indicated that all root plasma membrane preparations were equivalent in terms of relative purity. Hypocotyl membrane preparations contained significantly greater levels of contaminating membrane components.Root plasma membrane fractions were between 70 and 80% pure as determined by staining with the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid procedure (PACP). Staining was most definitive for vesicles present in complete cross-section. Electron micrographs showed that vesicles treated with concanavalin A (Con A)-ferritin were extensively labeled at the outer surface indicating the presence of mannosyl and/or glucosyl residues at the vesicle surface. Densities of ferritin were highest on vesicles present in oblique section. PACP and Con A-ferritin were thus complementary with respect to topological specificity.The percentage of Con A-ferritin-labeled and/or PACP-stained vesicles in plasma membrane root preparations was greater than 80%. Con A did not bind in purified tonoplast preparations, and binding was reduced in regions of low PACP reactivity in a root membrane fraction containing a lowered proportion of plasma membrane. Con A specificity for the plasma membrane in subcellular membrane preparations is discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
613155,Manhas et al. 2008,Oxidative degradation of non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-100) by chromium(VI),"Abstract: Degradation of polyoxyethylene chain of non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-100) by chromium(VI) has been studied spectrophotometrically under different experimental conditions. The reaction rate bears a first-order dependence on the [Cr(VI)] under pseudo-first-order conditions, [TritonX-100]Ã¢â€°Â«[Cr(VI)] in presence of 1.16moldm<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™3</sup> perchloric acid. The observed rate constant (k obs) was 3.3Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 3.5Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup> and the half-life (t 1/2) was 33Ã¢â‚¬â€œ35min for chromium(VI). The effects of total [TritonX-100] and [H<sup>+</sup>] on the reaction rate were determined. Reducing nature of non-ionic TritonX-100 surfactant is found to be due to the presence of Ã¢â‚¬â€œOH group in the polyoxyethylene chain. It was observed that monomeric and non-ionic micelles of TritonX-100 were oxidized by chromium(VI). When [TritonX-100] was less than its critical micelle concentration (cmc) the k obs values increased from 0.76Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 1.5Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup>. As the [TritonX-100] was greater than the cmc, the k obs values increases from 2.1Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 8.2Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup> in presence of constant [HClO4] (1.16moldm<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™3</sup>) at 40Ã‚Â°C. A comparison was made of the oxidative degradation rates of TritonX-100 with different metal ion oxidants. The order of the effectiveness of different oxidants was as follows: permanganate>diperiodatoargentate(III)>chromium(VI)>cerium(IV). [Copyright 2008 Elsevier] Copyright of Colloids & Surfaces A: Phys. Eng. Asp. is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)","Oxidative degradation of non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-100) by chromium(VI) Abs: Abstract: Degradation of polyoxyethylene chain of non-ionic surfactant (TritonX-100) by chromium(VI) has been studied spectrophotometrically under different experimental conditions. The reaction rate bears a first-order dependence on the [Cr(VI)] under pseudo-first-order conditions, [TritonX-100]Ã¢â€°Â«[Cr(VI)] in presence of 1.16moldm<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™3</sup> perchloric acid. The observed rate constant (k obs) was 3.3Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 3.5Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup> and the half-life (t 1/2) was 33Ã¢â‚¬â€œ35min for chromium(VI). The effects of total [TritonX-100] and [H<sup>+</sup>] on the reaction rate were determined. Reducing nature of non-ionic TritonX-100 surfactant is found to be due to the presence of Ã¢â‚¬â€œOH group in the polyoxyethylene chain. It was observed that monomeric and non-ionic micelles of TritonX-100 were oxidized by chromium(VI). When [TritonX-100] was less than its critical micelle concentration (cmc) the k obs values increased from 0.76Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 1.5Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup>. As the [TritonX-100] was greater than the cmc, the k obs values increases from 2.1Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> to 8.2Ãƒâ€”10<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™4</sup> s<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™1</sup> in presence of constant [HClO4] (1.16moldm<sup>Ã¢Ë†â€™3</sup>) at 40Ã‚Â°C. A comparison was made of the oxidative degradation rates of TritonX-100 with different metal ion oxidants. The order of the effectiveness of different oxidants was as follows: permanganate>diperiodatoargentate(III)>chromium(VI)>cerium(IV). [Copyright 2008 Elsevier] Copyright of Colloids & Surfaces A: Phys. Eng. Asp. is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509604,Benyehuda et al. 2003,Metal resistance among aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria from the deep terrestrial subsurface,"The metal resistance of 350 subsurface bacterial strains from two U.S. Department of Energy facilities, the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, and the Hanford site, Washington, was determined to assess the effect of metal toxicity on microorganisms in the deep terrestrial subsurface. Resistance was measured by growth inhibition around discs containing optimized amounts of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI). A broad range of resistance levels was observed, with some strains of Arthrobacter spp. demonstrating exceptional tolerance. A higher level of resistance to Hg(II) and Pb(II) (P &lt; 0.05) and a higher occurrence of multiple resistances suggested that metals more effectively influenced microbial evolution in subsurface sediments of the SRS than in those of the Hanford site. Common resistance to heavy metals suggests that toxic metals are unlikely to inhibit bioremediation in deep subsurface environments that are contaminated with mixed wastes.","Metal resistance among aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria from the deep terrestrial subsurface Abs: The metal resistance of 350 subsurface bacterial strains from two U.S. Department of Energy facilities, the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, and the Hanford site, Washington, was determined to assess the effect of metal toxicity on microorganisms in the deep terrestrial subsurface. Resistance was measured by growth inhibition around discs containing optimized amounts of Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI). A broad range of resistance levels was observed, with some strains of Arthrobacter spp. demonstrating exceptional tolerance. A higher level of resistance to Hg(II) and Pb(II) (P &lt; 0.05) and a higher occurrence of multiple resistances suggested that metals more effectively influenced microbial evolution in subsurface sediments of the SRS than in those of the Hanford site. Common resistance to heavy metals suggests that toxic metals are unlikely to inhibit bioremediation in deep subsurface environments that are contaminated with mixed wastes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1574075,Cao et al. 2012,[Biosorption of chromium (VI) by waste biomass of epsilon-poly-L-lysine fermentation],"The sorption of hexavalent chromium by waste biomass of epsilon-Poly-L-lysine fermentation strains (Streptomyces albulus) PD-1 was studied. Effects of pretreatment ways, pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), contact time and temperature on biosorption were determined. It was found that homogenization in HCl was the best way to pretreat mycelia, having an increased rate of Cr(VI) biosorption at 22.7%, the optimum pH was about 2.0, while no significant impact of temperature on the biosorption was observed. The fitness of the experimental data for the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models was further examined and good correlations with R2 of 0.979 4 and 0.979 8 were observed, indicating the presence of both monolayer biosorption and heterogeneous surface condition. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Streptomyces albulus PD-1 for Cr(VI) was 23.92 mg x g(-1). FT-IR analysis demonstrates that the major functional groups (amide and hydroxyl) may contribute to the absorption of Cr(VI).","[Biosorption of chromium (VI) by waste biomass of epsilon-poly-L-lysine fermentation] Abs: The sorption of hexavalent chromium by waste biomass of epsilon-Poly-L-lysine fermentation strains (Streptomyces albulus) PD-1 was studied. Effects of pretreatment ways, pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), contact time and temperature on biosorption were determined. It was found that homogenization in HCl was the best way to pretreat mycelia, having an increased rate of Cr(VI) biosorption at 22.7%, the optimum pH was about 2.0, while no significant impact of temperature on the biosorption was observed. The fitness of the experimental data for the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models was further examined and good correlations with R2 of 0.979 4 and 0.979 8 were observed, indicating the presence of both monolayer biosorption and heterogeneous surface condition. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Streptomyces albulus PD-1 for Cr(VI) was 23.92 mg x g(-1). FT-IR analysis demonstrates that the major functional groups (amide and hydroxyl) may contribute to the absorption of Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234238,Anderson et al. 2007,Incomplete oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in chemical oxygen demand analysis,"Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was found to incompletely oxidize in chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, leading to incorrect COD values for water samples containing relatively large amounts of EDTA. The degree of oxidation depended on the oxidant used, its concentration, and the length of digestion. The COD concentrations measured using COD vials with a potassium dichromate concentration of 0.10 N (after dilution by sample and sulfuric acid) were near theoretical oxygen demand values. However, COD measured with dichromate concentrations of 0.010 N and 0.0022 N were 30 to 40% lower than theoretical oxygen demand values. Similarly, lower COD values were observed with manganic sulfate as oxidant at 0.011 N. Extended digestion yielded somewhat higher COD values, suggesting incomplete and slower oxidation of EDTA, as a result of lower oxidant concentrations. For wastewater in which EDTA is a large fraction of COD, accurate COD measurement may not be achieved with methods using dichromate concentrations less than 0.1 N.","Incomplete oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in chemical oxygen demand analysis Abs: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was found to incompletely oxidize in chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, leading to incorrect COD values for water samples containing relatively large amounts of EDTA. The degree of oxidation depended on the oxidant used, its concentration, and the length of digestion. The COD concentrations measured using COD vials with a potassium dichromate concentration of 0.10 N (after dilution by sample and sulfuric acid) were near theoretical oxygen demand values. However, COD measured with dichromate concentrations of 0.010 N and 0.0022 N were 30 to 40% lower than theoretical oxygen demand values. Similarly, lower COD values were observed with manganic sulfate as oxidant at 0.011 N. Extended digestion yielded somewhat higher COD values, suggesting incomplete and slower oxidation of EDTA, as a result of lower oxidant concentrations. For wastewater in which EDTA is a large fraction of COD, accurate COD measurement may not be achieved with methods using dichromate concentrations less than 0.1 N.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231949,Park et al. 2004,Reduction of hexavalent chromium with the brown seaweed Ecklonia biomass,"A new type of biomass, protonated brown seaweed Ecklonia sp., was used for the removal of Cr(VI). When synthetic wastewater containing Cr(VI) was placed in contact with the biomass, the Cr(VI) was completely reduced to Cr(III). The converted Cr(III) appeared in the solution phase or was partly bound to the biomass. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency was always 100% in the pH range of this study (pH 1 to approximately 5). Furthermore, the Cr(VI) reduction was independent of the Cr(III) concentration, the reaction product, suggesting that the reaction was an irreversible process under our conditions. Proton ions were consumed in the ratio of 1.15 +/- 0.02 mol of protons/mol of Cr(VI), and the rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with decreasing the pH. An optimum pH existed for the removal efficiency of total chromium (Cr(VI) plus Cr(III)), but this increased with contact time, eventually reaching approximately pH 4 when the reaction was complete. The electrons required for the Cr(VI) reduction also caused the oxidation of the organic compounds in the biomass. One gram of the biomass could reduce 4.49 +/- 0.12 mmol of Cr(VI). From a practical viewpoint, the abundant and inexpensive Ecklonia biomass could be used for the conversion of toxic Cr(VI) into less toxic or nontoxic Cr(III).","Reduction of hexavalent chromium with the brown seaweed Ecklonia biomass Abs: A new type of biomass, protonated brown seaweed Ecklonia sp., was used for the removal of Cr(VI). When synthetic wastewater containing Cr(VI) was placed in contact with the biomass, the Cr(VI) was completely reduced to Cr(III). The converted Cr(III) appeared in the solution phase or was partly bound to the biomass. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency was always 100% in the pH range of this study (pH 1 to approximately 5). Furthermore, the Cr(VI) reduction was independent of the Cr(III) concentration, the reaction product, suggesting that the reaction was an irreversible process under our conditions. Proton ions were consumed in the ratio of 1.15 +/- 0.02 mol of protons/mol of Cr(VI), and the rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with decreasing the pH. An optimum pH existed for the removal efficiency of total chromium (Cr(VI) plus Cr(III)), but this increased with contact time, eventually reaching approximately pH 4 when the reaction was complete. The electrons required for the Cr(VI) reduction also caused the oxidation of the organic compounds in the biomass. One gram of the biomass could reduce 4.49 +/- 0.12 mmol of Cr(VI). From a practical viewpoint, the abundant and inexpensive Ecklonia biomass could be used for the conversion of toxic Cr(VI) into less toxic or nontoxic Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234220,Samaratunga et al. 2008,"Extraction of chromium(VI) by salting-out with a homogeneous, mixed solvent of water and 2-propanol: a laboratory study","<strong>BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: </strong>Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: </strong>The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition.<br /><br /><strong>RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: </strong>Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples.","Extraction of chromium(VI) by salting-out with a homogeneous, mixed solvent of water and 2-propanol: a laboratory study Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: </strong>Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: </strong>The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition.<br /><br /><strong>RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: </strong>Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231673,Poopal and  Laxman 2009,Chromate reduction by PVA-alginate immobilized Streptomyces griseus in a bioreactor,"Microbial reduction of toxic Cr6+ to the less toxic Cr3+ is potentially a useful bioremediation process. Among the matrices tested for whole cell immobilization of an efficient chromate-reducing Streptomyces griseus strain, PVA-alginate was the most effective and was used for reduction of Cr(VI) in a bioreactor. Cr6+ reduction efficiency decreased as Cr6+ was increased from 2 to 12 mg l(-1) but increased with an increase in biomass concentration. However, increasing the flow rate from 2 to 8 ml h(-1) did not significantly affect Cr(6+) reduction. The reduction was faster in simulated effluent than in synthetic medium and complete removal of 8 mg Cr6+ l(-1) from effluent and synthetic medium occurred in 2 and 12 h, respectively. Our results indicate that immobilized S. griseus cells could be applied for the large-scale bioremediation of chromate-containing effluents and wastewaters.","Chromate reduction by PVA-alginate immobilized Streptomyces griseus in a bioreactor Abs: Microbial reduction of toxic Cr6+ to the less toxic Cr3+ is potentially a useful bioremediation process. Among the matrices tested for whole cell immobilization of an efficient chromate-reducing Streptomyces griseus strain, PVA-alginate was the most effective and was used for reduction of Cr(VI) in a bioreactor. Cr6+ reduction efficiency decreased as Cr6+ was increased from 2 to 12 mg l(-1) but increased with an increase in biomass concentration. However, increasing the flow rate from 2 to 8 ml h(-1) did not significantly affect Cr(6+) reduction. The reduction was faster in simulated effluent than in synthetic medium and complete removal of 8 mg Cr6+ l(-1) from effluent and synthetic medium occurred in 2 and 12 h, respectively. Our results indicate that immobilized S. griseus cells could be applied for the large-scale bioremediation of chromate-containing effluents and wastewaters.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509887,Ren et al. 2013,Synthesis of ?-Fe2O3 nanofibers for applications in removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater,"<strong>PURPOSE: </strong>Nanomaterials such as iron oxides and ferrites have been intensively investigated for water treatment and environmental remediation applications. The purpose of this work is to synthesize ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers for potential applications in removal and recovery of noxious Cr(VI) from wastewater.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The crystallographic structure and the morphology of the as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded before and after adsorption to investigate the Cr(VI) removal performance and adsorption mechanism. Langmuir and Freundlich modes were employed to analyze the adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) on the ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Very thin and porous ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers have been successfully synthesized for investigation of Cr(VI) removal capability from synthetic wastewater. Batch experiments revealed that the as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers exhibited excellent Cr(VI) removal performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 16.17 mg g(-1). Furthermore, the adsorption capacity almost kept unchanged after recycling and reusing. The Cr(VI) adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ?G°, ?H°, and ?S° at 298 K were calculated to be -26.60 kJ mol(-1), -3.32 kJ mol(-1), and 78.12 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers can be utilized as efficient low-cost nano-absorbents for removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater.","Synthesis of ?-Fe2O3 nanofibers for applications in removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater Abs: <strong>PURPOSE: </strong>Nanomaterials such as iron oxides and ferrites have been intensively investigated for water treatment and environmental remediation applications. The purpose of this work is to synthesize ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers for potential applications in removal and recovery of noxious Cr(VI) from wastewater.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The crystallographic structure and the morphology of the as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded before and after adsorption to investigate the Cr(VI) removal performance and adsorption mechanism. Langmuir and Freundlich modes were employed to analyze the adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) on the ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Very thin and porous ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers have been successfully synthesized for investigation of Cr(VI) removal capability from synthetic wastewater. Batch experiments revealed that the as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers exhibited excellent Cr(VI) removal performance with a maximum adsorption capacity of 16.17 mg g(-1). Furthermore, the adsorption capacity almost kept unchanged after recycling and reusing. The Cr(VI) adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ?G°, ?H°, and ?S° at 298 K were calculated to be -26.60 kJ mol(-1), -3.32 kJ mol(-1), and 78.12 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The as-prepared ?-Fe(2)O(3) nanofibers can be utilized as efficient low-cost nano-absorbents for removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234472,Törökné et al. 2000,Utilization of microbiotests to assess the contamination of water-bases,"In the present study 4 hazardous wastes originated from 4 different typical industrial activities (leachates of waste oil, waste stockpiles of aluminium factory, sewage of leather industry and of the chemical industry) were examined with several Toxkit microbiotests: the Algaltoxkit, the Protoxkit, the Daphtoxkit and the Thamnotoxkit. The data obtained with the microbiotests were compared to those obtained with the standard conventional acute toxicity tests. The goal of the study was to try out the reproducibility of the tests on the same samples, prepared in the same laboratory and provided to all the participants of the interlaboratory exercise. The first reproducibility evaluation of the tests was made with the reference toxicant potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The outcome was that the lowest coefficients of variation were found at the Thamnotoxkit and highest with Algaltoxkit. The same findings were observed with the industrial waste samples. Different responses were obtained depending on the preparation and the character of the waste. For example, whereas a strong (and highest) toxic effect was found with the Thamnotoxkit, the algal cells in the Algaltoxkit test grew better than in the controls, when exposed to the same waste sample. The sensitivity of the Protoxkit ciliates was the lowest for all the wastes examined. In conclusion of this study, the experience gained and data obtained indicate that the Toxkit microbiotests are suited for routine monitoring after modification of some technical aspects.","Utilization of microbiotests to assess the contamination of water-bases Abs: In the present study 4 hazardous wastes originated from 4 different typical industrial activities (leachates of waste oil, waste stockpiles of aluminium factory, sewage of leather industry and of the chemical industry) were examined with several Toxkit microbiotests: the Algaltoxkit, the Protoxkit, the Daphtoxkit and the Thamnotoxkit. The data obtained with the microbiotests were compared to those obtained with the standard conventional acute toxicity tests. The goal of the study was to try out the reproducibility of the tests on the same samples, prepared in the same laboratory and provided to all the participants of the interlaboratory exercise. The first reproducibility evaluation of the tests was made with the reference toxicant potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The outcome was that the lowest coefficients of variation were found at the Thamnotoxkit and highest with Algaltoxkit. The same findings were observed with the industrial waste samples. Different responses were obtained depending on the preparation and the character of the waste. For example, whereas a strong (and highest) toxic effect was found with the Thamnotoxkit, the algal cells in the Algaltoxkit test grew better than in the controls, when exposed to the same waste sample. The sensitivity of the Protoxkit ciliates was the lowest for all the wastes examined. In conclusion of this study, the experience gained and data obtained indicate that the Toxkit microbiotests are suited for routine monitoring after modification of some technical aspects.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510384,Dixit et al. 2002,Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) root mitochondria,,Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) root mitochondria Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510609,Gulanowski et al. 1992,IMPACT OF CHROMIUM IONS ON NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES AND NUCLEIC-ACIDS,,IMPACT OF CHROMIUM IONS ON NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES AND NUCLEIC-ACIDS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230903,Patel and  Mishra 2006,"Oxidation of cholesterol by a biomimetic oxidant, cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate","The oxidation of cholesterol by cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate (CTADC) in dichloromethane (DCM) yielded 7-dehydrocholesterol, while with addition of acetic acid in DCM the product was found to be 5-cholesten-3-one. The kinetics of oxidation of cholesterol by CTADC in DCM, in the presence of acid, was investigated with change in [acid], [cholesterol], [CTADC], [surfactant], temperature, and solvents. The reaction was found to be first order with acetic acid and fractional order with CTADC and cholesterol. Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics was observed with respect to cholesterol. The solvent isotope effect was found to be k(D2O)/k(H2O) = 0.72. The observed experimental data suggest that the reaction occurs in reversed micellar system, akin to an enzymatic environment, and the reaction path involves the intermediate formation of an ester complex, which undergoes decomposition to give the product.","Oxidation of cholesterol by a biomimetic oxidant, cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate Abs: The oxidation of cholesterol by cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate (CTADC) in dichloromethane (DCM) yielded 7-dehydrocholesterol, while with addition of acetic acid in DCM the product was found to be 5-cholesten-3-one. The kinetics of oxidation of cholesterol by CTADC in DCM, in the presence of acid, was investigated with change in [acid], [cholesterol], [CTADC], [surfactant], temperature, and solvents. The reaction was found to be first order with acetic acid and fractional order with CTADC and cholesterol. Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics was observed with respect to cholesterol. The solvent isotope effect was found to be k(D2O)/k(H2O) = 0.72. The observed experimental data suggest that the reaction occurs in reversed micellar system, akin to an enzymatic environment, and the reaction path involves the intermediate formation of an ester complex, which undergoes decomposition to give the product.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290224,Majumder et al. 2003,"Chromium(VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1","The robust induction of metallothionein-I and II (MT-I and MT-II) genes by several heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium requires the specific transcription factor metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF1). Chromium (VI), a major environmental carcinogen, not only failed to activate these genes but also inhibited their induction by Zn2+ or Cd2+. The heavy metal-induced expression of another MTF1 target gene, zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), was also down-regulated by Cr6+. By contrast, the expression of two MTF1-independent Cd2+-inducible genes, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and HSP-70, was not sensitive to Cr6+. Cr6+ did not also affect the expression of housekeeping genes such as GAPDH or beta-actin. Stable cell lines overexpressing variable levels of MTF1, the key transactivator of the MT genes, demonstrated differential resistance toward the inhibitory effect of Cr6+, indicating MTF1 as a target of chromium toxicity. The basal and inducible binding of MTF1 to metal response elements was not affected by treatment of cells with Cr6+. Transient transfection studies showed that the ability of MTF1 to transactivate the MT-I promoter was significantly compromised by Cr6+. The fusion protein consisting of a Gal-4 DNA binding domain and one or more of the three transactivation domains of MTF1, namely the acidic domain, proline-rich domain, and serine-threonine rich domain, activated the GAL-4-driven luciferase gene to different degrees, but all were sensitive to Cr6+. MTF1 null cells were prone to apoptosis after exposure to Zn2+ or Cd2+ that was augmented in presence Cr6+, whereas the onset of apoptosis was significantly delayed in cells overexpressing MTF1.","Chromium(VI) down-regulates heavy metal-induced metallothionein gene transcription by modifying transactivation potential of the key transcription factor, metal-responsive transcription factor 1 Abs: The robust induction of metallothionein-I and II (MT-I and MT-II) genes by several heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium requires the specific transcription factor metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF1). Chromium (VI), a major environmental carcinogen, not only failed to activate these genes but also inhibited their induction by Zn2+ or Cd2+. The heavy metal-induced expression of another MTF1 target gene, zinc transporter 1 (ZnT-1), was also down-regulated by Cr6+. By contrast, the expression of two MTF1-independent Cd2+-inducible genes, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and HSP-70, was not sensitive to Cr6+. Cr6+ did not also affect the expression of housekeeping genes such as GAPDH or beta-actin. Stable cell lines overexpressing variable levels of MTF1, the key transactivator of the MT genes, demonstrated differential resistance toward the inhibitory effect of Cr6+, indicating MTF1 as a target of chromium toxicity. The basal and inducible binding of MTF1 to metal response elements was not affected by treatment of cells with Cr6+. Transient transfection studies showed that the ability of MTF1 to transactivate the MT-I promoter was significantly compromised by Cr6+. The fusion protein consisting of a Gal-4 DNA binding domain and one or more of the three transactivation domains of MTF1, namely the acidic domain, proline-rich domain, and serine-threonine rich domain, activated the GAL-4-driven luciferase gene to different degrees, but all were sensitive to Cr6+. MTF1 null cells were prone to apoptosis after exposure to Zn2+ or Cd2+ that was augmented in presence Cr6+, whereas the onset of apoptosis was significantly delayed in cells overexpressing MTF1.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576594,Das et al. 2011,Hexavalent chromium and its effect on health: possible protective role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn),"Hexavalent chromium or chromium (VI) is a powerful epithelial irritant and a confirmed human carcinogen. This heavy metal is toxic to many plants, aquatic animals, and bacteria. Chromium (VI) which consists of 10%-15% total chromium usage, is principally used for metal plating (H2Cr2O7), as dyes, paint pigments, and leather tanning, etc. Industrial production of chromium (II) and (III) compounds are also available but in small amounts as compared to chromium (VI). Chromium (VI) can act as an oxidant directly on the skin surface or it can be absorbed through the skin, especially if the skin surface is damaged. The prooxidative effects of chromium (VI) inhibit antioxidant enzymes and deplete intracellular glutathione in living systems and act as hematotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic, pulmonary toxic, and nephrotoxic agents. In this review, we particularly address the hexavalent chromium-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation in humans and animals, and the possible role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) as a protective antioxidant.","Hexavalent chromium and its effect on health: possible protective role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) Abs: Hexavalent chromium or chromium (VI) is a powerful epithelial irritant and a confirmed human carcinogen. This heavy metal is toxic to many plants, aquatic animals, and bacteria. Chromium (VI) which consists of 10%-15% total chromium usage, is principally used for metal plating (H2Cr2O7), as dyes, paint pigments, and leather tanning, etc. Industrial production of chromium (II) and (III) compounds are also available but in small amounts as compared to chromium (VI). Chromium (VI) can act as an oxidant directly on the skin surface or it can be absorbed through the skin, especially if the skin surface is damaged. The prooxidative effects of chromium (VI) inhibit antioxidant enzymes and deplete intracellular glutathione in living systems and act as hematotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic, pulmonary toxic, and nephrotoxic agents. In this review, we particularly address the hexavalent chromium-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation in humans and animals, and the possible role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) as a protective antioxidant.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
898753,Wang et al. 2011,Synthesis and structure of a bismuth(III)/chromium(VI) oxo cluster containing a Bi4Cr4O12 core,"Bismuth(III) compounds containing the Kläui's oxygen tripodal ligand [CpCo{P(O)(OEt)(2)}(3)](-) (L(OEt)(-)) have been synthesized, and their interactions with dichromate in aqueous media were studied. The treatment of Bi(5)O(OH)(9)(NO(3))(4) with NaL(OEt) in water afforded [L(OEt)Bi(NO(3))(2)](2) (1), whereas that of BiCl(3) with NaL(OEt) in CH(2)Cl(2) yielded L(OEt)BiCl(2) (2). Chloride abstraction of 2 with AgX afforded [L(OEt)BiX(2)](2) [X(-) = triflate (OTf(-)) (3), tosylate (OTs(-)) (4)]. In aqueous solutions at pH &gt; 4, 4 underwent ligand redistribution to give the bis(tripod) complex [(L(OEt))(2)Bi(H(2)O)][OTs] (5). The treatment of 4 with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7) in acetone/water afforded the Bi(III)/Cr(VI) oxo cluster [(L(OEt))(4)Bi(4)(?(3)-CrO(4))(2)(?(3)-Cr(2)O(7))(2)] (6) containing a unique Bi(4)Cr(4)O(12) oxometallic core. Compound 6 oxidized benzyl alcohol to give ca. 6 equiv of benzaldehyde. The reaction between 2 and CrO(3) yielded [L(OEt)Bi(OCrO(2)Cl)](2)(?-Cl)(2) (7). The crystal structures of complexes 4-7 have been determined.","Synthesis and structure of a bismuth(III)/chromium(VI) oxo cluster containing a Bi4Cr4O12 core Abs: Bismuth(III) compounds containing the Kläui's oxygen tripodal ligand [CpCo{P(O)(OEt)(2)}(3)](-) (L(OEt)(-)) have been synthesized, and their interactions with dichromate in aqueous media were studied. The treatment of Bi(5)O(OH)(9)(NO(3))(4) with NaL(OEt) in water afforded [L(OEt)Bi(NO(3))(2)](2) (1), whereas that of BiCl(3) with NaL(OEt) in CH(2)Cl(2) yielded L(OEt)BiCl(2) (2). Chloride abstraction of 2 with AgX afforded [L(OEt)BiX(2)](2) [X(-) = triflate (OTf(-)) (3), tosylate (OTs(-)) (4)]. In aqueous solutions at pH &gt; 4, 4 underwent ligand redistribution to give the bis(tripod) complex [(L(OEt))(2)Bi(H(2)O)][OTs] (5). The treatment of 4 with Na(2)Cr(2)O(7) in acetone/water afforded the Bi(III)/Cr(VI) oxo cluster [(L(OEt))(4)Bi(4)(?(3)-CrO(4))(2)(?(3)-Cr(2)O(7))(2)] (6) containing a unique Bi(4)Cr(4)O(12) oxometallic core. Compound 6 oxidized benzyl alcohol to give ca. 6 equiv of benzaldehyde. The reaction between 2 and CrO(3) yielded [L(OEt)Bi(OCrO(2)Cl)](2)(?-Cl)(2) (7). The crystal structures of complexes 4-7 have been determined.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233763,Yazzie et al. 2003,Uranyl acetate causes DNA single strand breaks in vitro in the presence of ascorbate (vitamin C),"Uranium is a radioactive heavy metal with isotopes that decay on the geological time scale. People are exposed to uranium through uranium mining, processing, the resulting mine tailings, and the use of depleted uranium in the military. Acute exposures to uranium are chemically toxic to the kidney; however, little is known about chronic exposures, for example, if there is a direct chemical genotoxicity of uranium. The hypothesis that is being tested in the current work is that hexavalent uranium, as uranyl ion, may have a chemical genotoxicity similar to that of hexavalent chromium. In the current study, reactions of uranyl acetate (UA) and ascorbate (vitamin C) were observed to produce plasmid relaxation in pBluescript DNA. DNA strand breaks increased with increasing concentrations of a 1:1 reaction of UA and ascorbate but were not affected by increasing the ratio of ascorbate. Plasmid relaxation was inhibited by coincubation of reactions with catalase but not by coincubation with the radical scavengers mannitol, sodium azide, or 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. Reactions of UA and ascorbate monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy showed formation of a uranyl ascorbate complex, with no evidence of a dehydroascorbate product. A previous study inferred that hydroxyl radical formation was responsible for oxidative DNA damage in the presence of reactions of uranyl ion, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbate [Miller et al. (2002) J. Bioinorg. Chem. 91, 246-252]. Current results, in the absence of added hydrogen peroxide, were not completely consistent with the interpretation that strand breaks were produced by a Fenton type generation of reactive oxygen species. Data were also consistent with the interpretation that a uranyl ascorbate complex was catalyzing hydrolysis of the DNA-phosphate backbone, in a manner similar to that known for the lanthanides. These data suggest that uranium may be directly genotoxic and may, like chromium, react with DNA by more than one pathway.","Uranyl acetate causes DNA single strand breaks in vitro in the presence of ascorbate (vitamin C) Abs: Uranium is a radioactive heavy metal with isotopes that decay on the geological time scale. People are exposed to uranium through uranium mining, processing, the resulting mine tailings, and the use of depleted uranium in the military. Acute exposures to uranium are chemically toxic to the kidney; however, little is known about chronic exposures, for example, if there is a direct chemical genotoxicity of uranium. The hypothesis that is being tested in the current work is that hexavalent uranium, as uranyl ion, may have a chemical genotoxicity similar to that of hexavalent chromium. In the current study, reactions of uranyl acetate (UA) and ascorbate (vitamin C) were observed to produce plasmid relaxation in pBluescript DNA. DNA strand breaks increased with increasing concentrations of a 1:1 reaction of UA and ascorbate but were not affected by increasing the ratio of ascorbate. Plasmid relaxation was inhibited by coincubation of reactions with catalase but not by coincubation with the radical scavengers mannitol, sodium azide, or 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. Reactions of UA and ascorbate monitored by (1)H NMR spectroscopy showed formation of a uranyl ascorbate complex, with no evidence of a dehydroascorbate product. A previous study inferred that hydroxyl radical formation was responsible for oxidative DNA damage in the presence of reactions of uranyl ion, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbate [Miller et al. (2002) J. Bioinorg. Chem. 91, 246-252]. Current results, in the absence of added hydrogen peroxide, were not completely consistent with the interpretation that strand breaks were produced by a Fenton type generation of reactive oxygen species. Data were also consistent with the interpretation that a uranyl ascorbate complex was catalyzing hydrolysis of the DNA-phosphate backbone, in a manner similar to that known for the lanthanides. These data suggest that uranium may be directly genotoxic and may, like chromium, react with DNA by more than one pathway.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232011,Gaberell et al. 2003,Role of dissolved organic matter composition on the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of iron,"The photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by iron and aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated. DOM sampled from a number of surface waters (a eutrophic wetland, a blackwater stream, and river water from a mix-use watershed) was used in this study. Moreover, a fulvic acid from Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, was also used to represent a DOM derived from a strictly autochthonous source. Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) at pH 5.5 was observed for all target DOMs used in this study, but rates varied widely. In general, photoreduction rates increased with increasing iron concentrations, but the type of DOM appeared to influence the kinetics to a larger degree. The rate of reduction was significantly greater for DOM derived from terrestrial systems than from predominantly autochthonous materials even if additional iron was added to the later. A positive correlation was observed between rates of Cr(VI) photoreduction and properties of the isolated DOM samples whereby faster reduction was observed for larger more aromatic substrates. On the basis of the fast rates reported for the dark reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(II)-organic ligands, we hypothesize that the rate-limiting step in these reactions is the photoreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer pathway after absorption of light by Fe(III)-DOM complexes or by reduction of Fe(III) by superoxide or other intermediates formed after light absorption by DOM. Thus, the rate of Cr(VI) photoreduction to Cr(III) in natural sunlit waters is dependent upon both the amount of iron present and the nature of the dissolved organic matter substrate.","Role of dissolved organic matter composition on the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of iron Abs: The photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by iron and aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated. DOM sampled from a number of surface waters (a eutrophic wetland, a blackwater stream, and river water from a mix-use watershed) was used in this study. Moreover, a fulvic acid from Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, was also used to represent a DOM derived from a strictly autochthonous source. Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) at pH 5.5 was observed for all target DOMs used in this study, but rates varied widely. In general, photoreduction rates increased with increasing iron concentrations, but the type of DOM appeared to influence the kinetics to a larger degree. The rate of reduction was significantly greater for DOM derived from terrestrial systems than from predominantly autochthonous materials even if additional iron was added to the later. A positive correlation was observed between rates of Cr(VI) photoreduction and properties of the isolated DOM samples whereby faster reduction was observed for larger more aromatic substrates. On the basis of the fast rates reported for the dark reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(II)-organic ligands, we hypothesize that the rate-limiting step in these reactions is the photoreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by a ligand-to-metal charge-transfer pathway after absorption of light by Fe(III)-DOM complexes or by reduction of Fe(III) by superoxide or other intermediates formed after light absorption by DOM. Thus, the rate of Cr(VI) photoreduction to Cr(III) in natural sunlit waters is dependent upon both the amount of iron present and the nature of the dissolved organic matter substrate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576715,Son et al. 1998,The synthesis of betulinic acid from betulin and its solubilization with liposomes,,The synthesis of betulinic acid from betulin and its solubilization with liposomes Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
552905,Bonfranceschi et al. 2009,Study of the heavy metal phytoextraction capacity of two forage species growing in an hydroponic environment,"Sorghum and alfalfa are two important forage crops. We studied their capacity for accumulating heavy metals in hydroponic experiments. Cadmium, nickel (as divalent cations) and chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) were added individually to the nutrient solution in a range of concentrations from 1 to 80Â mg/l. Cr(III) was complexed with EDTA to increase its bioavailability. In alfalfa the increases in the concentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) favoured translocation of the metals to the upper parts of the plants, while with Ni(II) the level of translocated metal remained almost unchanged. In sorghum, both Cr(VI) and Ni(II) produced similar results to those in alfalfa, but increases in the concentrations of Cd(II) and Cr(III) in the solution lead to a higher accumulation of the metal at the root level. The concentrations referred to the dry biomass of alfalfa were 500Â mg/kg (aerial parts) and 1500Â mg/kg (roots) of Cr(III), simultaneously enhancing plant growth. Sorghum captured 500 and 1100Â mg/kg (in aerial parts) and 300 and 2000Â mg/kg (in roots) for Ni(II) and Cd(II) respectively, without significant damage to its biomass. The results show that alfalfa and sorghum can not only grow in the presence of high heavy metal concentration but also capture and translocate them to the aerial parts; because of these results special attention should be given to these crop plants for their possible use in phytoremediation of large contaminated areas but especially to avoid the possible introduction of the metals accumulated in aerial parts into the food chain when those plants grow in contaminated areas.","Study of the heavy metal phytoextraction capacity of two forage species growing in an hydroponic environment Abs: Sorghum and alfalfa are two important forage crops. We studied their capacity for accumulating heavy metals in hydroponic experiments. Cadmium, nickel (as divalent cations) and chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) were added individually to the nutrient solution in a range of concentrations from 1 to 80Â mg/l. Cr(III) was complexed with EDTA to increase its bioavailability. In alfalfa the increases in the concentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) favoured translocation of the metals to the upper parts of the plants, while with Ni(II) the level of translocated metal remained almost unchanged. In sorghum, both Cr(VI) and Ni(II) produced similar results to those in alfalfa, but increases in the concentrations of Cd(II) and Cr(III) in the solution lead to a higher accumulation of the metal at the root level. The concentrations referred to the dry biomass of alfalfa were 500Â mg/kg (aerial parts) and 1500Â mg/kg (roots) of Cr(III), simultaneously enhancing plant growth. Sorghum captured 500 and 1100Â mg/kg (in aerial parts) and 300 and 2000Â mg/kg (in roots) for Ni(II) and Cd(II) respectively, without significant damage to its biomass. The results show that alfalfa and sorghum can not only grow in the presence of high heavy metal concentration but also capture and translocate them to the aerial parts; because of these results special attention should be given to these crop plants for their possible use in phytoremediation of large contaminated areas but especially to avoid the possible introduction of the metals accumulated in aerial parts into the food chain when those plants grow in contaminated areas.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234599,Boscolo et al. 1995,Lymphocyte subpopulations of workers in a plant producing plastic materials (preliminary study),"Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 31 men working in a plant producing plastic materials in relation with control groups of similar age and smoking habit. 8 workers (group A) were exposed to solvents (mainly methylethylketone and dimethylformamide), 8 men (group B) to dust containing particles of calcium carbonate, polyvinylchloride, phtalates, unsaturated oils, paraffin wax, iron oxides, titanium bioxides, barium, zinc and lead and 15 men (group C), working in the same department as group B, were studied after a period of 16 months during which lead chromate was employed in the preparation of colors. The lymphocyte subpopulations were normal in group A, while in B there was a significant increase of HLA-DR + cells (monocytes, B and activated T lymphocytes). In group C, T helper/inducer lymphocytes (mainly CD4(+)-CD45RO- &quot;virgin&quot; lymphocytes), CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3-HLADR+ and CD3-CD25+ (activated B lymphocytes and monocytes) were significantly reduced without changes of serum IgM, IgG and IgA. Highly significant correlation was found between B lymphocytes (reduced in the workers about 40%) and CD4(+)-CD45R0+ &quot;memory&quot; lymphocytes (reduced about 20%). Moreover, blood lead (correlated with urinary chromium) showed a highly significant negative correlation with the B lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that combined exposure to toxic agents produces specific modifications in the lymphocyte subsets without changes in immunoglobulins and confirms the results of previous researches showing that the exposure to lead or chromate induces reduction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.","Lymphocyte subpopulations of workers in a plant producing plastic materials (preliminary study) Abs: Lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 31 men working in a plant producing plastic materials in relation with control groups of similar age and smoking habit. 8 workers (group A) were exposed to solvents (mainly methylethylketone and dimethylformamide), 8 men (group B) to dust containing particles of calcium carbonate, polyvinylchloride, phtalates, unsaturated oils, paraffin wax, iron oxides, titanium bioxides, barium, zinc and lead and 15 men (group C), working in the same department as group B, were studied after a period of 16 months during which lead chromate was employed in the preparation of colors. The lymphocyte subpopulations were normal in group A, while in B there was a significant increase of HLA-DR + cells (monocytes, B and activated T lymphocytes). In group C, T helper/inducer lymphocytes (mainly CD4(+)-CD45RO- &quot;virgin&quot; lymphocytes), CD19+ B lymphocytes, CD3-HLADR+ and CD3-CD25+ (activated B lymphocytes and monocytes) were significantly reduced without changes of serum IgM, IgG and IgA. Highly significant correlation was found between B lymphocytes (reduced in the workers about 40%) and CD4(+)-CD45R0+ &quot;memory&quot; lymphocytes (reduced about 20%). Moreover, blood lead (correlated with urinary chromium) showed a highly significant negative correlation with the B lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that combined exposure to toxic agents produces specific modifications in the lymphocyte subsets without changes in immunoglobulins and confirms the results of previous researches showing that the exposure to lead or chromate induces reduction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1239014,ANON 1985,Ammonium dichromate,"Ammonium dichromate is an explosive, sensitising, carcinogenic agent (LD[5][0] = 30mg/kg; TLV = 0.05mg/m|3|). The powder irritates and corrodes the skin, the respiratory tract, the conjunctiva of the eye and the mucous membranes. Can cause asthma. Long term exposure causes hand lesions. Can cause eczema and lung cancer. Mandatory European labelling: E, XI, R1, R8, R36, R37, R38, R43, R103, S28, S35, S101, S103.","Ammonium dichromate Abs: Ammonium dichromate is an explosive, sensitising, carcinogenic agent (LD[5][0] = 30mg/kg; TLV = 0.05mg/m|3|). The powder irritates and corrodes the skin, the respiratory tract, the conjunctiva of the eye and the mucous membranes. Can cause asthma. Long term exposure causes hand lesions. Can cause eczema and lung cancer. Mandatory European labelling: E, XI, R1, R8, R36, R37, R38, R43, R103, S28, S35, S101, S103.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1012630,Davenport and  Ball 1979,Observations on the results of specific histochemical techniques and empirical staining methods on several tissue/organ types using a variety of fixing fluids,"Several histotechniques (Harris hematoxylin and alcoholic eosin, Gomori's reticulum method, Verhoeff's elastic stain; Gomori's trichrome, Mallory's aniline blue collagen stain and the Cameron and Steele method) were each used with a number of fixatives (Lavdowsky's chromic acid, Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, neutral buffered formalin, Lavdowsky's formalinacetic acid-alcohol, Zenker's and Helley's). Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative provided superior results as compared to the other fixing fluids and its use was critical with respect to the trichrome or connective tissue staining procedures. The Cameron and Steele modification used with Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative gave the best differentiation of tissue types and was also the most reproducible.","Observations on the results of specific histochemical techniques and empirical staining methods on several tissue/organ types using a variety of fixing fluids Abs: Several histotechniques (Harris hematoxylin and alcoholic eosin, Gomori's reticulum method, Verhoeff's elastic stain; Gomori's trichrome, Mallory's aniline blue collagen stain and the Cameron and Steele method) were each used with a number of fixatives (Lavdowsky's chromic acid, Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, neutral buffered formalin, Lavdowsky's formalinacetic acid-alcohol, Zenker's and Helley's). Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative provided superior results as compared to the other fixing fluids and its use was critical with respect to the trichrome or connective tissue staining procedures. The Cameron and Steele modification used with Lavdowsky's chromic acid fixative gave the best differentiation of tissue types and was also the most reproducible.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234574,Dali and  Carstensen 1996,Effect of change in shape factor of a single crystal on its dissolution behavior,"<strong>PURPOSE: </strong>To study the effect of change in the shape factor of real crystals on their dissolution behavior using a potassium dichromate crystal as a model for particulates in general.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A model geometry (parallelepiped) has been suggested for a dissolving particle. Single crystals of potassium dichromate which are monoclinic prisms were grown individually from supersaturated solutions at 40 degrees C. Dissolution studies were carried out on five such crystals in 0.1N H2SO4 at 25 degrees C and a stirrer speed of 50 +/- 1 rpm. The five crystals had different degrees of non-isometricity. Initial dimensions of the crystals were measured using image analysis techniques. The shape factor of the dissolving crystal as a function of time was obtained indirectly from the dissolution data.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The shape factor of a single crystal changed significantly after about 50% dissolution. The nature of this change depended on the degree of non-isometricity of the crystal. The change in shape factor of the dissolving crystal was accounted for in the Hixson-Crowell cube root law, and a modified form of the cube root equation was developed. This equation for dissolution explained the observed upward curvature in the cube root law plot.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The shape factor for any non-isometric particle cannot be considered to be constant over the dissolution event, as is commonly assumed. This change has an appreciable effect on the dissolution behavior of crystals. This study is particularly of significance for elongated shapes like needles and platelets. By the methodology described here, it was possible to determine the initial shape factor of the crystal and the intrinsic dissolution rate constant.","Effect of change in shape factor of a single crystal on its dissolution behavior Abs: <strong>PURPOSE: </strong>To study the effect of change in the shape factor of real crystals on their dissolution behavior using a potassium dichromate crystal as a model for particulates in general.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A model geometry (parallelepiped) has been suggested for a dissolving particle. Single crystals of potassium dichromate which are monoclinic prisms were grown individually from supersaturated solutions at 40 degrees C. Dissolution studies were carried out on five such crystals in 0.1N H2SO4 at 25 degrees C and a stirrer speed of 50 +/- 1 rpm. The five crystals had different degrees of non-isometricity. Initial dimensions of the crystals were measured using image analysis techniques. The shape factor of the dissolving crystal as a function of time was obtained indirectly from the dissolution data.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The shape factor of a single crystal changed significantly after about 50% dissolution. The nature of this change depended on the degree of non-isometricity of the crystal. The change in shape factor of the dissolving crystal was accounted for in the Hixson-Crowell cube root law, and a modified form of the cube root equation was developed. This equation for dissolution explained the observed upward curvature in the cube root law plot.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The shape factor for any non-isometric particle cannot be considered to be constant over the dissolution event, as is commonly assumed. This change has an appreciable effect on the dissolution behavior of crystals. This study is particularly of significance for elongated shapes like needles and platelets. By the methodology described here, it was possible to determine the initial shape factor of the crystal and the intrinsic dissolution rate constant.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234453,Kiss et al. 2001,Role of environmental factors on the reproducibility of Lemna test,"Lemna minor is a species easy to collect and culture in laboratory, and can give rapid test results. However, in order to standardise toxicity tests using Lemna minor as test organism, it is important to find out what natural variability different populations might have. Five Lemna populations were used for comparison. It contained two standard cultures and three populations collected in natural habitats. Potassium dichromate was applied as test material. Lemna populations cultured under the same conditions showed different T(D) and LC50 values. There is an inverse relation between the sensitivity and T(D) of the strains. It is supposed that growth rate and sensitivity of Lemna populations depend on environmental factors characterising the habitat in which the given popluation originally lives.","Role of environmental factors on the reproducibility of Lemna test Abs: Lemna minor is a species easy to collect and culture in laboratory, and can give rapid test results. However, in order to standardise toxicity tests using Lemna minor as test organism, it is important to find out what natural variability different populations might have. Five Lemna populations were used for comparison. It contained two standard cultures and three populations collected in natural habitats. Potassium dichromate was applied as test material. Lemna populations cultured under the same conditions showed different T(D) and LC50 values. There is an inverse relation between the sensitivity and T(D) of the strains. It is supposed that growth rate and sensitivity of Lemna populations depend on environmental factors characterising the habitat in which the given popluation originally lives.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231645,Ly and  Kim 2009,Diagnostic assay of chromium (VI) in the ex vivo fluid of the urine of a smoker using a fluorine-doped handmade sensor,"A voltammetric diagnosis of a chromium (VI) ion was investigated using a fluorine-doped graphite pencil electrode. Square wave (SW) stripping working conditions were attained at a high range of 0.051-0.45 mg L(-1) and a microrange of 0.05-0.4 microg L(-1) in a 0.1 M NH(4)H(2)PO(4) electrolyte solution, at a relative standard deviation of 1.68% (RSD, n=15), using 10.0 microg L(-1) Cr(VI). A fast experimental time was used only for the 120 sec SW accumulation time. An analytical detection-limit (DL) of 0.008 microg L(-1) was attained. DL appeared to be more sensitive than common voltammetric and spectrophotometric assays. The developed sensor was applied to tap water and the urine of a smoker. It was found that the methods can be applicable for in vivo fluid or medicinal diagnosis.","Diagnostic assay of chromium (VI) in the ex vivo fluid of the urine of a smoker using a fluorine-doped handmade sensor Abs: A voltammetric diagnosis of a chromium (VI) ion was investigated using a fluorine-doped graphite pencil electrode. Square wave (SW) stripping working conditions were attained at a high range of 0.051-0.45 mg L(-1) and a microrange of 0.05-0.4 microg L(-1) in a 0.1 M NH(4)H(2)PO(4) electrolyte solution, at a relative standard deviation of 1.68% (RSD, n=15), using 10.0 microg L(-1) Cr(VI). A fast experimental time was used only for the 120 sec SW accumulation time. An analytical detection-limit (DL) of 0.008 microg L(-1) was attained. DL appeared to be more sensitive than common voltammetric and spectrophotometric assays. The developed sensor was applied to tap water and the urine of a smoker. It was found that the methods can be applicable for in vivo fluid or medicinal diagnosis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509539,Mclean et al. 1983,The effect of tin chloride on the structure and function of DNA in human white blood cells,"Tin compounds are being used increasingly in the home, in industry and in medicine. There have been relatively few studies on the long term biological effects of this metal, although acute effects have been documented. In this report we describe experiments which show that tin(II), as stannous chloride, is readily taken up by human white blood cells (WBC) and can cause damage to DNA. Damage was detected in WBC after exposure to 10-50 microM tin(II) for 30 min at either 0 degree or 37 degrees C. The amount of damage observed was more extensive than that produced by exposure of cells to equimolar amounts of chromium(VI), a known carcinogen and DNA damaging agent. Additional indication of cellular damage is that exposure of human lymphocytes or mouse splenocytes to tin(II) interfered with their ability to be stimulated by the polyvalent mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). By contrast, tin(IV) was not taken up by cells, did not cause DNA damage nor did it inhibit stimulation of DNA synthesis in cells that were exposed to Con A.","The effect of tin chloride on the structure and function of DNA in human white blood cells Abs: Tin compounds are being used increasingly in the home, in industry and in medicine. There have been relatively few studies on the long term biological effects of this metal, although acute effects have been documented. In this report we describe experiments which show that tin(II), as stannous chloride, is readily taken up by human white blood cells (WBC) and can cause damage to DNA. Damage was detected in WBC after exposure to 10-50 microM tin(II) for 30 min at either 0 degree or 37 degrees C. The amount of damage observed was more extensive than that produced by exposure of cells to equimolar amounts of chromium(VI), a known carcinogen and DNA damaging agent. Additional indication of cellular damage is that exposure of human lymphocytes or mouse splenocytes to tin(II) interfered with their ability to be stimulated by the polyvalent mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). By contrast, tin(IV) was not taken up by cells, did not cause DNA damage nor did it inhibit stimulation of DNA synthesis in cells that were exposed to Con A.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290289,Selcuk et al. 2012,Chromium picolinate and chromium histidinate protects against renal dysfunction by modulation of NF-?B pathway in high-fat diet fed and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,"<strong>UNLABELLED: </strong>ABSTRACT:<br /><br /><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Diabetic nephropathy is one of major complications of diabetes mellitus. Although chromium is an essential element for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, its effects on diabetic nephropathy are not well understood. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium histidinate (CrHis) on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway in the rat kidney.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Group I received a standard diet (8% fat) and served as a control; Group II was fed with a standard diet and received CrPic; Group III was fed with a standard diet and received CrHis; Group IV received a high fat diet (HFD, 40% fat) for 2 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (HFD/STZ); Group V was treated as group IV (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with CrPic for 12 weeks. Group VI was treated as group IV (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with CrHis.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The increased NF-?? p65 in the HFD/STZ group was inhibited by CrPic and CrHis supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). In STZ-treated rats, a significant decrease in levels of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (I?B?) was found in kidney tissues when compared to control rats (P &lt; 0.05). A significant increase in the levels of I?B? was observed in CrPic- and CrHis-treated rats when compared with STZ-treated rats. Renal Nrf2 levels were significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared with the control rats. There was a higher tendency for increase of kidney Nrf2 level and decrease in kidney NF?Bp65 levels and 4- hydroxyl nonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts (P &lt; 0.05) in diabetic rats.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our result show that in kidney tissue CrHis/CrPic increases Nrf2 level, parallelly decreases NF-?B and partially restores I?B? levels in HFD/STZ group, suggesting that CrPic and CrHis may play a role in antioxidant defense system via the Nrf2 pathway by reducing inflammation through NF-?? p65 inhibition. Moreover, a greater reduction in NF-?B expression and greater increases in expressions of I?B? and Nrf2 in diabetic rats supplemented with CrHis than rats supplemented with CrPic suggest that CrHis has more favorable effects than CrPic.","Chromium picolinate and chromium histidinate protects against renal dysfunction by modulation of NF-?B pathway in high-fat diet fed and Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Abs: <strong>UNLABELLED: </strong>ABSTRACT:<br /><br /><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Diabetic nephropathy is one of major complications of diabetes mellitus. Although chromium is an essential element for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, its effects on diabetic nephropathy are not well understood. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium histidinate (CrHis) on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) and nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway in the rat kidney.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Group I received a standard diet (8% fat) and served as a control; Group II was fed with a standard diet and received CrPic; Group III was fed with a standard diet and received CrHis; Group IV received a high fat diet (HFD, 40% fat) for 2 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) (HFD/STZ); Group V was treated as group IV (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with CrPic for 12 weeks. Group VI was treated as group IV (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with CrHis.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The increased NF-?? p65 in the HFD/STZ group was inhibited by CrPic and CrHis supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). In STZ-treated rats, a significant decrease in levels of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (I?B?) was found in kidney tissues when compared to control rats (P &lt; 0.05). A significant increase in the levels of I?B? was observed in CrPic- and CrHis-treated rats when compared with STZ-treated rats. Renal Nrf2 levels were significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared with the control rats. There was a higher tendency for increase of kidney Nrf2 level and decrease in kidney NF?Bp65 levels and 4- hydroxyl nonenal (4-HNE) protein adducts (P &lt; 0.05) in diabetic rats.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our result show that in kidney tissue CrHis/CrPic increases Nrf2 level, parallelly decreases NF-?B and partially restores I?B? levels in HFD/STZ group, suggesting that CrPic and CrHis may play a role in antioxidant defense system via the Nrf2 pathway by reducing inflammation through NF-?? p65 inhibition. Moreover, a greater reduction in NF-?B expression and greater increases in expressions of I?B? and Nrf2 in diabetic rats supplemented with CrHis than rats supplemented with CrPic suggest that CrHis has more favorable effects than CrPic.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234204,Comet et al. 2008,Preparation of explosive nanoparticles in a porous chromium(III) oxide matrix: a first attempt to control the reactivity of explosives,"This paper reports the first attempt to control the combustion and the detonation properties of a high explosive through its structure. A porous chromium(III) oxide matrix produced by the combustion of ammonium dichromate was infiltrated by hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The structure of the Cr(2)O(3) matrix was studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM); the Cr(2)O(3)/RDX nanocomposites were characterized by nitrogen adsorption. A mathematical model based on these techniques was used to demonstrate that the Cr(2)O(3) matrix encloses and stabilizes RDX particles at the nanoscale. The decomposition process of the nanocomposites was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The reactivity and sensitivity of the nanocomposites were studied by impact and friction tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time-resolved cinematography and detonation experiments, and were correlated with their structure. The size of RDX nanoparticles and their distribution in the Cr(2)O(3) matrix have an important influence on their reactivity. The reactive properties of nanostructured RDX differ significantly from those of classical micron-sized RDX. For instance, the melting point disappears and the decomposition temperature is significantly lowered. The quantization of the explosive particles in the Cr(2)O(3) matrix decreases the sensitivity to mechanical stress and allows controlling the decomposition mode-i.e. combustion versus detonation.","Preparation of explosive nanoparticles in a porous chromium(III) oxide matrix: a first attempt to control the reactivity of explosives Abs: This paper reports the first attempt to control the combustion and the detonation properties of a high explosive through its structure. A porous chromium(III) oxide matrix produced by the combustion of ammonium dichromate was infiltrated by hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The structure of the Cr(2)O(3) matrix was studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM); the Cr(2)O(3)/RDX nanocomposites were characterized by nitrogen adsorption. A mathematical model based on these techniques was used to demonstrate that the Cr(2)O(3) matrix encloses and stabilizes RDX particles at the nanoscale. The decomposition process of the nanocomposites was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The reactivity and sensitivity of the nanocomposites were studied by impact and friction tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time-resolved cinematography and detonation experiments, and were correlated with their structure. The size of RDX nanoparticles and their distribution in the Cr(2)O(3) matrix have an important influence on their reactivity. The reactive properties of nanostructured RDX differ significantly from those of classical micron-sized RDX. For instance, the melting point disappears and the decomposition temperature is significantly lowered. The quantization of the explosive particles in the Cr(2)O(3) matrix decreases the sensitivity to mechanical stress and allows controlling the decomposition mode-i.e. combustion versus detonation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231722,Panichev et al. 2008,The oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the environment by atmospheric oxygen during the bush fires,"The presence of Cr(VI) in soils and plants of remote unpolluted areas can be explained by partial oxidation of Cr(III) with atmospheric oxygen during seasonable bush fires, which are rather frequent event in South Africa. Experiments with thermal treatment of a veld grass, Hyperthelia dissoluta, in muffle furnace at high temperature, followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) determination of chromium, show a remarkable increase in Cr(VI) concentration from initial 2.5 to 23.2% after the treatment of grass ash at 500 degrees C and to 58.1% at 900 degrees C. Before ETAAS determination, the two chromium species of interest were separated by the treatment of samples with 0.1M Na2CO3. Thermodynamic calculations confirm the possibility of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) oxidation with atmospheric oxygen at high temperature in alkaline media, which is typical for vegetation ash. Analysis of field samples show that percent of Cr(VI), in respect to the total amount of chromium increased from initial 2.5% in grass to 9.3% in ash of grass. Without oxidation the percent of Cr(VI) in grass and ash of grass should be a constant value. After the fire Cr(VI) concentration in top soil (0-3 cm) increased from 0.3+/-0.05 to 1.8+/-0.5 microg g(-1) and the total Cr from 26+/-9 to 69+/-14 microg g(-1). The reason for the appearance of additional amount of Cr on top soil can be explained by condensation of chromium species from flame and shouldering ash on a soil surface. The results of studies demonstrate that Cr(VI) is formed by Cr(III) oxidation with atmospheric oxygen at high temperature during bush fires.","The oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the environment by atmospheric oxygen during the bush fires Abs: The presence of Cr(VI) in soils and plants of remote unpolluted areas can be explained by partial oxidation of Cr(III) with atmospheric oxygen during seasonable bush fires, which are rather frequent event in South Africa. Experiments with thermal treatment of a veld grass, Hyperthelia dissoluta, in muffle furnace at high temperature, followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) determination of chromium, show a remarkable increase in Cr(VI) concentration from initial 2.5 to 23.2% after the treatment of grass ash at 500 degrees C and to 58.1% at 900 degrees C. Before ETAAS determination, the two chromium species of interest were separated by the treatment of samples with 0.1M Na2CO3. Thermodynamic calculations confirm the possibility of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) oxidation with atmospheric oxygen at high temperature in alkaline media, which is typical for vegetation ash. Analysis of field samples show that percent of Cr(VI), in respect to the total amount of chromium increased from initial 2.5% in grass to 9.3% in ash of grass. Without oxidation the percent of Cr(VI) in grass and ash of grass should be a constant value. After the fire Cr(VI) concentration in top soil (0-3 cm) increased from 0.3+/-0.05 to 1.8+/-0.5 microg g(-1) and the total Cr from 26+/-9 to 69+/-14 microg g(-1). The reason for the appearance of additional amount of Cr on top soil can be explained by condensation of chromium species from flame and shouldering ash on a soil surface. The results of studies demonstrate that Cr(VI) is formed by Cr(III) oxidation with atmospheric oxygen at high temperature during bush fires.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516360,Ruz et al. 1986,Flow-Injection Configurations for Chromium Speciation with a Single Spectrophotometric Detector,"1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) was employed for the simultaneous and sequential spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) (18540299) and total chromium (7440473) using different configurations, with one or two flow cells and spectrophotometric detection with a single beam or double beam spectrophotometer, in order to establish the most effective configuration. Chromium(III) (16065831) and chromium(VI) were distinguished by using two carrier streams, one of which contained cerium(IV) to oxidize the trivalent chromium or hexavalent chromium. Using a double beam spectrophotometer and flow cells in series, the signal provided by cell 1 was related to the concentration of chromium(VI) in the sample. When a single or double beam spectrophotometer was used for detection with splitting of the injected sample, two peaks per injected sample were obtained, their exact form depending on the detector arrangement used. Optimization of the flow injection variable was studied by the univariate method in all cases. The optimum sample volume was determined to be 207 microliters. Three reactors were kept at room temperature, whereas one reactor was maintained at 42 degrees-C to favor the oxidation of chromium(III). The DPC concentration ensuring complete dissolution of the reagent was 0.17 percent (weight/volume) in 40 percent (volume/volume) ethanol. For simultaneous determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI), it was necessary to obtain three calibration graphs, two for chromium(VI) (one for each peak) and one for chromium(III). When using detection by a single beam spectrophotometer with a diverting valve, the optimum concentrations of DPC, oxidant, and sulfuric-acid were the same. Three calibration graphs were again needed. There were more interferences during determination of chromium(III) because of the inclusion of the oxidation step. In general, the most serious interferences were from sulfide and mercury(II) ion. Double beam detection gave the most reproducible results. The authors state that flow injection methodology has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and versatility. Systematic optimization of the variables results in improved sensitivity.","Flow-Injection Configurations for Chromium Speciation with a Single Spectrophotometric Detector Abs: 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) was employed for the simultaneous and sequential spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) (18540299) and total chromium (7440473) using different configurations, with one or two flow cells and spectrophotometric detection with a single beam or double beam spectrophotometer, in order to establish the most effective configuration. Chromium(III) (16065831) and chromium(VI) were distinguished by using two carrier streams, one of which contained cerium(IV) to oxidize the trivalent chromium or hexavalent chromium. Using a double beam spectrophotometer and flow cells in series, the signal provided by cell 1 was related to the concentration of chromium(VI) in the sample. When a single or double beam spectrophotometer was used for detection with splitting of the injected sample, two peaks per injected sample were obtained, their exact form depending on the detector arrangement used. Optimization of the flow injection variable was studied by the univariate method in all cases. The optimum sample volume was determined to be 207 microliters. Three reactors were kept at room temperature, whereas one reactor was maintained at 42 degrees-C to favor the oxidation of chromium(III). The DPC concentration ensuring complete dissolution of the reagent was 0.17 percent (weight/volume) in 40 percent (volume/volume) ethanol. For simultaneous determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI), it was necessary to obtain three calibration graphs, two for chromium(VI) (one for each peak) and one for chromium(III). When using detection by a single beam spectrophotometer with a diverting valve, the optimum concentrations of DPC, oxidant, and sulfuric-acid were the same. Three calibration graphs were again needed. There were more interferences during determination of chromium(III) because of the inclusion of the oxidation step. In general, the most serious interferences were from sulfide and mercury(II) ion. Double beam detection gave the most reproducible results. The authors state that flow injection methodology has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and versatility. Systematic optimization of the variables results in improved sensitivity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577499,Babu et al. 2005,Screening of leather auxiliaries for their role in toxic hexavalent chromium formation in leather - posing potential health hazards to the users,,Screening of leather auxiliaries for their role in toxic hexavalent chromium formation in leather - posing potential health hazards to the users Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225362,Wang et al. 2013,Solubility and Metastable Zone Width of Sodium Chromate Tetrahydrate,,Solubility and Metastable Zone Width of Sodium Chromate Tetrahydrate Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516419,Sharma and  Forster 1996,Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by granular activated carbon,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch absorption trials were used to assess the effectiveness of using activated carbon as a sorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from solution. The results show that, although the pH for maximum efficiency varied slightly with the concentration of Cr(VI) being applied, the most effective pH was in the range 2.5 to 3.0. Based on linear regression analysis, the data obtained from the batch studies showed a good compliance with both the Langmuir and the Freundlich equations. The values obtained for the isotherm constants showed that the maximum adsorption capacity, Xm, was 145 mg/g. An examination of the adsorption kinetics was also made and an analysis of the data shows that pore diffusion is not the only factor governing the sorption rate.","Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by granular activated carbon Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch absorption trials were used to assess the effectiveness of using activated carbon as a sorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from solution. The results show that, although the pH for maximum efficiency varied slightly with the concentration of Cr(VI) being applied, the most effective pH was in the range 2.5 to 3.0. Based on linear regression analysis, the data obtained from the batch studies showed a good compliance with both the Langmuir and the Freundlich equations. The values obtained for the isotherm constants showed that the maximum adsorption capacity, Xm, was 145 mg/g. An examination of the adsorption kinetics was also made and an analysis of the data shows that pore diffusion is not the only factor governing the sorption rate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225539,Tavallali et al. 2013,Preconcentration and speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water and soil samples by spectrometric detection via use of nanosized alumina-coated magnetite solid phase,,Preconcentration and speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water and soil samples by spectrometric detection via use of nanosized alumina-coated magnetite solid phase Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576705,Bonnin 1970,CHROMIUM AMMONIUM CHROMATE NH4CR(CRO4)2,,CHROMIUM AMMONIUM CHROMATE NH4CR(CRO4)2 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510462,Berden-Zrimec et al. 2007,Delayed fluorescence in algal growth inhibition tests,,Delayed fluorescence in algal growth inhibition tests Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577849,Zoorob et al. 1995,Evaluation of the direct injection nebulizer in the coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,,Evaluation of the direct injection nebulizer in the coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786268,Wadhawan et al. ,Biogeochemical Controls on Hexavalent Chromium Formation in Estuarine Sediments,"Predicting the aquatic and human health impacts of chromium (Cr) necessitates one to determine its speciation as either relatively nontoxic Cr(III) or toxic Cr(VI) and elucidate the influence of biogeochemical changes on its behavior and fate. In the Baltimore Harbor, Cr predominantly exists as Cr(III) associated with sediments. While reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is dominant in these anoxic sediments, the potential of Cr(III) oxidation and Cr(VI) reoccurrence during sediment resuspension and oxygenation resulting from dredging, bioturbation, and flood events poses a serious concern. In batch experiments, aqueous Cr(VI) spiked into continuously mixed anoxic suspensions was reduced to product Cr(III) under anaerobic conditions. No Cr(VI) reoccurrence was observed when conditions remained anaerobic. Aeration caused Cr(VI) reoccurrence from the abiotic oxidation of product Cr(III). Rates of aeration-driven Cr(VI) reoccurrence increased with pH, and Cr(VI) reoccurrence positively correlated with dissolved manganese (Mn) decline at pH ? 7. Aeration-driven oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III,IV)(hydr)oxides was the underlying mechanism causing product Cr(III) oxidation. Cr(VI) reoccurrence decreased with sediment loading and negatively correlated with the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentration. Although sediment resuspension and oxygenation may create temporary conditions conducive to Cr(VI) formation, long-term Cr(VI) persistence is unlikely in the presence of sediment reductants. While such natural attenuation in reducing environments mitigates the risk associated with Cr toxicity, this risk may still persist in Mn-rich and reductant-deficient environments.","Biogeochemical Controls on Hexavalent Chromium Formation in Estuarine Sediments Abs: Predicting the aquatic and human health impacts of chromium (Cr) necessitates one to determine its speciation as either relatively nontoxic Cr(III) or toxic Cr(VI) and elucidate the influence of biogeochemical changes on its behavior and fate. In the Baltimore Harbor, Cr predominantly exists as Cr(III) associated with sediments. While reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is dominant in these anoxic sediments, the potential of Cr(III) oxidation and Cr(VI) reoccurrence during sediment resuspension and oxygenation resulting from dredging, bioturbation, and flood events poses a serious concern. In batch experiments, aqueous Cr(VI) spiked into continuously mixed anoxic suspensions was reduced to product Cr(III) under anaerobic conditions. No Cr(VI) reoccurrence was observed when conditions remained anaerobic. Aeration caused Cr(VI) reoccurrence from the abiotic oxidation of product Cr(III). Rates of aeration-driven Cr(VI) reoccurrence increased with pH, and Cr(VI) reoccurrence positively correlated with dissolved manganese (Mn) decline at pH ? 7. Aeration-driven oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III,IV)(hydr)oxides was the underlying mechanism causing product Cr(III) oxidation. Cr(VI) reoccurrence decreased with sediment loading and negatively correlated with the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) concentration. Although sediment resuspension and oxygenation may create temporary conditions conducive to Cr(VI) formation, long-term Cr(VI) persistence is unlikely in the presence of sediment reductants. While such natural attenuation in reducing environments mitigates the risk associated with Cr toxicity, this risk may still persist in Mn-rich and reductant-deficient environments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576794,Pacha and  Baron 1988,PROTEOLYSIS IN SOIL WITH THE ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL HUMIC ACIDS TREATED WITH SELECTED TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PROTEASE ACTIVITY,PROTEOLYSIS IN SOIL WITH THE ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL HUMIC ACIDS TREATED WITH SELECTED TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PROTEASE ACTIVITY,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232045,Bai and  Abraham 2003,Studies on chromium(VI) adsorption-desorption using immobilized fungal biomass,"The aim of this study was to investigate the Cr(VI) biosorption potential of immobilized Rhizopus nigricans and to screen a variety of non-toxic desorbing agents, in order to find out possible application in multiple sorption-desorption cycles. The biomass was immobilized by various mechanisms and evaluated for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, mechanical stability to desorbents, and reuse in successive cycles. The finely powdered biomass, entrapped in five different polymeric matrices viz. calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide, polyisoprene, and polysulfone was compared for biosorption efficiency and stability to desorbents. Physical immobilization to polyurethane foam and coir fiber was less efficient than polymer entrapment methods. Of the different combinations (%, w/v) of biomass dose compared for each matrix, 8% (calcium alginate), 6% (polyacrylamide and PVA), 12% (polyisoprene), and 10% (polysulfone) were found to be the optimum. The Cr sorption capacity (mg Cr/g sorbent) of all immobilized biomass was lesser than the native, powdered biomass. The Cr sorption capacity decreased in the order of free biomass (119.2) &gt; polysulfone entrapped (101.5) &gt; polyisoprene immobilized (98.76) &gt; PVA immobilized (96.69) &gt; calcium alginate entrapped (84.29) &gt; polyacrylamide (45.56), at 500 mg/l concentration of Cr(VI). The degree of mechanical stability and chemical resistance of the immobilized systems were in the order of polysulfone &gt; polyisoprene &gt; PVA &gt; polyacrylamide &gt; calcium alginate. The bound Cr(VI) could be eluted successfully using 0.01 N NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3. The adsorption data for the native and the immobilized biomass was evaluated by the Freundlich isotherm model. The successive sorption-desorption studies employing polysulfone entrapped biomass indicated that the biomass beads could be regenerated and reused in more than 25 cycles and the regeneration efficiency was 75-78%.","Studies on chromium(VI) adsorption-desorption using immobilized fungal biomass Abs: The aim of this study was to investigate the Cr(VI) biosorption potential of immobilized Rhizopus nigricans and to screen a variety of non-toxic desorbing agents, in order to find out possible application in multiple sorption-desorption cycles. The biomass was immobilized by various mechanisms and evaluated for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution, mechanical stability to desorbents, and reuse in successive cycles. The finely powdered biomass, entrapped in five different polymeric matrices viz. calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide, polyisoprene, and polysulfone was compared for biosorption efficiency and stability to desorbents. Physical immobilization to polyurethane foam and coir fiber was less efficient than polymer entrapment methods. Of the different combinations (%, w/v) of biomass dose compared for each matrix, 8% (calcium alginate), 6% (polyacrylamide and PVA), 12% (polyisoprene), and 10% (polysulfone) were found to be the optimum. The Cr sorption capacity (mg Cr/g sorbent) of all immobilized biomass was lesser than the native, powdered biomass. The Cr sorption capacity decreased in the order of free biomass (119.2) &gt; polysulfone entrapped (101.5) &gt; polyisoprene immobilized (98.76) &gt; PVA immobilized (96.69) &gt; calcium alginate entrapped (84.29) &gt; polyacrylamide (45.56), at 500 mg/l concentration of Cr(VI). The degree of mechanical stability and chemical resistance of the immobilized systems were in the order of polysulfone &gt; polyisoprene &gt; PVA &gt; polyacrylamide &gt; calcium alginate. The bound Cr(VI) could be eluted successfully using 0.01 N NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3. The adsorption data for the native and the immobilized biomass was evaluated by the Freundlich isotherm model. The successive sorption-desorption studies employing polysulfone entrapped biomass indicated that the biomass beads could be regenerated and reused in more than 25 cycles and the regeneration efficiency was 75-78%.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290099,Deng et al. 1990,An outbreak of chromium ulcer in a manufacturing plant,"On May 23, 1989, managers of a manufacturing plant requested an investigation of an outbreak of hand ulceration and skin discoloration among workers. The plant has manufactured kitchen ranges for 30 years and employs approximately 633 hourly workers. The affected employees worked in the enamel department, where metallic range tops are coated with a &quot;ground coat&quot; or sprayed with an enamel coloring, and then baked in ovens at 1200F. Our evaluation included physical examinations, environmental sampling, and a questionnaire eliciting information concerning skin ulceration job history, demographics, and use of protective practices. We identified 10 enamel department workers (13.5%) who developed chromium ulcers between January 1st and June 30th, 1988. Ulcers were found on hands, forearms, periumbilical area and/or axillae. Within the enamel department, workers who handled conveyer hooks used to suspend range tops as they passed through the oven were at greatest risk (rate ratio (RR) = 12.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.90-53.35). Workers who wore gloves were protected from developing ulcers (RR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01-0.60). Normally, trivalent chromium (Cr+3) does not cause skin ulcers unless it is oxidized to hezavalent chromium Cr+6). The enamel used contained only Cr+3, not Cr+6, but analysis of hooks that had passed through the oven revealed Cr+6 on their surface. A mechanical failure of the oven resulted in the formation of sharp edges of the parts and consequently causing the abrasion of exposed skin. We believe Cr+3 was converted to Cr+6 during the baking process which associated with the mechanical failure of the oven causing this outbreak.","An outbreak of chromium ulcer in a manufacturing plant Abs: On May 23, 1989, managers of a manufacturing plant requested an investigation of an outbreak of hand ulceration and skin discoloration among workers. The plant has manufactured kitchen ranges for 30 years and employs approximately 633 hourly workers. The affected employees worked in the enamel department, where metallic range tops are coated with a &quot;ground coat&quot; or sprayed with an enamel coloring, and then baked in ovens at 1200F. Our evaluation included physical examinations, environmental sampling, and a questionnaire eliciting information concerning skin ulceration job history, demographics, and use of protective practices. We identified 10 enamel department workers (13.5%) who developed chromium ulcers between January 1st and June 30th, 1988. Ulcers were found on hands, forearms, periumbilical area and/or axillae. Within the enamel department, workers who handled conveyer hooks used to suspend range tops as they passed through the oven were at greatest risk (rate ratio (RR) = 12.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.90-53.35). Workers who wore gloves were protected from developing ulcers (RR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01-0.60). Normally, trivalent chromium (Cr+3) does not cause skin ulcers unless it is oxidized to hezavalent chromium Cr+6). The enamel used contained only Cr+3, not Cr+6, but analysis of hooks that had passed through the oven revealed Cr+6 on their surface. A mechanical failure of the oven resulted in the formation of sharp edges of the parts and consequently causing the abrasion of exposed skin. We believe Cr+3 was converted to Cr+6 during the baking process which associated with the mechanical failure of the oven causing this outbreak.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235019,Suzuki and  Fukazawa 1982,Immunochemical characterization of Candida albicans cell wall antigens: specific determinant of Candida albicans serotype A mannan,"We investigated the chemical structure of the specific determinant in the mannan of Candida albicans M-1012 (serotype A) strain. Acetolysis of the mannan, obtained by alkali extraction and purified as the copper complex, gave mannose and six oligosaccharides (from di- to hexasaccharide) and a small amount of a heptasaccharide. We examined the inhibition by these oligosaccharides up to hexaose of the precipitin reaction between anti-factor 6 serum specific for serotype A and homologous mannan, and found that the mannohexaose was the most effective inhibitor. These, and results obtained by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and other structural studies, suggest that the main component of this hexaose consists of one terminal alpha (1-3) linkage in addition to four alpha (1-2) linkages, and that this alpha (1-3)-containing mannohexaose may be responsible for the specificity of antigenic factor 6. Further results obtained by analyses of polarimetry, PMR spectroscopy, and chromium trioxide oxidation-methylation of C. albicans M-1012 mannan has a beta-linkage in addition to alpha-linkages, and that the mode of the beta-linkage is mainly (1-6) linkage. Further evidence obtained by Smith degradation-methylation analysis and by quantitative precipitin reactions of intact and acid-degraded mannan suggests that the antigenic determinant of antigenic factor 6 may be bound, via the beta (1-6) linkage, to C-6 of mannose residues involved in oligosaccharide side chains of serotype A mannan.","Immunochemical characterization of Candida albicans cell wall antigens: specific determinant of Candida albicans serotype A mannan Abs: We investigated the chemical structure of the specific determinant in the mannan of Candida albicans M-1012 (serotype A) strain. Acetolysis of the mannan, obtained by alkali extraction and purified as the copper complex, gave mannose and six oligosaccharides (from di- to hexasaccharide) and a small amount of a heptasaccharide. We examined the inhibition by these oligosaccharides up to hexaose of the precipitin reaction between anti-factor 6 serum specific for serotype A and homologous mannan, and found that the mannohexaose was the most effective inhibitor. These, and results obtained by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and other structural studies, suggest that the main component of this hexaose consists of one terminal alpha (1-3) linkage in addition to four alpha (1-2) linkages, and that this alpha (1-3)-containing mannohexaose may be responsible for the specificity of antigenic factor 6. Further results obtained by analyses of polarimetry, PMR spectroscopy, and chromium trioxide oxidation-methylation of C. albicans M-1012 mannan has a beta-linkage in addition to alpha-linkages, and that the mode of the beta-linkage is mainly (1-6) linkage. Further evidence obtained by Smith degradation-methylation analysis and by quantitative precipitin reactions of intact and acid-degraded mannan suggests that the antigenic determinant of antigenic factor 6 may be bound, via the beta (1-6) linkage, to C-6 of mannose residues involved in oligosaccharide side chains of serotype A mannan.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237700,Shakhnazarov et al. 1974,"Cytochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glycogen in the peripheral blood leukocytes of workers engaged in chromium compound production","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In 130 workers (78 males, 52 females) engaged in production of potassium bichromate for periods ranging from 3 mo.-25 yr cytochemical investigations were made of the alkaline, acid phosphatases and glycogen in leukocytes of the peripheral blood. As controls 20 persons not exposed to the effects of Cr compounds were examined. Cytochemical changes in the leukocytes were phasic. In the 1st period (service-record up to 5 yr) high activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases and a considerable glycogen level were noted. In the 2nd period (service record of more than 10 yr) depletion of glycogen reserves and inhibition of enzyme activity set in. The alkaline and acid phosphatases activity and glycogen content in the peripheral blood leukocytes depend not only on the service record and general occupational poisoning, but also on the nature of the occupational disease.","Cytochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glycogen in the peripheral blood leukocytes of workers engaged in chromium compound production Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In 130 workers (78 males, 52 females) engaged in production of potassium bichromate for periods ranging from 3 mo.-25 yr cytochemical investigations were made of the alkaline, acid phosphatases and glycogen in leukocytes of the peripheral blood. As controls 20 persons not exposed to the effects of Cr compounds were examined. Cytochemical changes in the leukocytes were phasic. In the 1st period (service-record up to 5 yr) high activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases and a considerable glycogen level were noted. In the 2nd period (service record of more than 10 yr) depletion of glycogen reserves and inhibition of enzyme activity set in. The alkaline and acid phosphatases activity and glycogen content in the peripheral blood leukocytes depend not only on the service record and general occupational poisoning, but also on the nature of the occupational disease.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230884,Huang et al. 2011,One-PCR-tube approach for in situ DNA isolation and detection,"Traditional real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires a purified DNA sample for PCR amplification and detection. This requires PCR tests be conducted in clean laboratories, and limits its applications for field tests. This work developed a method that can carry out DNA purification, amplification and detection in a single PCR tube. The polypropylene PCR tube was first treated with chromic acid and peptide nucleic acids (PNA) as DNA-capturer were immobilized on the internal surface of the tube. Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV-35S) promoter in the crude extract was hybridized with the PNA on the tube surface, and the inhibitors, interfering agents and irrelevant DNA in the crude extract were effectively removed by rinsing with buffer solutions. The tube that has captured the target DNA can be used for the following real-time PCR (RT-PCR). By using this approach, the detection of less than 2500 copies of 35S plasmids in a complex sample could be completed within 3 hours. Chocolate samples were tested for real sample analysis, and 35S plasmids in genetically modified chocolate samples have been successfully identified with this method in situ. The novel One-PCR-tube method is competitive for commercial kits with the same time and simpler operation procedure. This method may be widely used for identifying food that contains modified DNA and specific pathogens in the field.","One-PCR-tube approach for in situ DNA isolation and detection Abs: Traditional real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires a purified DNA sample for PCR amplification and detection. This requires PCR tests be conducted in clean laboratories, and limits its applications for field tests. This work developed a method that can carry out DNA purification, amplification and detection in a single PCR tube. The polypropylene PCR tube was first treated with chromic acid and peptide nucleic acids (PNA) as DNA-capturer were immobilized on the internal surface of the tube. Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV-35S) promoter in the crude extract was hybridized with the PNA on the tube surface, and the inhibitors, interfering agents and irrelevant DNA in the crude extract were effectively removed by rinsing with buffer solutions. The tube that has captured the target DNA can be used for the following real-time PCR (RT-PCR). By using this approach, the detection of less than 2500 copies of 35S plasmids in a complex sample could be completed within 3 hours. Chocolate samples were tested for real sample analysis, and 35S plasmids in genetically modified chocolate samples have been successfully identified with this method in situ. The novel One-PCR-tube method is competitive for commercial kits with the same time and simpler operation procedure. This method may be widely used for identifying food that contains modified DNA and specific pathogens in the field.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235200,Kiba and  Takeuchi 1973,"Thermometric titration in investigation of the formation of polyanions of molybdenum(VI), tungsten(VI), vanadium(V), and chromium (VI)-I: comparison of thermometric and potentiometric titration curves","A new twin-cell thermometric titrator has been devised and used for thermometric titration of solutions of sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, sodium orthovanadate, ammonium metavanadate, and potassium chromate with perchloric acid. The thermometric titration curves were compared with corresponding pH-titration curves for elucidation of the reactions occurring in the titrations. Thermometric titrimetric methods have been developed for the determination of tungsten, vanadium and chromium.","Thermometric titration in investigation of the formation of polyanions of molybdenum(VI), tungsten(VI), vanadium(V), and chromium (VI)-I: comparison of thermometric and potentiometric titration curves Abs: A new twin-cell thermometric titrator has been devised and used for thermometric titration of solutions of sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, sodium orthovanadate, ammonium metavanadate, and potassium chromate with perchloric acid. The thermometric titration curves were compared with corresponding pH-titration curves for elucidation of the reactions occurring in the titrations. Thermometric titrimetric methods have been developed for the determination of tungsten, vanadium and chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
647215,Williams et al. 1994,The EPC approach to estimating safety from exposure to environmental chemicals,"Reference doses (RfDs) and reference concentrations (RfCs) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are typically used in the quantitation of risk of potential adverse human health effects from exposure to environmental chemicals. For a large number of chemicals, however, USEPA RfDs and RfCs have not yet been determined. Thus, for risk assessments that involve a large number of chemicals, there is insufficient toxicity information with which to evaluate potential adverse human health effects for all chemicals present at a particular site. Due to this insufficiency, the risk assessor must either (1) ignore potential exposures on the assumption that omitting these exposures does not significantly alter decisions concerning the remediation of the site or (2) undertake a lengthy and costly analysis to generate the necessary RfDs or RfCs. A potential solution to this problem is to develop estimated permissible concentrations (EPCs), values which represent permissible environmental concentrations or related acceptable daily dosages derived from occupational exposure limits. In the present analysis, acceptable daily dosages determined using the EPC method were compared to USEPA RfDs or RfCs which were converted to dosages based on standard exposure assumptions. Based on a comparative analysis of EPCs and USEPA reference values for 103 chemicals, it was found that EPC daily dosages represent a reasonably conservative surrogate value when USEPA or state reference values are unavailable. Given that there are hundreds of chemicals with occupational exposure limits but no state or USEPA reference values, acceptance of the EPC methodology would provide an interim solution for the problem of insufficient toxicity information for a substantial number of environmental chemical contaminants.","The EPC approach to estimating safety from exposure to environmental chemicals Abs: Reference doses (RfDs) and reference concentrations (RfCs) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) are typically used in the quantitation of risk of potential adverse human health effects from exposure to environmental chemicals. For a large number of chemicals, however, USEPA RfDs and RfCs have not yet been determined. Thus, for risk assessments that involve a large number of chemicals, there is insufficient toxicity information with which to evaluate potential adverse human health effects for all chemicals present at a particular site. Due to this insufficiency, the risk assessor must either (1) ignore potential exposures on the assumption that omitting these exposures does not significantly alter decisions concerning the remediation of the site or (2) undertake a lengthy and costly analysis to generate the necessary RfDs or RfCs. A potential solution to this problem is to develop estimated permissible concentrations (EPCs), values which represent permissible environmental concentrations or related acceptable daily dosages derived from occupational exposure limits. In the present analysis, acceptable daily dosages determined using the EPC method were compared to USEPA RfDs or RfCs which were converted to dosages based on standard exposure assumptions. Based on a comparative analysis of EPCs and USEPA reference values for 103 chemicals, it was found that EPC daily dosages represent a reasonably conservative surrogate value when USEPA or state reference values are unavailable. Given that there are hundreds of chemicals with occupational exposure limits but no state or USEPA reference values, acceptance of the EPC methodology would provide an interim solution for the problem of insufficient toxicity information for a substantial number of environmental chemical contaminants.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231851,Rodriguez and  Martinez 2005,Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters in a tubular electrochemical reactor,"This work aimed at studying the electrochemical reduction of the hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) by means of a tubular reactor operating under both continuous and batch regimes. It is shown that chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) was exerted not only by the oxidation of iron to Fe(II) released from the steel sacrifice anodes immersed in an acid solution to aid the overall process. Also, it is shown that there was an additional contribution to chromium reduction from an ancillary reaction at the cathode, where Fe(III) ions generated after the Cr(VI) reduction are again reduced to Fe(II), this being interpreted as a catalytic effect taking place. The results are presented at pH values of 1, 1.3, 1.7, and 2: it became clear that the variable affected the solubility of the species generated in solution. The initial chromium hexavalent concentration was 1000 mg L(- 1) and it was found that after treatment times ranging from 320 to 25 minutes this could reach values as low as 0.5 mg L(- 1), depending on the operating conditions.","Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters in a tubular electrochemical reactor Abs: This work aimed at studying the electrochemical reduction of the hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) by means of a tubular reactor operating under both continuous and batch regimes. It is shown that chromium (VI) reduction to chromium (III) was exerted not only by the oxidation of iron to Fe(II) released from the steel sacrifice anodes immersed in an acid solution to aid the overall process. Also, it is shown that there was an additional contribution to chromium reduction from an ancillary reaction at the cathode, where Fe(III) ions generated after the Cr(VI) reduction are again reduced to Fe(II), this being interpreted as a catalytic effect taking place. The results are presented at pH values of 1, 1.3, 1.7, and 2: it became clear that the variable affected the solubility of the species generated in solution. The initial chromium hexavalent concentration was 1000 mg L(- 1) and it was found that after treatment times ranging from 320 to 25 minutes this could reach values as low as 0.5 mg L(- 1), depending on the operating conditions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509664,Li et al. 2006,Study on chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a combined system of acoustic wave impedance analyzer and UV-vis spectrophotometer,"A novel system combining acoustic wave impedance (AWI) analyzer with UV-vis spectrophotometer was developed for the study of chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AWI gave information about the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and UV-vis spectrophotometer gave information about the concentration of chromium (VI) simultaneously. A combined system response model, for chromium (VI) reduction kinetics at lower initial chromium (VI) concentrations, was derived and proved based on the novel system. Taking into account the effect of bacterial growth on chromium (VI) reduction, the new model successfully simulated chromium (VI) bioremediation process. By fitting chromium (VI) reduction data toward the derived model, the kinetic parameters related to the process were obtained. When the concentration of peptone was 10 g L(-1), the half-velocity reduction rate constant K (C) and the maximum specific chromium (VI) reduction rate constant nu(max) were 0.7682 mg chromium (VI) L(-1) and 2.5814 x 10(-12) mg chromium (VI) cells(-1) h(-1), respectively. It was found that the combined system can provide real-time, reliable, and two-dimensional kinetic information, and can be applied to study other biological processes.","Study on chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a combined system of acoustic wave impedance analyzer and UV-vis spectrophotometer Abs: A novel system combining acoustic wave impedance (AWI) analyzer with UV-vis spectrophotometer was developed for the study of chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AWI gave information about the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and UV-vis spectrophotometer gave information about the concentration of chromium (VI) simultaneously. A combined system response model, for chromium (VI) reduction kinetics at lower initial chromium (VI) concentrations, was derived and proved based on the novel system. Taking into account the effect of bacterial growth on chromium (VI) reduction, the new model successfully simulated chromium (VI) bioremediation process. By fitting chromium (VI) reduction data toward the derived model, the kinetic parameters related to the process were obtained. When the concentration of peptone was 10 g L(-1), the half-velocity reduction rate constant K (C) and the maximum specific chromium (VI) reduction rate constant nu(max) were 0.7682 mg chromium (VI) L(-1) and 2.5814 x 10(-12) mg chromium (VI) cells(-1) h(-1), respectively. It was found that the combined system can provide real-time, reliable, and two-dimensional kinetic information, and can be applied to study other biological processes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234522,Ulvi 1998,Spectrophotometric studies on the photostability of some thiazide diuretics in ethanolic solution,"First derivative and dual-wavelength spectrophotometric methods were used in the quantum yield determination of the photochemical decomposition reactions of three thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide and trichloromethiazide) in ethanolic solution. The radiation absorbed by the compounds was measured using iron(III) oxalate actinometry based on absorption spectrophotometry. An apparatus is described in which the drugs were irradiated in quartz cuvettes cooled by water in a stand built on a magnetic stirrer. The wavelength region available to the reaction cuvette was restricted to 313 nm with chemical potassium chromate filter solutions and a Corning filter plate. Chlorothiazide proved to be more photostable than hydrochlorothiazide and trichloromethiazide in ethanol.","Spectrophotometric studies on the photostability of some thiazide diuretics in ethanolic solution Abs: First derivative and dual-wavelength spectrophotometric methods were used in the quantum yield determination of the photochemical decomposition reactions of three thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide and trichloromethiazide) in ethanolic solution. The radiation absorbed by the compounds was measured using iron(III) oxalate actinometry based on absorption spectrophotometry. An apparatus is described in which the drugs were irradiated in quartz cuvettes cooled by water in a stand built on a magnetic stirrer. The wavelength region available to the reaction cuvette was restricted to 313 nm with chemical potassium chromate filter solutions and a Corning filter plate. Chlorothiazide proved to be more photostable than hydrochlorothiazide and trichloromethiazide in ethanol.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786227,Luczak and  Zhitkovich ,"Role of direct reactivity with metals in chemoprotection by N-acetylcysteine against chromium(VI), cadmium(II), and cobalt(II)","The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used for the assessment of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various biological processes and adverse drug reactions. NAC has been found to effectively inhibit the toxicity of carcinogenic metals, which was attributed to its potent ROS-suppressive properties. However, the absence of redox activity among some metals and findings from genetic models suggested a more diverse, smaller role of oxidative stress in metal toxicity. Here, we examined mechanisms of chemoprotection by NAC against Cd(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI) in human cells. We found that NAC displayed a broad-spectrum chemoprotective activity against all three metals, including suppression of cytotoxicity, apoptosis, p53 activation, and HSP72 and HIF-1? upregulation. Cytoprotection by NAC was independent of cellular glutathione. NAC strongly inhibited the uptake of all three metals in histologically different types of human cells, explaining its high chemoprotective potential. A loss of Cr(VI) accumulation by cells was caused by NAC-mediated extracellular reduction of chromate to membrane-impermeative Cr(III). Suppression of Co(II) uptake resulted from a rapid formation of Co(II)-NAC conjugates that were unable to enter cells. Our results demonstrate that NAC acts through more than one mechanism in preventing metal toxicity and its chemoprotective activity can be completely ROS-independent. Good clinical safety and effectiveness in Co(II) sequestration suggest that NAC could be useful in the prevention of tissue accumulation and toxic effects of Co ions released by cobalt-chromium hip prostheses.","Role of direct reactivity with metals in chemoprotection by N-acetylcysteine against chromium(VI), cadmium(II), and cobalt(II) Abs: The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is widely used for the assessment of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various biological processes and adverse drug reactions. NAC has been found to effectively inhibit the toxicity of carcinogenic metals, which was attributed to its potent ROS-suppressive properties. However, the absence of redox activity among some metals and findings from genetic models suggested a more diverse, smaller role of oxidative stress in metal toxicity. Here, we examined mechanisms of chemoprotection by NAC against Cd(II), Co(II), and Cr(VI) in human cells. We found that NAC displayed a broad-spectrum chemoprotective activity against all three metals, including suppression of cytotoxicity, apoptosis, p53 activation, and HSP72 and HIF-1? upregulation. Cytoprotection by NAC was independent of cellular glutathione. NAC strongly inhibited the uptake of all three metals in histologically different types of human cells, explaining its high chemoprotective potential. A loss of Cr(VI) accumulation by cells was caused by NAC-mediated extracellular reduction of chromate to membrane-impermeative Cr(III). Suppression of Co(II) uptake resulted from a rapid formation of Co(II)-NAC conjugates that were unable to enter cells. Our results demonstrate that NAC acts through more than one mechanism in preventing metal toxicity and its chemoprotective activity can be completely ROS-independent. Good clinical safety and effectiveness in Co(II) sequestration suggest that NAC could be useful in the prevention of tissue accumulation and toxic effects of Co ions released by cobalt-chromium hip prostheses.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235095,Kobayashi et al. 1978,SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells in the mouse adrenal medulla: light and electron microscopic identification using semi-thin and ultra-thin sections,"Adrenal glands of the mouse, fixed either in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide or in a mixture of potassium dichromate and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. An argentaffin reaction was applied to semi-thin sections for light microscopy and to ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. Since the mature secretory granules in the Small Granule Chromaffin (SGC) cell were argentaffin and were mainly located along the cell membrane, this cell was clearly distinguishable under the light microscope both from the A (adrenaline) cell whose secretory granules were non-argentaffin and from the NA (noradrenaline) cell whose cytoplasm was rich and was filled with large, strongly argentaffin granules. Chromaffinity of the SGC cell was demonstrated under the light microscope. The SGC cell was intensively stained with toluidine blue without revealing metachromasia. It was demonstrated at the EM level that not only the secretory granules but also the synaptic-like vesicles in the SGC cell contained argentaffin substances. Possible functional relationship between the secretory granules and the synaptic-like vesicles was discussed.","SGC (small granule chromaffin) cells in the mouse adrenal medulla: light and electron microscopic identification using semi-thin and ultra-thin sections Abs: Adrenal glands of the mouse, fixed either in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide or in a mixture of potassium dichromate and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon 812, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. An argentaffin reaction was applied to semi-thin sections for light microscopy and to ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy. Since the mature secretory granules in the Small Granule Chromaffin (SGC) cell were argentaffin and were mainly located along the cell membrane, this cell was clearly distinguishable under the light microscope both from the A (adrenaline) cell whose secretory granules were non-argentaffin and from the NA (noradrenaline) cell whose cytoplasm was rich and was filled with large, strongly argentaffin granules. Chromaffinity of the SGC cell was demonstrated under the light microscope. The SGC cell was intensively stained with toluidine blue without revealing metachromasia. It was demonstrated at the EM level that not only the secretory granules but also the synaptic-like vesicles in the SGC cell contained argentaffin substances. Possible functional relationship between the secretory granules and the synaptic-like vesicles was discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237890,Zakour and  Glickman 1984,Metal-induced mutagenesis in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mutagenesis in the lacI gene of E. coli was examined in cells grown in the presence of Be, Mn or Cr compounds, metals with suspected mutagenic or carcinogenic potential; 2- to 3-fold increases in mutation frequency were produced by BeCl2, MnCl2 and K2Cr2O7. Among the cells grown in the presence of Be2+, the frequency of amber and ochre mutants was 3-fold higher than the spontaneous background, suggesting that at least part of the increased mutagenicity was due to base-substitution mutations. The specificity of base-substitution mutations induced by Be2+ and Mn2+ in the lacI gene was analyzed. Among the amber mutations induced in cells grown in the presence of Be2+, an increase in G:C - A:T transitions was detected. Following growth in Mn2+ no increase in amber and ochre mutation frequencies was observed and the mutational spectrum resembled that obtained spontaneously, indicating that mutations induced by Mn2+ in the lacI gene involve changes that do not yield nonsense mutations. Metals may exert a number of different mutagenic effects and these effects vary for each metal.","Metal-induced mutagenesis in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mutagenesis in the lacI gene of E. coli was examined in cells grown in the presence of Be, Mn or Cr compounds, metals with suspected mutagenic or carcinogenic potential; 2- to 3-fold increases in mutation frequency were produced by BeCl2, MnCl2 and K2Cr2O7. Among the cells grown in the presence of Be2+, the frequency of amber and ochre mutants was 3-fold higher than the spontaneous background, suggesting that at least part of the increased mutagenicity was due to base-substitution mutations. The specificity of base-substitution mutations induced by Be2+ and Mn2+ in the lacI gene was analyzed. Among the amber mutations induced in cells grown in the presence of Be2+, an increase in G:C - A:T transitions was detected. Following growth in Mn2+ no increase in amber and ochre mutation frequencies was observed and the mutational spectrum resembled that obtained spontaneously, indicating that mutations induced by Mn2+ in the lacI gene involve changes that do not yield nonsense mutations. Metals may exert a number of different mutagenic effects and these effects vary for each metal.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509752,Luo et al. 1997,Sequential injection wetting film extraction applied to the spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) in water,"The spectrophotometric determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) via sequential injection was used to demonstrate the sensitivity enhancement provided by a newly developed wetting film extraction system. The reaction product of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was ion-paired with perchlorate and extracted into an organic wetting film consisting of octanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanone on the inner wall of a Teflon tube. The wetting film, with the extracted analyte, was then eluted with 100 mul acetonitrile and the analyte determined spectrophotometrically at 546 nm. Important optimized parameters were the selection of wetting film and elution solvents, the flow rate, the length and diameter of the extraction coil and the conditions for the formation of the ion paired chelate. Cr(III) was previously oxidized to Cr(VI) and calculated as the difference between total Cr and Cr(VI). An enrichment factor of 25 and a detection limit of 2.0 mug l(-1) Cr(VI) were achieved with a sampling frequency of 17 h(-1). The calibration curve was linear up to 100 mug l(-1) Cr(VI) (r = 0.999). The relative standard deviations were 2.8 and 2.0% at the 25 and 100 mug l(-1) levels.","Sequential injection wetting film extraction applied to the spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) in water Abs: The spectrophotometric determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) via sequential injection was used to demonstrate the sensitivity enhancement provided by a newly developed wetting film extraction system. The reaction product of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was ion-paired with perchlorate and extracted into an organic wetting film consisting of octanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanone on the inner wall of a Teflon tube. The wetting film, with the extracted analyte, was then eluted with 100 mul acetonitrile and the analyte determined spectrophotometrically at 546 nm. Important optimized parameters were the selection of wetting film and elution solvents, the flow rate, the length and diameter of the extraction coil and the conditions for the formation of the ion paired chelate. Cr(III) was previously oxidized to Cr(VI) and calculated as the difference between total Cr and Cr(VI). An enrichment factor of 25 and a detection limit of 2.0 mug l(-1) Cr(VI) were achieved with a sampling frequency of 17 h(-1). The calibration curve was linear up to 100 mug l(-1) Cr(VI) (r = 0.999). The relative standard deviations were 2.8 and 2.0% at the 25 and 100 mug l(-1) levels.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231338,Rondia and  Closset 1985,Aerosol Versus Solution Composition In Occupational Exposures,"The composition of aerosols generated in workrooms where gas bubbles or liquid drops arise from solutions containing inorganic salts or acids was studied. In one factory, a solution of zinc-sulfate (7733020) in dilute sulfuric-acid (7664939) was electrolyzed to yield thick zinc (7440666) sheets of high purity. In a second factory, a steel foundry, aerosol was generated from metal coating operations involving chromic-acid (13530682) and phosphoric-acid (7664382) pickling solutions. The composition and concentration of the zinc aerosol were investigated by sampling for 1 to 3 days at a height of 1.5 meters between rows of 33 pits. Hydrogen bubbles escaping from the zinc solution formed a permanent aerosol above the pits. Particles were collected and washed with distilled water. The resulting solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, and titrimetry. Particle diameters were measured. Operations in the surface treatment shop for steel consisted of chromium (7440473) plating, electropolishing, anodization, and phosphatation. The composition and concentration of aerosols were determined. The distribution of aerosols near the tanks was not homogeneous for each constituent in the various diameter classes. The bursting of the hydrogen micro bubbles at the surface of the zinc-sulfate solution yielded an aerosol of mostly large particles with a composition not fully comparable with the composition of the solution. The acidity/sulfate ratio decreased with particle diameter and the zinc/sulfate and manganese (7439965) sulfate ratios increased. The composition and concentration of aerosols in the steel foundry were not homogeneous for liquid constituents. Chromate (11104599) was more abundant in larger particles, whereas small particles contained more of the sulfate and phosphate particles. The authors conclude that further study is needed to verify the mechanism of aerosol formation from solutions.","Aerosol Versus Solution Composition In Occupational Exposures Abs: The composition of aerosols generated in workrooms where gas bubbles or liquid drops arise from solutions containing inorganic salts or acids was studied. In one factory, a solution of zinc-sulfate (7733020) in dilute sulfuric-acid (7664939) was electrolyzed to yield thick zinc (7440666) sheets of high purity. In a second factory, a steel foundry, aerosol was generated from metal coating operations involving chromic-acid (13530682) and phosphoric-acid (7664382) pickling solutions. The composition and concentration of the zinc aerosol were investigated by sampling for 1 to 3 days at a height of 1.5 meters between rows of 33 pits. Hydrogen bubbles escaping from the zinc solution formed a permanent aerosol above the pits. Particles were collected and washed with distilled water. The resulting solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, and titrimetry. Particle diameters were measured. Operations in the surface treatment shop for steel consisted of chromium (7440473) plating, electropolishing, anodization, and phosphatation. The composition and concentration of aerosols were determined. The distribution of aerosols near the tanks was not homogeneous for each constituent in the various diameter classes. The bursting of the hydrogen micro bubbles at the surface of the zinc-sulfate solution yielded an aerosol of mostly large particles with a composition not fully comparable with the composition of the solution. The acidity/sulfate ratio decreased with particle diameter and the zinc/sulfate and manganese (7439965) sulfate ratios increased. The composition and concentration of aerosols in the steel foundry were not homogeneous for liquid constituents. Chromate (11104599) was more abundant in larger particles, whereas small particles contained more of the sulfate and phosphate particles. The authors conclude that further study is needed to verify the mechanism of aerosol formation from solutions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233623,Pillay et al. 2009,Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for the removal of parts per billion levels of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution,"The adsorption capabilities for the removal of parts per billion levels (ppb) of hexavalent chromium by three adsorbents namely activated carbon, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and unfunctionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated as a function of contact time, initial solution pH, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and the presence of competing anions. The unfunctionalized MWCNTs showed the highest adsorption capability with up to 98% of a 100 ppb Cr(VI) solution being adsorbed. Both functionalized and non-functionalized MWCNTs showed a superior adsorption capability to that of activated carbon. The removal of Cr(VI) was higher at lower pH. Furthermore, the uptake of Cr(VI) was hindered by the presence of the competing anions, Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-). Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms have been used to describe the Cr(VI) adsorption process. The major mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal have been identified as an ion exchange mechanism, intraparticle diffusion and electrostatic interactions. The adsorbed Cr(VI) could also be desorbed readily from the MWCNTs surface at high pH.","Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for the removal of parts per billion levels of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution Abs: The adsorption capabilities for the removal of parts per billion levels (ppb) of hexavalent chromium by three adsorbents namely activated carbon, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and unfunctionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated as a function of contact time, initial solution pH, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and the presence of competing anions. The unfunctionalized MWCNTs showed the highest adsorption capability with up to 98% of a 100 ppb Cr(VI) solution being adsorbed. Both functionalized and non-functionalized MWCNTs showed a superior adsorption capability to that of activated carbon. The removal of Cr(VI) was higher at lower pH. Furthermore, the uptake of Cr(VI) was hindered by the presence of the competing anions, Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-). Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms have been used to describe the Cr(VI) adsorption process. The major mechanisms for Cr(VI) removal have been identified as an ion exchange mechanism, intraparticle diffusion and electrostatic interactions. The adsorbed Cr(VI) could also be desorbed readily from the MWCNTs surface at high pH.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231931,Altundogan et al. 2004,A study on the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by vinasse,"Hexavalent chromium introduced to the water ecosystem is an important issue due to the toxic effect it poses. The first step of conventional treatment of wastewaters containing hexavalent chromium is its reduction to chromium (III) which is less toxic. The use of industrial waste material for the reduction of chromium (VI) may be a new cost-effective alternative. In this study, Cr(VI) reduction characteristics of vinasse which is a waste material of alcohol production from sugar beet molasses was investigated. The parameters of pH, temperature, concentrations of initial Cr(VI) and vinasse on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined as a function of time by applying batch tests. Cr(VI) was almost completely reduced within about 270 min in the concentrations of Cr(VI) and vinasse of 80 mg l(-1) and 200 ml l(-1), respectively, at pH 3.0 and 25 degrees C. The results showed that reduction time can be shortened by increasing acidity and vinasse concentration or decreasing Cr(VI) initial concentration. Cr(VI) reduction process was found be obey first order kinetic model of homogenous phase reactions. The temperature was found to have a positive effect on the reduction process and the activation energy of process was calculated as 46.07 kJ mol(-1). Although the detoxification of wastewaters containing Cr(VI) via reducing it to Cr(III) by using vinasse seems to be cost-effective, the resulting effluent to be produced necessitates a further treatment to reduce organic pollution.","A study on the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by vinasse Abs: Hexavalent chromium introduced to the water ecosystem is an important issue due to the toxic effect it poses. The first step of conventional treatment of wastewaters containing hexavalent chromium is its reduction to chromium (III) which is less toxic. The use of industrial waste material for the reduction of chromium (VI) may be a new cost-effective alternative. In this study, Cr(VI) reduction characteristics of vinasse which is a waste material of alcohol production from sugar beet molasses was investigated. The parameters of pH, temperature, concentrations of initial Cr(VI) and vinasse on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined as a function of time by applying batch tests. Cr(VI) was almost completely reduced within about 270 min in the concentrations of Cr(VI) and vinasse of 80 mg l(-1) and 200 ml l(-1), respectively, at pH 3.0 and 25 degrees C. The results showed that reduction time can be shortened by increasing acidity and vinasse concentration or decreasing Cr(VI) initial concentration. Cr(VI) reduction process was found be obey first order kinetic model of homogenous phase reactions. The temperature was found to have a positive effect on the reduction process and the activation energy of process was calculated as 46.07 kJ mol(-1). Although the detoxification of wastewaters containing Cr(VI) via reducing it to Cr(III) by using vinasse seems to be cost-effective, the resulting effluent to be produced necessitates a further treatment to reduce organic pollution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234285,Sathyanarayanan and  Ortega 2006,Effects of temperature and different food matrices on Cyclospora cayetanensis oocyst sporulation,"Effects of temperature on the sporulation of the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis were studied in 2 food substrates, dairy and basil. Unsporulated Cyclospora oocysts were subjected to freezing and heating conditions for time periods ranging from 15 min to 1 wk. Oocysts were then removed from the food substrates and placed in 2.5% potassium dichromate for 2 wk to allow viable unsporulated oocysts to differentiate and fully sporulate, and to determine the percentage sporulation as an indicator of viability. Sporulation occurred when oocysts resuspended in dairy substrates were stored within 24 hr at -15 C. When oocysts were placed in water or basil, sporulation occurred after incubation for up to 2 days at -20 C, and up to 4 days at 37 C. Few oocysts sporulated when incubated for 1 hr at 50 C. Sporulation was not observed in basil leaves or water at -70 C, 70 C, and 100 C. Sporulation was not affected when incubated at 4 C and 23 C for up to 1 wk, which was the duration of the experiment in both of the tested substrates.","Effects of temperature and different food matrices on Cyclospora cayetanensis oocyst sporulation Abs: Effects of temperature on the sporulation of the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis were studied in 2 food substrates, dairy and basil. Unsporulated Cyclospora oocysts were subjected to freezing and heating conditions for time periods ranging from 15 min to 1 wk. Oocysts were then removed from the food substrates and placed in 2.5% potassium dichromate for 2 wk to allow viable unsporulated oocysts to differentiate and fully sporulate, and to determine the percentage sporulation as an indicator of viability. Sporulation occurred when oocysts resuspended in dairy substrates were stored within 24 hr at -15 C. When oocysts were placed in water or basil, sporulation occurred after incubation for up to 2 days at -20 C, and up to 4 days at 37 C. Few oocysts sporulated when incubated for 1 hr at 50 C. Sporulation was not observed in basil leaves or water at -70 C, 70 C, and 100 C. Sporulation was not affected when incubated at 4 C and 23 C for up to 1 wk, which was the duration of the experiment in both of the tested substrates.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786195,Dhal et al. ,Characterizing toxic Cr(VI) contamination in chromite mine overburden dump and its bacterial remediation,"Cr(VI) generated due to natural oxidation of chromite mineral present in chromite mine overburden (COB) dumps of Sukinda, India, has been characterized by different physico-chemical methods. The Cr(VI) was found to be associated with goethite matrix at a contamination level of 500mgCr(VI)kg(-1) of COB. Bacillus sp. isolated from the overburden sample exhibiting high tolerance to the hexavalent chromium, was used for the remediation of Cr(VI) in the overburden. The process was optimized while varying the parameters such as pH (2-9), pulp density (10-60%) and temperature (25-40°C). Optimal reduction of more than 98% of Cr(VI) in the COB sample was achieved in 16h at pH~7.0 and 60% pulp density with the Bacillus sp. (4.05×10(7)cellsmL(-1)) in absence of media. The exponential rate equation yielded rate constant value of 2.14×10(-1)h(-1) at 60% pulp density. The mode of bio-reduction of Cr(VI) in the overburden sample was established by FT-IR, XRD, EPMA and SEM-EDS studies.","Characterizing toxic Cr(VI) contamination in chromite mine overburden dump and its bacterial remediation Abs: Cr(VI) generated due to natural oxidation of chromite mineral present in chromite mine overburden (COB) dumps of Sukinda, India, has been characterized by different physico-chemical methods. The Cr(VI) was found to be associated with goethite matrix at a contamination level of 500mgCr(VI)kg(-1) of COB. Bacillus sp. isolated from the overburden sample exhibiting high tolerance to the hexavalent chromium, was used for the remediation of Cr(VI) in the overburden. The process was optimized while varying the parameters such as pH (2-9), pulp density (10-60%) and temperature (25-40°C). Optimal reduction of more than 98% of Cr(VI) in the COB sample was achieved in 16h at pH~7.0 and 60% pulp density with the Bacillus sp. (4.05×10(7)cellsmL(-1)) in absence of media. The exponential rate equation yielded rate constant value of 2.14×10(-1)h(-1) at 60% pulp density. The mode of bio-reduction of Cr(VI) in the overburden sample was established by FT-IR, XRD, EPMA and SEM-EDS studies.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238044,Walum 1982,Membrane Lesions in Cultured Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Metal Compounds,"A proposed method for screening heavy metal compounds for their membrane toxicity was developed. The method was based on preloading cultures of clone-41A3 mouse-neuroblastoma-C1300 cells with tritium (H-3) tagged 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc). The cultures were perfused with phosphate buffered saline containing 1.0mg/ml D-glucose and various concentrations of the test compound for 60 minutes. Efflux of dGlc derived H3 activity into the perfusate which served as a marker for membrane damage was monitored. The membrane toxic concentration (MTC) was computed from the data. The technique was tested with up to 10(-3) molar (M) mercuric-chloride (7487947), methylmercuric-chloride (115093) (MMC), triethyltin-chloride (994310) (TETC), and potassium-dichromate (7778509). The MTCs of the compounds were: MMC, 9x10(-7)M; mercuric-chloride, 6x10(-6)M; TETC, 3x10(-4)M; and potassium-dichromate, 7x10(-4)M. The author concludes that ranking the membrane toxicity of the compounds according to their MTCs indicates that MMC is the most toxic followed by mercuric-chloride, TETC, and potassium-dichromate in that order. The ranking agrees with the results of previously published studies. This indicates that the proposed bioassay can be used to screen metal compounds for their nerve cell membrane toxicity.","Membrane Lesions in Cultured Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Metal Compounds Abs: A proposed method for screening heavy metal compounds for their membrane toxicity was developed. The method was based on preloading cultures of clone-41A3 mouse-neuroblastoma-C1300 cells with tritium (H-3) tagged 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc). The cultures were perfused with phosphate buffered saline containing 1.0mg/ml D-glucose and various concentrations of the test compound for 60 minutes. Efflux of dGlc derived H3 activity into the perfusate which served as a marker for membrane damage was monitored. The membrane toxic concentration (MTC) was computed from the data. The technique was tested with up to 10(-3) molar (M) mercuric-chloride (7487947), methylmercuric-chloride (115093) (MMC), triethyltin-chloride (994310) (TETC), and potassium-dichromate (7778509). The MTCs of the compounds were: MMC, 9x10(-7)M; mercuric-chloride, 6x10(-6)M; TETC, 3x10(-4)M; and potassium-dichromate, 7x10(-4)M. The author concludes that ranking the membrane toxicity of the compounds according to their MTCs indicates that MMC is the most toxic followed by mercuric-chloride, TETC, and potassium-dichromate in that order. The ranking agrees with the results of previously published studies. This indicates that the proposed bioassay can be used to screen metal compounds for their nerve cell membrane toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235477,Ackerley et al. 2004,"Mechanism of chromate reduction by the Escherichia coli protein, NfsA, and the role of different chromate reductases in minimizing oxidative stress during chromate reduction","Chromate [Cr(VI)] is a serious environmental pollutant, which is amenable to bacterial bioremediation. NfsA, the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase of Escherichia coli, is a flavoprotein that is able to reduce chromate to less soluble and less toxic Cr(III). We show that this process involves single-electron transfer, giving rise to a flavin semiquinone form of NfsA and Cr(V) as intermediates, which redox cycle, generating more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than a divalent chromate reducer, YieF. However, NfsA generates less ROS than a known one-electron chromate reducer, lipoyl dehydrogenase (LpDH), suggesting that NfsA employs a mixture of uni- and di-valent electron transfer steps. The presence of YieF, ChrR (another chromate reductase we previously characterized), or NfsA in an LpDH-catalysed chromate reduction reaction decreased ROS generation by c. 65, 40, or 20%, respectively, suggesting that these enzymes can pre-empt ROS generation by LpDH. We previously showed that ChrR protects Pseudomonas putida against chromate toxicity; here we show that NfsA or YieF overproduction can also increase the tolerance of E. coli to this compound.","Mechanism of chromate reduction by the Escherichia coli protein, NfsA, and the role of different chromate reductases in minimizing oxidative stress during chromate reduction Abs: Chromate [Cr(VI)] is a serious environmental pollutant, which is amenable to bacterial bioremediation. NfsA, the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase of Escherichia coli, is a flavoprotein that is able to reduce chromate to less soluble and less toxic Cr(III). We show that this process involves single-electron transfer, giving rise to a flavin semiquinone form of NfsA and Cr(V) as intermediates, which redox cycle, generating more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than a divalent chromate reducer, YieF. However, NfsA generates less ROS than a known one-electron chromate reducer, lipoyl dehydrogenase (LpDH), suggesting that NfsA employs a mixture of uni- and di-valent electron transfer steps. The presence of YieF, ChrR (another chromate reductase we previously characterized), or NfsA in an LpDH-catalysed chromate reduction reaction decreased ROS generation by c. 65, 40, or 20%, respectively, suggesting that these enzymes can pre-empt ROS generation by LpDH. We previously showed that ChrR protects Pseudomonas putida against chromate toxicity; here we show that NfsA or YieF overproduction can also increase the tolerance of E. coli to this compound.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235735,Morrissey et al. 1992,Chromium-51 labeling of sheep red blood cells,"The failure of sheep red blood cells (RBCs) labeled with Chromium-51 (Cr-51) using the ascorbic acid technique to act as a suitable intravascular marker of blood volume in a septic sheep model prompted us to investigate the technique of radiolabeling sheep erythrocytes with this isotope. Consequently, we studied thirteen sheep in which the labeling efficiency of Cr-51 as sodium chromate and hemoglobin typing was determined for each animal. Mean Cr-51 labeling efficiency of sheep RBCs was 67.5% (n = 13). Although 5 of the 13 sheep were discovered to have two types of hemoglobin (Hb) as determined by electrophoresis, overall labeling efficiency of sheep RBCs was determined to be independent of the type of hemoglobin present. However, when two types of Hb were present (Hb-A and Hb-B), Cr-51 had a higher affinity for Hb-B (80%) than Hb-A (20%) even though both Hb types are present in similar proportions (Hb-A = 53%, Hb-B = 46%). The results of this study indicate that sheep RBCs express a lower labeling efficiency for Cr-51 than do human RBCs and that Cr-51 has a higher affinity for Hb-B than for Hb-A when both hemoglobin types are present. This difference is noteworthy when interpreting Cr-51 RBC data in experimental sheep models. Furthermore, caution should be exercised when extrapolating established human protocols to animal models.","Chromium-51 labeling of sheep red blood cells Abs: The failure of sheep red blood cells (RBCs) labeled with Chromium-51 (Cr-51) using the ascorbic acid technique to act as a suitable intravascular marker of blood volume in a septic sheep model prompted us to investigate the technique of radiolabeling sheep erythrocytes with this isotope. Consequently, we studied thirteen sheep in which the labeling efficiency of Cr-51 as sodium chromate and hemoglobin typing was determined for each animal. Mean Cr-51 labeling efficiency of sheep RBCs was 67.5% (n = 13). Although 5 of the 13 sheep were discovered to have two types of hemoglobin (Hb) as determined by electrophoresis, overall labeling efficiency of sheep RBCs was determined to be independent of the type of hemoglobin present. However, when two types of Hb were present (Hb-A and Hb-B), Cr-51 had a higher affinity for Hb-B (80%) than Hb-A (20%) even though both Hb types are present in similar proportions (Hb-A = 53%, Hb-B = 46%). The results of this study indicate that sheep RBCs express a lower labeling efficiency for Cr-51 than do human RBCs and that Cr-51 has a higher affinity for Hb-B than for Hb-A when both hemoglobin types are present. This difference is noteworthy when interpreting Cr-51 RBC data in experimental sheep models. Furthermore, caution should be exercised when extrapolating established human protocols to animal models.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225511,Iskenderian-Epps et al. 2013,Visual Isotope Effects: Demonstrating the Primary Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Chromium(VI) Oxidation of 2-Propanol-d(8) and Methanol-d(4),,Visual Isotope Effects: Demonstrating the Primary Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Chromium(VI) Oxidation of 2-Propanol-d(8) and Methanol-d(4) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232055,Alguacil and  Alonso 2003,Chromium(VI) removal through facilitated transport using CYANEX 923 as carrier and reducing stripping with hydrazine sulfate,"The transport of chromium(VI) through a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) containing CYANEX 923 (mixture of phosphine oxides) as a carrier has been studied. The permeation of the metal is investigated as a function of various experimental variables: hydrodynamic conditions, concentration of chromium(VI) and HCI in the feed phase, CYANEX 923 concentration and diluent in the membrane, and strippant concentration in the receiving phase. By using hydrazine sulfate in the receiving phase, chromium(VI) is immediately reduced to the less toxic chromium(III). The aqueous mass transfer coefficient and the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer were calculated from the experimental results. The selectivity of CYANEX 923-based FSSLM toward different metal ions and the behavior of the system against other carriers is presented.","Chromium(VI) removal through facilitated transport using CYANEX 923 as carrier and reducing stripping with hydrazine sulfate Abs: The transport of chromium(VI) through a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane (FSSLM) containing CYANEX 923 (mixture of phosphine oxides) as a carrier has been studied. The permeation of the metal is investigated as a function of various experimental variables: hydrodynamic conditions, concentration of chromium(VI) and HCI in the feed phase, CYANEX 923 concentration and diluent in the membrane, and strippant concentration in the receiving phase. By using hydrazine sulfate in the receiving phase, chromium(VI) is immediately reduced to the less toxic chromium(III). The aqueous mass transfer coefficient and the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer were calculated from the experimental results. The selectivity of CYANEX 923-based FSSLM toward different metal ions and the behavior of the system against other carriers is presented.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234943,Graf von Keyserlingk and  Schramm 1984,Diameter of axons and thickness of myelin sheaths of the pyramidal tract fibres in the adult human medullary pyramid,"After perfusion fixation with a mixture of paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and potassium-chromate 4 adult human medullary pyramids were examined with the electron microscope. The myelin sheaths showed only mild signs of post mortal destructions. The periodicity of the lamellae is preserved and varies about 17 nm. For quantitative purposes specimens were taken at random from regions with an extend of half a mm2 on the cross section of the pyramid. On the average 62 lamellae (s = 5, n = 200) built up 1 micron myelin sheath in the 4 brains. The myelin sheath thickness and the inner circumference of the myelin sheath are measured. The axon diameter is calculated from the inner circumference. We obtained an average number of 66,000 fibres, s = 11,000 per mm2. Fibres with a total diameter below 4 microns amount to 87.9%, fibres from 4 to 10 microns to 10.77%, and larger than 10 microns to 1.4%. An axon diameter of about 0.5 micron combined with a thickness of the myelin sheath of 0.3 micron was most often found in all 4 cases. The fibres showed a broad variation of myelin thickness. In a given group of the small axons the thickest myelin sheath exceeded 3 to 4 times the value of the thinnest one. The coefficient of correlation between axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness was calculated as r2 = 0.56. No correspondence exists between frequency maxima and the ratio g, axon diameter to total diameter. Below a total fibre diameter of 5 microns the ratio g scatters broadly about 0.6, fibres larger than 5 microns exceed the value of 0.6. From the morphological data only large sized fibres can evoke a strong effect on compound action potentials if the method of reconstruction of the action potential from fibre size frequency distribution is employed.","Diameter of axons and thickness of myelin sheaths of the pyramidal tract fibres in the adult human medullary pyramid Abs: After perfusion fixation with a mixture of paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and potassium-chromate 4 adult human medullary pyramids were examined with the electron microscope. The myelin sheaths showed only mild signs of post mortal destructions. The periodicity of the lamellae is preserved and varies about 17 nm. For quantitative purposes specimens were taken at random from regions with an extend of half a mm2 on the cross section of the pyramid. On the average 62 lamellae (s = 5, n = 200) built up 1 micron myelin sheath in the 4 brains. The myelin sheath thickness and the inner circumference of the myelin sheath are measured. The axon diameter is calculated from the inner circumference. We obtained an average number of 66,000 fibres, s = 11,000 per mm2. Fibres with a total diameter below 4 microns amount to 87.9%, fibres from 4 to 10 microns to 10.77%, and larger than 10 microns to 1.4%. An axon diameter of about 0.5 micron combined with a thickness of the myelin sheath of 0.3 micron was most often found in all 4 cases. The fibres showed a broad variation of myelin thickness. In a given group of the small axons the thickest myelin sheath exceeded 3 to 4 times the value of the thinnest one. The coefficient of correlation between axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness was calculated as r2 = 0.56. No correspondence exists between frequency maxima and the ratio g, axon diameter to total diameter. Below a total fibre diameter of 5 microns the ratio g scatters broadly about 0.6, fibres larger than 5 microns exceed the value of 0.6. From the morphological data only large sized fibres can evoke a strong effect on compound action potentials if the method of reconstruction of the action potential from fibre size frequency distribution is employed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516049,Lee et al. 1975,The toxicity of a simulated refinery effluent to some fresh water animals,Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract daphnia-pulex daphnia-magna nitocris-sp aedes-aegypti dero-sp salmo-gairdneri stylaria-sp hyalella-azteca tubifex-sp goniobasis-sp cambarus-sp philodina-acuticornis dugesia-tigrina physa-sp aeolosoma-headleyi heliosoma-sp lepomis-macrochirus carassius-auratus kaolinite phenol ammonium chloride fuel oil potassium chromate sodium mono sulfide lethality,The toxicity of a simulated refinery effluent to some fresh water animals Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract daphnia-pulex daphnia-magna nitocris-sp aedes-aegypti dero-sp salmo-gairdneri stylaria-sp hyalella-azteca tubifex-sp goniobasis-sp cambarus-sp philodina-acuticornis dugesia-tigrina physa-sp aeolosoma-headleyi heliosoma-sp lepomis-macrochirus carassius-auratus kaolinite phenol ammonium chloride fuel oil potassium chromate sodium mono sulfide lethality,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578194,Michalski 2004,Ion chromatography method for the determination of trace levels of chromium(VI) in water,"Chromium exists usually in the (III) or (VI) oxidation states. In contrast to Cr(III), which is essential to mammalian systems, Cr(VI) is dangerous for humans due to its toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Cr(VI) compounds are highly soluble, mobile and bioavailable compared to Cr(III) species. Chromium is usually analyzed using instrumental methods such as AAS or ICP, which are accurate and sensitive, but allow determination of only the total content of chromium in a sample. Determination of Cr(VI) still represents a formidable challenge in analytical chemistry. This paper describes sensitive and selective determination of Cr(VI) in water samples on mug L-1 levels using an ion chromatography system with UV detector, without any sample preconcentration method. The detection limits achieved were less than 0.1 mug L-1 in deonized water and 0.2 mug L-1 in rainwater and drinking water, respectively. The method was applied to determination of Cr(VI) in rainwater and water extracts from galvanic sediments.","Ion chromatography method for the determination of trace levels of chromium(VI) in water Abs: Chromium exists usually in the (III) or (VI) oxidation states. In contrast to Cr(III), which is essential to mammalian systems, Cr(VI) is dangerous for humans due to its toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Cr(VI) compounds are highly soluble, mobile and bioavailable compared to Cr(III) species. Chromium is usually analyzed using instrumental methods such as AAS or ICP, which are accurate and sensitive, but allow determination of only the total content of chromium in a sample. Determination of Cr(VI) still represents a formidable challenge in analytical chemistry. This paper describes sensitive and selective determination of Cr(VI) in water samples on mug L-1 levels using an ion chromatography system with UV detector, without any sample preconcentration method. The detection limits achieved were less than 0.1 mug L-1 in deonized water and 0.2 mug L-1 in rainwater and drinking water, respectively. The method was applied to determination of Cr(VI) in rainwater and water extracts from galvanic sediments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238411,Brawer et al. 1995,Uptake and Subcellular Distribution of 51Cr in Gomori-Positive Astrocytes in Primary Culture,"Astrocytes from neonatal Sprague-Dawley-rats were used to study the uptake and intracellular distribution of chromium (7440473) during Gomori inclusion formation. After 7 days in culture, the cells were dosed with chromium-51 in the form of sodium-chromate (7775113) with an activity of 3 microcuries/milliliter. Twenty four hours later, half of the cells were dosed with 0.1mg/ml cysteamine. Exposed and control cells were fixed and processed at 12, 24, and 72 hours following cysteamine treatment. Cells were then photographed and radioautographic grains were localized and counted. Astrocytes that had not been treated with cysteamine showed normal morphological characteristics. Controls showed little uptake of the radioautographically labeled chromate. Cells treated with cysteamine displayed progressive development of Gomori inclusions. Mitochondria exhibited dense granular matrices and loss of cristae. Cysteamine treated cells had four times as much radioautographic labeling as controls. The authors state that Gomori inclusion formation coincides with an increase in cellular permeability to chromium.","Uptake and Subcellular Distribution of 51Cr in Gomori-Positive Astrocytes in Primary Culture Abs: Astrocytes from neonatal Sprague-Dawley-rats were used to study the uptake and intracellular distribution of chromium (7440473) during Gomori inclusion formation. After 7 days in culture, the cells were dosed with chromium-51 in the form of sodium-chromate (7775113) with an activity of 3 microcuries/milliliter. Twenty four hours later, half of the cells were dosed with 0.1mg/ml cysteamine. Exposed and control cells were fixed and processed at 12, 24, and 72 hours following cysteamine treatment. Cells were then photographed and radioautographic grains were localized and counted. Astrocytes that had not been treated with cysteamine showed normal morphological characteristics. Controls showed little uptake of the radioautographically labeled chromate. Cells treated with cysteamine displayed progressive development of Gomori inclusions. Mitochondria exhibited dense granular matrices and loss of cristae. Cysteamine treated cells had four times as much radioautographic labeling as controls. The authors state that Gomori inclusion formation coincides with an increase in cellular permeability to chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230924,Kabir-ud-Din et al. 2002,Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate/TritonX-100 micelles on the oxidation of D-fructose by chromic acid in presence of HClO(4),"The kinetics of oxidation of D-fructose by chromic acid in aqueous and aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, and alkylphenyl polyethylenglykol, TX-100) media have been investigated in the presence of HClO(4). The reaction is acid catalyzed and is associated with an induction period which is dependent on [H(+)], [surfactant] and temperature. The order of oxidation during induction under [D-fructose]&gt;[chromic acid] conditions is fractional in each reagent in both media. The rate constant was found to increase with [Mn(II)]. A mechanism has been proposed for the reaction. The micelles produce a catalytic effect in the range of SDS and TX-100 concentrations used, and the effect is explained by means of the pseudo-phase mass-action model. In the presence of SDS, the reaction is inhibited by electrolytes (NH(4)Br, NaBr, LiBr), and the inhibition order Na(+)&gt;Li(+)&gt;NH(4)(+) is explained on the basis of electrostatic considerations. The rate constant (k(m)), binding constants (K(S) and K(F)), and corresponding activation parameters (E(a), delta H( not equal ) and delta S( not equal )) have been evaluated and discussed. The order of reactivities of different sugars is found as: D-fructose&gt;D-arabinose&gt;D-xylose approximately D-glucose.","Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate/TritonX-100 micelles on the oxidation of D-fructose by chromic acid in presence of HClO(4) Abs: The kinetics of oxidation of D-fructose by chromic acid in aqueous and aqueous surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, and alkylphenyl polyethylenglykol, TX-100) media have been investigated in the presence of HClO(4). The reaction is acid catalyzed and is associated with an induction period which is dependent on [H(+)], [surfactant] and temperature. The order of oxidation during induction under [D-fructose]&gt;[chromic acid] conditions is fractional in each reagent in both media. The rate constant was found to increase with [Mn(II)]. A mechanism has been proposed for the reaction. The micelles produce a catalytic effect in the range of SDS and TX-100 concentrations used, and the effect is explained by means of the pseudo-phase mass-action model. In the presence of SDS, the reaction is inhibited by electrolytes (NH(4)Br, NaBr, LiBr), and the inhibition order Na(+)&gt;Li(+)&gt;NH(4)(+) is explained on the basis of electrostatic considerations. The rate constant (k(m)), binding constants (K(S) and K(F)), and corresponding activation parameters (E(a), delta H( not equal ) and delta S( not equal )) have been evaluated and discussed. The order of reactivities of different sugars is found as: D-fructose&gt;D-arabinose&gt;D-xylose approximately D-glucose.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225363,Bulut and  Aksit 2013,"A comparative study on chemical treatment of jute fiber: potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate and sodium perborate trihydrate",,"A comparative study on chemical treatment of jute fiber: potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate and sodium perborate trihydrate Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238928,Zeiger et al. 1988,SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY TESTS. 4.RESULTS FROM THE TESTING OF 300 CHEMICALS,,SALMONELLA MUTAGENICITY TESTS. 4.RESULTS FROM THE TESTING OF 300 CHEMICALS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237224,Kusk and  Nyholm 1991,Evaluation of a phytoplankton toxicity test for water pollution assessment and control,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A suggested standard test protocol for the short term 14C assimilation algal toxicity test method (photosynthesis inhibition test) has been evaluated with natural phytoplankton and cultures of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. A number of test technical factors as well as the variability in the sensitivity of natural phytoplankton have been investigated, using potassium dichromate as a reference toxicant in all tests. Some supplementary experiments were carried out with pentachlorophenol and with an industrial effluent. The sensitivity of the test increased with increasing incubation time, but for practical reasons 6 hours of incubation time is recommended. The method showed good reproducibility. The sensitivity of natural phytoplankton, however, varied considerably, both between sampling locations and with time. For testing of effluents it was found necessary to measure the CO2 alkalinity and correct for changes in the specific 14C activity caused bty the deviat","Evaluation of a phytoplankton toxicity test for water pollution assessment and control Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A suggested standard test protocol for the short term 14C assimilation algal toxicity test method (photosynthesis inhibition test) has been evaluated with natural phytoplankton and cultures of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. A number of test technical factors as well as the variability in the sensitivity of natural phytoplankton have been investigated, using potassium dichromate as a reference toxicant in all tests. Some supplementary experiments were carried out with pentachlorophenol and with an industrial effluent. The sensitivity of the test increased with increasing incubation time, but for practical reasons 6 hours of incubation time is recommended. The method showed good reproducibility. The sensitivity of natural phytoplankton, however, varied considerably, both between sampling locations and with time. For testing of effluents it was found necessary to measure the CO2 alkalinity and correct for changes in the specific 14C activity caused bty the deviat",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290246,Yadav and  Trivedi 2006,Evaluation of genotoxic potential of chromium (VI) in Channa punctata fish in terms of chromosomal aberrations,"Chromium, a widely recognized carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, is released into aquatic environments by electroplating, tannery and textile industries. Elevated concentrations in sediments and interstitial waters are well documented. Fishes dwelling in chromium waste infested waters are presumed to be affected by its deposits. To evaluate the genotoxic potential of chromium [Cr(VI)] on aquatic bio-system, bottom feeding fishes, Channa punctata, as model fish, were exposed to [Cr(VI)]. The chromosomal aberration test (CAT) was used as biomarker of [Cr(VI)] induced toxicity. The fish were divided into three groups:Group I non-treated controls; group II positive controls, treated with an intra-muscular injection of mitomycin-C at 1 mg/kg body wt; group III exposed to a sublethal concentration (7.689 mg/l) of [Cr(VI)], dissolved in the water. For CAT estimation, short term static bioassays were conducted and samples were collected from the kidneys of fish after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 hrs of exposure. The remarkable chromosomal aberrations recorded in the present investigation included chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, chromatid deletions, fragments, acentric fragments, and ring and di-centric chromosomes, along with chromatid and chromosome gaps. A significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed after 72 hrs of [Cr(VI)] exposure. The present study, thus reveals that even for acute exposure, [Cr(VI)] is a genotoxic agent for C. punctata.","Evaluation of genotoxic potential of chromium (VI) in Channa punctata fish in terms of chromosomal aberrations Abs: Chromium, a widely recognized carcinogenic, mutagenic and redox active metal, is released into aquatic environments by electroplating, tannery and textile industries. Elevated concentrations in sediments and interstitial waters are well documented. Fishes dwelling in chromium waste infested waters are presumed to be affected by its deposits. To evaluate the genotoxic potential of chromium [Cr(VI)] on aquatic bio-system, bottom feeding fishes, Channa punctata, as model fish, were exposed to [Cr(VI)]. The chromosomal aberration test (CAT) was used as biomarker of [Cr(VI)] induced toxicity. The fish were divided into three groups:Group I non-treated controls; group II positive controls, treated with an intra-muscular injection of mitomycin-C at 1 mg/kg body wt; group III exposed to a sublethal concentration (7.689 mg/l) of [Cr(VI)], dissolved in the water. For CAT estimation, short term static bioassays were conducted and samples were collected from the kidneys of fish after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 hrs of exposure. The remarkable chromosomal aberrations recorded in the present investigation included chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, chromatid deletions, fragments, acentric fragments, and ring and di-centric chromosomes, along with chromatid and chromosome gaps. A significant increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed after 72 hrs of [Cr(VI)] exposure. The present study, thus reveals that even for acute exposure, [Cr(VI)] is a genotoxic agent for C. punctata.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237530,Sasaki et al. 1997,"Simple detection of chemical mutagens by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow)","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recently, we designed a fast and simple method to obtain nuclei for the alkaline SCG assay and we tested it with mouse liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow. Instead of isolating organ cells by trypsinization, we homogenized tissue and isolated the nuclei. Each organ was minced, and the mince was suspended in chilled homogenizing buffer containing NaCl and Na2EDTA, homogenized gently using a Potter-type homogenizer set in ice, and then centrifuged. The nuclei from the precipitate were used for the assay. To evaluate the validity of this method, we tested the genotoxicity in mouse organs of 11 chemical mutagens with different modes of action. Mice were sacrificed 3 and 24 h after administration of each mutagen. Treatment with three alkylating agents (MMS, EMS, and MNNG), a DNA crosslinking agent (MMC), two aromatic amines (2-AAF and phenacetin), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (B(a)P), and two inorganic chemicals (KBrO3 and K2CrO4) increased migration of the DNA","Simple detection of chemical mutagens by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recently, we designed a fast and simple method to obtain nuclei for the alkaline SCG assay and we tested it with mouse liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow. Instead of isolating organ cells by trypsinization, we homogenized tissue and isolated the nuclei. Each organ was minced, and the mince was suspended in chilled homogenizing buffer containing NaCl and Na2EDTA, homogenized gently using a Potter-type homogenizer set in ice, and then centrifuged. The nuclei from the precipitate were used for the assay. To evaluate the validity of this method, we tested the genotoxicity in mouse organs of 11 chemical mutagens with different modes of action. Mice were sacrificed 3 and 24 h after administration of each mutagen. Treatment with three alkylating agents (MMS, EMS, and MNNG), a DNA crosslinking agent (MMC), two aromatic amines (2-AAF and phenacetin), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (B(a)P), and two inorganic chemicals (KBrO3 and K2CrO4) increased migration of the DNA",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225264,Bayrak et al. 2013,"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Adsorption on Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice Hulls",,"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Adsorption on Activated Carbon Prepared from Rice Hulls Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1026817,Das Gupta et al. 2009,Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on nickel II or chromium VI induced alterations of glucose homeostasis and hepatic antioxidant status under sub-chronic exposure conditions,"Garlic (Allium sativum) has a profound effect in reducing plasma glucose and increasing serum insulin in diabetic rats. We studied the effect of a garlic extract on nickel- or chromium-induced alteration of plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen levels and anti-oxidant status in rats. Adult male albino rats (n=36) divided into six groups of six animals each were treated as follows: Group I, untreated controls; Group II, fresh aqueous homogenate of garlic; Group III, nickel sulfate; Group IV, nickel sulfate + garlic; Group V, potassium dichromate; Group VI, potassium dichromate + garlic. In Groups IV and VI, the simultaneous administration of garlic abrogated a significant nickel- or chromium-induced increase in plasma glucose and decrease in liver glycogen. Nickel and chromium alone also increased lipid peroxide (LPO) and decreased glutathione levels, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Simultaneous garlic administration significantly reduced the LPO level and remarkably improved SOD activity. Hence, we postulate that the administration of garlic can prevent nickel II- or chromium VI-induced alterations in blood glucose homeostasis while exerting a hepatoprotective effect on glycogen levels and antioxidant status in male albino rats.","Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on nickel II or chromium VI induced alterations of glucose homeostasis and hepatic antioxidant status under sub-chronic exposure conditions Abs: Garlic (Allium sativum) has a profound effect in reducing plasma glucose and increasing serum insulin in diabetic rats. We studied the effect of a garlic extract on nickel- or chromium-induced alteration of plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen levels and anti-oxidant status in rats. Adult male albino rats (n=36) divided into six groups of six animals each were treated as follows: Group I, untreated controls; Group II, fresh aqueous homogenate of garlic; Group III, nickel sulfate; Group IV, nickel sulfate + garlic; Group V, potassium dichromate; Group VI, potassium dichromate + garlic. In Groups IV and VI, the simultaneous administration of garlic abrogated a significant nickel- or chromium-induced increase in plasma glucose and decrease in liver glycogen. Nickel and chromium alone also increased lipid peroxide (LPO) and decreased glutathione levels, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Simultaneous garlic administration significantly reduced the LPO level and remarkably improved SOD activity. Hence, we postulate that the administration of garlic can prevent nickel II- or chromium VI-induced alterations in blood glucose homeostasis while exerting a hepatoprotective effect on glycogen levels and antioxidant status in male albino rats.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237693,Norpoth et al. 1974,Induction of microsomal hemoproteins in the liver of rats after ingestion of inorganic lead compounds,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. High doses of inorganic lead compounds were given per os to male Wistar rats. The aim was to study the effect of Pb on the induction by phenobarbital of the hepatic hemoproteins cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5. Daily amounts of 6.0-43.75 mg of lead acetate, lead nitrate, lead chromate, lead chloride, lead carbonate or lead sulfate were given on 4 consecutive days; on day 2 each animal received 100 mg/kg phenobarbital i.p. After the 4-day period the animals were killed and the content of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 in the liver was determined. The activity of aminopyrine demethylase in the microsomal fraction of hepatic tissue was also measured, and the lead content of the livers and blood Hb were determined. The induction of cytochrome P450 and aminopyrine demethylase seemed to be stimulated by lead chloride and depressed by lead acetate. Lead chloride, however, has no effect when given without phenobarbital. In a futher experiment, lead acetate, in a daily dose of 30 mg for 4 days, failed to inhibit enzyme induction. The lead content of livers of rats receiving this dose of lead acetate was 4 times that in control rats. Similar levels were found after oral treatment with other Pb compounds. Values for body weight, liver weight, microsomal protein and blood Hb were not influenced. Short-term toxic doses of different inorganic lead compounds do not exert an inhibitory influence on the porphyrin synthesis stimulated in the rat liver by phenobarbital. The findings do not exclude the possiblity that this mechanism of inhibition may occur, and it could be important in connection with other kinds of Pb intoxication.","Induction of microsomal hemoproteins in the liver of rats after ingestion of inorganic lead compounds Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. High doses of inorganic lead compounds were given per os to male Wistar rats. The aim was to study the effect of Pb on the induction by phenobarbital of the hepatic hemoproteins cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5. Daily amounts of 6.0-43.75 mg of lead acetate, lead nitrate, lead chromate, lead chloride, lead carbonate or lead sulfate were given on 4 consecutive days; on day 2 each animal received 100 mg/kg phenobarbital i.p. After the 4-day period the animals were killed and the content of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 in the liver was determined. The activity of aminopyrine demethylase in the microsomal fraction of hepatic tissue was also measured, and the lead content of the livers and blood Hb were determined. The induction of cytochrome P450 and aminopyrine demethylase seemed to be stimulated by lead chloride and depressed by lead acetate. Lead chloride, however, has no effect when given without phenobarbital. In a futher experiment, lead acetate, in a daily dose of 30 mg for 4 days, failed to inhibit enzyme induction. The lead content of livers of rats receiving this dose of lead acetate was 4 times that in control rats. Similar levels were found after oral treatment with other Pb compounds. Values for body weight, liver weight, microsomal protein and blood Hb were not influenced. Short-term toxic doses of different inorganic lead compounds do not exert an inhibitory influence on the porphyrin synthesis stimulated in the rat liver by phenobarbital. The findings do not exclude the possiblity that this mechanism of inhibition may occur, and it could be important in connection with other kinds of Pb intoxication.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786367,Malherbe and  Claverie 2013,Toward chromium speciation in solids using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Cr K? lines,"The determination of chromium speciation in solid samples is critical for environmental and industrial purposes. Several analytical methods exist to perform such a determination either directly in solid state or liquid state after an extraction step, each of them having some limitations. In this study, the use of a high-resolution wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine and quantify chromium species is investigated by looking at the differences in the K? transition profiles between Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Three different approaches were tested and compared to determine the Cr(VI) fraction of known mixtures: relative height and peak fitting using calibration mixtures, partial least square regression (PLS) of pure compounds, and principal component regression (PCR) of pure compounds. The accuracy of these methods was found to be about the same with an average relative error in the range of 15%. However, PLS and PCR can be easily implemented in an automated way contrary to peak fitting which can be sometimes perceived as analyst-dependant. Another advantage of using PLS and PCR is that information concerning the other oxidation states present in the sample can be retrieved. Finally, PLS and the peak height approach can be used up to 0.5% total chromium which make the XRF an alternative technique to X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chromium speciation in solid state.","Toward chromium speciation in solids using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Cr K? lines Abs: The determination of chromium speciation in solid samples is critical for environmental and industrial purposes. Several analytical methods exist to perform such a determination either directly in solid state or liquid state after an extraction step, each of them having some limitations. In this study, the use of a high-resolution wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine and quantify chromium species is investigated by looking at the differences in the K? transition profiles between Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Three different approaches were tested and compared to determine the Cr(VI) fraction of known mixtures: relative height and peak fitting using calibration mixtures, partial least square regression (PLS) of pure compounds, and principal component regression (PCR) of pure compounds. The accuracy of these methods was found to be about the same with an average relative error in the range of 15%. However, PLS and PCR can be easily implemented in an automated way contrary to peak fitting which can be sometimes perceived as analyst-dependant. Another advantage of using PLS and PCR is that information concerning the other oxidation states present in the sample can be retrieved. Finally, PLS and the peak height approach can be used up to 0.5% total chromium which make the XRF an alternative technique to X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chromium speciation in solid state.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233777,Gardner and  Comber 2002,Determination of trace concentrations of hexavalent chromium,"A simple and sensitive solvent extraction-atomic spectrometric technique has been developed for the determination of hexavalent chromium in fresh and saline waters. The technique is based on the reaction of chromium with diphenylcarbazide. The method has been tested on a variety of water samples over an analytical range of 0-2 microg l(-1). A limit of detection of 0.024 microg l(-1) was achieved. Spiking recoveries in the range 87-115% were achieved in river water, drinking water and marine waters.","Determination of trace concentrations of hexavalent chromium Abs: A simple and sensitive solvent extraction-atomic spectrometric technique has been developed for the determination of hexavalent chromium in fresh and saline waters. The technique is based on the reaction of chromium with diphenylcarbazide. The method has been tested on a variety of water samples over an analytical range of 0-2 microg l(-1). A limit of detection of 0.024 microg l(-1) was achieved. Spiking recoveries in the range 87-115% were achieved in river water, drinking water and marine waters.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237106,Stranger-Johannessen 1988,THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF PIGMENTS IN CORROSION PROTECTIVE PAINTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ADHESION LOSS BLISTERING ZINC CHROMATE ZINC BORATE ZINC PHOSPHATE FUNGI BACTERIA,THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF PIGMENTS IN CORROSION PROTECTIVE PAINTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ADHESION LOSS BLISTERING ZINC CHROMATE ZINC BORATE ZINC PHOSPHATE FUNGI BACTERIA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509761,Li et al. 2002,Selective determination of airborne hexavalent chromium using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,"A new method for determining ultra-trace levels of hexavalent chromium in ambient air has been developed. The method involves a 24-h sampling of air into potassium hydroxide solution, followed by silica gel column separation of chromium (VI), then preconcentration by complexation and solvent extraction. The chromium (VI) complex was dissolved in nitric acid. The resultant chromium ions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) with ammonia as the reactive gas to reduce polyatomic interferences. The interconversion of chromium in potassium hydroxide solution and air sample matrix were investigated under ambient conditions. It was found that there was no conversion of chromium (VI) into chromium (III) species. However, it was observed that some chromium (III) species were converted into chromium (VI) species. For a KOH solution containing 100 mug l(-1) of chromium (III) species, the rate of conversion was found to be 3% after 24 h exposure, 8% after 48 h, 10% after 72 h and no further conversion was observed thereafter. However, in a solution containing air sample matrix, 9.3% of chromium (III) converted to chromium (VI) within 6 h, and during the course of a 11-day exposure period, 13% (range 8-17%) of chromium (III) converted to chromium (VI). The method detection limit (MDL) for chromium (VI) in potassium hydroxide solution (0.025 M) was found to be 2x10(-2) mug l(-1). This is equivalent to 0.2 ng m(-3) (for 23 m(3) air sampled into 200 ml of KOH solution over a 24-h period). The recovery of spiked chromium (VI) from solutions containing air sample matrix was 95+/-9% (n=8). Matrix related interferences were estimated to be less than 10% based on recovery studies. The concentration of airborne chromium (VI) in Sydney residential areas was found to be less than 0.2 ng m(-3), however, in industrial areas the concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 ng m(-3) using this analytical procedure.","Selective determination of airborne hexavalent chromium using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Abs: A new method for determining ultra-trace levels of hexavalent chromium in ambient air has been developed. The method involves a 24-h sampling of air into potassium hydroxide solution, followed by silica gel column separation of chromium (VI), then preconcentration by complexation and solvent extraction. The chromium (VI) complex was dissolved in nitric acid. The resultant chromium ions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) with ammonia as the reactive gas to reduce polyatomic interferences. The interconversion of chromium in potassium hydroxide solution and air sample matrix were investigated under ambient conditions. It was found that there was no conversion of chromium (VI) into chromium (III) species. However, it was observed that some chromium (III) species were converted into chromium (VI) species. For a KOH solution containing 100 mug l(-1) of chromium (III) species, the rate of conversion was found to be 3% after 24 h exposure, 8% after 48 h, 10% after 72 h and no further conversion was observed thereafter. However, in a solution containing air sample matrix, 9.3% of chromium (III) converted to chromium (VI) within 6 h, and during the course of a 11-day exposure period, 13% (range 8-17%) of chromium (III) converted to chromium (VI). The method detection limit (MDL) for chromium (VI) in potassium hydroxide solution (0.025 M) was found to be 2x10(-2) mug l(-1). This is equivalent to 0.2 ng m(-3) (for 23 m(3) air sampled into 200 ml of KOH solution over a 24-h period). The recovery of spiked chromium (VI) from solutions containing air sample matrix was 95+/-9% (n=8). Matrix related interferences were estimated to be less than 10% based on recovery studies. The concentration of airborne chromium (VI) in Sydney residential areas was found to be less than 0.2 ng m(-3), however, in industrial areas the concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 ng m(-3) using this analytical procedure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1445637,Ku et al. 2012,Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution using TiO? nanoparticles prepared with various alcohols as solvent,"TiO? nanoparticles were prepared with various linear alkyl chains of alcohols under a sol-gel process. The structure characterization and the photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium of the TiO? nanoparticles were investigated. The phase transformation temperature, crystal aggregation and surface area of prepared TiO? samples were found to be strongly influenced by alcohol used. The phase transformation from anatase to rutile was retarded and the surface area was reduced for TiO? prepared with alcohols of longer alkyl chain. TiO? nanoparticles prepared with methanol or ethanol exhibited higher photocatalytic reduction activity of hexavalent chromium possibly due to greater and more positively charged surface area.","Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution using TiO? nanoparticles prepared with various alcohols as solvent Abs: TiO? nanoparticles were prepared with various linear alkyl chains of alcohols under a sol-gel process. The structure characterization and the photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium of the TiO? nanoparticles were investigated. The phase transformation temperature, crystal aggregation and surface area of prepared TiO? samples were found to be strongly influenced by alcohol used. The phase transformation from anatase to rutile was retarded and the surface area was reduced for TiO? prepared with alcohols of longer alkyl chain. TiO? nanoparticles prepared with methanol or ethanol exhibited higher photocatalytic reduction activity of hexavalent chromium possibly due to greater and more positively charged surface area.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231187,Donner et al. 1986,DIMERCAPTOPROPANESULFONIC-ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE COPPER AND ACUTE CHROMIUM POISONING,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN ANTIDOTE-DRUG METABOLIC-DRUG COPPER SULFATE CHROMIC-ACID PHARMACODYNAMICS,DIMERCAPTOPROPANESULFONIC-ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE COPPER AND ACUTE CHROMIUM POISONING Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN ANTIDOTE-DRUG METABOLIC-DRUG COPPER SULFATE CHROMIC-ACID PHARMACODYNAMICS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577603,Erdem and  Tumen 2004,Chromium removal from aqueous solution by ferrite process,,Chromium removal from aqueous solution by ferrite process Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
156588,Isakov et al. 2007,A method of assessing air toxics concentrations in urban areas using mobile platform measurements,"The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an approach to characterize the spatial variability in ambient air concentrations using mobile platform measurements. This approach may be useful for air toxics assessments in Environmental Justice applications, epidemiological studies, and environmental health risk assessments. In this study, we developed and applied a method to characterize air toxics concentrations in urban areas using results of the recently conducted field study in Wilmington, DE. Mobile measurements were collected over a 4- x 4-km area of downtown Wilmington for three components: formaldehyde (representative of volatile organic compounds and also photochemically reactive pollutants), aerosol size distribution (representing fine particulate matter), and water-soluble hexavalent chromium (representative of toxic metals). These measurements were,used to construct spatial and temporal distributions of air toxics in the area that show a very strong temporal variability, both diurnally and seasonally. An analysis of spatial variability indicates that all pollutants varied significantly by location, which suggests potential impact of local sources. From the comparison with measurements at the central monitoring site, we conclude that formaldehyde and fine particulates show a positive correlation with temperature, which could also be the reason that photochemically generated formaldehyde and fine particulates over the study area correlate well with the fine particulate matter measured at the central site.","A method of assessing air toxics concentrations in urban areas using mobile platform measurements Abs: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an approach to characterize the spatial variability in ambient air concentrations using mobile platform measurements. This approach may be useful for air toxics assessments in Environmental Justice applications, epidemiological studies, and environmental health risk assessments. In this study, we developed and applied a method to characterize air toxics concentrations in urban areas using results of the recently conducted field study in Wilmington, DE. Mobile measurements were collected over a 4- x 4-km area of downtown Wilmington for three components: formaldehyde (representative of volatile organic compounds and also photochemically reactive pollutants), aerosol size distribution (representing fine particulate matter), and water-soluble hexavalent chromium (representative of toxic metals). These measurements were,used to construct spatial and temporal distributions of air toxics in the area that show a very strong temporal variability, both diurnally and seasonally. An analysis of spatial variability indicates that all pollutants varied significantly by location, which suggests potential impact of local sources. From the comparison with measurements at the central monitoring site, we conclude that formaldehyde and fine particulates show a positive correlation with temperature, which could also be the reason that photochemically generated formaldehyde and fine particulates over the study area correlate well with the fine particulate matter measured at the central site.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231619,Wang and  Lo 2009,Synthesis of mesoporous magnetic gamma-Fe2O3 and its application to Cr(VI) removal from contaminated water,"In this study, mesoporous magnetic iron-oxide (gamma-Fe(2)O(3)) was synthesized as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal. For material synthesis, mesoporous silica (KIT-6) was used as a hard template and to drive iron precursor into KIT-6, a 'greener', affinity based impregnation method was employed, which involved using a nonpolar solvent (xylene) and led to recycling of the solvent. The results of Cr(VI) removal experiments showed that the synthesized mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) has a Cr(VI) adsorption capacity comparable with 10nm nonporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) but simultaneously has a much faster separation than 10nm nonporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) in the presence of an external magnetic field under the same experimental conditions. Cr(VI) adsorption capacity onto the mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) increased with decreasing solution pH and could be readily regenerated. Therefore, mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) presents a reusable adsorbent for a fast, convenient, and highly efficient removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated water.","Synthesis of mesoporous magnetic gamma-Fe2O3 and its application to Cr(VI) removal from contaminated water Abs: In this study, mesoporous magnetic iron-oxide (gamma-Fe(2)O(3)) was synthesized as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal. For material synthesis, mesoporous silica (KIT-6) was used as a hard template and to drive iron precursor into KIT-6, a 'greener', affinity based impregnation method was employed, which involved using a nonpolar solvent (xylene) and led to recycling of the solvent. The results of Cr(VI) removal experiments showed that the synthesized mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) has a Cr(VI) adsorption capacity comparable with 10nm nonporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) but simultaneously has a much faster separation than 10nm nonporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) in the presence of an external magnetic field under the same experimental conditions. Cr(VI) adsorption capacity onto the mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) increased with decreasing solution pH and could be readily regenerated. Therefore, mesoporous gamma-Fe(2)O(3) presents a reusable adsorbent for a fast, convenient, and highly efficient removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated water.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225498,Ren et al. 2013,Effectiveness of Thermal and Acid Modification on Hexavalent Chromium Removal by Electrolyte Water Treatment Residuals,,Effectiveness of Thermal and Acid Modification on Hexavalent Chromium Removal by Electrolyte Water Treatment Residuals Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786341,Hafuka et al. 2013,BODIPY-Based Ratiometric Fluoroionophores with Bidirectional Spectral Shifts for the Selective Recognition of Heavy Metal Ions,,BODIPY-Based Ratiometric Fluoroionophores with Bidirectional Spectral Shifts for the Selective Recognition of Heavy Metal Ions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509916,Mishra et al. 2012,Reduction of Chromium-VI by Chromium Resistant Lactobacilli: A Prospective Bacterium for Bioremediation,"Chromium is a toxic heavy metal, which primarily exists in two inorganic forms, Cr (VI) and Cr (III). Highly soluble hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic due to its oxidizing nature. It is well established that the intestinal bacteria including Lactobacilli have regulatory effect on intestinal homeostasis and a breakdown in the relationship between intestinal cells and bacteria results in the manifestation of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In this study Cr (VI) resistance was developed in Lactobacillus strains and the reduction of Cr (VI) was evaluated. All resistant strains showed similarities with their respective normal strains and did not acquire resistance to various antibiotics. A complete bacterial reduction of 32ppm Cr (VI) was observed within 6 to 8 hours. The presence of chromate reducing enzyme have also been established following the partial purification (2 to 5 fold) and characterization of chromate reductase in Lactobacillus strains. The chromate reductase of our strains showed optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 30°C. To our knowledge; these strains are fast in Cr (VI) reduction than any other known bacteria. The results suggest that chromate- resistant Lactobacillus strains would be useful for chromium detoxification from GI-tract as well as for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium from contaminated environment.","Reduction of Chromium-VI by Chromium Resistant Lactobacilli: A Prospective Bacterium for Bioremediation Abs: Chromium is a toxic heavy metal, which primarily exists in two inorganic forms, Cr (VI) and Cr (III). Highly soluble hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic due to its oxidizing nature. It is well established that the intestinal bacteria including Lactobacilli have regulatory effect on intestinal homeostasis and a breakdown in the relationship between intestinal cells and bacteria results in the manifestation of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In this study Cr (VI) resistance was developed in Lactobacillus strains and the reduction of Cr (VI) was evaluated. All resistant strains showed similarities with their respective normal strains and did not acquire resistance to various antibiotics. A complete bacterial reduction of 32ppm Cr (VI) was observed within 6 to 8 hours. The presence of chromate reducing enzyme have also been established following the partial purification (2 to 5 fold) and characterization of chromate reductase in Lactobacillus strains. The chromate reductase of our strains showed optimum activity at pH 6.0 and 30°C. To our knowledge; these strains are fast in Cr (VI) reduction than any other known bacteria. The results suggest that chromate- resistant Lactobacillus strains would be useful for chromium detoxification from GI-tract as well as for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium from contaminated environment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225525,Pacurariu et al. 2013,Removal of Cr3+ from Waste Solution by a Bulk Liquid Membrane and Ion- Exchange Membrane Nafion 117,,Removal of Cr3+ from Waste Solution by a Bulk Liquid Membrane and Ion- Exchange Membrane Nafion 117 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231983,Ramírez-Ramírez et al. 2004,Cr(VI) reduction in a chromate-resistant strain of Candida maltosa isolated from the leather industry,"A Cr(VI)-resistant yeast was isolated from tanning liquors from a leather factory in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. Based on morphological and physiological analyses and the D1/D2 domain sequence of the 26S rDNA, the yeast was identified as Candida maltosa. Resistance of the strain to high Cr(VI) concentrations and its ability to chemically reduce chromium was studied. When compared to the three laboratory yeasts Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, the C. maltosa strain was found to tolerate chromate concentrations as high as 100 micro g/ml. In addition to this phenotypic trait, the C. maltosa strain showed ability to reduce Cr(VI). Chromate reduction occurred both in intact cells (grown in culture medium or in soil containing chromate) as well as in cell-free extracts. NADH-dependent chromate reductase activity was found associated with soluble protein and, to a lesser extent, with the membrane fraction.","Cr(VI) reduction in a chromate-resistant strain of Candida maltosa isolated from the leather industry Abs: A Cr(VI)-resistant yeast was isolated from tanning liquors from a leather factory in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico. Based on morphological and physiological analyses and the D1/D2 domain sequence of the 26S rDNA, the yeast was identified as Candida maltosa. Resistance of the strain to high Cr(VI) concentrations and its ability to chemically reduce chromium was studied. When compared to the three laboratory yeasts Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, the C. maltosa strain was found to tolerate chromate concentrations as high as 100 micro g/ml. In addition to this phenotypic trait, the C. maltosa strain showed ability to reduce Cr(VI). Chromate reduction occurred both in intact cells (grown in culture medium or in soil containing chromate) as well as in cell-free extracts. NADH-dependent chromate reductase activity was found associated with soluble protein and, to a lesser extent, with the membrane fraction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225430,Marjanovic et al. 2013,Adsorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions onto amine-functionalized natural and acid-activated sepiolites,,Adsorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions onto amine-functionalized natural and acid-activated sepiolites Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578189,Madrakian et al. 2009,Application of Organized Media for Rapid Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Cr(VI) in the Presence of Cr(III),"A simple, selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching method was developed to the determination Cr(VI). The method is based on the oxidation of I(-) to I(3)(-) by Cr(VI) in sulfuric acid solution followed by immediate formation of ion association compound between I(3)(-) and rhodamine 6G in Tween-80 micellar media at room temperature. The influence of several surfactants on rhodamine 6G fluorescence signal was studied; particular attention was paid in the aggregation behavior of rhodamine 6G-Tween-80 system. The experimental parameters (e.g., type of surfactant, reagent concentration) were Studied and the optimal conditions were established. The linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 2.0 - 100.0 ng mL(-1) Cr(VI). The detection limit of the method was 0.37 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) is less than 5% (n = 5). The efficiency of the method for the determination of Cr(VI) in the presence of Cr(III) in the sample was investigated. The method was applied successfully to the determination of Cr(VI) and total Cr in water, and liver tissue samples.","Application of Organized Media for Rapid Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Cr(VI) in the Presence of Cr(III) Abs: A simple, selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching method was developed to the determination Cr(VI). The method is based on the oxidation of I(-) to I(3)(-) by Cr(VI) in sulfuric acid solution followed by immediate formation of ion association compound between I(3)(-) and rhodamine 6G in Tween-80 micellar media at room temperature. The influence of several surfactants on rhodamine 6G fluorescence signal was studied; particular attention was paid in the aggregation behavior of rhodamine 6G-Tween-80 system. The experimental parameters (e.g., type of surfactant, reagent concentration) were Studied and the optimal conditions were established. The linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 2.0 - 100.0 ng mL(-1) Cr(VI). The detection limit of the method was 0.37 ng mL(-1). The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) is less than 5% (n = 5). The efficiency of the method for the determination of Cr(VI) in the presence of Cr(III) in the sample was investigated. The method was applied successfully to the determination of Cr(VI) and total Cr in water, and liver tissue samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577473,Abdollahi 2001,Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) and iron(III) with chromogenic mixed reagents by H-point standard addition method and partial least squares regression,,Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chromium(VI) and iron(III) with chromogenic mixed reagents by H-point standard addition method and partial least squares regression Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510541,Akbar et al. 2011,Effect of chromium and cobalt ions on primary human lymphocytes in vitro,"Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is increasingly common among younger more active patients suffering from osteoarthritis. Recent reports have increased awareness of metal ions leaching from metallic articulations; this ion exposure may have adverse effects on the immune system. As previous studies reported alterations in lymphocyte number and function in patients with Co-Cr implants, we investigated effects of clinically relevant concentrations of Cr(6+) and Co(2+) on primary human lymphocytes in vitro. Here, both resting and activated (anti-CD3 ± anti-CD28 antibodies) primary human lymphocytes were exposed to Cr(6+) or Co(2+) (0.1-100 µM). Following 24 or 48?h of exposure, cell viability, proliferation, cytokine [interferon-? (IFN? and interleukin-2 (IL-2)] release, and apoptosis (with and without pre-treatment of cells with a caspase-3 inhibitor) were assessed. Exposure to 10 and 100 µM Cr(6+) significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in both resting and activated lymphocytes. Cell proliferation and cytokine release were also significantly reduced in activated lymphocytes following exposure. The exposure of resting lymphocytes to 100 µM Co(2+) resulted in significant decreases in cell viability accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis. Activated lymphocytes also showed this response after exposure to 100 µM Co(2+); in fact, activated cells were significantly more sensitive to Co(2+) toxicity. Exposure to 10 µM Co(2+) led to significant decreases in cell proliferation and cytokine release, but no significant increase in apoptosis, in activated cells. The results indicate that exposure to high concentrations of metal ions initiate apoptosis that results in decreased lymphocyte proliferation. IL-2 release is inhibited by both metal ions at concentrations that are not overtly toxic. However, metal ion concentrations not directly cytotoxic to lymphocytes may affect events at a molecular level, thereby impeding lymphocyte proliferation. Hence, this may contribute to altered immune system function in patients with Co-Cr implants.","Effect of chromium and cobalt ions on primary human lymphocytes in vitro Abs: Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is increasingly common among younger more active patients suffering from osteoarthritis. Recent reports have increased awareness of metal ions leaching from metallic articulations; this ion exposure may have adverse effects on the immune system. As previous studies reported alterations in lymphocyte number and function in patients with Co-Cr implants, we investigated effects of clinically relevant concentrations of Cr(6+) and Co(2+) on primary human lymphocytes in vitro. Here, both resting and activated (anti-CD3 ± anti-CD28 antibodies) primary human lymphocytes were exposed to Cr(6+) or Co(2+) (0.1-100 µM). Following 24 or 48?h of exposure, cell viability, proliferation, cytokine [interferon-? (IFN? and interleukin-2 (IL-2)] release, and apoptosis (with and without pre-treatment of cells with a caspase-3 inhibitor) were assessed. Exposure to 10 and 100 µM Cr(6+) significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in both resting and activated lymphocytes. Cell proliferation and cytokine release were also significantly reduced in activated lymphocytes following exposure. The exposure of resting lymphocytes to 100 µM Co(2+) resulted in significant decreases in cell viability accompanied by a significant increase in apoptosis. Activated lymphocytes also showed this response after exposure to 100 µM Co(2+); in fact, activated cells were significantly more sensitive to Co(2+) toxicity. Exposure to 10 µM Co(2+) led to significant decreases in cell proliferation and cytokine release, but no significant increase in apoptosis, in activated cells. The results indicate that exposure to high concentrations of metal ions initiate apoptosis that results in decreased lymphocyte proliferation. IL-2 release is inhibited by both metal ions at concentrations that are not overtly toxic. However, metal ion concentrations not directly cytotoxic to lymphocytes may affect events at a molecular level, thereby impeding lymphocyte proliferation. Hence, this may contribute to altered immune system function in patients with Co-Cr implants.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233653,Urrutia et al. 2008,Assessment of EDTA in chromium (III-VI) toxicity on marine intertidal crab (Petrolisthes laevigatus),"Chromium poses a potential threat to coastal ecosystems. We used standard toxicity bioassays (semi-static, chronic) to evaluate EDTA as a chelating agent for reducing trivalent and hexavalent chromium toxicity on Petrolisthes laevigatus. Crab survival decreased linearly with increased chromium concentrations and dropped significantly beginning at 40 mg/L Cr (VI) and 80 mg/L Cr (III). No significant differences were observed with Cr (III) + EDTA as compared with untreated controls. Cr (VI) toxicity was greater than that of Cr (III), with low individual survival rates. The protective effect of EDTA in the medium increased crab survival by 41%-48%.","Assessment of EDTA in chromium (III-VI) toxicity on marine intertidal crab (Petrolisthes laevigatus) Abs: Chromium poses a potential threat to coastal ecosystems. We used standard toxicity bioassays (semi-static, chronic) to evaluate EDTA as a chelating agent for reducing trivalent and hexavalent chromium toxicity on Petrolisthes laevigatus. Crab survival decreased linearly with increased chromium concentrations and dropped significantly beginning at 40 mg/L Cr (VI) and 80 mg/L Cr (III). No significant differences were observed with Cr (III) + EDTA as compared with untreated controls. Cr (VI) toxicity was greater than that of Cr (III), with low individual survival rates. The protective effect of EDTA in the medium increased crab survival by 41%-48%.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516000,Kiyak et al. 1999,Cr(VI) reduction in aqueous solutions by using copper smelter slag,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ability of Copper Smelter Slag (CSS) to reduce Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The extent of reduction is dependent on the amounts of acid and reductant, contact time, Cr(VI) concentration, temperature of the solution and particle size of CSS. The amount of acid is the most important variable affecting the reduction process. When twice the amount of acid required with respect to Cr(VI) was used, Cr(VI) in 100 ml solution (100 mg/l) was completely reduced in a contact perio","Cr(VI) reduction in aqueous solutions by using copper smelter slag Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The ability of Copper Smelter Slag (CSS) to reduce Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The extent of reduction is dependent on the amounts of acid and reductant, contact time, Cr(VI) concentration, temperature of the solution and particle size of CSS. The amount of acid is the most important variable affecting the reduction process. When twice the amount of acid required with respect to Cr(VI) was used, Cr(VI) in 100 ml solution (100 mg/l) was completely reduced in a contact perio",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514448,Djane et al. 1999,Chromium speciation in natural waters using serially connected supported liquid membranes,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A supported liquid membrane (SLM) method for the speciation of chromium has been developed. The method is based on selective extraction and enrichment of anionic Cr(VI) and cationic Cr(III) species in two serially connected SLM units. Methyltricaprylammonium chloride (Aliquat) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA), respectively were used as the selective extractants in the membrane liquid. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was utilised for final determination. Optim n surface water from an abandoned tannery site. Storage experiments at different pH showed that preservation at neutral pH gave almost constant values over a period of one month. At acidic pH (pH = 3.0) the concentration of Cr(VI) decreased rapidly while the concentration of Cr(III) increased. The detection limit, expressed as three times the standard deviation of enriched blank samples was 0.01 mug l-1.","Chromium speciation in natural waters using serially connected supported liquid membranes Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A supported liquid membrane (SLM) method for the speciation of chromium has been developed. The method is based on selective extraction and enrichment of anionic Cr(VI) and cationic Cr(III) species in two serially connected SLM units. Methyltricaprylammonium chloride (Aliquat) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA), respectively were used as the selective extractants in the membrane liquid. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was utilised for final determination. Optim n surface water from an abandoned tannery site. Storage experiments at different pH showed that preservation at neutral pH gave almost constant values over a period of one month. At acidic pH (pH = 3.0) the concentration of Cr(VI) decreased rapidly while the concentration of Cr(III) increased. The detection limit, expressed as three times the standard deviation of enriched blank samples was 0.01 mug l-1.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234982,Venitt and  Bosworth 1983,The development of anaerobic methods for bacterial mutation assays: aerobic and anaerobic fluctuation tests of human faecal extracts and reference mutagens,"Methods for performing microtitre fluctuation tests in an anaerobic enclosure have been devised in order to study the mutagenic activity of human faecal extracts under conditions of strict anaerobiosis. Under these conditions (monitored by growth of obligate anaerobes), two mutagens (4-chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB) and potassium dichromate) were reproducibly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA(pKM101), respectively. We investigated the mutagenicity of aqueous extracts of faeces, prepared aerobically and anaerobically, collected from a single donor. Bioassay of 5 faecal extracts showed that 4 contained substances which promoted auxotrophic growth of his- and tryp- bacteria, and were therefore unsuitable for mutagenicity assay. The remaining extract (half of which was prepared aerobically, the other anaerobically) was assayed for mutagenicity in S. typhimurium TA 100. Reproducible dose-response curves were obtained with the aerobic extract and with the anaerobic extract when both were assayed under aerobic conditions. Negative results were obtained when the anaerobic or aerobic extracts were assayed anaerobically, under conditions where concurrent assays of 4CMB were positive. We conclude that bacterial fluctuation tests using reversion from auxotrophy to prototrophy as the genetic marker can be seriously compromised by the presence of substances (including amino acids) in the test material which promote auxotrophic growth. Moreover, it is clear that the results and interpretation of mutagenicity tests of faecal extracts are very dependent on whether air is present or absent during both extraction and assay.","The development of anaerobic methods for bacterial mutation assays: aerobic and anaerobic fluctuation tests of human faecal extracts and reference mutagens Abs: Methods for performing microtitre fluctuation tests in an anaerobic enclosure have been devised in order to study the mutagenic activity of human faecal extracts under conditions of strict anaerobiosis. Under these conditions (monitored by growth of obligate anaerobes), two mutagens (4-chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB) and potassium dichromate) were reproducibly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA(pKM101), respectively. We investigated the mutagenicity of aqueous extracts of faeces, prepared aerobically and anaerobically, collected from a single donor. Bioassay of 5 faecal extracts showed that 4 contained substances which promoted auxotrophic growth of his- and tryp- bacteria, and were therefore unsuitable for mutagenicity assay. The remaining extract (half of which was prepared aerobically, the other anaerobically) was assayed for mutagenicity in S. typhimurium TA 100. Reproducible dose-response curves were obtained with the aerobic extract and with the anaerobic extract when both were assayed under aerobic conditions. Negative results were obtained when the anaerobic or aerobic extracts were assayed anaerobically, under conditions where concurrent assays of 4CMB were positive. We conclude that bacterial fluctuation tests using reversion from auxotrophy to prototrophy as the genetic marker can be seriously compromised by the presence of substances (including amino acids) in the test material which promote auxotrophic growth. Moreover, it is clear that the results and interpretation of mutagenicity tests of faecal extracts are very dependent on whether air is present or absent during both extraction and assay.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234689,Xu et al. 1992,Brain aluminum in Alzheimer's disease using an improved GFAAS method,"Aluminum (Al) has been determined in autopsy brain samples (20 mg, dry weight) from 10 histologically verified Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 10 neurologically normal controls using an improved graphite furnace atomic absorption method. The method makes use of a potassium dichromate matrix modifier to circumvent interferences to the Al determination by the high levels of phosphorus and alkali metals in brain tissue. Brain regions studied included middle frontal gyrus, hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, and the superior and middle temporal gyri. Small, but significant (p &lt; 0.05) elevations of Al were observed in AD hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule and superior and middle temporal gyri, compared to corresponding control tissues. In contrast to other reports in the literature, no extremely high Al levels (&gt; 20 micrograms/g, dry weight) were observed in our samples. Our highest value for Al in AD brain was 8.0 micrograms/g. These results suggest that there is a small focal increase of Al in specific regions of AD brain compared to age-matched controls. The fact that the increase is small, coupled with the analytical difficulties of accurate bulk sample Al determinations by any technique in the brain matrix, may account for the discordant literature reports for Al in AD brain.","Brain aluminum in Alzheimer's disease using an improved GFAAS method Abs: Aluminum (Al) has been determined in autopsy brain samples (20 mg, dry weight) from 10 histologically verified Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 10 neurologically normal controls using an improved graphite furnace atomic absorption method. The method makes use of a potassium dichromate matrix modifier to circumvent interferences to the Al determination by the high levels of phosphorus and alkali metals in brain tissue. Brain regions studied included middle frontal gyrus, hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, and the superior and middle temporal gyri. Small, but significant (p &lt; 0.05) elevations of Al were observed in AD hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule and superior and middle temporal gyri, compared to corresponding control tissues. In contrast to other reports in the literature, no extremely high Al levels (&gt; 20 micrograms/g, dry weight) were observed in our samples. Our highest value for Al in AD brain was 8.0 micrograms/g. These results suggest that there is a small focal increase of Al in specific regions of AD brain compared to age-matched controls. The fact that the increase is small, coupled with the analytical difficulties of accurate bulk sample Al determinations by any technique in the brain matrix, may account for the discordant literature reports for Al in AD brain.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225385,Fu et al. 2013,Insights into environmental remediation of heavy metal and organic pollutants: Simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and dye from wastewater by zero-valent iron with ligand-enhanced reactivity,,Insights into environmental remediation of heavy metal and organic pollutants: Simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and dye from wastewater by zero-valent iron with ligand-enhanced reactivity Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225036,Mosier-Boss and  Putnam 2013,Detection of hexavalent chromium using gold/4-(2-mercaptoethyl) pyridinium surface enhanced Raman scattering-active capture matrices,"In this communication, the fabrication of SERS-active capture matrices for the detection of hexavalent chromium is described. The amine groups of amine-modified magnetic microparticles were used to immobilize gold colloidal particles. Once immobilized, the gold was reacted with 4-(2-mercaptoethyl) pyridinium (MEP) hydrochloride to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The MEP SAM exhibits great selectivity for hexavalent chromium. It was shown that calibration curves could be generated by ratioing MEP peaks that increased in intensity upon complexation with chromate with a peak that did not change. Flow experiments, using Au/MEP capture matrices held in place by a magnet, showed instantaneous response to changes in chromate concentration.","Detection of hexavalent chromium using gold/4-(2-mercaptoethyl) pyridinium surface enhanced Raman scattering-active capture matrices Abs: In this communication, the fabrication of SERS-active capture matrices for the detection of hexavalent chromium is described. The amine groups of amine-modified magnetic microparticles were used to immobilize gold colloidal particles. Once immobilized, the gold was reacted with 4-(2-mercaptoethyl) pyridinium (MEP) hydrochloride to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The MEP SAM exhibits great selectivity for hexavalent chromium. It was shown that calibration curves could be generated by ratioing MEP peaks that increased in intensity upon complexation with chromate with a peak that did not change. Flow experiments, using Au/MEP capture matrices held in place by a magnet, showed instantaneous response to changes in chromate concentration.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510436,Juneja and  Prakash 2005,The chemical form of trivalent chromium in xylem sap of maize (Zea mays L.),,The chemical form of trivalent chromium in xylem sap of maize (Zea mays L.) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514346,Chen and  Hao 1996,Environmental factors and modeling in microbial chromium (VI) reduction,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A Cr(VI)-reducing culture was enriched from an anaerobic chemostat fed with synthetic media containing acetate and Cr(VI). The enriched culture was used for a series of batch tests to investigate several environmental factors affecting microbial Cr(VI) reduction. Under carbon-limiting conditions, the extent of Cr(VI) reduction proportionally depended on the carbon concentration and no reduction of Cr(VI) was observed in the absence of acetate. Cr(VI) reduction was also dependent upon the initial biomass level and the type of organic compounds. The developed model predicted Cr(VI) reduction well at different Cr(VI) concentrations. Sulfate at 120 mg SO42- or nitrate at 150 mg N/L slightly inhibited Cr(VI) reduction. Reduction of nitrate but not sulfate was observed along with Cr(VI) reduction. Cr(VI) was not reduced by the aerobically growing culture, and it was found that oxygen inhibitory effects on Cr(VI) reduction were reversible. The optimum pH and temperature for C","Environmental factors and modeling in microbial chromium (VI) reduction Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A Cr(VI)-reducing culture was enriched from an anaerobic chemostat fed with synthetic media containing acetate and Cr(VI). The enriched culture was used for a series of batch tests to investigate several environmental factors affecting microbial Cr(VI) reduction. Under carbon-limiting conditions, the extent of Cr(VI) reduction proportionally depended on the carbon concentration and no reduction of Cr(VI) was observed in the absence of acetate. Cr(VI) reduction was also dependent upon the initial biomass level and the type of organic compounds. The developed model predicted Cr(VI) reduction well at different Cr(VI) concentrations. Sulfate at 120 mg SO42- or nitrate at 150 mg N/L slightly inhibited Cr(VI) reduction. Reduction of nitrate but not sulfate was observed along with Cr(VI) reduction. Cr(VI) was not reduced by the aerobically growing culture, and it was found that oxygen inhibitory effects on Cr(VI) reduction were reversible. The optimum pH and temperature for C",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1170236,Headlam and  Lay 2001,EPR spectroscopic studies of the reduction of chromium(VI) by methanol in the presence of peptides. Formation of long-lived chromium(V) peptide complexes,"The synthesis and characterization of the first Cr(V) complexes with non-sulfur-containing peptides, which may mimic the chemistry of the intermediates in the formation of Cr-induced peptide-DNA cross-links in vivo, are reported. The reduction of Cr(VI) with methanol in the presence of a number of non-sulfur-containing peptides produced relatively stable Cr(V)-peptide complexes, which were characterized by EPR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. The reaction of Cr(VI) with methanol alone (in the absence of peptide ligands) resulted in the formation of two Cr(V)-methanol intermediates, with giso values of 1.9765 and 1.9687. The methanol reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of the glycine peptides, triglycine, tetraglycine, and pentaglycine resulted in the formation of both Cr(V)-methanol and Cr(V)-peptide intermediates, while only the Cr(V)-peptide complexes were detected in the reactions with the alanine peptides trialanine, tetraalanine, and pentaalanine. Similar EPR signals were observed for all of the Cr(V)-peptide complexes with giso values between approximately 1.986 and approximately 1.979, and AN values of (2.1-2.6) x 10(-4) cm-1.","EPR spectroscopic studies of the reduction of chromium(VI) by methanol in the presence of peptides. Formation of long-lived chromium(V) peptide complexes Abs: The synthesis and characterization of the first Cr(V) complexes with non-sulfur-containing peptides, which may mimic the chemistry of the intermediates in the formation of Cr-induced peptide-DNA cross-links in vivo, are reported. The reduction of Cr(VI) with methanol in the presence of a number of non-sulfur-containing peptides produced relatively stable Cr(V)-peptide complexes, which were characterized by EPR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. The reaction of Cr(VI) with methanol alone (in the absence of peptide ligands) resulted in the formation of two Cr(V)-methanol intermediates, with giso values of 1.9765 and 1.9687. The methanol reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of the glycine peptides, triglycine, tetraglycine, and pentaglycine resulted in the formation of both Cr(V)-methanol and Cr(V)-peptide intermediates, while only the Cr(V)-peptide complexes were detected in the reactions with the alanine peptides trialanine, tetraalanine, and pentaalanine. Similar EPR signals were observed for all of the Cr(V)-peptide complexes with giso values between approximately 1.986 and approximately 1.979, and AN values of (2.1-2.6) x 10(-4) cm-1.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
89277,Strawn and  Sparks 2000,Effects of soil organic matter on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption in soil,"To improve predictions of the toxicity and threat from Pb contaminated soil, it is critical that time-dependent sorption and desorption behavior be understood. In this paper, the sorption and desorption behavior ( , ) of Pb in a Matapeake silt loam soil (Typic Hapludult) were studied by stirred-flow and batch experiments. In addition, we studied the effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorption and desorption behavior by treating the soil with sodium hypochlorite to remove the SOM fraction, and using a soil with six times as much SOM (St. Johns loamy sand [Typic Haplaquods]) as the Matapeake soil. Lead sorption consisted of a fast initial reaction in which all of the Pb added to the stirred-flow chamber was sorbed. Following this initial fast reaction, sorption continued and appears to be rate limited (indicated by a decrease in the outflow concentration when the flow rate was decreased, or when the flow was stopped). The total amount of Pb sorbed was 102, 44, and 27 mmol kg-1 for the St. Johns soil and the untreated and treated Matapeake soils, respectively. Desorption experiments were conducted on the soils with the background electrolyte as the eluent in the stirred-flow chamber. In the St. Johns soil only, 32% of the total sorbed Pb was desorbed, while 47 and 76% of the sorbed Pb was released from the untreated and treated Matapeake soil, respectively. The correlation between SOM in the soils, and the percentage Pb desorbed from the soils suggests that SOM plays an important role in slow desorption reactions of Pb from soil materials. Aging experiments in which sorbed Pb was incubated for 1, 10, and 32 d showed that sorption incubation time had no effect on Pb desorption behavior. Analysis of the treated and untreated Matapeake soils by x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy revealed that the local atomic structure of sorbed Pb is distinctly different in the two samples. In the soil treated to remove SOM, the data were well represented by theoretical models using O, Si, and Pb backscattering atoms. In the untreated soil, the XAFS data were best described by O and C backscatterers. These XAFS results confirm that the sorption mechanisms in the two systems are different.","Effects of soil organic matter on the kinetics and mechanisms of Pb(II) sorption and desorption in soil Abs: To improve predictions of the toxicity and threat from Pb contaminated soil, it is critical that time-dependent sorption and desorption behavior be understood. In this paper, the sorption and desorption behavior ( , ) of Pb in a Matapeake silt loam soil (Typic Hapludult) were studied by stirred-flow and batch experiments. In addition, we studied the effects of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorption and desorption behavior by treating the soil with sodium hypochlorite to remove the SOM fraction, and using a soil with six times as much SOM (St. Johns loamy sand [Typic Haplaquods]) as the Matapeake soil. Lead sorption consisted of a fast initial reaction in which all of the Pb added to the stirred-flow chamber was sorbed. Following this initial fast reaction, sorption continued and appears to be rate limited (indicated by a decrease in the outflow concentration when the flow rate was decreased, or when the flow was stopped). The total amount of Pb sorbed was 102, 44, and 27 mmol kg-1 for the St. Johns soil and the untreated and treated Matapeake soils, respectively. Desorption experiments were conducted on the soils with the background electrolyte as the eluent in the stirred-flow chamber. In the St. Johns soil only, 32% of the total sorbed Pb was desorbed, while 47 and 76% of the sorbed Pb was released from the untreated and treated Matapeake soil, respectively. The correlation between SOM in the soils, and the percentage Pb desorbed from the soils suggests that SOM plays an important role in slow desorption reactions of Pb from soil materials. Aging experiments in which sorbed Pb was incubated for 1, 10, and 32 d showed that sorption incubation time had no effect on Pb desorption behavior. Analysis of the treated and untreated Matapeake soils by x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy revealed that the local atomic structure of sorbed Pb is distinctly different in the two samples. In the soil treated to remove SOM, the data were well represented by theoretical models using O, Si, and Pb backscattering atoms. In the untreated soil, the XAFS data were best described by O and C backscatterers. These XAFS results confirm that the sorption mechanisms in the two systems are different.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516670,Zhou et al. 1993,A process monitoring/controlling system for the treatment of wastewater containing chromium(VI),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An advanced monitoring system for controlling the treatment process of wastewater containing chromium (VI) was developed using a flow method as a chemical sensing probe. In this system, the acquisition of monitoring information and the control of the treatment process is computer-controllable. By application of the system to control the end-point of redox-treatment, an accuracy and precision better than | 0.9% (n = 5) and a relative standard deviation smaller than 0.5% (n = 5) were found; furthermore, safe discharge of wastewater can be ensured without the addition of any coprecipitation reagents.","A process monitoring/controlling system for the treatment of wastewater containing chromium(VI) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An advanced monitoring system for controlling the treatment process of wastewater containing chromium (VI) was developed using a flow method as a chemical sensing probe. In this system, the acquisition of monitoring information and the control of the treatment process is computer-controllable. By application of the system to control the end-point of redox-treatment, an accuracy and precision better than | 0.9% (n = 5) and a relative standard deviation smaller than 0.5% (n = 5) were found; furthermore, safe discharge of wastewater can be ensured without the addition of any coprecipitation reagents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516571,Usmani et al. 1991,"Activated carbon from indigenous inferior woods: Part IV. Adsorption of copper, zinc and hexavalent chromium: Optimum contact time and adsorption behaviour","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of contact time, amount of carbon and general adsorption behaviour of copper, zinc and hexavalent chromium has been determined from their aqueous solutions by an activated carbon prepared from Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis). It has been found that in each case, amount of carbon has no significant effect on the optimum contact time required for maximum metal adsorption. However, carbon dose significantly affects the amount of metal adsorbed. The adsorption of copper is found to be thrice that of zinc and chromium on the basis of initial metal ion concentration using the same amount of carbon. The results further show that when two or three metals are in the same solution, they complete for adsorption sites. However, the adsorption of zinc is hindered and reduced by 50% in the presence of Cu and Cr+6.","Activated carbon from indigenous inferior woods: Part IV. Adsorption of copper, zinc and hexavalent chromium: Optimum contact time and adsorption behaviour Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of contact time, amount of carbon and general adsorption behaviour of copper, zinc and hexavalent chromium has been determined from their aqueous solutions by an activated carbon prepared from Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis). It has been found that in each case, amount of carbon has no significant effect on the optimum contact time required for maximum metal adsorption. However, carbon dose significantly affects the amount of metal adsorbed. The adsorption of copper is found to be thrice that of zinc and chromium on the basis of initial metal ion concentration using the same amount of carbon. The results further show that when two or three metals are in the same solution, they complete for adsorption sites. However, the adsorption of zinc is hindered and reduced by 50% in the presence of Cu and Cr+6.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786237,Narayani and  Vidya Shetty ,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by a novel Ochrobactrum sp. - microbial characteristics and reduction kinetics,"A Gram negative hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reducing bacteria, Ochrobactrum sp. Cr-B4 (genbank accession number: JF824998) was isolated from the aerator water of an activated sludge process of a wastewater treatment facility of a dye and pigment based specialty chemical industry. It showed a resistance for 1000?mg?L(-1) Cr(VI). It exhibited resistance against other heavy metal ions like Ni(2+) (900?mg?L(-1) ), Cu(2+) (500?mg?L(-1) ), Pb(2+) (800?mg?L(-1) ), and Cd(2+) (250?mg?L(-1) ), Zn(2+) (700?mg?L(-1) ), Fe(3+) (800?mg?L(-1) ), and against selected antibiotics. Cr-B4 could efficiently reduce 200?mg?L(-1) Cr(VI) completely in nutrient and LB media and could convert Cr(VI) to Cr(III) efficiently. Cr(VI) reduction in nutrient media followed allosteric enzyme kinetics with Km values of 59.39?mg?L(-1) and Vmax values of 47.03?mg?L(-1) ?h(-1) . The reduction in LB media followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 99.52?mg?L(-1) and Vmax of 77.63?mg?L(-1) ?h(-1) . Scanning electron micrograms revealed the presence of extracellular polymeric secretions.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by a novel Ochrobactrum sp. - microbial characteristics and reduction kinetics Abs: A Gram negative hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) reducing bacteria, Ochrobactrum sp. Cr-B4 (genbank accession number: JF824998) was isolated from the aerator water of an activated sludge process of a wastewater treatment facility of a dye and pigment based specialty chemical industry. It showed a resistance for 1000?mg?L(-1) Cr(VI). It exhibited resistance against other heavy metal ions like Ni(2+) (900?mg?L(-1) ), Cu(2+) (500?mg?L(-1) ), Pb(2+) (800?mg?L(-1) ), and Cd(2+) (250?mg?L(-1) ), Zn(2+) (700?mg?L(-1) ), Fe(3+) (800?mg?L(-1) ), and against selected antibiotics. Cr-B4 could efficiently reduce 200?mg?L(-1) Cr(VI) completely in nutrient and LB media and could convert Cr(VI) to Cr(III) efficiently. Cr(VI) reduction in nutrient media followed allosteric enzyme kinetics with Km values of 59.39?mg?L(-1) and Vmax values of 47.03?mg?L(-1) ?h(-1) . The reduction in LB media followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 99.52?mg?L(-1) and Vmax of 77.63?mg?L(-1) ?h(-1) . Scanning electron micrograms revealed the presence of extracellular polymeric secretions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234233,Chen et al. 2007,Comparison of viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in potassium dichromate solution and chlorinated tap water,"The present study was undertaken to compare the viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts that had been stored for 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25 and 30 months at 4 degrees C in 2.5% potassium dichromate (Cr) or chlorinated tap water, respectively. An excystation protocol was performed in vitro to evaluate viability. One hundred and eighty female BABL/c mice were used to evaluate the infectivity of oocysts by investigating the prepatent period of C. parvum infection, the quantity of oocysts excreted, and the number of parasites that colonized the villi of the ileum. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts preserved in Cr for 1-16 months or in water for 1-13 months were capable of excystation in vitro and infection of mice. The excystation rates of oocysts and the prepatent periods in mice infected by oocysts stored in Cr and water were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05), and there was a strong correlation between prepatent period and duration of oocyst storage (Cr: R2=0.92; water: R2=0.98). There were no significant differences in oocyst shedding from feces or parasitism of the terminal ilea of mice by Cryptosporidia between the two storage media (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, C. parvum oocysts may be stored at 4 degrees C in water instead of Cr for the purposes of laboratory research. However, the presence of viable C. parvum oocysts in water is a severe challenge to the drinking water treatment industry.","Comparison of viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in potassium dichromate solution and chlorinated tap water Abs: The present study was undertaken to compare the viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts that had been stored for 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25 and 30 months at 4 degrees C in 2.5% potassium dichromate (Cr) or chlorinated tap water, respectively. An excystation protocol was performed in vitro to evaluate viability. One hundred and eighty female BABL/c mice were used to evaluate the infectivity of oocysts by investigating the prepatent period of C. parvum infection, the quantity of oocysts excreted, and the number of parasites that colonized the villi of the ileum. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts preserved in Cr for 1-16 months or in water for 1-13 months were capable of excystation in vitro and infection of mice. The excystation rates of oocysts and the prepatent periods in mice infected by oocysts stored in Cr and water were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05), and there was a strong correlation between prepatent period and duration of oocyst storage (Cr: R2=0.92; water: R2=0.98). There were no significant differences in oocyst shedding from feces or parasitism of the terminal ilea of mice by Cryptosporidia between the two storage media (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, C. parvum oocysts may be stored at 4 degrees C in water instead of Cr for the purposes of laboratory research. However, the presence of viable C. parvum oocysts in water is a severe challenge to the drinking water treatment industry.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234443,de Lucca C Preza and  Smith 2001,"Use of newborn Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) in acute toxicity tests","Acute toxicity tests, exposing Girardia tigrina to potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), showed good reproducibility. The 95% confidence intervals among tests were 0.0262+/-0.0141 g for 48-h LC(50) (N=6) and 0.0129+/-0.0078 g for 96-h LC(50) (N=5). The 96-h LC(50) for G. tigrina was below that of oligochaetes and above that of cladocera.","Use of newborn Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850) in acute toxicity tests Abs: Acute toxicity tests, exposing Girardia tigrina to potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), showed good reproducibility. The 95% confidence intervals among tests were 0.0262+/-0.0141 g for 48-h LC(50) (N=6) and 0.0129+/-0.0078 g for 96-h LC(50) (N=5). The 96-h LC(50) for G. tigrina was below that of oligochaetes and above that of cladocera.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
14247,Langård et al. 1978,Whole blood chromium level and chromium excretion in the rat after zinc chromate inhalation,"Studies on absorption and excretion of chromium in the rat exposed to known atmospheric concentrations of zinc chromate in an inhalation chamber and the influence of diurnal variations in physical activity have been carried out. Chromium analyses were performed on samples of blood, urine and faeces using a method for determining chromium in small samples of biological material based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc chromate is absorbed quickly during exposure and excreted mainly via urine. An accumulation of chromium in blood was observed, followed by a slow elimination. It is suggested that chromium from zinc chromate enters the blood in the hexavalent state.","Whole blood chromium level and chromium excretion in the rat after zinc chromate inhalation Abs: Studies on absorption and excretion of chromium in the rat exposed to known atmospheric concentrations of zinc chromate in an inhalation chamber and the influence of diurnal variations in physical activity have been carried out. Chromium analyses were performed on samples of blood, urine and faeces using a method for determining chromium in small samples of biological material based on flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Zinc chromate is absorbed quickly during exposure and excreted mainly via urine. An accumulation of chromium in blood was observed, followed by a slow elimination. It is suggested that chromium from zinc chromate enters the blood in the hexavalent state.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509633,Al-Abadleh et al. 2004,Chromium(VI) binding to functionalized silica/water interfaces studied by nonlinear optical spectroscopy,Organic adlayers can significantly alter the interactions of environmentally relevant surfaces with their surroundings. We present the first second harmonic and broadband sum frequency generation (SHG and BBSFG) study that illustrates how organic surface functional groups can control the mobility of the priority pollutant chromium(VI) in soil: Cr(VI) binds to ester- and acid-functionalized surfaces but not to alkane-functionalized surfaces. The implications with respect to toxic metal transport across organic adlayers at liquid-solid interfaces are that aqueous Cr(VI) can be retained by polar groups common in biopolymers but not by hydrophobic groups common in surfactants.,Chromium(VI) binding to functionalized silica/water interfaces studied by nonlinear optical spectroscopy Abs: Organic adlayers can significantly alter the interactions of environmentally relevant surfaces with their surroundings. We present the first second harmonic and broadband sum frequency generation (SHG and BBSFG) study that illustrates how organic surface functional groups can control the mobility of the priority pollutant chromium(VI) in soil: Cr(VI) binds to ester- and acid-functionalized surfaces but not to alkane-functionalized surfaces. The implications with respect to toxic metal transport across organic adlayers at liquid-solid interfaces are that aqueous Cr(VI) can be retained by polar groups common in biopolymers but not by hydrophobic groups common in surfactants.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1269633,Fairhall 1936,Toxic Dusts and Fumes,"Types of toxic dusts and fumes, sampling procedures, and methods of analysis are reviewed. Toxic dusts and fumes of outstanding importance are listed as arsenic (7440382), mercury (7439976), lead (7439921), phosphorus (7723140), manganese (7439965), cadmium (7440439), zinc (7440666), hexavalent-chromium (18540299) compounds, fluorides, and silicofluorides, certain dye stuff intermediates, and other organic compounds. The uses of these dusts and fumes and hazards and symptoms of poisoning from these dusts and fumes are discussed. Caustic dusts, tar (8007452) dust, and irritating dusts are so cited as causing problems in industry. The development of new alloys also entails production of dusts and fumes about which little is yet known such as sodium-silico-fluoride (16893859), barium-fluoride (7787328), beryllium-oxide (1304569), and beryllium-fluoride (7787497). Although the most dangerous exposure to these toxic substances occurs among workers, the hazards to the general public from industrial facilities is also noted. Methods of sampling and analysis of these materials are suggested. It is emphasized that the sampling is as important as the analysis. Difficulties encountered by toxicologist in evaluating the toxicity of dusts and fumes due to the rapid increase in number of chemicals and substances generally encountered, and the problems of interpreting data from animal studies in terms of humans are discussed. The author suggests that much research needs to be done on the transport of these toxic substances within the body and their ultimate physiological activity.","Toxic Dusts and Fumes Abs: Types of toxic dusts and fumes, sampling procedures, and methods of analysis are reviewed. Toxic dusts and fumes of outstanding importance are listed as arsenic (7440382), mercury (7439976), lead (7439921), phosphorus (7723140), manganese (7439965), cadmium (7440439), zinc (7440666), hexavalent-chromium (18540299) compounds, fluorides, and silicofluorides, certain dye stuff intermediates, and other organic compounds. The uses of these dusts and fumes and hazards and symptoms of poisoning from these dusts and fumes are discussed. Caustic dusts, tar (8007452) dust, and irritating dusts are so cited as causing problems in industry. The development of new alloys also entails production of dusts and fumes about which little is yet known such as sodium-silico-fluoride (16893859), barium-fluoride (7787328), beryllium-oxide (1304569), and beryllium-fluoride (7787497). Although the most dangerous exposure to these toxic substances occurs among workers, the hazards to the general public from industrial facilities is also noted. Methods of sampling and analysis of these materials are suggested. It is emphasized that the sampling is as important as the analysis. Difficulties encountered by toxicologist in evaluating the toxicity of dusts and fumes due to the rapid increase in number of chemicals and substances generally encountered, and the problems of interpreting data from animal studies in terms of humans are discussed. The author suggests that much research needs to be done on the transport of these toxic substances within the body and their ultimate physiological activity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510043,Yaroschak 2010,Managing Emerging Contaminant Risks: Plans &amp; Progress,"Briefing charts. ted at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security &amp; Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium &amp; Exhibition held 14-17 June 2010 in Denver, CO. Contains briefing charts only. lent chromium compounds are wonderful corrosion inhibitors. Hexavalent chromium compounds are toxic. We ve learned how to use them safely. It can be expensive to control, store, dispose. Liability issues always loom. National &amp; international procedures and regulations are tightening. There are safer substitutes for some/many applications.","Managing Emerging Contaminant Risks: Plans &amp; Progress Abs: Briefing charts. ted at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security &amp; Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium &amp; Exhibition held 14-17 June 2010 in Denver, CO. Contains briefing charts only. lent chromium compounds are wonderful corrosion inhibitors. Hexavalent chromium compounds are toxic. We ve learned how to use them safely. It can be expensive to control, store, dispose. Liability issues always loom. National &amp; international procedures and regulations are tightening. There are safer substitutes for some/many applications.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786323,Evans et al. 2013,Photostabilization of wood using low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin and hindered amine light stabilizer,,Photostabilization of wood using low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin and hindered amine light stabilizer Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578000,Jain and  Garg 2008,"Effect of Cr(VI) on the hydration behavior of marble dust blended cement: Solidification, leachability and XRD analyses",,"Effect of Cr(VI) on the hydration behavior of marble dust blended cement: Solidification, leachability and XRD analyses Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576802,Poli and  Guyotjeannin 1960,[Nasal ulcerations caused by paints with zinc chromate base],,[Nasal ulcerations caused by paints with zinc chromate base] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237628,Price-Jones et al. 1980,The genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos: Comparison of chromosome abnormalities and sister-chromatid exchanges,"The genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells are compared with those of potassium chromate and Min-u-Sil silica. Potassium chromate, a known mutagen, increased the frequency of SCE. Neither crocidolite nor silica induced SCE, even though crocidolite caused numerical changes in the karyotype.","The genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos: Comparison of chromosome abnormalities and sister-chromatid exchanges Abs: The genetic effects of crocidolite asbestos in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells are compared with those of potassium chromate and Min-u-Sil silica. Potassium chromate, a known mutagen, increased the frequency of SCE. Neither crocidolite nor silica induced SCE, even though crocidolite caused numerical changes in the karyotype.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509555,Higgins and  Dobbins 1998,In situ reduction of hexavalent chromium in alkaline soils enriched with chromite ore processing residue,"In investigating chromium sites in New Jersey, it has been observed that an organic-rich 0.5- to 4-foot-thick layer of decayed vegetation (locally known as &quot;meadowmat&quot;) underlying the chromium-containing material acts as a natural barrier to the migration of Cr(VI). The groundwater in a sand layer directly beneath the meadowmat has been shown to contain low or nondetectable levels of chromium. The meadowmat is under highly reduced conditions due to bacterial activity associated with the organic material. Based on the observed ability of the meadowmat to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the feasibility of in situ reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) at chromite ore processing residue (COPR) sites was investigated in biologically-active, laboratory-scale test columns. COPR typically has a high pH (in excess of 12) and may contain total chromium concentrations as high as 70,000 mg/kg. Experimental results demonstrated that the addition of a mineral acid (to lower the pH to between 7.0 and 9.5) and a bacteria-rich organic substrate (fresh manure) resulted in the reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic and less mobile trivalent form. Pore water Cr(VI) was reduced from approximately 800 mg/L to less than 0.05 mg/L over a period of eight months. This is less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for chromium in drinking water of 0.1 mg/L. Solid phase Cr(VI) concentrations decreased from approximately 2,000 mg/kg to less than 10 mg/kg in the columns over a period of 11 months while the total chromium concentrations remained unchanged. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extract from the treated columns met the regulatory limit of 5 mg/L of Cr, whereas the untreated samples had TCLP extract concentrations greater than 40 mg/L. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of in situ reduction to soils contaminated with Cr(VI) by adjusting the pH to between 7.0 and 9.5 and mixing in a bacteria-rich organic substrate.","In situ reduction of hexavalent chromium in alkaline soils enriched with chromite ore processing residue Abs: In investigating chromium sites in New Jersey, it has been observed that an organic-rich 0.5- to 4-foot-thick layer of decayed vegetation (locally known as &quot;meadowmat&quot;) underlying the chromium-containing material acts as a natural barrier to the migration of Cr(VI). The groundwater in a sand layer directly beneath the meadowmat has been shown to contain low or nondetectable levels of chromium. The meadowmat is under highly reduced conditions due to bacterial activity associated with the organic material. Based on the observed ability of the meadowmat to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), the feasibility of in situ reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) at chromite ore processing residue (COPR) sites was investigated in biologically-active, laboratory-scale test columns. COPR typically has a high pH (in excess of 12) and may contain total chromium concentrations as high as 70,000 mg/kg. Experimental results demonstrated that the addition of a mineral acid (to lower the pH to between 7.0 and 9.5) and a bacteria-rich organic substrate (fresh manure) resulted in the reduction of Cr(VI) to the less toxic and less mobile trivalent form. Pore water Cr(VI) was reduced from approximately 800 mg/L to less than 0.05 mg/L over a period of eight months. This is less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for chromium in drinking water of 0.1 mg/L. Solid phase Cr(VI) concentrations decreased from approximately 2,000 mg/kg to less than 10 mg/kg in the columns over a period of 11 months while the total chromium concentrations remained unchanged. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extract from the treated columns met the regulatory limit of 5 mg/L of Cr, whereas the untreated samples had TCLP extract concentrations greater than 40 mg/L. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of in situ reduction to soils contaminated with Cr(VI) by adjusting the pH to between 7.0 and 9.5 and mixing in a bacteria-rich organic substrate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231927,Berry et al. 2004,Predicting the toxicity of chromium in sediments,"Chromium exists in sediments in two oxidation states: Cr(III), which is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, and Cr(VI), which is much more soluble and toxic. Chromium(VI) is thermodynamically unstable in anoxic sediments, and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is formed only in anoxic sediments; therefore sediments with measurable AVS concentrations should not contain toxic Cr(VI). If this hypothesis holds true, measuring AVS could form the basis for a theoretically based guideline for Cr in sediments. Ten-day water-only and spiked sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita were performed with Cr(VI) and Cr(III), along with sediments collected from a site contaminated with high concentrations of Cr. In sediments where AVS exceeded analytical detection limits, Cr concentrations in interstitial water were very low (&lt;100 microg/L) and no significant toxicity to A. abdita was observed. In sediments in which AVS was not significantly greater than zero, Cr concentrations in interstitial waters increased significantly, with greater than 90% of the Cr present as Cr(VI), and mortality of A. abdita was elevated. These results demonstrate that measurements of AVS and interstitial water chromium can be useful in predicting the absence of acute effects from Cr contamination in sediments.","Predicting the toxicity of chromium in sediments Abs: Chromium exists in sediments in two oxidation states: Cr(III), which is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, and Cr(VI), which is much more soluble and toxic. Chromium(VI) is thermodynamically unstable in anoxic sediments, and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is formed only in anoxic sediments; therefore sediments with measurable AVS concentrations should not contain toxic Cr(VI). If this hypothesis holds true, measuring AVS could form the basis for a theoretically based guideline for Cr in sediments. Ten-day water-only and spiked sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita were performed with Cr(VI) and Cr(III), along with sediments collected from a site contaminated with high concentrations of Cr. In sediments where AVS exceeded analytical detection limits, Cr concentrations in interstitial water were very low (&lt;100 microg/L) and no significant toxicity to A. abdita was observed. In sediments in which AVS was not significantly greater than zero, Cr concentrations in interstitial waters increased significantly, with greater than 90% of the Cr present as Cr(VI), and mortality of A. abdita was elevated. These results demonstrate that measurements of AVS and interstitial water chromium can be useful in predicting the absence of acute effects from Cr contamination in sediments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786232,Metters et al. 2013,Fabrication of co-planar screen printed microband electrodes,"We demonstrate the first example of the fabrication of co-planar 50 ?m (width) screen printed graphite microbands (length: 20 mm), fabricated entirely via screen printing which are characterised both microscopically and electrochemically via cyclic voltammetry and evaluated towards the sensing of NADH offering a competitive limit of detection (3?) of 0.24 ?M. The fabricated electrodes are also shown to be extended to gold screen printed microbands which are evaluated towards the sensing of chromium(VI) offering a limit of detection (3?) of 2.65 ?M. These microbands are seen to be the first produced entirely through screen printed technology potentially allowing disposable, mass produced microbands to be realised.","Fabrication of co-planar screen printed microband electrodes Abs: We demonstrate the first example of the fabrication of co-planar 50 ?m (width) screen printed graphite microbands (length: 20 mm), fabricated entirely via screen printing which are characterised both microscopically and electrochemically via cyclic voltammetry and evaluated towards the sensing of NADH offering a competitive limit of detection (3?) of 0.24 ?M. The fabricated electrodes are also shown to be extended to gold screen printed microbands which are evaluated towards the sensing of chromium(VI) offering a limit of detection (3?) of 2.65 ?M. These microbands are seen to be the first produced entirely through screen printed technology potentially allowing disposable, mass produced microbands to be realised.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516242,Ohtake et al. 1990,A survey of effective electron donors for reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium by enterobacter-cloacae strain ho1,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm detoxification technology wastewaters,A survey of effective electron donors for reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium by enterobacter-cloacae strain ho1 Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm detoxification technology wastewaters,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514324,Bux and  Kasan 1996,Assessment of wastewater treatment sludges as metal biosorbents,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The use of waste activated sludges as an efficient adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents has been considered as a viable alternative to chemical treatment methods. Waste activated sludge samples of fixed concentration from ten waste-water works were exposed to varying concentrations of solutions containing Cu2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ under controlled laboratory conditions. All sludges exhibited potential for metal removal from solution, some displaying comparatively superior metal biosorption than others. In addition, certain sludges portrayed a preference for specific metal ions. There as an increase in quantity of metal ions biosorbed by all sludges, with increasing solution concentrations for all the metals, except Cr6+. The results produced an overall metal-ion preference by the sludges of Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr3+ > Cr6+ This study showed that waste activated sludges demonstrate potential as metal biosorbents.","Assessment of wastewater treatment sludges as metal biosorbents Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The use of waste activated sludges as an efficient adsorbent for removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents has been considered as a viable alternative to chemical treatment methods. Waste activated sludge samples of fixed concentration from ten waste-water works were exposed to varying concentrations of solutions containing Cu2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ under controlled laboratory conditions. All sludges exhibited potential for metal removal from solution, some displaying comparatively superior metal biosorption than others. In addition, certain sludges portrayed a preference for specific metal ions. There as an increase in quantity of metal ions biosorbed by all sludges, with increasing solution concentrations for all the metals, except Cr6+. The results produced an overall metal-ion preference by the sludges of Cu > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr3+ > Cr6+ This study showed that waste activated sludges demonstrate potential as metal biosorbents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234902,Nesnow et al. 1985,"Studies on the tumor initiating, tumor promoting, and tumor co-initiating properties of respiratory carcinogens","The sensitivity of the mouse skin assay in detecting the carcinogenicity of known respiratory carcinogens was evaluated, and the tumor promoting and tumor coinitiating properties of complex environmental mixtures were investigated. SENCAR-mice were administered single intraperitoneal injections of beryllium-sulfate (13510491), nickel-sulfate (7786814), or potassium-dichromate (7778509), or treated topically once with 4-4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (101144), followed by topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (16561298) (TPA) twice weekly for 26 weeks. No treatment resulted in significant numbers of mouse skin papillomas. In the tumor promotion studies, SENCAR-mice were topically treated once with 50 micrograms benzo(a)pyrene (50328) (BP) and then weekly with an extract of coke oven emissions or roofing tar emissions. The coke oven sample was approximately four times more active as a tumor promoter than the roofing tar sample. When treated weekly with the coke oven extract alone, mice were found to be more susceptible to carcinoma formation than the mice treated with BP followed by coke oven extract. Weekly treatments with roofing tar extract resulted in fewer papillomas than treatment with BP followed by roofing tar extract. Tumor coinitiation was studied in SENCAR-mice simultaneously treated with 50 micrograms BP and cigarette smoke condensate, roofing tar extract, or extract from diesel emissions, followed by twice weekly treatments with TPA for up to 30 weeks. Cigarette smoke condensate and roofing tar extract induced synergistic effects with BP. Both agents also had slight tumorigenic effects alone. Diesel extract induced significant tumor initiation by itself, but had no demonstrable effect when administered with BP as a coinitiator. The authors conclude that the mouse skin assay is not a sensitive test for evaluating the carcinogenicity of metal salts.","Studies on the tumor initiating, tumor promoting, and tumor co-initiating properties of respiratory carcinogens Abs: The sensitivity of the mouse skin assay in detecting the carcinogenicity of known respiratory carcinogens was evaluated, and the tumor promoting and tumor coinitiating properties of complex environmental mixtures were investigated. SENCAR-mice were administered single intraperitoneal injections of beryllium-sulfate (13510491), nickel-sulfate (7786814), or potassium-dichromate (7778509), or treated topically once with 4-4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (101144), followed by topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (16561298) (TPA) twice weekly for 26 weeks. No treatment resulted in significant numbers of mouse skin papillomas. In the tumor promotion studies, SENCAR-mice were topically treated once with 50 micrograms benzo(a)pyrene (50328) (BP) and then weekly with an extract of coke oven emissions or roofing tar emissions. The coke oven sample was approximately four times more active as a tumor promoter than the roofing tar sample. When treated weekly with the coke oven extract alone, mice were found to be more susceptible to carcinoma formation than the mice treated with BP followed by coke oven extract. Weekly treatments with roofing tar extract resulted in fewer papillomas than treatment with BP followed by roofing tar extract. Tumor coinitiation was studied in SENCAR-mice simultaneously treated with 50 micrograms BP and cigarette smoke condensate, roofing tar extract, or extract from diesel emissions, followed by twice weekly treatments with TPA for up to 30 weeks. Cigarette smoke condensate and roofing tar extract induced synergistic effects with BP. Both agents also had slight tumorigenic effects alone. Diesel extract induced significant tumor initiation by itself, but had no demonstrable effect when administered with BP as a coinitiator. The authors conclude that the mouse skin assay is not a sensitive test for evaluating the carcinogenicity of metal salts.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
935476,Tsoi and  Sze-Yin leung 2010,Simultaneous determination of seven elemental species in estuarine waters by LC-ICP-DRC-MS,,Simultaneous determination of seven elemental species in estuarine waters by LC-ICP-DRC-MS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578238,Prokhotskaia and  Dmitrieva 2002,Types of algal population responses to heavy metal action,"A usual behavior of biological systems is three-phase response to treatment dose (""paradoxical reaction""). It means that low and high doses of factor cause a stronger response than moderate ones. We were shown earlier that nonlinear concentration-effect curve reflects a hierarchy of cell responses to increasing concentrations of damaging factor: inhibition of cell division at low concentrations; stress and adaptive increasinig of resistance at moderate concentrations and premature cell division and death at high concentrations. In this work, we analyzed the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis) of laboratory green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. population. Thereby, we found the main types of algal reaction to the toxicant (potassium dichromate, K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) action. At low K(2)Cr(2)O(7) concentration (0.001 mg/l) the total cell number decreasing was not related to cell death. The decrease of the growth rate in this case was due to the long-term cell division inhibition in a fraction of cell population but toxicant did not have strong effect on the photosynthetic activity as compared to control culture. At moderate, seemingly inactive concentrations (0.01-0.1 mg/l) the absence of effect is caused by renewal of cell division after temporary arrest. During the arrest of cell division, the efficiency of photosynthesis decreased only slightly but restored within two days. At these concentrations toxicant induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance. At medium toxic concentrations (1.0-3.0 mg/l) we can observe long-term cell division inhibition and giant cells forming but such a state of the algae was reversible: giant cells rapidly resumed their division after being transferred to a toxicant-free medium. Sublethal K(2)Cr(2)O(7) concentrations did not significantly inhibit photosynthesis. At lethal concentration (10.0 mg/l) the cell division is stimulated and the small immature cells predominated in the beginning of intoxication. The toxicant caused reducing photosynthetic efficiency to a double as compared to control level. It indicated irreversible cell damage. Thus, changes of the population structure characterize its state. We can recommend using described types of reaction to the toxic action for risk assessment and biotesting. It is known that the population number changes by complex way in increasing of damaging factors intensity. A usual behavior of biological systems is three-phase response to treatment dose (""paradoxical reaction""). It means that low and high doses of factor cause a stronger response than moderate ones [1, 2]. We have shown earlier that nonlinear concentration response curve of cell survival reflects of hierarchy of cell responses to increasing concentration of fungicide imazalil sulfate: cell division inhibition in low doses, stress and adaptive tolerance increasing in moderate doses and immature cell division and cell death in high doses [3]. The purpose of our research was to reveal the main principles of algal population response to the toxicant (potassium dichromate, K(2)Cr(2)O(7)). Moreover, we display a possibility of their using as a diagnostic tool for biotesting.","Types of algal population responses to heavy metal action Abs: A usual behavior of biological systems is three-phase response to treatment dose (""paradoxical reaction""). It means that low and high doses of factor cause a stronger response than moderate ones. We were shown earlier that nonlinear concentration-effect curve reflects a hierarchy of cell responses to increasing concentrations of damaging factor: inhibition of cell division at low concentrations; stress and adaptive increasinig of resistance at moderate concentrations and premature cell division and death at high concentrations. In this work, we analyzed the dynamics of the population structure and cell functional characteristics (photosynthesis) of laboratory green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. population. Thereby, we found the main types of algal reaction to the toxicant (potassium dichromate, K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) action. At low K(2)Cr(2)O(7) concentration (0.001 mg/l) the total cell number decreasing was not related to cell death. The decrease of the growth rate in this case was due to the long-term cell division inhibition in a fraction of cell population but toxicant did not have strong effect on the photosynthetic activity as compared to control culture. At moderate, seemingly inactive concentrations (0.01-0.1 mg/l) the absence of effect is caused by renewal of cell division after temporary arrest. During the arrest of cell division, the efficiency of photosynthesis decreased only slightly but restored within two days. At these concentrations toxicant induced cell stress and adaptive elevation of cell tolerance. At medium toxic concentrations (1.0-3.0 mg/l) we can observe long-term cell division inhibition and giant cells forming but such a state of the algae was reversible: giant cells rapidly resumed their division after being transferred to a toxicant-free medium. Sublethal K(2)Cr(2)O(7) concentrations did not significantly inhibit photosynthesis. At lethal concentration (10.0 mg/l) the cell division is stimulated and the small immature cells predominated in the beginning of intoxication. The toxicant caused reducing photosynthetic efficiency to a double as compared to control level. It indicated irreversible cell damage. Thus, changes of the population structure characterize its state. We can recommend using described types of reaction to the toxic action for risk assessment and biotesting. It is known that the population number changes by complex way in increasing of damaging factors intensity. A usual behavior of biological systems is three-phase response to treatment dose (""paradoxical reaction""). It means that low and high doses of factor cause a stronger response than moderate ones [1, 2]. We have shown earlier that nonlinear concentration response curve of cell survival reflects of hierarchy of cell responses to increasing concentration of fungicide imazalil sulfate: cell division inhibition in low doses, stress and adaptive tolerance increasing in moderate doses and immature cell division and cell death in high doses [3]. The purpose of our research was to reveal the main principles of algal population response to the toxicant (potassium dichromate, K(2)Cr(2)O(7)). Moreover, we display a possibility of their using as a diagnostic tool for biotesting.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510610,Tubbing et al. 1993,SENSITIVITY OF PLANKTONIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO VARIOUS TOXICANTS IN THE RIVER RHINE,,SENSITIVITY OF PLANKTONIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO VARIOUS TOXICANTS IN THE RIVER RHINE Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1353189,Upreti et al. 2006,A comparative study on rat intestinal epithelial cells and resident gut bacteria (ii) effect of arsenite,"<strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>In order to use facultative gut bacteria as an alternate to animals for the initial gastrointestinal toxicity screening of heavy metals, a comparative study on rat intestinal epithelial cells and resident gut bacteria was undertaken.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>in vitro growth rate of four gut bacteria, dehydrogenase (DHA) and esterase (EA) activity test, intestinal epithelial and bacterial cell membrane enzymes and in situ effect of arsenite were analysed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Growth profile of mixed resident population of gut bacteria and pure isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. revealed an arsenite (2-20 ppm) concentration-dependent inhibition. The viability pattern of epithelial cells also showed similar changes. DHA and EA tests revealed significant inhibition (40%-72%) with arsenite exposure of 5 and 10 ppm in isolated gut bacteria and epithelial cells. Decrease in membrane alkaline phosphatase and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activities was in the range of 33%-55% in four bacteria at the arsenite exposure of 10 ppm, whereas it was 60%-65% in intestinal epithelial villus cells. in situ incubation of arsenite using intestinal loops also showed more or less similar changes in membrane enzymes of resident gut bacterial population and epithelial cells.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results indicate that facultative gut bacteria can be used as suitable in vitro model for the preliminary screening of arsenical gastrointestinal cytotoxic effects.","A comparative study on rat intestinal epithelial cells and resident gut bacteria (ii) effect of arsenite Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>In order to use facultative gut bacteria as an alternate to animals for the initial gastrointestinal toxicity screening of heavy metals, a comparative study on rat intestinal epithelial cells and resident gut bacteria was undertaken.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>in vitro growth rate of four gut bacteria, dehydrogenase (DHA) and esterase (EA) activity test, intestinal epithelial and bacterial cell membrane enzymes and in situ effect of arsenite were analysed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Growth profile of mixed resident population of gut bacteria and pure isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. revealed an arsenite (2-20 ppm) concentration-dependent inhibition. The viability pattern of epithelial cells also showed similar changes. DHA and EA tests revealed significant inhibition (40%-72%) with arsenite exposure of 5 and 10 ppm in isolated gut bacteria and epithelial cells. Decrease in membrane alkaline phosphatase and Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activities was in the range of 33%-55% in four bacteria at the arsenite exposure of 10 ppm, whereas it was 60%-65% in intestinal epithelial villus cells. in situ incubation of arsenite using intestinal loops also showed more or less similar changes in membrane enzymes of resident gut bacterial population and epithelial cells.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results indicate that facultative gut bacteria can be used as suitable in vitro model for the preliminary screening of arsenical gastrointestinal cytotoxic effects.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231137,Burlingame and  Simoneit 1968,Isoprenoid Fatty acids isolated from the kerogen matrix of the green river formation (eocene),"Demineralized oil shale was oxidized with chromic acid, and C(14) to C(22) isoprenoid fatty acids were isolated and identified. The major components of the branched-chain acid fraction after successive 3-, 6-, and 15-hour oxidations are C(15) and C(16) branched-chain acids; C(17), C(19) (norphytanic acid), and C(20) (phytanic acid) were obtained in lower concentration; no C(18) product was obtained. Separations were effected by column and gas-liquid chromatography, and the structures of individual components were determined by high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry.","Isoprenoid Fatty acids isolated from the kerogen matrix of the green river formation (eocene) Abs: Demineralized oil shale was oxidized with chromic acid, and C(14) to C(22) isoprenoid fatty acids were isolated and identified. The major components of the branched-chain acid fraction after successive 3-, 6-, and 15-hour oxidations are C(15) and C(16) branched-chain acids; C(17), C(19) (norphytanic acid), and C(20) (phytanic acid) were obtained in lower concentration; no C(18) product was obtained. Separations were effected by column and gas-liquid chromatography, and the structures of individual components were determined by high- and low-resolution mass spectrometry.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233551,Fibbi et al. 2012,"Distribution and mass balance of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in a subsurface, horizontal flow (SF-h) constructed wetland operating as post-treatment of textile wastewater for water reuse","In this study, during a two-year period, we investigated the fate of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in a full-scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland planted with Phragmites australis. The reed bed operated as post-treatment of the effluent wastewater from an activated sludge plant serving the textile industrial district and the city of Prato (Italy). Chromium speciation was performed in influent and effluent wastewater and in water-suspended solids, at different depths and distances from the inlet; plants were also analyzed for total chromium along the same longitudinal profile. Removals of hexavalent and trivalent chromium equal to 72% and 26%, respectively were achieved. The mean hexavalent chromium outlet concentration was 1.6 ± 0.9 ?g l(-1) and complied with the Italian legal limits for water reuse. Chromium in water-suspended solids was in the trivalent form, thus indicating that its removal from wastewater was obtained by the reduction of hexavalent chromium to the trivalent form, followed by accumulation of the latter inside the reed bed. Chromium in water-suspended solids was significantly affected by the distance from the inlet. Chromium concentrations in the different plant organs followed the same trend of suspended solids along the longitudinal profile and were much lower than those found in the solid material, evidencing a low metal accumulation in P. australis.","Distribution and mass balance of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in a subsurface, horizontal flow (SF-h) constructed wetland operating as post-treatment of textile wastewater for water reuse Abs: In this study, during a two-year period, we investigated the fate of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in a full-scale subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland planted with Phragmites australis. The reed bed operated as post-treatment of the effluent wastewater from an activated sludge plant serving the textile industrial district and the city of Prato (Italy). Chromium speciation was performed in influent and effluent wastewater and in water-suspended solids, at different depths and distances from the inlet; plants were also analyzed for total chromium along the same longitudinal profile. Removals of hexavalent and trivalent chromium equal to 72% and 26%, respectively were achieved. The mean hexavalent chromium outlet concentration was 1.6 ± 0.9 ?g l(-1) and complied with the Italian legal limits for water reuse. Chromium in water-suspended solids was in the trivalent form, thus indicating that its removal from wastewater was obtained by the reduction of hexavalent chromium to the trivalent form, followed by accumulation of the latter inside the reed bed. Chromium in water-suspended solids was significantly affected by the distance from the inlet. Chromium concentrations in the different plant organs followed the same trend of suspended solids along the longitudinal profile and were much lower than those found in the solid material, evidencing a low metal accumulation in P. australis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238509,group 1984,Health effects assessment for trivalent chromium,"In order to place the risk assessment evaluation in proper context, refer to the preface of this document. The preface outlines limitations applicable to all documents of this series as well as the appropriate interpretation and use of the quantitative estimates presented. Data are limited concerning the toxicological effects of trivalent chromium salts. Trivalent chromium appears to have a low order of toxicity, presumably due to very poor absorption, especially following oral exposure. Only one subchronic study adequate for risk assessment was located. Cr203 was administered in the diet of rats for 90 days at levels of 2% and 5%. The estimated daily consumption of Cr(+3) is 1373 mg/kg for the 5% feeding level. Based on this, an AIS of 979 mg/day was calculated. Adequate subchronic inhalation data were not located. Again, only one chronic feeding study was found, conducted by the same authors who reported the subchronic investigation. No adverse effects were seen at the highest feeding level, 5%. The daily intake at this level is estimated as 1467 mg Cr(+3)/kg. From these data, an AIC of 103 mg/day is estimated. Chronic inhalation data were not located. An AIC of 0.357 mg Cr(+3)/day is estimated based on the TLV. All of these estimates should be reviewed as more complete data become available. Data were not sufficient for derivation of a CS. Environmental chemistry and fate. The three most stable forms in which chromium occurs in the environment are 0 (metal and alloys), +3 and +6 valence states. In the +3 valence state, the chemistry of chromium is dominated by the formations of stable hexa- coordinated complexes with both organic and inorganic ligands. In the +6 valence state, chromium exists as oxo species such as CrO3 and CrO42'- that are strongly oxidizing. Chromium in the ambient air occurs from natural sources, industrial and product uses, and burning of fossil fuels and wood. The most important industrial sources of chromium in the atmospheric originate from ferrochrome production. Under normal conditions, Cr(+3) and Cr(0) in the air should not undergo any reaction. Cr(+6) in air could eventually react with dust particles or other pollutants to form Cr(+3); however, the exact nature of such atmospheric reactions has not been studied extensively. Chromium is removed from air by atmospheric fallout and precipitation. The atmospheric half-life for the physical removal mechanism is expected to depend on the particle size and particle density of atmospheric chromium. Chromium particles of small aerodynamic diameter (<10 um) may remain airborne for long periods of time and may be transported great distances by wind currents and diffusion forces. Surface runoff, deposition from air, and release of municipal and industrial waste waters are the sources of chromium in surface waters. The most significant removal mechanism for Cr(+3) from the aquatic environment will be precipitation as Cr2O3 x xH2O and eventually sedimentation of Cr2O3 x xH2O. Cr(+6), however, may exist in aquatic media as a water soluble complex anion and may persist in water for a long time. Cr(+6) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent and will react with organic matter or other reducing agents to form Cr(+3). Eventually, Cr(+3) will be precipitated as Cr2O3 x xH2O. Therefore, in surface water rich i organic content, Cr(+6) will exhibit a much shorter lifetime. Chromium probably occurs as the insoluble Cr2O3 x xH2O in soil, given that organic matter in soil is expected to convert any soluble chromate to insoluble Cr2O3. There is no known chemical process that can cause chromium to be lost from soil. The primary processes by which chromium is lost from soil are physical. For example, chromium in soil can be transported to the atmosphere by way of aerosol formation. Chromium is also transported from soil through runoff. Runoff can remove both chromium ions and bulk precipitates of chromium. In addition, flooding of soils and the subsequent anaerobic decomposition of plant matter may increase dissolution of Cr2O3 in soil through complexation. The wa er soluble complexes may cause leaching of chromium from soil. The BCF for Cr(06) in fish muscle appears to be <1.0, but values of 125 and 192 were obtained for oyster and blue mussel, respectively. For Cr(+3), BCF values of 116, 153 and 86 were obtained with the American oyster, soft shell clam and blue mussel.","Health effects assessment for trivalent chromium Abs: In order to place the risk assessment evaluation in proper context, refer to the preface of this document. The preface outlines limitations applicable to all documents of this series as well as the appropriate interpretation and use of the quantitative estimates presented. Data are limited concerning the toxicological effects of trivalent chromium salts. Trivalent chromium appears to have a low order of toxicity, presumably due to very poor absorption, especially following oral exposure. Only one subchronic study adequate for risk assessment was located. Cr203 was administered in the diet of rats for 90 days at levels of 2% and 5%. The estimated daily consumption of Cr(+3) is 1373 mg/kg for the 5% feeding level. Based on this, an AIS of 979 mg/day was calculated. Adequate subchronic inhalation data were not located. Again, only one chronic feeding study was found, conducted by the same authors who reported the subchronic investigation. No adverse effects were seen at the highest feeding level, 5%. The daily intake at this level is estimated as 1467 mg Cr(+3)/kg. From these data, an AIC of 103 mg/day is estimated. Chronic inhalation data were not located. An AIC of 0.357 mg Cr(+3)/day is estimated based on the TLV. All of these estimates should be reviewed as more complete data become available. Data were not sufficient for derivation of a CS. Environmental chemistry and fate. The three most stable forms in which chromium occurs in the environment are 0 (metal and alloys), +3 and +6 valence states. In the +3 valence state, the chemistry of chromium is dominated by the formations of stable hexa- coordinated complexes with both organic and inorganic ligands. In the +6 valence state, chromium exists as oxo species such as CrO3 and CrO42'- that are strongly oxidizing. Chromium in the ambient air occurs from natural sources, industrial and product uses, and burning of fossil fuels and wood. The most important industrial sources of chromium in the atmospheric originate from ferrochrome production. Under normal conditions, Cr(+3) and Cr(0) in the air should not undergo any reaction. Cr(+6) in air could eventually react with dust particles or other pollutants to form Cr(+3); however, the exact nature of such atmospheric reactions has not been studied extensively. Chromium is removed from air by atmospheric fallout and precipitation. The atmospheric half-life for the physical removal mechanism is expected to depend on the particle size and particle density of atmospheric chromium. Chromium particles of small aerodynamic diameter (<10 um) may remain airborne for long periods of time and may be transported great distances by wind currents and diffusion forces. Surface runoff, deposition from air, and release of municipal and industrial waste waters are the sources of chromium in surface waters. The most significant removal mechanism for Cr(+3) from the aquatic environment will be precipitation as Cr2O3 x xH2O and eventually sedimentation of Cr2O3 x xH2O. Cr(+6), however, may exist in aquatic media as a water soluble complex anion and may persist in water for a long time. Cr(+6) is a moderately strong oxidizing agent and will react with organic matter or other reducing agents to form Cr(+3). Eventually, Cr(+3) will be precipitated as Cr2O3 x xH2O. Therefore, in surface water rich i organic content, Cr(+6) will exhibit a much shorter lifetime. Chromium probably occurs as the insoluble Cr2O3 x xH2O in soil, given that organic matter in soil is expected to convert any soluble chromate to insoluble Cr2O3. There is no known chemical process that can cause chromium to be lost from soil. The primary processes by which chromium is lost from soil are physical. For example, chromium in soil can be transported to the atmosphere by way of aerosol formation. Chromium is also transported from soil through runoff. Runoff can remove both chromium ions and bulk precipitates of chromium. In addition, flooding of soils and the subsequent anaerobic decomposition of plant matter may increase dissolution of Cr2O3 in soil through complexation. The wa er soluble complexes may cause leaching of chromium from soil. The BCF for Cr(06) in fish muscle appears to be <1.0, but values of 125 and 192 were obtained for oyster and blue mussel, respectively. For Cr(+3), BCF values of 116, 153 and 86 were obtained with the American oyster, soft shell clam and blue mussel.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230887,Bai and  Achilefu 2011,Synthesis and spectroscopy of near infrared fluorescent dyes for investigating dichromic fluorescence,"We developed a series of near infrared (NIR) cyanine dyes to study dichromic fluorescence phenomenon, which provides new protocols for in vivo optical imaging. Preliminary spectroscopic studies show that dichromic fluorescence correlates with structural symmetry. This feature suggests the potential use of dichromic fluorescent molecules to study biological processes that can alter the structural symmetry of the molecular probes.","Synthesis and spectroscopy of near infrared fluorescent dyes for investigating dichromic fluorescence Abs: We developed a series of near infrared (NIR) cyanine dyes to study dichromic fluorescence phenomenon, which provides new protocols for in vivo optical imaging. Preliminary spectroscopic studies show that dichromic fluorescence correlates with structural symmetry. This feature suggests the potential use of dichromic fluorescent molecules to study biological processes that can alter the structural symmetry of the molecular probes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510164,Palmer and  Puls 1994,Natural Attenuation of Hexavalent Chromium in Ground Water and Soils. Ground Water Issue,"Sponsored by Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. per focuses on the natural attenuation of hexavalent chromium in soil and ground water. Much of the interest of natural attenuation of chromium stems from the great expense of remediating chromium-contaminated sites. Some of the issues discussed include the conditions that must be present for the necessary processes to occur, changes in toxicity, the time required for target concentrations to be reached, and assurances that chromium in the reduced state will remain immobile.","Natural Attenuation of Hexavalent Chromium in Ground Water and Soils. Ground Water Issue Abs: Sponsored by Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. per focuses on the natural attenuation of hexavalent chromium in soil and ground water. Much of the interest of natural attenuation of chromium stems from the great expense of remediating chromium-contaminated sites. Some of the issues discussed include the conditions that must be present for the necessary processes to occur, changes in toxicity, the time required for target concentrations to be reached, and assurances that chromium in the reduced state will remain immobile.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515259,Ge et al. 1992,Use of Overoxidised Polypyrrole as a Chromium(VI) Sensor,"A new polypyrrole based hexavalent chromium (7440473) (Cr+6) sensor was developed. The sensor consisted of a layer of polypyrrole galvanostatically deposited on a gold electrode. The coating was then oxidized voltammetrically by scanning between -0.4 and 1.3 volts (V) using a silver/silver-chloride electrode as the reference electrode. When the electrode was immersed in a solution containing 100 parts per billion (ppb) Cr+6 in 0.01 molar (M) sulfuric-acid, application of an anodic potential of 0.80V preconcentrated Cr+6 on the surface. A calibration plot was linear over the range 0 to 100ppb Cr+6. A freshly prepared sensor had a detection limit of 10ppb. After use, a memory response due to preconcentrated Cr+6 that was adsorbed on the polymer membrane was observed when the electrode was immersed in a blank. The memory effect could be partially eliminated by soaking and washing the electrode in water and 0.01M sulfuric-acid. The detection limit of 10ppb could be obtained with used sensors after the rinsing and washing procedure. Because of the memory problem, a more realistic detection limit was taken to be 20ppb. The authors conclude that the sensor can detect Cr+6 with a sensitivity of 20ppb. Freshly prepared sensors can detect 10ppb Cr+6.","Use of Overoxidised Polypyrrole as a Chromium(VI) Sensor Abs: A new polypyrrole based hexavalent chromium (7440473) (Cr+6) sensor was developed. The sensor consisted of a layer of polypyrrole galvanostatically deposited on a gold electrode. The coating was then oxidized voltammetrically by scanning between -0.4 and 1.3 volts (V) using a silver/silver-chloride electrode as the reference electrode. When the electrode was immersed in a solution containing 100 parts per billion (ppb) Cr+6 in 0.01 molar (M) sulfuric-acid, application of an anodic potential of 0.80V preconcentrated Cr+6 on the surface. A calibration plot was linear over the range 0 to 100ppb Cr+6. A freshly prepared sensor had a detection limit of 10ppb. After use, a memory response due to preconcentrated Cr+6 that was adsorbed on the polymer membrane was observed when the electrode was immersed in a blank. The memory effect could be partially eliminated by soaking and washing the electrode in water and 0.01M sulfuric-acid. The detection limit of 10ppb could be obtained with used sensors after the rinsing and washing procedure. Because of the memory problem, a more realistic detection limit was taken to be 20ppb. The authors conclude that the sensor can detect Cr+6 with a sensitivity of 20ppb. Freshly prepared sensors can detect 10ppb Cr+6.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235193,Ravnskov et al. 1975,Proteinuria in pigs with experimentally induced renal damage,"Proteinuria was studied experimentally in pigs with renal damage induced by maleic acid, potassium dichromate and by 5/6 nephrectomy. The methods used were: analysis of total protein, immunochemical quantitation of a porcine low molecular weight (alpha-PLMW) protein, agarose gel electrophoresis, and gel chromatography of concentrated urine samples. The urinary clearance of the alpha-PLMW protein in normal pigs was considerably higher than LMW protein clearance in normal man. No increase was seen after surgery. The induction of proximal tubular damage resulted in an increased excretion of, above all, high molecular weight proteins (greater than or equal to albumin) but also of low molecular weight proteins. The highest increase in alpha-PLMW clearance was seen immediately after 5/6 nephrectomy, and the increased alpha-PLMW excretion in pigs with proximal tubular dysfunction was better correlated to creatinine clearance than to the degree of phosphaturia or glucosuria. The results suggest different renal handling of plasma proteins in pigs and humans.","Proteinuria in pigs with experimentally induced renal damage Abs: Proteinuria was studied experimentally in pigs with renal damage induced by maleic acid, potassium dichromate and by 5/6 nephrectomy. The methods used were: analysis of total protein, immunochemical quantitation of a porcine low molecular weight (alpha-PLMW) protein, agarose gel electrophoresis, and gel chromatography of concentrated urine samples. The urinary clearance of the alpha-PLMW protein in normal pigs was considerably higher than LMW protein clearance in normal man. No increase was seen after surgery. The induction of proximal tubular damage resulted in an increased excretion of, above all, high molecular weight proteins (greater than or equal to albumin) but also of low molecular weight proteins. The highest increase in alpha-PLMW clearance was seen immediately after 5/6 nephrectomy, and the increased alpha-PLMW excretion in pigs with proximal tubular dysfunction was better correlated to creatinine clearance than to the degree of phosphaturia or glucosuria. The results suggest different renal handling of plasma proteins in pigs and humans.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237822,Turska et al. 1980,Electron microscopic studies on hepatocytes of hens intoxicated with potassium dichromate,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. After 3 days, acute poisoning symptoms were stated in some hepatocyte ultrastructures in livers of hens intoxicated with K2Cr2O7. They were manifested in damage of mitochondria, disappearance of ribosomes and fatty infiltration. No pathological changes were observed 20 days after intoxication.","Electron microscopic studies on hepatocytes of hens intoxicated with potassium dichromate Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. After 3 days, acute poisoning symptoms were stated in some hepatocyte ultrastructures in livers of hens intoxicated with K2Cr2O7. They were manifested in damage of mitochondria, disappearance of ribosomes and fatty infiltration. No pathological changes were observed 20 days after intoxication.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235620,Campos-García et al. 1997,Purification and partial characterization of a chromate reductase from Bacillus,"A soluble NADH-dependent enzyme capable of reducing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] to the trivalent form [Cr(III)] was purified from chromate-resistant Bacillus QC1-2. An enriched single protein band of 24 kDa was observed by SDS-PAGE following HPLC ion-exchange and size-exclusion procedures. In the latter step, the chromate reductase showed a molecular mass of 44 kDa, which suggested that the enzyme consists of two subunits of about 24 kDa. Purified chromate reductase displayed optimal activity at a temperature and pH of 37 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme showed a Km of 0.35 mM for chromate and a Vmax of 50 nmol Cr(VI) reduced per minute per mg protein.","Purification and partial characterization of a chromate reductase from Bacillus Abs: A soluble NADH-dependent enzyme capable of reducing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] to the trivalent form [Cr(III)] was purified from chromate-resistant Bacillus QC1-2. An enriched single protein band of 24 kDa was observed by SDS-PAGE following HPLC ion-exchange and size-exclusion procedures. In the latter step, the chromate reductase showed a molecular mass of 44 kDa, which suggested that the enzyme consists of two subunits of about 24 kDa. Purified chromate reductase displayed optimal activity at a temperature and pH of 37 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme showed a Km of 0.35 mM for chromate and a Vmax of 50 nmol Cr(VI) reduced per minute per mg protein.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509806,Tandukar et al. 2009,Biological chromium(VI) reduction in the cathode of a microbial fuel cell,"The biocathode of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) offers a promising potential for the reductive treatment of oxidized pollutants. In this study, we demonstrated biological Cr(VI) reduction in the cathode of a MFC and identified putative Cr(VI) reducing microorganisms. The MFC was continuously monitored for Cr(VI) reduction and power generation. Acetate was provided to the anode compartment as substrate and bicarbonate was added to the cathode compartment as the sole external carbon source. The contribution of biomass decay and abiotic processes on Cr(VI) reduction was minimal, confirming that most of the Cr(VI) reduction was assisted by microbial activity in the cathode, which utilizes electrons and protons generated from the oxidation of acetate in the anode compartment. Relatively fast Cr(VI) reduction was observed at initial Cr(VI) concentrations below 80 mg/L. However, at 80 mg Cr(VI)/L, Cr(VI) reduction was extremely slow. A maximum Cr(VI) reduction rate of 0.46 mg Cr(VI)/g VSS.h was achieved, which resulted in a current and power density of 123.4 mA/m(2) and 55.5 mW/m(2), respectively. The reduced chromium was nondetectable in the supernatant of the catholyte which indicated complete removal of chromium as Cr(OH)(3) precipitate. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene based clone library revealed that the cathode biomass was largely dominated by phylotypes closely related to Trichococcus pasteurii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the putative Cr(VI) reducers.","Biological chromium(VI) reduction in the cathode of a microbial fuel cell Abs: The biocathode of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) offers a promising potential for the reductive treatment of oxidized pollutants. In this study, we demonstrated biological Cr(VI) reduction in the cathode of a MFC and identified putative Cr(VI) reducing microorganisms. The MFC was continuously monitored for Cr(VI) reduction and power generation. Acetate was provided to the anode compartment as substrate and bicarbonate was added to the cathode compartment as the sole external carbon source. The contribution of biomass decay and abiotic processes on Cr(VI) reduction was minimal, confirming that most of the Cr(VI) reduction was assisted by microbial activity in the cathode, which utilizes electrons and protons generated from the oxidation of acetate in the anode compartment. Relatively fast Cr(VI) reduction was observed at initial Cr(VI) concentrations below 80 mg/L. However, at 80 mg Cr(VI)/L, Cr(VI) reduction was extremely slow. A maximum Cr(VI) reduction rate of 0.46 mg Cr(VI)/g VSS.h was achieved, which resulted in a current and power density of 123.4 mA/m(2) and 55.5 mW/m(2), respectively. The reduced chromium was nondetectable in the supernatant of the catholyte which indicated complete removal of chromium as Cr(OH)(3) precipitate. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene based clone library revealed that the cathode biomass was largely dominated by phylotypes closely related to Trichococcus pasteurii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the putative Cr(VI) reducers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231814,Insel et al. 2006,Unified basis for the respirometric evaluation of inhibition for activated sludge,"This paper explores the merit of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profile obtained by means of respirometry as the basic mechanistic instrument for evaluating activated sludge inhibition. Experimental OUR data are generated using the synthetic peptone-based substrate and inhibition is tested with 60 mg/L hexavalent chromium and 33 mg/L nickel additions, corresponding to EC50 levels determined using the standard ISO 8192 procedure. Experimental results are evaluated by model calibration using ASM1 modified for dual hydrolysis and ASM3 modified for simultaneous growth. Model evaluations indicate that inhibition affects not only growth, but also other significant microbial mechanisms such as substrate storage and hydrolysis, leading to conclude that the proposed approach will enable to visualize the overall impact of the inhibitory compound on every stage of substrate biodegradation, through inspection and evaluation of the entire OUR profile.","Unified basis for the respirometric evaluation of inhibition for activated sludge Abs: This paper explores the merit of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profile obtained by means of respirometry as the basic mechanistic instrument for evaluating activated sludge inhibition. Experimental OUR data are generated using the synthetic peptone-based substrate and inhibition is tested with 60 mg/L hexavalent chromium and 33 mg/L nickel additions, corresponding to EC50 levels determined using the standard ISO 8192 procedure. Experimental results are evaluated by model calibration using ASM1 modified for dual hydrolysis and ASM3 modified for simultaneous growth. Model evaluations indicate that inhibition affects not only growth, but also other significant microbial mechanisms such as substrate storage and hydrolysis, leading to conclude that the proposed approach will enable to visualize the overall impact of the inhibitory compound on every stage of substrate biodegradation, through inspection and evaluation of the entire OUR profile.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234094,Deb et al. ,Role of Carum copticum seeds in modulating chromium-induced toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes,"Carum copticum seeds are well known for ailment of various diseases since ancient times. The present study pertains to investigate modulatory effects of methanolic extract of C. copticum seeds (MCE) against hexavalent chromium induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and isolated human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) in vitro. Treatment of BEAS-2B and PBL with MCE prior to potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) treatment exhibited an increase in cell viability and decrease of DNA damage as compared to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treatment alone, as evaluated by WST-8 and Comet assay respectively. Further, MCE administration 1h prior to graded doses of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced apoptosis and caspase 3 activity. MCE also ameliorated K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induced decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant enzyme levels in BEAS-2B and PBL cells accompanied by reduction in lipid peroxides with maximum effect at 50?g/ml. Thus, this study provides strong evidence to support the beneficial effect of MCE in preventing Cr(VI) induced toxicity in BEAS-2B and PBL cells.","Role of Carum copticum seeds in modulating chromium-induced toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes Abs: Carum copticum seeds are well known for ailment of various diseases since ancient times. The present study pertains to investigate modulatory effects of methanolic extract of C. copticum seeds (MCE) against hexavalent chromium induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and isolated human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) in vitro. Treatment of BEAS-2B and PBL with MCE prior to potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) treatment exhibited an increase in cell viability and decrease of DNA damage as compared to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treatment alone, as evaluated by WST-8 and Comet assay respectively. Further, MCE administration 1h prior to graded doses of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced apoptosis and caspase 3 activity. MCE also ameliorated K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induced decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant enzyme levels in BEAS-2B and PBL cells accompanied by reduction in lipid peroxides with maximum effect at 50?g/ml. Thus, this study provides strong evidence to support the beneficial effect of MCE in preventing Cr(VI) induced toxicity in BEAS-2B and PBL cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
545650,Barrera et al. 2006,Removal of chromium and toxic ions present in mine drainage by Ectodermis of Opuntia,"This work presents conditions for hexavalent and trivalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions using natural, protonated and thermally treated Ectodermis of Opuntia. A removal of 77% of Cr(VI) and 99% of Cr(III) can be achieved. The sorbent material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, before and after the contact with the chromium containing aqueous media. The results obtained from the characterization techniques indicate that the metal ion remains on the surface of the sorbent material. The percentage removal is found to depend on the initial chromium concentration and pH. The Cr(VI) and Cr(III) uptake process is maximum at pH 4, using 0.1g of sorbent per liter of aqueous solution. The natural Ectodermis of Opuntia showed a chromium adsorption capacity that was adequately described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Finally, an actual mine drainage sample that contained Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe Zn, Ni and Pb was tested under optimal conditions for chromium removal and Ectodermis of Opuntia was found to be a suitable sorbent material. The use of this waste material for the treatment of metal-containing aqueous solutions as well as mine drainage is effective and economical.","Removal of chromium and toxic ions present in mine drainage by Ectodermis of Opuntia Abs: This work presents conditions for hexavalent and trivalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions using natural, protonated and thermally treated Ectodermis of Opuntia. A removal of 77% of Cr(VI) and 99% of Cr(III) can be achieved. The sorbent material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, before and after the contact with the chromium containing aqueous media. The results obtained from the characterization techniques indicate that the metal ion remains on the surface of the sorbent material. The percentage removal is found to depend on the initial chromium concentration and pH. The Cr(VI) and Cr(III) uptake process is maximum at pH 4, using 0.1g of sorbent per liter of aqueous solution. The natural Ectodermis of Opuntia showed a chromium adsorption capacity that was adequately described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Finally, an actual mine drainage sample that contained Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe Zn, Ni and Pb was tested under optimal conditions for chromium removal and Ectodermis of Opuntia was found to be a suitable sorbent material. The use of this waste material for the treatment of metal-containing aqueous solutions as well as mine drainage is effective and economical.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516472,Stephen and  Macnaughton 1999,Developments in terrestrial bacterial remediation of metals,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm journal article bacteria bioremediating agent bioprocess engineering methodology terrestrial ecology terrestrial bacterial metal remediation toxic metal remediation radionuclide-contaminated terrestrial environment bioremediation method contaminant removal method remediation method,Developments in terrestrial bacterial remediation of metals Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm journal article bacteria bioremediating agent bioprocess engineering methodology terrestrial ecology terrestrial bacterial metal remediation toxic metal remediation radionuclide-contaminated terrestrial environment bioremediation method contaminant removal method remediation method,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510140,Barcelona and  Holm 1991,Oxidation-Reduction Capacities of Aquifer Solids,"Journal article. n Environmental Science Technology, v25 n9 p1565-1572 1991. Prepared in cooperation with Illinois State Water Survey Div., Champaign. Sponsored by Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. ion-reduction processes play a major role in the mobility, transport, and fate of inorganic and organic chemical constituents in natural waters. Therefore, the manipulation of redox conditions in natural and treated water systems is assumed to be a common option for the control of contaminant concentrations. Measurements of the oxidation (i.e., of aqueous Cr(2+)) and reduction (i.e., of aqueous Cr2O7(2-) and H2O2) capacities of aquifer solids and groundwater have been made on samples from a sand-and-gravel aquifer. The groundwater contributed less than 1% of the system oxidation or reduction poising capacity. Reduction capacities averaged 0.095, 0.111, and 0.136 mequiv/g of dry solids for oxic, transitional, and reducing Eh conditions, respectively. Measured oxidation capacities averaged 0.4 mequiv/g of dry solids over the range of redox intensity conditions. These capacities represent considerable resistance to the adjustment of redox conditions even at uncontaminated sites. Hydrogen peroxide reduction by aquifer solid samples proceeds rapidly relative to microbially mediated decomposition. The study indicates the need for closer scrutiny of the predictability and cost effectiveness of attempts to manipulate redox conditions in poorly poised aquifer systems.","Oxidation-Reduction Capacities of Aquifer Solids Abs: Journal article. n Environmental Science Technology, v25 n9 p1565-1572 1991. Prepared in cooperation with Illinois State Water Survey Div., Champaign. Sponsored by Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. ion-reduction processes play a major role in the mobility, transport, and fate of inorganic and organic chemical constituents in natural waters. Therefore, the manipulation of redox conditions in natural and treated water systems is assumed to be a common option for the control of contaminant concentrations. Measurements of the oxidation (i.e., of aqueous Cr(2+)) and reduction (i.e., of aqueous Cr2O7(2-) and H2O2) capacities of aquifer solids and groundwater have been made on samples from a sand-and-gravel aquifer. The groundwater contributed less than 1% of the system oxidation or reduction poising capacity. Reduction capacities averaged 0.095, 0.111, and 0.136 mequiv/g of dry solids for oxic, transitional, and reducing Eh conditions, respectively. Measured oxidation capacities averaged 0.4 mequiv/g of dry solids over the range of redox intensity conditions. These capacities represent considerable resistance to the adjustment of redox conditions even at uncontaminated sites. Hydrogen peroxide reduction by aquifer solid samples proceeds rapidly relative to microbially mediated decomposition. The study indicates the need for closer scrutiny of the predictability and cost effectiveness of attempts to manipulate redox conditions in poorly poised aquifer systems.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510451,Onyenwoke et al. 2007,Iron(III) reduction: A novel activity of the human NAD(P)H : oxidoreductase,,Iron(III) reduction: A novel activity of the human NAD(P)H : oxidoreductase Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225278,Sfaksi et al. 2014,Removal of Cr(VI) from water by cork waste,,Removal of Cr(VI) from water by cork waste Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290222,Cruces et al. 2003,Evidence suggesting that chlorophyllin (CHLN) may act as an inhibitor or a promoter of genetic damage induced by chromium(VI) oxide (CrO3) in somatic cells of Drosophila,"In Drosophila, 48h-old larvae were pretreated for 24h with chlorophyllin (CHLN) or sucrose and then treated with chromium(VI) oxide (CrO(3)) immediately following completion of the pretreatment period (0-day delay) or delayed 1, 2 or 3 days. The effects were scored in the wing spot test. After delays of 0 and 1 day, clear evidence of a protective effect of CHLN was found. Contrarily, after delays of 2 and 3 days, the results showed a reversal, i.e. CHLN-related events appeared more frequently than those in the sucrose control suggesting a promoting effect. It would appear prudent that CHLN be tested in a variety of situations in any given organism before decisions are reached regarding its inhibitor/promoter effects.","Evidence suggesting that chlorophyllin (CHLN) may act as an inhibitor or a promoter of genetic damage induced by chromium(VI) oxide (CrO3) in somatic cells of Drosophila Abs: In Drosophila, 48h-old larvae were pretreated for 24h with chlorophyllin (CHLN) or sucrose and then treated with chromium(VI) oxide (CrO(3)) immediately following completion of the pretreatment period (0-day delay) or delayed 1, 2 or 3 days. The effects were scored in the wing spot test. After delays of 0 and 1 day, clear evidence of a protective effect of CHLN was found. Contrarily, after delays of 2 and 3 days, the results showed a reversal, i.e. CHLN-related events appeared more frequently than those in the sucrose control suggesting a promoting effect. It would appear prudent that CHLN be tested in a variety of situations in any given organism before decisions are reached regarding its inhibitor/promoter effects.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
980911,Shah et al. 2009,Sorption isotherms and kinetics of chromium uptake from wastewater using natural sorbent material,"Chromium (VI) which exists in many industrial wastewater is considered highly toxic. The aim of the present investigation was to study the reduction of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) and then removing it with the help of weathered basalt andesite products. Reduction of the chromium (VI) to chromium (III) by hydrazinium sulfate was investigated. The influence of hydronium ion concentration, contact time, hydrazinium sulphate dosage and temperature has been tested in batch runs. The process was found to be acid, temperature and concentration dependent. The suitability of weathered basalt andesite products as a potential sorbent was assessed for the removal of chromium (III) following batch mode of operation. The effect of various parameters such as hydronium ion concentration, shaking time, sorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on the removal of chromium (III) front aqueous solution was studied. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees) for the sorption process were evaluated. Analysis of sorption obtained results showed that the sorption pattern followed the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich isotherms. The process Follows pseudo second order rate and surface diffusion is identified as the predominating mechanism. The sorption process was shown to be reversible by the recovery of sorbed chromium (III) upon extraction with 0.5 M nitric acid. The sorbent, before and after sorption, was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmision electron microscope and thermogravimetric analyse methodes. An increase in crystallanity after sorption of chromium was observed. An industrial effluent was successfully treated with the same sorbent with convincing results.","Sorption isotherms and kinetics of chromium uptake from wastewater using natural sorbent material Abs: Chromium (VI) which exists in many industrial wastewater is considered highly toxic. The aim of the present investigation was to study the reduction of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) and then removing it with the help of weathered basalt andesite products. Reduction of the chromium (VI) to chromium (III) by hydrazinium sulfate was investigated. The influence of hydronium ion concentration, contact time, hydrazinium sulphate dosage and temperature has been tested in batch runs. The process was found to be acid, temperature and concentration dependent. The suitability of weathered basalt andesite products as a potential sorbent was assessed for the removal of chromium (III) following batch mode of operation. The effect of various parameters such as hydronium ion concentration, shaking time, sorbent dose, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on the removal of chromium (III) front aqueous solution was studied. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees and Delta G degrees) for the sorption process were evaluated. Analysis of sorption obtained results showed that the sorption pattern followed the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich isotherms. The process Follows pseudo second order rate and surface diffusion is identified as the predominating mechanism. The sorption process was shown to be reversible by the recovery of sorbed chromium (III) upon extraction with 0.5 M nitric acid. The sorbent, before and after sorption, was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmision electron microscope and thermogravimetric analyse methodes. An increase in crystallanity after sorption of chromium was observed. An industrial effluent was successfully treated with the same sorbent with convincing results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509807,Kiliç et al. 2010,Proteomic changes in response to chromium(VI) toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,"A proteomic approach was used to identify proteins involved in Cr(VI) stress response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to toxic Cr(VI). Cytosolic and membrane fractions from bacteria exposed to 300 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) were prepared, 2D gel electrophoresis in combination with MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS was used to identify proteins whose expression level increased or decreased upon exposure to Cr(VI). Overexpressed proteins include stress proteins, proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, proteins responsible for energy production, proteins involved in free radicals detoxification by the glutathione system, outer membrane proteins, MucD, while downregulated proteins were isocitrate dehydrogenase and 30S ribosomal protein S1. Under Cr(VI) exposure, upregulation of MucD (role in exopolysaccharide production) and outer membrane proteins concluded that bacteria have access to more than one resistance mechanism against toxic metal ions. We propose that the mechanisms of Cr(VI) resistance include production of exopolysaccharide and complexing of metal ions outside the cell.","Proteomic changes in response to chromium(VI) toxicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abs: A proteomic approach was used to identify proteins involved in Cr(VI) stress response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to toxic Cr(VI). Cytosolic and membrane fractions from bacteria exposed to 300 mg l(-1) Cr(VI) were prepared, 2D gel electrophoresis in combination with MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS was used to identify proteins whose expression level increased or decreased upon exposure to Cr(VI). Overexpressed proteins include stress proteins, proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, proteins responsible for energy production, proteins involved in free radicals detoxification by the glutathione system, outer membrane proteins, MucD, while downregulated proteins were isocitrate dehydrogenase and 30S ribosomal protein S1. Under Cr(VI) exposure, upregulation of MucD (role in exopolysaccharide production) and outer membrane proteins concluded that bacteria have access to more than one resistance mechanism against toxic metal ions. We propose that the mechanisms of Cr(VI) resistance include production of exopolysaccharide and complexing of metal ions outside the cell.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515684,Hasan 1996,"Destruction of aflatoxin B1 on sorghum grain with acids, salts and ammonia derivatives","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was conducted to determine the effect of eleven different acids, nine derivatives of ammonia and seven salts upon destruction of aflatoxin B1 on sorghum grain. Grain was adjusted to a moisture content of 25% and then treated for 72 h at 25êC. Results suggest that boric, sulphamic and sulphosalicylic acids can be used to effectively destroy aflatoxin B1 in sorghum at 5.0 N concentration. Ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and urea were highly effective in aflatoxin degradation at 1.5% on basis of NH4OH nitrogen weight. The use of different types of salts was efficient only in water for aflatoxin B1 destruction.","Destruction of aflatoxin B1 on sorghum grain with acids, salts and ammonia derivatives Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was conducted to determine the effect of eleven different acids, nine derivatives of ammonia and seven salts upon destruction of aflatoxin B1 on sorghum grain. Grain was adjusted to a moisture content of 25% and then treated for 72 h at 25êC. Results suggest that boric, sulphamic and sulphosalicylic acids can be used to effectively destroy aflatoxin B1 in sorghum at 5.0 N concentration. Ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and urea were highly effective in aflatoxin degradation at 1.5% on basis of NH4OH nitrogen weight. The use of different types of salts was efficient only in water for aflatoxin B1 destruction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576872,Susa et al. 1977,[Comparative cytotoxic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds on cultured cells (author's transl)],,[Comparative cytotoxic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds on cultured cells (author's transl)] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231697,Scheepers et al. 2008,Characterisation of exposure to total and hexavalent chromium of welders using biological monitoring,"Inhalation exposure to total and hexavalent chromium (TCr and HCr) was assessed by personal air sampling and biological monitoring in 53 welders and 20 references. Median inhalation exposure levels of TCr were 1.3, 6.0, and 5.4 microg/m(3) for welders of mild steel (MS, &lt;5% alloys), high alloy steel (HAS, &gt;5% alloys), and stainless steel (SS, &gt;26% alloys), respectively. The median exposures to HCr compounds were 0.23, 0.20, and 0.08 microg/m(3), respectively. Median concentrations of TCr in urine, blood plasma and erythrocytes were elevated in all welders, compared with the corresponding median concentrations in the reference group (p&lt;0.005). The TCr levels observed in plasma were two-fold higher in welders of SS and HAS than in welders of MS (p&lt;0.01). Exposure to HCr as indicated by median total content of Cr in erythrocytes was 10 microg/L in welders of SS, MS and HAS. Uptake of TCr during the shift was confirmed for welders of SS by a median increase of urinary TCr from pre- to post-shift of 0.30 microg/g creatinine. For welders of MS and HAS as a group TCr was not increased.","Characterisation of exposure to total and hexavalent chromium of welders using biological monitoring Abs: Inhalation exposure to total and hexavalent chromium (TCr and HCr) was assessed by personal air sampling and biological monitoring in 53 welders and 20 references. Median inhalation exposure levels of TCr were 1.3, 6.0, and 5.4 microg/m(3) for welders of mild steel (MS, &lt;5% alloys), high alloy steel (HAS, &gt;5% alloys), and stainless steel (SS, &gt;26% alloys), respectively. The median exposures to HCr compounds were 0.23, 0.20, and 0.08 microg/m(3), respectively. Median concentrations of TCr in urine, blood plasma and erythrocytes were elevated in all welders, compared with the corresponding median concentrations in the reference group (p&lt;0.005). The TCr levels observed in plasma were two-fold higher in welders of SS and HAS than in welders of MS (p&lt;0.01). Exposure to HCr as indicated by median total content of Cr in erythrocytes was 10 microg/L in welders of SS, MS and HAS. Uptake of TCr during the shift was confirmed for welders of SS by a median increase of urinary TCr from pre- to post-shift of 0.30 microg/g creatinine. For welders of MS and HAS as a group TCr was not increased.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509750,Kamburova 1993,Iodnitrotetrazolium chloride-A new analytical reagent for determination of chromium,"The extraction of chromium (VI) with iodnitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) was studied spectrophotometrically. The basic spectrophotometric characteristics of the ion associated formed were determined. Using different methods it was found that the ratio between chromium and INT was 1:1. The molar absorptivity of the associate is (250) = (3.70 +/- 0.08) x 10(4) 1.mole(-1).cm(-1). Performing the reaction in acid medium (0.1-1.1M hydrochloric acid) allowed the determination of chromium in the presence of large amounts of W(VI), Mo(VI), Fe(III) and V(V). Hence INT is suggested as a sensitive and selective reagent for extractive-spectrophotometric determination of microquantities of chromium(VI).","Iodnitrotetrazolium chloride-A new analytical reagent for determination of chromium Abs: The extraction of chromium (VI) with iodnitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) was studied spectrophotometrically. The basic spectrophotometric characteristics of the ion associated formed were determined. Using different methods it was found that the ratio between chromium and INT was 1:1. The molar absorptivity of the associate is (250) = (3.70 +/- 0.08) x 10(4) 1.mole(-1).cm(-1). Performing the reaction in acid medium (0.1-1.1M hydrochloric acid) allowed the determination of chromium in the presence of large amounts of W(VI), Mo(VI), Fe(III) and V(V). Hence INT is suggested as a sensitive and selective reagent for extractive-spectrophotometric determination of microquantities of chromium(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268371,Mcgregor 1998,INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND HUMAN CANCER,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN WORKER TOXIC CHEMICALS OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE CARCINOGEN CARCINOGENESIS TUMOR BIOLOGY TOXICOLOGY CANCER POLLUTION NEOPLASTIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE,INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND HUMAN CANCER Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN WORKER TOXIC CHEMICALS OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE CARCINOGEN CARCINOGENESIS TUMOR BIOLOGY TOXICOLOGY CANCER POLLUTION NEOPLASTIC DISEASE RISK FACTORS OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2000747,Badruddoza et al. 2013,Ionically modified magnetic nanomaterials for arsenic and chromium removal from water,,Ionically modified magnetic nanomaterials for arsenic and chromium removal from water Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237710,Chaisemartin 1975,Effects of chromates (K2CrO4) on respiratory metabolism and tissue water-mineral balance in larvae of 2 species from freshwater macrobenthos,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Toxic effects of hexavalent Cr compounds (chromates, pollutants) and information on their mechanisms of action on larvae of aquatic insects (Ecdyonurus and Sympetrum spp.) were studied. Studies of O2 consumption were conducted to elucidate some of the interactions among respiration, osmoregulation and chromate toxicity. The death rate increased with increasing concentration. The time/mortality curve is a repeating pattern of slow rate followed by an increasing rate of mortality. At 0.05 ppm Cr, the high density increased the mortality rate. Between 0.05-0.1 ppm, a threshold is reached where any further decrease in density does not increase the chances of survival. Metabolic rate, which affects the response of animals to toxic substances, is in turn affected by animal density. Especially with Ecdyonurus, the area of concentrations between 0.05-0.1 ppm of Cr-6+ is a threshold at which the physiological responses of the animals undergo a change.","Effects of chromates (K2CrO4) on respiratory metabolism and tissue water-mineral balance in larvae of 2 species from freshwater macrobenthos Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Toxic effects of hexavalent Cr compounds (chromates, pollutants) and information on their mechanisms of action on larvae of aquatic insects (Ecdyonurus and Sympetrum spp.) were studied. Studies of O2 consumption were conducted to elucidate some of the interactions among respiration, osmoregulation and chromate toxicity. The death rate increased with increasing concentration. The time/mortality curve is a repeating pattern of slow rate followed by an increasing rate of mortality. At 0.05 ppm Cr, the high density increased the mortality rate. Between 0.05-0.1 ppm, a threshold is reached where any further decrease in density does not increase the chances of survival. Metabolic rate, which affects the response of animals to toxic substances, is in turn affected by animal density. Especially with Ecdyonurus, the area of concentrations between 0.05-0.1 ppm of Cr-6+ is a threshold at which the physiological responses of the animals undergo a change.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514376,Balasubramanian and  Maheswari 1996,Indirect spectrophotometric determination of chromium,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining trace amounts of chromium(VI) is described. In the presence of acetate buffer, chromium(VI) oxidizes hydroxylamine quantitatively to nitrite at pH 4.0 | 0.5. The nitrite diazotizes p-nitroaniline to form a diazonium salt that, in acidic medium, couples with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye with a molar absorptivity of 4.1 104 L/mol-cm at 545 nm. The color is stable for 5 h, and the system obeys Beer's law in the range 0-8 mug chromium(VI) in a final volume of 10 mL. The detection limit of chromium(VI) is 0.6 mug. Chromium(III) can be determined after it is oxidized with bromine water in alkaline medium to chromium(VI). Extraction of the azo dye in alkaline medium with methyl isobutyl ketone followed by addition of methanolic hydrochloric acid permitted determination of chromium(VI) down to 10 ng/mL. The method has been used to determine chromium in alloy steels, pharmaceutical prepar","Indirect spectrophotometric determination of chromium Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining trace amounts of chromium(VI) is described. In the presence of acetate buffer, chromium(VI) oxidizes hydroxylamine quantitatively to nitrite at pH 4.0 | 0.5. The nitrite diazotizes p-nitroaniline to form a diazonium salt that, in acidic medium, couples with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye with a molar absorptivity of 4.1 104 L/mol-cm at 545 nm. The color is stable for 5 h, and the system obeys Beer's law in the range 0-8 mug chromium(VI) in a final volume of 10 mL. The detection limit of chromium(VI) is 0.6 mug. Chromium(III) can be determined after it is oxidized with bromine water in alkaline medium to chromium(VI). Extraction of the azo dye in alkaline medium with methyl isobutyl ketone followed by addition of methanolic hydrochloric acid permitted determination of chromium(VI) down to 10 ng/mL. The method has been used to determine chromium in alloy steels, pharmaceutical prepar",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576606,Magnus 1958,"The conjugation of nickel, cobalt, hexavalent chromium, and eosin with protein as shown by paper electrophoresis",,"The conjugation of nickel, cobalt, hexavalent chromium, and eosin with protein as shown by paper electrophoresis Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225463,Ghosh et al. 2013,Rate enhancement via micelle encapsulation for room temperature metal catalyzed Ce(IV) oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid in aqueous medium at atmospheric pressure: A kinetic approach,,Rate enhancement via micelle encapsulation for room temperature metal catalyzed Ce(IV) oxidation of formaldehyde to formic acid in aqueous medium at atmospheric pressure: A kinetic approach Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510460,Li et al. 2007,Short-column CE coupled with inductively coupled plasma MS for high-throughput speciation analysis of chromium,,Short-column CE coupled with inductively coupled plasma MS for high-throughput speciation analysis of chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234284,Sung et al. 2006,Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of sulfate in effervescent tablets,"A suitable capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed and validated for sulfate anion determination in effervescent tablets of Digedryl. The large excess of other ions in the matrix (i.e. excipients) constituted the main difficulty of this method's development. So an original analytical procedure for both the conditioning and rinsing of the capillary was purposed including a running electrolyte constituted by boric acid 20 mM and hexamethonium dibromide 0.75 mM at pH 8.00. Separation was carried out on a 60.2 cm (50 cm to the detector) x 0.75 microm i.d. fused-silica capillary at a potential of -29 kV and 35 degrees C. Indirect UV detection was performed at a wavelength of 254 nm using a background electrolyte containing potassium chromate. Nitrate anion was used as an internal standard for quantification. This CE method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision.","Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of sulfate in effervescent tablets Abs: A suitable capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed and validated for sulfate anion determination in effervescent tablets of Digedryl. The large excess of other ions in the matrix (i.e. excipients) constituted the main difficulty of this method's development. So an original analytical procedure for both the conditioning and rinsing of the capillary was purposed including a running electrolyte constituted by boric acid 20 mM and hexamethonium dibromide 0.75 mM at pH 8.00. Separation was carried out on a 60.2 cm (50 cm to the detector) x 0.75 microm i.d. fused-silica capillary at a potential of -29 kV and 35 degrees C. Indirect UV detection was performed at a wavelength of 254 nm using a background electrolyte containing potassium chromate. Nitrate anion was used as an internal standard for quantification. This CE method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510066,Thorton and  Trader 1993,Laboratory evaluation of the in situ chemical treatment approach to soil and groundwater remediation,"Department of Energy environmental remediation conference, Augusta, GA (United States), 24-28 Oct 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. s of initial proof of principle laboratory testing activities successfully demonstrated the viability of the in situ chemical treatment approach for remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hexavalent chromium. Testing activities currently in progress further indicate that soils contaminated with hexavalent chromium and uranium at concentrations of several hundred parts per million can be successfully treated with 100 ppM hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures. Greater than 90% immobilization of hexavalent chromium and 50% immobilization of uranium have been achieved in these tests after a treatment period of one day. Activities associated with further development and implementation of the in situ chemical treatment approach include conducting additional bench scale tests with contaminated geomedia, and undertaking scale-up laboratory tests and a field demonstration. This report discusses the testing and further development of this process.","Laboratory evaluation of the in situ chemical treatment approach to soil and groundwater remediation Abs: Department of Energy environmental remediation conference, Augusta, GA (United States), 24-28 Oct 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. s of initial proof of principle laboratory testing activities successfully demonstrated the viability of the in situ chemical treatment approach for remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hexavalent chromium. Testing activities currently in progress further indicate that soils contaminated with hexavalent chromium and uranium at concentrations of several hundred parts per million can be successfully treated with 100 ppM hydrogen sulfide gas mixtures. Greater than 90% immobilization of hexavalent chromium and 50% immobilization of uranium have been achieved in these tests after a treatment period of one day. Activities associated with further development and implementation of the in situ chemical treatment approach include conducting additional bench scale tests with contaminated geomedia, and undertaking scale-up laboratory tests and a field demonstration. This report discusses the testing and further development of this process.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577487,Albadarin et al. 2011,Retention of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by H3PO4-activated lignin: Effect of salts and desorption studies,,Retention of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by H3PO4-activated lignin: Effect of salts and desorption studies Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233809,Niemelä et al. 1998,Target levels--tools for prevention,"Although occupational exposure limits are sought to establish health-based standards, they do not always give a sufficient basis for planning an indoor air climate that is good and comfortable for the occupants in industrial work rooms. This paper considers methodologies by which the desired level, i.e., target level, of air quality in industrial settings can be defined, taking into account feasibility issues. Risk assessment based on health criteria is compared with risk-assessment based on &quot;Best Available Technology&quot; (BAT). Because health-based risk estimates at low concentration regions are rather inaccurate, the technology-based approach is emphasized. The technological approach is based on information on the prevailing concentrations in industrial work environments and the benchmark air quality attained with the best achievable technology. The prevailing contaminant concentrations are obtained from a contaminant exposure databank, and the benchmark air quality by field measurements in industrial work rooms equipped with advanced ventilation and production technology. As an example, the target level assessment has been applied to formaldehyde, total inorganic dust and hexavalent chromium, which are common contaminants in work room air.","Target levels--tools for prevention Abs: Although occupational exposure limits are sought to establish health-based standards, they do not always give a sufficient basis for planning an indoor air climate that is good and comfortable for the occupants in industrial work rooms. This paper considers methodologies by which the desired level, i.e., target level, of air quality in industrial settings can be defined, taking into account feasibility issues. Risk assessment based on health criteria is compared with risk-assessment based on &quot;Best Available Technology&quot; (BAT). Because health-based risk estimates at low concentration regions are rather inaccurate, the technology-based approach is emphasized. The technological approach is based on information on the prevailing concentrations in industrial work environments and the benchmark air quality attained with the best achievable technology. The prevailing contaminant concentrations are obtained from a contaminant exposure databank, and the benchmark air quality by field measurements in industrial work rooms equipped with advanced ventilation and production technology. As an example, the target level assessment has been applied to formaldehyde, total inorganic dust and hexavalent chromium, which are common contaminants in work room air.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231555,Velma and  Tchounwou 2010,"Chromium-induced biochemical, genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus","Fish constitute an excellent model to understand the mechanistic aspects of metal toxicity vis-à-vis oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), due to its redox potential can induce oxidative stress (OS) in fish and impair their health. In the present investigation, we hypothesize that OS plays a key role in chromium induced toxicity in goldfish; leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O(.)(2), H(2)O(2), OH(.), and subsequent modulation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), metallothioneins (MT), glutathione proxidase (GPx), genotoxicity and histopathology. To test this hypothesis, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and histopathology assays were performed in liver and kidney tissues of goldfish exposed to different concentrations of Cr (VI) (LC(12.5), LC(25) and LC(50)) following 96h static renewal bioassay. The results of this study clearly show that the fish experienced OS as characterized by significant modulation of enzyme activities, induction of DNA damage and microscopic morphological changes in the liver and kidney. In both tissues, CAT activity was decreased whereas SOD activity and hydroperoxide levels were increased. In addition, GPx activity also increased significantly in higher test concentrations, especially in the kidney. MT induction and DNA damage were observed in both tissues in a concentration dependent manner. Microscopic examination of organ morphology indicated degeneration of liver tissue and necrosis of central vein. Necrosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells and tubules was observed at higher Cr (VI) concentrations. Taking together the findings of this study are helpful in organ-specific risk assessment of Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology in fish.","Chromium-induced biochemical, genotoxic and histopathologic effects in liver and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus Abs: Fish constitute an excellent model to understand the mechanistic aspects of metal toxicity vis-à-vis oxidative stress in aquatic ecosystems. Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), due to its redox potential can induce oxidative stress (OS) in fish and impair their health. In the present investigation, we hypothesize that OS plays a key role in chromium induced toxicity in goldfish; leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O(.)(2), H(2)O(2), OH(.), and subsequent modulation of the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), metallothioneins (MT), glutathione proxidase (GPx), genotoxicity and histopathology. To test this hypothesis, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and histopathology assays were performed in liver and kidney tissues of goldfish exposed to different concentrations of Cr (VI) (LC(12.5), LC(25) and LC(50)) following 96h static renewal bioassay. The results of this study clearly show that the fish experienced OS as characterized by significant modulation of enzyme activities, induction of DNA damage and microscopic morphological changes in the liver and kidney. In both tissues, CAT activity was decreased whereas SOD activity and hydroperoxide levels were increased. In addition, GPx activity also increased significantly in higher test concentrations, especially in the kidney. MT induction and DNA damage were observed in both tissues in a concentration dependent manner. Microscopic examination of organ morphology indicated degeneration of liver tissue and necrosis of central vein. Necrosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells and tubules was observed at higher Cr (VI) concentrations. Taking together the findings of this study are helpful in organ-specific risk assessment of Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology in fish.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510131,Muirhead and  Carrier 2012,"Comparison of Four Strong Acids on the Precipitation Potential of Gypsum in Brines During Distillation of Pretreated, Augmented Urine","Text in English. Presented at ICES 2012, San Diego, CA, United States, 15-19 Jul. 2012. Publicly available Unlimited. CASI. s study, three different mineral acids were substituted for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the urine stabilizer solution to eliminate the excess of sulfate ions in pretreated urine and assess the impact on maximum water recovery to avoid precipitation of minerals during distillation. The study evaluated replacing 98% sulfuric acid with 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), or 70% nitric acid (HNO3). The effect of lowering the oxidizer concentration in the pretreatment formulation also was studied. This paper summarizes the test results, defines candidate formulations for further study, and specifies the injection masses required to stabilize urine and minimize the risk of mineral precipitation during distillation. In the first test with a brine ersatz acidified with different acids, the solubility of calcium in gypsum saturated solutions was measured. The solubility of gypsum was doubled in the brines acidified with the alternative acids compared to sulfuric acid. In a second series of tests, the alternative acid pretreatment concentrations were effective at preventing precipitation of gypsum and other minerals up to 85% water recovery from 95th-percentile pretreated, augmented urine. Based on test results, phosphoric acid is recommended as the safest alternative to sulfuric acid. It also is recommended that the injected mass concentration of chromium trioxide solution be reduced by 75% to minimize liquid resupply mass by about 50%, reduce toxicity of brines, and reduce the concentration of organic acids in distillate. The new stabilizer solution formulations and required doses to stabilize urine and prevent precipitation of minerals up to 85% water recovery are given. The formulations in this study were tested on a limited number of artificially augmented urine batches collected from employees at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). This study successfully demonstrated that the desired physical and chemical stability of pretreated urine and brines can be achieved using alternate pretreatment formulations under laboratory conditions. Additional testing and hazard assessments will be required to determine the feasibility of utilizing the proposed urine pretreatment formulations on ISS.","Comparison of Four Strong Acids on the Precipitation Potential of Gypsum in Brines During Distillation of Pretreated, Augmented Urine Abs: Text in English. Presented at ICES 2012, San Diego, CA, United States, 15-19 Jul. 2012. Publicly available Unlimited. CASI. s study, three different mineral acids were substituted for sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the urine stabilizer solution to eliminate the excess of sulfate ions in pretreated urine and assess the impact on maximum water recovery to avoid precipitation of minerals during distillation. The study evaluated replacing 98% sulfuric acid with 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), or 70% nitric acid (HNO3). The effect of lowering the oxidizer concentration in the pretreatment formulation also was studied. This paper summarizes the test results, defines candidate formulations for further study, and specifies the injection masses required to stabilize urine and minimize the risk of mineral precipitation during distillation. In the first test with a brine ersatz acidified with different acids, the solubility of calcium in gypsum saturated solutions was measured. The solubility of gypsum was doubled in the brines acidified with the alternative acids compared to sulfuric acid. In a second series of tests, the alternative acid pretreatment concentrations were effective at preventing precipitation of gypsum and other minerals up to 85% water recovery from 95th-percentile pretreated, augmented urine. Based on test results, phosphoric acid is recommended as the safest alternative to sulfuric acid. It also is recommended that the injected mass concentration of chromium trioxide solution be reduced by 75% to minimize liquid resupply mass by about 50%, reduce toxicity of brines, and reduce the concentration of organic acids in distillate. The new stabilizer solution formulations and required doses to stabilize urine and prevent precipitation of minerals up to 85% water recovery are given. The formulations in this study were tested on a limited number of artificially augmented urine batches collected from employees at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). This study successfully demonstrated that the desired physical and chemical stability of pretreated urine and brines can be achieved using alternate pretreatment formulations under laboratory conditions. Additional testing and hazard assessments will be required to determine the feasibility of utilizing the proposed urine pretreatment formulations on ISS.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576373,Mccarty 1996,Chromium(III) picolinate,,Chromium(III) picolinate Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
82435,Nelson et al. 2001,Workplace protection factors--supplied air hood,"Several organizations list assigned protection factors. For supplied air hoods, the value of the assigned protection factors varies from <10 to 2,000 depending on the organization. Workplace protection factors (WPFs) of a supplied air hood were measured during aircraft sanding and painting operations on several types of aircraft to evaluate whether the American National Standard Z88.2 (1992) assigned protection factor of 1,000 was realistic. The primary contaminant during these activities is strontium chromate. Samples collected inside the hood show that employees during sanding and painting operations were not exposed to strontium. The respirator performed adequately. This study is consistent with other simulated and WPF studies in that the ANSI Z88.2 WPF of 1,000 is supported.","Workplace protection factors--supplied air hood Abs: Several organizations list assigned protection factors. For supplied air hoods, the value of the assigned protection factors varies from <10 to 2,000 depending on the organization. Workplace protection factors (WPFs) of a supplied air hood were measured during aircraft sanding and painting operations on several types of aircraft to evaluate whether the American National Standard Z88.2 (1992) assigned protection factor of 1,000 was realistic. The primary contaminant during these activities is strontium chromate. Samples collected inside the hood show that employees during sanding and painting operations were not exposed to strontium. The respirator performed adequately. This study is consistent with other simulated and WPF studies in that the ANSI Z88.2 WPF of 1,000 is supported.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238223,Endo and  Watanabe 1988,Analysis of Protective Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Teratogenicity of Heavy Metals,"The possibility that some teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of heavy metals can be ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was investigated in mice. Female Jcl:ICR-mice were fed a regular diet containing 2.0 milligrams (mg) NAC or a control diet. Mice were fed the diets for a minimum of 4 weeks before gestation and throughout gestation. Within each dietary group the dams were further subdivided into treatment groups receiving a single dose of 8.0mg/kg methylmercury-chloride (115093), 15.0mg/kg chromium-trioxide (1333820), or 2.0mg/kg cadmium-chloride (10108642). These dose levels were selected to produce a moderate teratogenic effect, as previously reported in the literature. Syndactyly and cleft palate were the predominant anomalies in the chromium (7440473) and cadmium (7440439) treated groups whereas in the mercury (7439976) treated groups only cleft palate was observed. The rate of congenital malformations produced by these metals was two to three times higher in the fetuses of mice that were fed NAC in their diets than in those not fed NAC.","Analysis of Protective Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Teratogenicity of Heavy Metals Abs: The possibility that some teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of heavy metals can be ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was investigated in mice. Female Jcl:ICR-mice were fed a regular diet containing 2.0 milligrams (mg) NAC or a control diet. Mice were fed the diets for a minimum of 4 weeks before gestation and throughout gestation. Within each dietary group the dams were further subdivided into treatment groups receiving a single dose of 8.0mg/kg methylmercury-chloride (115093), 15.0mg/kg chromium-trioxide (1333820), or 2.0mg/kg cadmium-chloride (10108642). These dose levels were selected to produce a moderate teratogenic effect, as previously reported in the literature. Syndactyly and cleft palate were the predominant anomalies in the chromium (7440473) and cadmium (7440439) treated groups whereas in the mercury (7439976) treated groups only cleft palate was observed. The rate of congenital malformations produced by these metals was two to three times higher in the fetuses of mice that were fed NAC in their diets than in those not fed NAC.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290271,Oliveira and  Oliveira-Brett 2010,In situ evaluation of chromium-DNA damage using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor,"The in situ evaluation of the direct interaction of chromium species with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was studied using differential pulse voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. The DNA damage was electrochemically detected following the changes in the oxidation peaks of guanosine and adenosine bases. The results obtained revealed the interaction with dsDNA of the Cr(IV) and Cr(V) reactive intermediates of Cr(III) oxidation by O(2) dissolved in the solution bound to dsDNA. This interaction leads to different modifications and causes oxidative damage in the B-DNA structure. Using polyhomonucleotides of guanine and adenine, it was shown that the interaction between reactive intermediates Cr(IV) and Cr(V)-DNA causes oxidative damage and preferentially takes place at guanine-rich segments, leading to the formation of 8-oxoguanine, the oxidation product of guanine residues and a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage. The interaction of Cr(VI) with dsDNA causes breaking of hydrogen bonds, conformational changes, and unfolding of the double helix, which enables easier access of other oxidative agents to interact with DNA, and the occurrence of oxidative damage to DNA.","In situ evaluation of chromium-DNA damage using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor Abs: The in situ evaluation of the direct interaction of chromium species with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was studied using differential pulse voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. The DNA damage was electrochemically detected following the changes in the oxidation peaks of guanosine and adenosine bases. The results obtained revealed the interaction with dsDNA of the Cr(IV) and Cr(V) reactive intermediates of Cr(III) oxidation by O(2) dissolved in the solution bound to dsDNA. This interaction leads to different modifications and causes oxidative damage in the B-DNA structure. Using polyhomonucleotides of guanine and adenine, it was shown that the interaction between reactive intermediates Cr(IV) and Cr(V)-DNA causes oxidative damage and preferentially takes place at guanine-rich segments, leading to the formation of 8-oxoguanine, the oxidation product of guanine residues and a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage. The interaction of Cr(VI) with dsDNA causes breaking of hydrogen bonds, conformational changes, and unfolding of the double helix, which enables easier access of other oxidative agents to interact with DNA, and the occurrence of oxidative damage to DNA.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578163,Hachimi et al. 1993,EXTENSIVE STUDY OF OXIDATION-STATES OF CHROMIUM IN PARTICLES BY LAMMA AND RAMAN MICROPROBES - APPLICATION TO INDUSTRIAL-HYGIENE,"The iron and steel industry is a major source of dust emissions which contain metal oxides. In this chemical state, metals are sometimes toxic and their carcinogenic effects have been intensively studied and demonstrated. Here we used the method developed in our laboratory for the determination of chromium valency in particles less than 10 mum in size emitted as dust by the steel industry. The method has been improved by a precise sampling using granulometric discrimination (Impactor Andersen) and selection of dust emission sites. The systematic LAMMA analysis of the particles showed that the oxidation of the chromium depends on the particle size. We determined the site emitting the particles containing the more hexavalent chromium. The situation has been simulated by using a portable cascade impactor carried by a person working on-site. Crossed and detailed studies using three complementary in situ analysis techniques of high-sized particles sampled on the worker showed that chromium present in these dusts consisted mainly of calcium chromates.","EXTENSIVE STUDY OF OXIDATION-STATES OF CHROMIUM IN PARTICLES BY LAMMA AND RAMAN MICROPROBES - APPLICATION TO INDUSTRIAL-HYGIENE Abs: The iron and steel industry is a major source of dust emissions which contain metal oxides. In this chemical state, metals are sometimes toxic and their carcinogenic effects have been intensively studied and demonstrated. Here we used the method developed in our laboratory for the determination of chromium valency in particles less than 10 mum in size emitted as dust by the steel industry. The method has been improved by a precise sampling using granulometric discrimination (Impactor Andersen) and selection of dust emission sites. The systematic LAMMA analysis of the particles showed that the oxidation of the chromium depends on the particle size. We determined the site emitting the particles containing the more hexavalent chromium. The situation has been simulated by using a portable cascade impactor carried by a person working on-site. Crossed and detailed studies using three complementary in situ analysis techniques of high-sized particles sampled on the worker showed that chromium present in these dusts consisted mainly of calcium chromates.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
735969,Kerger et al. 1996,Refined exposure assessment for ingestion of tapwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium: Consideration of exogenous and endogenous reducing agents,"Laboratory studies were conducted to determine how rapidly and completely chromium (VI) [Cr(VI)] is reduced upon contact with common beverages mixed with tapwater. Studies were performed for five common beverages (coffee, tea, orange juice, Kool Aid, and powdered lemonade) spiked with either 10 or 50 mg Cr(VI)/l. The concentrations of Cr(VI) were measured at several time intervals for up to four hours. It was demonstrated that each of these beverages had the capacity to reduce a concentration of > or = 8 mg Cr(VI)/l within a 15-minute time frame, and that continued monitoring of the beverages revealed greater reduction of the Cr(VI). These findings are consistent with the observation that many foods and beverages, as well as endogenous body fluids such as saliva and gastric juices, are capable of reducing substantial quantities of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Our exposure assessment shows that the estimated high-end ingested dose of Cr(VI) from tapwater at both 1 and 5 mg Cr(VI)/l is generally two to three orders of magnitude below doses shown to have no adverse health effect in animal studies. When considered in conjunction with studies demonstrating that the reductive capacity of gastric juices may exceed 50 mg Cr(VI) daily, these observations suggest that little or no Cr(VI) is likely to be absorbed orally at a reasonable water concentration of Cr(VI), since tapwater is bright yellow at 5 mg Cr(VI)/l.","Refined exposure assessment for ingestion of tapwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium: Consideration of exogenous and endogenous reducing agents Abs: Laboratory studies were conducted to determine how rapidly and completely chromium (VI) [Cr(VI)] is reduced upon contact with common beverages mixed with tapwater. Studies were performed for five common beverages (coffee, tea, orange juice, Kool Aid, and powdered lemonade) spiked with either 10 or 50 mg Cr(VI)/l. The concentrations of Cr(VI) were measured at several time intervals for up to four hours. It was demonstrated that each of these beverages had the capacity to reduce a concentration of > or = 8 mg Cr(VI)/l within a 15-minute time frame, and that continued monitoring of the beverages revealed greater reduction of the Cr(VI). These findings are consistent with the observation that many foods and beverages, as well as endogenous body fluids such as saliva and gastric juices, are capable of reducing substantial quantities of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Our exposure assessment shows that the estimated high-end ingested dose of Cr(VI) from tapwater at both 1 and 5 mg Cr(VI)/l is generally two to three orders of magnitude below doses shown to have no adverse health effect in animal studies. When considered in conjunction with studies demonstrating that the reductive capacity of gastric juices may exceed 50 mg Cr(VI) daily, these observations suggest that little or no Cr(VI) is likely to be absorbed orally at a reasonable water concentration of Cr(VI), since tapwater is bright yellow at 5 mg Cr(VI)/l.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238847,Siebert 1982,FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC TEST PATTERN WITH INCREASED RELEVANCE PREDICTING CARCINOGENIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS,,FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC TEST PATTERN WITH INCREASED RELEVANCE PREDICTING CARCINOGENIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577504,Bidwell et al. 1998,Toxicant effects on the zoospore stage of the marine macroalga Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyta: Laminariales),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Marine macroalgae provide both food and habitat for a range of other organisms in nearshore coastal areas. The effect of contaminants upon macroalgae is therefore an important aspect to consider in the regulation of marine effluent discharges. Unfortunately, a lack of standardized bioassay protocols has limited the extent to which macroalgae have been used in routine toxicity testing. In the present study, the effect of selected reference toxicants (hexavalent chromium, copper and zinc) upon germination and growth of zoospores of the marine macroalga Ecklonia radiata (C.Ag.) J.Ag. was investigated in 48 h bioassays. E. radiata is often a dominant member of near-shore subtidal communities in temperate Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, regions in which toxicological data for native species are lacking. Release of zoospores was induced in the laboratory and settled spores were exposed to the metals. Zoospores from 3 different populations in Western Australia and 1","Toxicant effects on the zoospore stage of the marine macroalga Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyta: Laminariales) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Marine macroalgae provide both food and habitat for a range of other organisms in nearshore coastal areas. The effect of contaminants upon macroalgae is therefore an important aspect to consider in the regulation of marine effluent discharges. Unfortunately, a lack of standardized bioassay protocols has limited the extent to which macroalgae have been used in routine toxicity testing. In the present study, the effect of selected reference toxicants (hexavalent chromium, copper and zinc) upon germination and growth of zoospores of the marine macroalga Ecklonia radiata (C.Ag.) J.Ag. was investigated in 48 h bioassays. E. radiata is often a dominant member of near-shore subtidal communities in temperate Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, regions in which toxicological data for native species are lacking. Release of zoospores was induced in the laboratory and settled spores were exposed to the metals. Zoospores from 3 different populations in Western Australia and 1",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231068,Dalager et al. 1980,Cancer mortality among workers exposed to zinc chromate paints,"To evaluate the carcinogenicity of chromium compounds among user industries, the proportionate mortality experience of spray painters exposed to zinc chromate primer paints and electroplaters exposed to chromic acid in the aircraft maintenance industry was examined. Compared to the mortality patterns of U.S. white males, no excess of cancer was found in the 48 deaths among electroplaters. Analysis of the 202 deaths among spray painters revealed a significant excess of cancer, primarily of the respiratory tract. The relative increase of respiratory cancer showed a positive gradient with the length of estimated exposure time, and was confined to painters whose interval from first employment to death was at least 20 years. The findings consistent with occupational exposure to chromium compounds, previously shown to be carcinogenic in manufacturing processes, but the effect of other paint constituents, tobacco smoking, or methodologic limitations could not be discounted.","Cancer mortality among workers exposed to zinc chromate paints Abs: To evaluate the carcinogenicity of chromium compounds among user industries, the proportionate mortality experience of spray painters exposed to zinc chromate primer paints and electroplaters exposed to chromic acid in the aircraft maintenance industry was examined. Compared to the mortality patterns of U.S. white males, no excess of cancer was found in the 48 deaths among electroplaters. Analysis of the 202 deaths among spray painters revealed a significant excess of cancer, primarily of the respiratory tract. The relative increase of respiratory cancer showed a positive gradient with the length of estimated exposure time, and was confined to painters whose interval from first employment to death was at least 20 years. The findings consistent with occupational exposure to chromium compounds, previously shown to be carcinogenic in manufacturing processes, but the effect of other paint constituents, tobacco smoking, or methodologic limitations could not be discounted.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238504,Anonymous 1991,Strontium chromate,"TLV-TWA, 0.0005 mg/m3, as Cr; A2-Suspected Human Carcinogen","Strontium chromate Abs: TLV-TWA, 0.0005 mg/m3, as Cr; A2-Suspected Human Carcinogen",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786318,Dong et al. 2013,Effects of geochemical constituents on the zero-valent iron reductive removal of nitrobenzene in groundwater,,Effects of geochemical constituents on the zero-valent iron reductive removal of nitrobenzene in groundwater Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509944,Castilleja-Rivera et al. 2012,Sensitive determination of chromium (VI) in paint samples using a membrane optode coupled to a multisyringe flow injection system,"In this work, the potential of a membrane optode coupled to a multisyringe flow injection system (MSFIA) was assessed for determining the Cr(VI) concentration in paint samples. The detection is based on the color obtained from the reaction of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in the presence of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)). The redox product was immobilized on a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (SDB-XC) membrane optode. The analyte in the sample was then directly quantified at the surface of the disk by measuring the intensity of reflected incident light using a bifurcated optical fiber at 540 nm. Experimental parameters (concentration of reagents, sample volume, flow rate of sample solutions, eluent concentration, and effect of diverse ions) were studied in detail. The overall time required for the complete procedure was 4 min and only required 0.2 mL of the sample volume. The dynamic working response of Cr(VI) was found within the concentration range of 2.4-1000 ?g L(-1) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.7 ?g L(-1), while the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 400 ?g L(-1) Cr(VI) was lower than 2% (n=6). This developed method was used to determine Cr(VI) concentrations in the paint samples, for which an alkaline extraction procedure was proposed. The extraction procedure was based on the use of a 7.5% Na(2)CO(3)/5% NaOH solution at 90 °C for 30 min. Under optimal conditions, the recoveries ranged from 99% to 101%. The complete method was validated using a certified reference material (ERA-QC540, soil sample) and by comparing the results with those obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).","Sensitive determination of chromium (VI) in paint samples using a membrane optode coupled to a multisyringe flow injection system Abs: In this work, the potential of a membrane optode coupled to a multisyringe flow injection system (MSFIA) was assessed for determining the Cr(VI) concentration in paint samples. The detection is based on the color obtained from the reaction of Cr(VI) with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in the presence of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)). The redox product was immobilized on a poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (SDB-XC) membrane optode. The analyte in the sample was then directly quantified at the surface of the disk by measuring the intensity of reflected incident light using a bifurcated optical fiber at 540 nm. Experimental parameters (concentration of reagents, sample volume, flow rate of sample solutions, eluent concentration, and effect of diverse ions) were studied in detail. The overall time required for the complete procedure was 4 min and only required 0.2 mL of the sample volume. The dynamic working response of Cr(VI) was found within the concentration range of 2.4-1000 ?g L(-1) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.7 ?g L(-1), while the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 400 ?g L(-1) Cr(VI) was lower than 2% (n=6). This developed method was used to determine Cr(VI) concentrations in the paint samples, for which an alkaline extraction procedure was proposed. The extraction procedure was based on the use of a 7.5% Na(2)CO(3)/5% NaOH solution at 90 °C for 30 min. Under optimal conditions, the recoveries ranged from 99% to 101%. The complete method was validated using a certified reference material (ERA-QC540, soil sample) and by comparing the results with those obtained using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786293,Bala et al. 2013,A hexaureachromium(III) complex as a molecular receptor for oxoanions,,A hexaureachromium(III) complex as a molecular receptor for oxoanions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578108,Kabir-ud-Din et al. 2000,Unusual rate inhibition of manganese(II) assisted oxidation of citric acid by chromium(VI) in the presence of ionic micelles,,Unusual rate inhibition of manganese(II) assisted oxidation of citric acid by chromium(VI) in the presence of ionic micelles Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510113,Thornton et al. 2001,Characterization Activities Conducted at the 183-DR Site in Support of an In Situ Gaseous Reduction Demonstration,"In Situ Gaseous Reduction (ISGR) is a technology developed by DOE for the remediation of soil waste sites contaminated with hexavalent chromium. This document presents information associated with characterization activities conducted at the 183-DR site at Hanford, which is associated with a significant groundwater contaminant plume and was formerly a water treatment facility that utilized chromate as a corrosion inhibitor. Geotechnical and chemical data were collected during the excavation of trenches and the drilling of two vadose zone boreholes to support a possible ISGR demonstration at 183-DR. Although elevated total chromium and trace levels of hexavalent chromium were identified from one of the trenches and one of the boreholes, it appears that the boreholes missed the vadose zone contaminant source responsible for the chromium groundwater plume located downgradient of the 183-DR site. Recommendations are provided, however, for future work at 183-DR that may serve to identify the source for the groundwater plume and possibly provide an opportunity for an ISGR demonstration.","Characterization Activities Conducted at the 183-DR Site in Support of an In Situ Gaseous Reduction Demonstration Abs: In Situ Gaseous Reduction (ISGR) is a technology developed by DOE for the remediation of soil waste sites contaminated with hexavalent chromium. This document presents information associated with characterization activities conducted at the 183-DR site at Hanford, which is associated with a significant groundwater contaminant plume and was formerly a water treatment facility that utilized chromate as a corrosion inhibitor. Geotechnical and chemical data were collected during the excavation of trenches and the drilling of two vadose zone boreholes to support a possible ISGR demonstration at 183-DR. Although elevated total chromium and trace levels of hexavalent chromium were identified from one of the trenches and one of the boreholes, it appears that the boreholes missed the vadose zone contaminant source responsible for the chromium groundwater plume located downgradient of the 183-DR site. Recommendations are provided, however, for future work at 183-DR that may serve to identify the source for the groundwater plume and possibly provide an opportunity for an ISGR demonstration.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576603,Goswami and  Banerji 1971,KINETICS OF OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES BY CHROMIC ACID,,KINETICS OF OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES BY CHROMIC ACID Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290278,Mangiameli et al. 2011,New insights on the mechanism of oxidation of D-galacturonic acid by hypervalent chromium,"The pollutant Cr(VI) is known to be very carcinogenic. In conditions of excess of Cr(VI), oxidation of D-galacturonic acid (Galur), the major metabolite of pectin, yields d-galactaric acid (Galar) and Cr(III). The redox reaction takes place through a multistep mechanism involving formation of intermediate Cr(II/IV) and Cr(V) species. The mechanism combines one- and two-electron pathways for the reduction of Cr(IV) by the organic substrate: Cr(VI)? Cr(IV)? Cr(II) and Cr(VI)? Cr(IV)? Cr(III). This is supported by the observation of the optical absorption spectra of Cr(VI) esters, free radicals, CrO(2)(2+) (superoxoCr(III) ion) and oxo-Cr(V) complexes. Cr(IV) cannot be directly detected; however, formation of CrO(2)(2+) provides indirect evidence for the intermediacy of Cr(II/IV). Cr(IV) reacts with Galur much faster than Cr(V) and Cr(VI) do. The analysis of the reaction kinetics via optical absorption spectroscopy shows that the Cr(IV)-Galur reaction rate inversely depends on [H(+)]. Nevertheless, high [H(+)] still does not facilitate accumulation of Cr(IV) in the Cr(VI)-Galur mixture. Cr(VI) and the intermediate Cr(V) react with Galur at comparable rates; therefore the build-up and decay of Cr(V) accompany the decay of Cr(VI). The complete rate laws for the Cr(VI), Cr(V) and Cr(IV)-Galur redox reaction are here derived in detail. Furthermore, the nature of the five-co-ordinated oxo-Cr(V) bischelate complexes formed in Cr(VI)-Galur mixtures at pH 1-5 is investigated using continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and density functional theory (DFT).","New insights on the mechanism of oxidation of D-galacturonic acid by hypervalent chromium Abs: The pollutant Cr(VI) is known to be very carcinogenic. In conditions of excess of Cr(VI), oxidation of D-galacturonic acid (Galur), the major metabolite of pectin, yields d-galactaric acid (Galar) and Cr(III). The redox reaction takes place through a multistep mechanism involving formation of intermediate Cr(II/IV) and Cr(V) species. The mechanism combines one- and two-electron pathways for the reduction of Cr(IV) by the organic substrate: Cr(VI)? Cr(IV)? Cr(II) and Cr(VI)? Cr(IV)? Cr(III). This is supported by the observation of the optical absorption spectra of Cr(VI) esters, free radicals, CrO(2)(2+) (superoxoCr(III) ion) and oxo-Cr(V) complexes. Cr(IV) cannot be directly detected; however, formation of CrO(2)(2+) provides indirect evidence for the intermediacy of Cr(II/IV). Cr(IV) reacts with Galur much faster than Cr(V) and Cr(VI) do. The analysis of the reaction kinetics via optical absorption spectroscopy shows that the Cr(IV)-Galur reaction rate inversely depends on [H(+)]. Nevertheless, high [H(+)] still does not facilitate accumulation of Cr(IV) in the Cr(VI)-Galur mixture. Cr(VI) and the intermediate Cr(V) react with Galur at comparable rates; therefore the build-up and decay of Cr(V) accompany the decay of Cr(VI). The complete rate laws for the Cr(VI), Cr(V) and Cr(IV)-Galur redox reaction are here derived in detail. Furthermore, the nature of the five-co-ordinated oxo-Cr(V) bischelate complexes formed in Cr(VI)-Galur mixtures at pH 1-5 is investigated using continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and density functional theory (DFT).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
724284,Vergieva 1993,Adverse effects of environmental chemicals on the outcome of human pregnancy,,Adverse effects of environmental chemicals on the outcome of human pregnancy Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225465,Xu et al. 2013,The Effect of Probe Path Length Calibration on Dissolution Tests Performed with a Fiber-Optic In Situ Dissolution Test System,,The Effect of Probe Path Length Calibration on Dissolution Tests Performed with a Fiber-Optic In Situ Dissolution Test System Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
456863,Burgess et al. 2007,Marine sediment toxicity identification evaluation methods for the anionic metals arsenic and chromium,"Marine sediments accumulate a variety of contaminants and, in some cases, demonstrate toxicity because of this contamination. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods provide tools for identifying the toxic chemicals causing sediment toxicity. Currently, whole-sediment TIE methods are not available for anionic metals like arsenic and chromium. In the present paper, we describe two new anion-exchange resins used in the development of whole-sediruent TIE methods for arsenic and chromium. Resins were shown to reduce whole-sedinient toxicity and overlying water concentrations of the anionic metals. Sediment toxicity, expressed as the median lethal concentration, was reduced by a factor of two to a factor of nearly six between amended sediment treatments containing resin and those without resin. Aqueous concentrations of arsenic and chromium in the toxicity exposures decreased to less than the detection limits or to concentrations much lower than those measured in treatments without resin. Interference studies indicated that the anion-exchange resins had no significant effect on concentrations of the representative pesticide endosulfan and minimal effects on concentrations of ammonia. However, the anion-exchange resins did significantly reduce the concentrations of a selection of cationic metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). These data demonstrate the utility of anion-exchange resins for determining the contribution of arsenic and chromium to whole-sediment toxicity. The present results also indicate the importance of using TIE methods in a formal TIE structure to ensure that results are not misinterpreted. These methods should be useful in the performance of marine whole-sediment TIEs.","Marine sediment toxicity identification evaluation methods for the anionic metals arsenic and chromium Abs: Marine sediments accumulate a variety of contaminants and, in some cases, demonstrate toxicity because of this contamination. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods provide tools for identifying the toxic chemicals causing sediment toxicity. Currently, whole-sediment TIE methods are not available for anionic metals like arsenic and chromium. In the present paper, we describe two new anion-exchange resins used in the development of whole-sediruent TIE methods for arsenic and chromium. Resins were shown to reduce whole-sedinient toxicity and overlying water concentrations of the anionic metals. Sediment toxicity, expressed as the median lethal concentration, was reduced by a factor of two to a factor of nearly six between amended sediment treatments containing resin and those without resin. Aqueous concentrations of arsenic and chromium in the toxicity exposures decreased to less than the detection limits or to concentrations much lower than those measured in treatments without resin. Interference studies indicated that the anion-exchange resins had no significant effect on concentrations of the representative pesticide endosulfan and minimal effects on concentrations of ammonia. However, the anion-exchange resins did significantly reduce the concentrations of a selection of cationic metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). These data demonstrate the utility of anion-exchange resins for determining the contribution of arsenic and chromium to whole-sediment toxicity. The present results also indicate the importance of using TIE methods in a formal TIE structure to ensure that results are not misinterpreted. These methods should be useful in the performance of marine whole-sediment TIEs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234057,Moore et al. 2012,Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010,"Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. Practical Application:? This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.","Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010 Abs: Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. Practical Application:? This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234052,Singh et al. 2012,Animal models of acute renal failure,"The animal models are pivotal for understanding the characteristics of acute renal failure (ARF) and development of effective therapy for its optimal management. Since the etiology for induction of renal failure is multifold, therefore, a large number of animal models have been developed to mimic the clinical conditions of renal failure. Glycerol-induced renal failure closely mimics the rhabdomyolysis; ischemia-reperfusion-induced ARF simulate the hemodynamic changes-induced changes in renal functioning; drug-induced such as gentamicin, cisplatin, NSAID, ifosfamide-induced ARF mimics the renal failure due to clinical administration of respective drugs; uranium, potassium dichromate-induced ARF mimics the occupational hazard; S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine-induced ARF simulate contaminated water-induced renal dysfunction; sepsis-induced ARF mimics the infection-induced renal failure and radiocontrast-induced ARF mimics renal failure in patients during use of radiocontrast media at the time of cardiac catheterization. Since each animal model has been created with specific methodology, therefore, it is essential to describe the model in detail and consequently interpret the results in the context of a specific model.","Animal models of acute renal failure Abs: The animal models are pivotal for understanding the characteristics of acute renal failure (ARF) and development of effective therapy for its optimal management. Since the etiology for induction of renal failure is multifold, therefore, a large number of animal models have been developed to mimic the clinical conditions of renal failure. Glycerol-induced renal failure closely mimics the rhabdomyolysis; ischemia-reperfusion-induced ARF simulate the hemodynamic changes-induced changes in renal functioning; drug-induced such as gentamicin, cisplatin, NSAID, ifosfamide-induced ARF mimics the renal failure due to clinical administration of respective drugs; uranium, potassium dichromate-induced ARF mimics the occupational hazard; S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine-induced ARF simulate contaminated water-induced renal dysfunction; sepsis-induced ARF mimics the infection-induced renal failure and radiocontrast-induced ARF mimics renal failure in patients during use of radiocontrast media at the time of cardiac catheterization. Since each animal model has been created with specific methodology, therefore, it is essential to describe the model in detail and consequently interpret the results in the context of a specific model.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1056026,Kargacin et al. 1993,Mutagenic responses of nickel oxides and nickel sulfides in Chinese hamster V79 cell lines at the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus,"Mutagenesis of several insoluble nickel compounds--crystalline nickel sulfide NiS, nickel subsulfide Ni3S2, nickel oxides (black and green) and soluble NiCl2 was studied in three Chinese hamster cell lines--at the hprt gene of the well-defined V79 cell line, and at gpt in two transgenic derivative cell lines G12 and G10. The transgenic cell line G12 responded very strongly to the insoluble Ni compounds, such that the gpt mutagenesis was at least 20 times higher than the spontaneous mutagenesis and in some experiments was even higher. In contrast the response of the G10 cells was much lower--the mutant frequencies only increased 2-3 times over the controls. In V79 cells, NiS and NiO (black) did not induce a mutagenic response at hprt. Soluble NiCl2 also exhibited no mutagenic activity in V79 cells and induced considerably lower activity than the insoluble compounds in the transgenic G12 cells. Following vitamin E pretreatment of G12 cells for 24 h prior to nickel exposure, increased cell survival was observed for several insoluble Ni compounds whereas vitamin E had no effect on NiCl2 cytotoxicity. With vitamin E pretreatment, significantly lower mutagenic responses in G12 cells were also noted for some insoluble Ni compounds, while no such effect was observed for NiCl2.","Mutagenic responses of nickel oxides and nickel sulfides in Chinese hamster V79 cell lines at the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus Abs: Mutagenesis of several insoluble nickel compounds--crystalline nickel sulfide NiS, nickel subsulfide Ni3S2, nickel oxides (black and green) and soluble NiCl2 was studied in three Chinese hamster cell lines--at the hprt gene of the well-defined V79 cell line, and at gpt in two transgenic derivative cell lines G12 and G10. The transgenic cell line G12 responded very strongly to the insoluble Ni compounds, such that the gpt mutagenesis was at least 20 times higher than the spontaneous mutagenesis and in some experiments was even higher. In contrast the response of the G10 cells was much lower--the mutant frequencies only increased 2-3 times over the controls. In V79 cells, NiS and NiO (black) did not induce a mutagenic response at hprt. Soluble NiCl2 also exhibited no mutagenic activity in V79 cells and induced considerably lower activity than the insoluble compounds in the transgenic G12 cells. Following vitamin E pretreatment of G12 cells for 24 h prior to nickel exposure, increased cell survival was observed for several insoluble Ni compounds whereas vitamin E had no effect on NiCl2 cytotoxicity. With vitamin E pretreatment, significantly lower mutagenic responses in G12 cells were also noted for some insoluble Ni compounds, while no such effect was observed for NiCl2.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233568,Zheng et al. 2006,Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of Cr(VI) on the metabolism of Tetrahymena thermophila BF(5) during growth,"Tetrahymena thermophila BF(5) produce heat by metabolism and movement. Using a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter, the power-time curves of the metabolism of T. thermophila BF(5) during growth were obtained and the action on them by the addition of Cr(VI) were studied. The morphological change with Cr(VI) coexisted and biomass change during the process of T. thermophila BF(5) growth were studied by light microscope. Chromium has been regarded as an essential trace element for life. However, hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen, mutagen, cytotoxicant and strong oxidizing agent. Cr(VI) of different concentration have different effects on T. thermophila BF(5) growth with the phenomenon of low dose stimulation (0-3×10(-5)molL(-1)) and high dose inhibition (3×10(-5) to 2.4×10(-4)molL(-1)). The relationship between the growth rate constant (k) and c is a typical U-shaped curve, which is a characteristic of hormesis. T. thermophila BF(5) cannot grow at all when the concentration of Cr(VI) is up to 2.4×10(-4)molL(-1). The microscopic observations agree well with the results obtained by means of microcalorimetry. And T. thermophila BF(5) had obviously morphological changes by the addition of Cr(VI).","Microcalorimetric investigation of the toxic action of Cr(VI) on the metabolism of Tetrahymena thermophila BF(5) during growth Abs: Tetrahymena thermophila BF(5) produce heat by metabolism and movement. Using a TAM air isothermal microcalorimeter, the power-time curves of the metabolism of T. thermophila BF(5) during growth were obtained and the action on them by the addition of Cr(VI) were studied. The morphological change with Cr(VI) coexisted and biomass change during the process of T. thermophila BF(5) growth were studied by light microscope. Chromium has been regarded as an essential trace element for life. However, hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen, mutagen, cytotoxicant and strong oxidizing agent. Cr(VI) of different concentration have different effects on T. thermophila BF(5) growth with the phenomenon of low dose stimulation (0-3×10(-5)molL(-1)) and high dose inhibition (3×10(-5) to 2.4×10(-4)molL(-1)). The relationship between the growth rate constant (k) and c is a typical U-shaped curve, which is a characteristic of hormesis. T. thermophila BF(5) cannot grow at all when the concentration of Cr(VI) is up to 2.4×10(-4)molL(-1). The microscopic observations agree well with the results obtained by means of microcalorimetry. And T. thermophila BF(5) had obviously morphological changes by the addition of Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232112,Hwang et al. 2002,Effects of ferrous iron and molecular oxygen on chromium(VI) redox kinetics in the presence of aquifer solids,"The kinetics and stoichiometry of the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) with ferrous iron (Fe(II)) were examined in systems with and without aquifer solids. Cr(VI) reduction was rapid in the absence of solids, but demonstrated slower and more complex kinetics in the presence of aquifer solids. The aquifer solids removed Fe(II) from solution and a portion of the reducing capacity of Fe(II) was transferred to the aquifer solids. The solid phases were then able to continue to remove Cr(VI). This suggests in situ treatment of Cr(VI) by Fe(II) injection would be feasible in the aquifer environment. In general, re-oxidation of reduced chromium by molecular oxygen was not observed in our systems over time periods of nearly 1 year, suggesting that the potential for chromium solubilization under these oxidizing conditions will be low. An empirical model was developed to describe the reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) in the presence of solids. The model assumes that the reaction is brought about by pseudo-species of iron that react instantaneously, rapidly and slowly with Cr(VI). A fourth pseudo-species is assumed to be non-reactive. Model coefficients were determined by non-linear regression. The model was able to describe observed concentrations of chromium well, but analysis of model errors indicated the potential existence of a distribution of species with different reaction rates rather than just three distinct species. Another model was developed to predict concentrations of different pseudo-species depending on the total amount of Fe(II) added and the amount of aquifer solids present. This model assumed that pseudo-species could result from intrinsic characteristics of the aquifer solids as well as being formed by addition of Fe(II), which could sorb to the aquifer solids.","Effects of ferrous iron and molecular oxygen on chromium(VI) redox kinetics in the presence of aquifer solids Abs: The kinetics and stoichiometry of the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) with ferrous iron (Fe(II)) were examined in systems with and without aquifer solids. Cr(VI) reduction was rapid in the absence of solids, but demonstrated slower and more complex kinetics in the presence of aquifer solids. The aquifer solids removed Fe(II) from solution and a portion of the reducing capacity of Fe(II) was transferred to the aquifer solids. The solid phases were then able to continue to remove Cr(VI). This suggests in situ treatment of Cr(VI) by Fe(II) injection would be feasible in the aquifer environment. In general, re-oxidation of reduced chromium by molecular oxygen was not observed in our systems over time periods of nearly 1 year, suggesting that the potential for chromium solubilization under these oxidizing conditions will be low. An empirical model was developed to describe the reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) in the presence of solids. The model assumes that the reaction is brought about by pseudo-species of iron that react instantaneously, rapidly and slowly with Cr(VI). A fourth pseudo-species is assumed to be non-reactive. Model coefficients were determined by non-linear regression. The model was able to describe observed concentrations of chromium well, but analysis of model errors indicated the potential existence of a distribution of species with different reaction rates rather than just three distinct species. Another model was developed to predict concentrations of different pseudo-species depending on the total amount of Fe(II) added and the amount of aquifer solids present. This model assumed that pseudo-species could result from intrinsic characteristics of the aquifer solids as well as being formed by addition of Fe(II), which could sorb to the aquifer solids.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509591,Roundhill and  Koch 2002,Methods and techniques for the selective extraction and recovery of oxoanions,"An important goal in environmental chemistry is the extraction of metals that are toxic or radioactive from soils and waters. For many such metals, the problem is solved by designing compounds with coordination sites that are specific for that particular metal. For cases such as oxoanions, however, where the inorganic center is already fully coordinated by oxygens, different strategies need to be used. Chromate, phosphate, selenate, pertechnetate, and aluminate are such anions. These species are problematic contaminants in soils and waters because they are either toxic, environmentally undesirable, or radioactive. Furthermore, under both acidic and basic conditions, the coordination positions of these oxoanions are occupied by oxygens. Chromium(VI) as either chromate or dichromate presents a particular problem because it is a strong oxidizing agent. In this review the different methods of extracting this group of pseudotetrahedral oxoanions are discussed, along with the individual advantages and limitations of each strategy.","Methods and techniques for the selective extraction and recovery of oxoanions Abs: An important goal in environmental chemistry is the extraction of metals that are toxic or radioactive from soils and waters. For many such metals, the problem is solved by designing compounds with coordination sites that are specific for that particular metal. For cases such as oxoanions, however, where the inorganic center is already fully coordinated by oxygens, different strategies need to be used. Chromate, phosphate, selenate, pertechnetate, and aluminate are such anions. These species are problematic contaminants in soils and waters because they are either toxic, environmentally undesirable, or radioactive. Furthermore, under both acidic and basic conditions, the coordination positions of these oxoanions are occupied by oxygens. Chromium(VI) as either chromate or dichromate presents a particular problem because it is a strong oxidizing agent. In this review the different methods of extracting this group of pseudotetrahedral oxoanions are discussed, along with the individual advantages and limitations of each strategy.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225337,Leung et al. 2013,An Amyloid-Fibril-Based Colorimetric Nanosensor for Rapid and Sensitive Chromium(VI) Detection,,An Amyloid-Fibril-Based Colorimetric Nanosensor for Rapid and Sensitive Chromium(VI) Detection Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1022612,Magara et al. 1996,The behavior of inorganic constituents and disinfection by products in reverse osmosis water desalination process,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The countries and regions which suffer from the shortage of fresh water resources have developed sea and brackish water desalination plants to supply drinking water. The desalination process has usually been designed from the rejection ratio of salt to meet the level of soluble residue, chloride concentration for drinking purposes. The Japanese government revised the drinking water quality standards to enhance an appropriate drinking water quality management for many hazardous micro-pollutants in drinking water. Since there has not been sufficient studies on the performance of R.O. desalination processes on micro hazardous constituents, the authors carried out a pilot plant study and field study of several desalination plants for the public water supply. Most of the constituents of R.O. filtrate meets the drinking water quality standard under the design and operational condition that to attain 99% of the salt rejection. However, Langlier's index, boron and bromoform pro","The behavior of inorganic constituents and disinfection by products in reverse osmosis water desalination process Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The countries and regions which suffer from the shortage of fresh water resources have developed sea and brackish water desalination plants to supply drinking water. The desalination process has usually been designed from the rejection ratio of salt to meet the level of soluble residue, chloride concentration for drinking purposes. The Japanese government revised the drinking water quality standards to enhance an appropriate drinking water quality management for many hazardous micro-pollutants in drinking water. Since there has not been sufficient studies on the performance of R.O. desalination processes on micro hazardous constituents, the authors carried out a pilot plant study and field study of several desalination plants for the public water supply. Most of the constituents of R.O. filtrate meets the drinking water quality standard under the design and operational condition that to attain 99% of the salt rejection. However, Langlier's index, boron and bromoform pro",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238533,Holmes et al. 2004,Lead Chromate-Induced Cytotoxicity In Human Bronchial Cells Is Mediated By Extracellular Chromium,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are established human lung carcinogens and solubility plays a key role in the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI), with the most potent carcinogens being the particulate Cr(VI) compounds. Lead chromate (LC) is often used as a prototypical particulate Cr(VI) compound since it is the most insoluble of these compounds; however, it is unknown whether chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), or a combination is responsible for the cytotoxic effects of LC. We compared the cytotoxicity and ion uptake of LC with sodium chromate (SC) and lead glutamate (LG) in WTHBF-6 cells, and the effects of co-treating LC, SC and LG with vitamin C to evaluate changes in cytotoxicity and ion uptake since vitamin C is known to reduce Cr(IV) to Cr(III) and prevent chromium uptake. LC and SC both induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity at similar intracellular Cr concentrations. LC at 0.1 and 5 ug/cm2 induced 85 and 3% relative survival at intracellular concentrations of 1.3 and 16.7 uM respectively, while 1 and 5 uM SC induced 75 and 3% relative survival with intracellular concentrations of 1.7 and 15.2 uM respectively. Co-treating LC or SC with vitamin C dramatically reduced intracellular Cr concentrations and cytotoxicity. LG also induced a concentrationdependent increase in cytotoxicity, but 200 and 1000 uM LG induced 86 and 62% relative survival at an intracellular Pb concentration of 4.4 and 48.3 uM respectively, while 5 ug/cm2 LC induced 3% relative survival with an intracellular Pb concentration of only 2.9 uM. Co-treating LG with vitamin C had no effect on the cytotoxicity or intracellular Pb concentrations. Cytotoxicity and intracellular Pb concentrations decreased when LC was co-treated with vitamin C 5 ug/cm2. These data indicate that Cr and not Pb mediates LC-induced cytotoxicity in human bronchial cells.","Lead Chromate-Induced Cytotoxicity In Human Bronchial Cells Is Mediated By Extracellular Chromium Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are established human lung carcinogens and solubility plays a key role in the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI), with the most potent carcinogens being the particulate Cr(VI) compounds. Lead chromate (LC) is often used as a prototypical particulate Cr(VI) compound since it is the most insoluble of these compounds; however, it is unknown whether chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), or a combination is responsible for the cytotoxic effects of LC. We compared the cytotoxicity and ion uptake of LC with sodium chromate (SC) and lead glutamate (LG) in WTHBF-6 cells, and the effects of co-treating LC, SC and LG with vitamin C to evaluate changes in cytotoxicity and ion uptake since vitamin C is known to reduce Cr(IV) to Cr(III) and prevent chromium uptake. LC and SC both induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity at similar intracellular Cr concentrations. LC at 0.1 and 5 ug/cm2 induced 85 and 3% relative survival at intracellular concentrations of 1.3 and 16.7 uM respectively, while 1 and 5 uM SC induced 75 and 3% relative survival with intracellular concentrations of 1.7 and 15.2 uM respectively. Co-treating LC or SC with vitamin C dramatically reduced intracellular Cr concentrations and cytotoxicity. LG also induced a concentrationdependent increase in cytotoxicity, but 200 and 1000 uM LG induced 86 and 62% relative survival at an intracellular Pb concentration of 4.4 and 48.3 uM respectively, while 5 ug/cm2 LC induced 3% relative survival with an intracellular Pb concentration of only 2.9 uM. Co-treating LG with vitamin C had no effect on the cytotoxicity or intracellular Pb concentrations. Cytotoxicity and intracellular Pb concentrations decreased when LC was co-treated with vitamin C 5 ug/cm2. These data indicate that Cr and not Pb mediates LC-induced cytotoxicity in human bronchial cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516122,Mautner 1980,Arsenic and chromium(VI) content in drinking water of the country (Bulgaria) and its contamination with them,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ar and Cr6+ content in drinking water of 74% of the settlements with central water supply used by 89.2% of the whole population of the country was studied. As and Cr6+ were present mainly in microamounts and a high percent of the settlements used water without Cr6+, 79.2% and without As 43.3%. As was not established in overallowable concentrations of potable water (MAC (maximum allowable concentration) = 0.050 mg/dm3) but up to 0.010 mg/dm3 was found in the water of 51.3% of the settlements and > 0.010-0.050 mg/dm3 in 5.4%. Cr6+ was found in drinking water in concentrations over the allowable norm inthe limits of the allowable norm in 19.3%. Overallowable concentrations of Cr6+ were established in some local sources (wells, fountains with caught waters) in some of the investigated settlements. Some were 2- to 3-fold","Arsenic and chromium(VI) content in drinking water of the country (Bulgaria) and its contamination with them Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ar and Cr6+ content in drinking water of 74% of the settlements with central water supply used by 89.2% of the whole population of the country was studied. As and Cr6+ were present mainly in microamounts and a high percent of the settlements used water without Cr6+, 79.2% and without As 43.3%. As was not established in overallowable concentrations of potable water (MAC (maximum allowable concentration) = 0.050 mg/dm3) but up to 0.010 mg/dm3 was found in the water of 51.3% of the settlements and > 0.010-0.050 mg/dm3 in 5.4%. Cr6+ was found in drinking water in concentrations over the allowable norm inthe limits of the allowable norm in 19.3%. Overallowable concentrations of Cr6+ were established in some local sources (wells, fountains with caught waters) in some of the investigated settlements. Some were 2- to 3-fold",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231145,Scott 1967,A method for the degradation of radioactive nicotinic acid,"A chemical degradation scheme is reported, which permits the measurement of the radioactivity of each carbon atom of nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is decarboxylated by heating with copper chromite to give carbon dioxide (C-7) and pyridine. The pyridine is converted into 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide, which is heated with aqueous calcium hypobromite to give tribromonitromethane. Combustion of the latter gives carbon dioxide derived from C-4 of the nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is also reduced to nipecotic acid, which is oxidized to succinic acid by acidic potassium permanganate. Stepwise degradation of the succinic acid by standard procedures gives two samples of carbon dioxide, which correspond to C-3, C-6 and C-4, C-5 of the nicotinic acid. Benzoylation of the nipecotic acid, followed by oxidation with permanganate at pH7, gives 5-amino-4-carboxyvaleric acid; this is converted into 2-methyleneglutaric acid by the action of nitrous acid. Hydrogenation of the 2-methyleneglutaric acid over rhodium in methanol gives 2-methylglutaric acid, which is oxidized with dilute chromic acid to acetic acid. Stepwise degradation of the acetic acid by standard procedures gives two samples of carbon dioxide, which correspond to C-2 and C-3 of the nicotinic acid. Thus the radioactivities of C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-7 are determined directly and those of C-5 and C-6 by difference. The method was shown to be isotopically valid for [2,3,7-(14)C]-, [4,6-(14)C(2)]- and [5-(14)C]-nicotinic acid.","A method for the degradation of radioactive nicotinic acid Abs: A chemical degradation scheme is reported, which permits the measurement of the radioactivity of each carbon atom of nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is decarboxylated by heating with copper chromite to give carbon dioxide (C-7) and pyridine. The pyridine is converted into 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide, which is heated with aqueous calcium hypobromite to give tribromonitromethane. Combustion of the latter gives carbon dioxide derived from C-4 of the nicotinic acid. Nicotinic acid is also reduced to nipecotic acid, which is oxidized to succinic acid by acidic potassium permanganate. Stepwise degradation of the succinic acid by standard procedures gives two samples of carbon dioxide, which correspond to C-3, C-6 and C-4, C-5 of the nicotinic acid. Benzoylation of the nipecotic acid, followed by oxidation with permanganate at pH7, gives 5-amino-4-carboxyvaleric acid; this is converted into 2-methyleneglutaric acid by the action of nitrous acid. Hydrogenation of the 2-methyleneglutaric acid over rhodium in methanol gives 2-methylglutaric acid, which is oxidized with dilute chromic acid to acetic acid. Stepwise degradation of the acetic acid by standard procedures gives two samples of carbon dioxide, which correspond to C-2 and C-3 of the nicotinic acid. Thus the radioactivities of C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-7 are determined directly and those of C-5 and C-6 by difference. The method was shown to be isotopically valid for [2,3,7-(14)C]-, [4,6-(14)C(2)]- and [5-(14)C]-nicotinic acid.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
85705,Wise et al. 2005,Human lung cell growth is not stimulated by lead ions after lead chromate-induced genotoxicity,"Chromate compounds are known human lung carcinogens. Water solubility is an important factor in the carcinogenicity of these compounds with the most potent carcinogenic compounds being water-insoluble or 'particulate'. Previously we have shown that particulate chromates dissolve extracellularly releasing chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) ions and only the Cr ions induce genotoxicity. Pb ions have been considered to have epigenetic effects and it is thought that these may enhance the carcinogenic activity of lead chromate, perhaps by stimulating Cr-damaged cells to divide. However, this possibility has not been directly tested. Accordingly, we investigated the ability of Pb ions to stimulate human lung cells and possibly force lead chromate-damaged cells to grow. We found that at concentrations of lead chromate that induced damage, human lung cells exhibited cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition that were very similar to those observed for sodium chromate. Moreover, we found that soluble Pb ions were not growth stimulatory to human lung cells and in fact induced progressive mitotic arrest. These data indicate that lead chromate-generated Cr ions cause growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest and that Pb does not induce epigenetic effects that stimulate chromate-damaged cells to grow.","Human lung cell growth is not stimulated by lead ions after lead chromate-induced genotoxicity Abs: Chromate compounds are known human lung carcinogens. Water solubility is an important factor in the carcinogenicity of these compounds with the most potent carcinogenic compounds being water-insoluble or 'particulate'. Previously we have shown that particulate chromates dissolve extracellularly releasing chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) ions and only the Cr ions induce genotoxicity. Pb ions have been considered to have epigenetic effects and it is thought that these may enhance the carcinogenic activity of lead chromate, perhaps by stimulating Cr-damaged cells to divide. However, this possibility has not been directly tested. Accordingly, we investigated the ability of Pb ions to stimulate human lung cells and possibly force lead chromate-damaged cells to grow. We found that at concentrations of lead chromate that induced damage, human lung cells exhibited cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition that were very similar to those observed for sodium chromate. Moreover, we found that soluble Pb ions were not growth stimulatory to human lung cells and in fact induced progressive mitotic arrest. These data indicate that lead chromate-generated Cr ions cause growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest and that Pb does not induce epigenetic effects that stimulate chromate-damaged cells to grow.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1239043,ANON 1996,Potassium dichromate,"Data sheet. May enter the body when breathed in. It is a carcinogen and should be handled with extreme caution. Irritates and burns the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May damage the eyes. May cause skin allergy. May cause a sore or a hole in the bone dividing the inner nose.","Potassium dichromate Abs: Data sheet. May enter the body when breathed in. It is a carcinogen and should be handled with extreme caution. Irritates and burns the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. May damage the eyes. May cause skin allergy. May cause a sore or a hole in the bone dividing the inner nose.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578233,Pavel et al. 2012,EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS TOXICITY ON TWO MICROBIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM SOIL: Azotobacter sp. AND Pichia sp,"Chromium and cadmium are heavy metals that occur naturally in the environment and especially in soils. Their toxic effect is more pronounced at high concentrations and it depends on the oxidation states. While Cr (III) is considered an essential trace element for the metabolism of living organisms, Cr (VI) has a higher mobility and is easily soluble in soils and can be leached into surface water or groundwater, and taken up by plants. That leads to a toxic and carcinogenic effect to humans via inhalation for long exposures. The concentrations and the form of heavy metals in soils and the behavior of their free ions in soils solution are influenced by soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay mineralogy. This work presents the toxicity effect of two common heavy metals that can be found in soil (chromium and cadmium) on two microbial strains, which are also isolated from soil: Azotobacter sp. and Pichia sp. Batch tests where made using different concentrations of the selected heavy metals and culture medium: for Azotobacter sp. strain was used a Sabouraud medium and for Pichia sp. strain a YEPD medium (Yeast Extract, Pepton, Dextrose). The dry weights of the microbial culture were used to determine the microbial growing, calculated in percent inhibition of dry weight versus concentrations of metal ions.","EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS TOXICITY ON TWO MICROBIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM SOIL: Azotobacter sp. AND Pichia sp Abs: Chromium and cadmium are heavy metals that occur naturally in the environment and especially in soils. Their toxic effect is more pronounced at high concentrations and it depends on the oxidation states. While Cr (III) is considered an essential trace element for the metabolism of living organisms, Cr (VI) has a higher mobility and is easily soluble in soils and can be leached into surface water or groundwater, and taken up by plants. That leads to a toxic and carcinogenic effect to humans via inhalation for long exposures. The concentrations and the form of heavy metals in soils and the behavior of their free ions in soils solution are influenced by soil pH, organic matter (OM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay mineralogy. This work presents the toxicity effect of two common heavy metals that can be found in soil (chromium and cadmium) on two microbial strains, which are also isolated from soil: Azotobacter sp. and Pichia sp. Batch tests where made using different concentrations of the selected heavy metals and culture medium: for Azotobacter sp. strain was used a Sabouraud medium and for Pichia sp. strain a YEPD medium (Yeast Extract, Pepton, Dextrose). The dry weights of the microbial culture were used to determine the microbial growing, calculated in percent inhibition of dry weight versus concentrations of metal ions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225344,Zhang et al. 2014,One-step hydrothermal synthesis of high-performance visible-light-driven SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunction photocatalyst for the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI),"A simple and cost-effective one-step hydrothermal method, which was based on the reactions of tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate and different dosages of thioacetamide in water at 190 degrees C for 6 h, was employed for the synthesis of composition-tunable SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions (e.g., SnS2/SnO2-A, SnS2/SnO2-B and SnS2/SnO2-C). The photocatalytic properties of the as-synthesized SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions were tested by the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under visible-light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic efficiency of SnS2/SnO2-B was compared with those of PM-SnS2/SnO2 (which denotes the physically mixed SnS2/SnO2 nanocomposite with the same composition as SnS2/SnO2-B) and SnS2 nanoflakes at different dosages of photocatalysts. It was observed that (i) the photocatalytic activities of the as-synthesized SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions depended on their compositions, and SnS2/SnO2-B with 70 mol% SnS2 displayed the highest photocatalytic activity; (ii) SnS2/SnO2-B invariably exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiencies than PM-SnS2/SnO2 and SnS2 nanoflakes at different dosages of photocatalysts; (iii) the washing with 1 mol/L HNO3 can effectively regenerate the used photocatalyst; (iv) SnS2/SnO2-B exhibited good photocatalytic stability in reuses, with regeneration by 1 mol/L HNO3-washing after each cycle of photocatalytic use; and (v) Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III). The possible formation mechanism of SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions and the reasons accounting for the photocatalytic results were also discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","One-step hydrothermal synthesis of high-performance visible-light-driven SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunction photocatalyst for the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) Abs: A simple and cost-effective one-step hydrothermal method, which was based on the reactions of tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate and different dosages of thioacetamide in water at 190 degrees C for 6 h, was employed for the synthesis of composition-tunable SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions (e.g., SnS2/SnO2-A, SnS2/SnO2-B and SnS2/SnO2-C). The photocatalytic properties of the as-synthesized SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions were tested by the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under visible-light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic efficiency of SnS2/SnO2-B was compared with those of PM-SnS2/SnO2 (which denotes the physically mixed SnS2/SnO2 nanocomposite with the same composition as SnS2/SnO2-B) and SnS2 nanoflakes at different dosages of photocatalysts. It was observed that (i) the photocatalytic activities of the as-synthesized SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions depended on their compositions, and SnS2/SnO2-B with 70 mol% SnS2 displayed the highest photocatalytic activity; (ii) SnS2/SnO2-B invariably exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiencies than PM-SnS2/SnO2 and SnS2 nanoflakes at different dosages of photocatalysts; (iii) the washing with 1 mol/L HNO3 can effectively regenerate the used photocatalyst; (iv) SnS2/SnO2-B exhibited good photocatalytic stability in reuses, with regeneration by 1 mol/L HNO3-washing after each cycle of photocatalytic use; and (v) Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III). The possible formation mechanism of SnS2/SnO2 nanoheterojunctions and the reasons accounting for the photocatalytic results were also discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231202,Meister and  Ogle 1992,A WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM FOR A UNIVERSITY ART DEPARTMENT,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN MUTAGENS CARCINOGENS TERATOGENS CHROMIC ACID SILICA COPPER ACETATE NICKEL,A WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM FOR A UNIVERSITY ART DEPARTMENT Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN MUTAGENS CARCINOGENS TERATOGENS CHROMIC ACID SILICA COPPER ACETATE NICKEL,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231802,Suksabye et al. 2007,Chromium removal from electroplating wastewater by coir pith,"Coir pith is a by-product from padding used in mattress factories. It contains a high amount of lignin. Therefore, this study investigated the use of coir pith in the removal of hexavalent chromium from electroplating wastewater by varying the parameters, such as the system pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The maximum removal (99.99%) was obtained at 2% (w/v) dosage, particle size &lt;75microm, at initial Cr(VI) 1647mgl(-1), system pH 2, and an equilibrium time of 18h. The adsorption isotherm of coir pith fitted reasonably well with the Langmuir model. The maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of coir pith at 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees C was 138.04, 197.23, 262.89 and 317.65mgCr(VI)g(-1) coir pith, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated an endothermic process and the adsorption process was favored at high temperature. Desorption studies of Cr(VI) on coir pith and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) suggested that most of the chromium bound on the coir pith was in Cr(III) form due to the fact that the toxic Cr(VI) adsorbed on the coir pith by electrostatic attraction was easily reduced to less toxic Cr(III). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry analysis indicated that the carbonyl (CO) groups and methoxy (O-CH(3)) groups from the lignin structure in coir pith may be involved in the mechanism of chromium adsorption. The reduced Cr(III) on the coir pith surface may be bound with CO groups and O-CH(3) groups through coordinate covalent bonding in which a lone pair of electrons in the oxygen atoms of the methoxy and carbonyl groups can be donated to form a shared bond with Cr(III).","Chromium removal from electroplating wastewater by coir pith Abs: Coir pith is a by-product from padding used in mattress factories. It contains a high amount of lignin. Therefore, this study investigated the use of coir pith in the removal of hexavalent chromium from electroplating wastewater by varying the parameters, such as the system pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The maximum removal (99.99%) was obtained at 2% (w/v) dosage, particle size &lt;75microm, at initial Cr(VI) 1647mgl(-1), system pH 2, and an equilibrium time of 18h. The adsorption isotherm of coir pith fitted reasonably well with the Langmuir model. The maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of coir pith at 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees C was 138.04, 197.23, 262.89 and 317.65mgCr(VI)g(-1) coir pith, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters indicated an endothermic process and the adsorption process was favored at high temperature. Desorption studies of Cr(VI) on coir pith and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) suggested that most of the chromium bound on the coir pith was in Cr(III) form due to the fact that the toxic Cr(VI) adsorbed on the coir pith by electrostatic attraction was easily reduced to less toxic Cr(III). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry analysis indicated that the carbonyl (CO) groups and methoxy (O-CH(3)) groups from the lignin structure in coir pith may be involved in the mechanism of chromium adsorption. The reduced Cr(III) on the coir pith surface may be bound with CO groups and O-CH(3) groups through coordinate covalent bonding in which a lone pair of electrons in the oxygen atoms of the methoxy and carbonyl groups can be donated to form a shared bond with Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514314,Bouwer et al. 1988,Coping with groundwater contamination,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review water pollution management water treatment monitoring,Coping with groundwater contamination Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review water pollution management water treatment monitoring,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515593,Gupta and  Tiwari 1985,Aluminum oxide as adsorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous waste,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm industrial effluent exothermic ph adsorption capacity electrostatic attraction,Aluminum oxide as adsorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous waste Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm industrial effluent exothermic ph adsorption capacity electrostatic attraction,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233688,Chrysochoou and  Dermatas 2007,Application of the Rietveld method to assess chromium(VI) speciation in chromite ore processing residue,"The Rietveld method allows the quantification of crystalline phases and amorphous material identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and other diffraction methods. The method assists in determining the speciation of contaminants in solid matrices both qualitatively and quantitatively in a statistically defensible approach, as it does not focus on a microscale. Rietveld was applied to chromite ore processing residue (COPR), a cementitious waste containing hexavalent chromium. Calcium aluminum chromium oxide hydrates (CACs) were the crystalline phases identified by XRPD that bind Cr(6+) in COPR according to their chemical formula. Rietveld quantification, combined with mass balances on Cr(6+), showed that CACs may bind Cr(6+) in variable percentages, ranging from 25% to 85%. Analysis of duplicate samples showed that material variability is the predominant factor of uncertainty in evaluating the role of CACs in Cr(6+) speciation, provided that a consistent quantification strategy is pursued. The choice of strategy was performed on the basis of the pertinent literature, preliminary analyses of the equipment and the software settings, and mass balances. The correlation between the average CAC-bound Cr(6+) concentration and the total Cr(6+) for five samples (R(2)=0.94), extracted from different zones and soil borings, suggests that CACs are a primary sink for Cr(6+) in COPR.","Application of the Rietveld method to assess chromium(VI) speciation in chromite ore processing residue Abs: The Rietveld method allows the quantification of crystalline phases and amorphous material identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and other diffraction methods. The method assists in determining the speciation of contaminants in solid matrices both qualitatively and quantitatively in a statistically defensible approach, as it does not focus on a microscale. Rietveld was applied to chromite ore processing residue (COPR), a cementitious waste containing hexavalent chromium. Calcium aluminum chromium oxide hydrates (CACs) were the crystalline phases identified by XRPD that bind Cr(6+) in COPR according to their chemical formula. Rietveld quantification, combined with mass balances on Cr(6+), showed that CACs may bind Cr(6+) in variable percentages, ranging from 25% to 85%. Analysis of duplicate samples showed that material variability is the predominant factor of uncertainty in evaluating the role of CACs in Cr(6+) speciation, provided that a consistent quantification strategy is pursued. The choice of strategy was performed on the basis of the pertinent literature, preliminary analyses of the equipment and the software settings, and mass balances. The correlation between the average CAC-bound Cr(6+) concentration and the total Cr(6+) for five samples (R(2)=0.94), extracted from different zones and soil borings, suggests that CACs are a primary sink for Cr(6+) in COPR.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578038,Tomachuk et al. 2010,Morphology and corrosion resistance of Cr(III)-based conversion treatments for electrogalvanized steel,,Morphology and corrosion resistance of Cr(III)-based conversion treatments for electrogalvanized steel Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234539,Mukherjee et al. 1997,Effects of dietary consumption of black tea infusion alone and in combination with known clastogens on mouse bone marrow chromosomes in vivo,"Black tea infusion in water, in concentrations simulating human consumption, was administered by gavage daily to male Swiss mice for 7 days. One set was given tea once daily and the other twice daily. The mice were then exposed to two known clastogens: chromium (VI) as potassium dichromate and mitomycin C on day 7, and killed after 24 hr. Chromosome damage was studied in preparations made from bone marrow following colchine injection of all mice, and examination of the cells after pretreatment in hypotonic solution, fixation, air drying one and staining with Giemsa solution. No effect was observed in mice given tea once daily. In mice administered tea twice daily, the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells were increased as compared with those of the control in distilled water. Administration of tea twice daily for 7 days could not reduce the clastogenic effects of mitomycin C significantly. The damage due to potassium dichromate was reduced significantly, almost to the level of distilled water. Dietary administration of black tea infusion could therefore significantly protect against clastogenic activity of chromium compounds though it was itself mildly clastogenic.","Effects of dietary consumption of black tea infusion alone and in combination with known clastogens on mouse bone marrow chromosomes in vivo Abs: Black tea infusion in water, in concentrations simulating human consumption, was administered by gavage daily to male Swiss mice for 7 days. One set was given tea once daily and the other twice daily. The mice were then exposed to two known clastogens: chromium (VI) as potassium dichromate and mitomycin C on day 7, and killed after 24 hr. Chromosome damage was studied in preparations made from bone marrow following colchine injection of all mice, and examination of the cells after pretreatment in hypotonic solution, fixation, air drying one and staining with Giemsa solution. No effect was observed in mice given tea once daily. In mice administered tea twice daily, the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells were increased as compared with those of the control in distilled water. Administration of tea twice daily for 7 days could not reduce the clastogenic effects of mitomycin C significantly. The damage due to potassium dichromate was reduced significantly, almost to the level of distilled water. Dietary administration of black tea infusion could therefore significantly protect against clastogenic activity of chromium compounds though it was itself mildly clastogenic.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577507,Bayen and  Das 2009,"1,10-PHENANTHROLINE-CATALYSED Cr(VI) OXIDATION OF D-SORBITOL AND D-MANNITOL IN AQUEOUS MICELLAR MEDIA",,"1,10-PHENANTHROLINE-CATALYSED Cr(VI) OXIDATION OF D-SORBITOL AND D-MANNITOL IN AQUEOUS MICELLAR MEDIA Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577584,Djurendic et al. 2012,"Synthesis, X-ray structural analysis, and cytotoxic activity of some new androstane D-homo lactone derivatives",,"Synthesis, X-ray structural analysis, and cytotoxic activity of some new androstane D-homo lactone derivatives Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577768,Wang and  Vipulanandan 2001,Solidification/Stabilization of Fe(II)-Treated Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil,,Solidification/Stabilization of Fe(II)-Treated Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786347,Kaneko and  Ogawa 2013,Effective concentration of dichromate anions using layered double hydroxides from acidic solutions,,Effective concentration of dichromate anions using layered double hydroxides from acidic solutions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236118,Ebaugh and  Ross 1985,The radioactive sodium chromate method for erythrocyte survival,,The radioactive sodium chromate method for erythrocyte survival Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234218,Vignati et al. 2008,Temporal decrease of trivalent chromium concentration in a standardized algal culture medium: experimental results and implications for toxicity evaluation,"The fate of two trivalent chromium salts (nitrate and chloride) in ISO algal culture medium was followed over 72 h; i.e., the typical duration of algal toxicity tests. Fifty percent of the initial Cr spikes was lost from the solutions by 24 h, with losses up to 90% after 72 h. Monitoring of the temporal variability of Cr(III) concentrations in algal culture media appears necessary to better characterize the toxicity of trivalent chromium to algae.","Temporal decrease of trivalent chromium concentration in a standardized algal culture medium: experimental results and implications for toxicity evaluation Abs: The fate of two trivalent chromium salts (nitrate and chloride) in ISO algal culture medium was followed over 72 h; i.e., the typical duration of algal toxicity tests. Fifty percent of the initial Cr spikes was lost from the solutions by 24 h, with losses up to 90% after 72 h. Monitoring of the temporal variability of Cr(III) concentrations in algal culture media appears necessary to better characterize the toxicity of trivalent chromium to algae.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237814,Masana et al. 1980,Preparation of mouse antiserum specific for rabbit beta2-microglobulin,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Antiserum specific for rabbit beta2-microglobulin was obtained from mouse. The antiserum was used for measuring concentration of this protein in rabbit urine by electrosyneresis. Its lower limit of the detection was 50 mg/l. Excretion of urinary beta2-microglobulin in the rabbit administered sodium chromate increased temporarily and reached to the maximum (above 800 mg/l) 2 days after the administration. Human implications are discussed.,Preparation of mouse antiserum specific for rabbit beta2-microglobulin Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Antiserum specific for rabbit beta2-microglobulin was obtained from mouse. The antiserum was used for measuring concentration of this protein in rabbit urine by electrosyneresis. Its lower limit of the detection was 50 mg/l. Excretion of urinary beta2-microglobulin in the rabbit administered sodium chromate increased temporarily and reached to the maximum (above 800 mg/l) 2 days after the administration. Human implications are discussed.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509786,Bhowmick et al. 2009,A low-GC Gram-positive Thermoanaerobacter-like bacterium isolated from an Indian hot spring contains Cr(VI) reduction activity both in the membrane and cytoplasm,"<strong>AIM: </strong>Characterization of an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium and subcellular localization of its Cr(VI)-reducing activity for potential bioremediation applications.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>16S rRNA gene sequence-based analyses of bacterial strains isolated from sediment samples of a Bakreshwar (India) hot spring, enriched anaerobically in iron-reducing medium, found them to be 86-96% similar to reported Thermoanaerobacter strains. The most efficient iron reducer among these, BSB-33, could also reduce Cr(VI) at an optimum temperature of 60 degrees C and pH 6.5. Filtered culture medium could reduce Cr(VI) but not Fe(III). Cell-free extracts reduced Cr(VI) inefficiently under aerobic conditions but efficiently anaerobically. Fractionation of the cell-free extracts showed that chromium reduction activity was present in both the cytoplasm and membrane.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>BSB-33 reduced Fe(III) and Cr(VI) anaerobically at 60 degrees C optimally. After fractionation, the reducing activity of Cr(VI) was found in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction by a gram-positive thermophilic micro-organism and, in contrast to our results, none of the earlier reports has mentioned Cr(VI)-reducing activity to be present both in the cytoplasm and membrane of an organism. The strain may offer itself as a potential candidate for bioremediation.","A low-GC Gram-positive Thermoanaerobacter-like bacterium isolated from an Indian hot spring contains Cr(VI) reduction activity both in the membrane and cytoplasm Abs: <strong>AIM: </strong>Characterization of an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium and subcellular localization of its Cr(VI)-reducing activity for potential bioremediation applications.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS AND RESULTS: </strong>16S rRNA gene sequence-based analyses of bacterial strains isolated from sediment samples of a Bakreshwar (India) hot spring, enriched anaerobically in iron-reducing medium, found them to be 86-96% similar to reported Thermoanaerobacter strains. The most efficient iron reducer among these, BSB-33, could also reduce Cr(VI) at an optimum temperature of 60 degrees C and pH 6.5. Filtered culture medium could reduce Cr(VI) but not Fe(III). Cell-free extracts reduced Cr(VI) inefficiently under aerobic conditions but efficiently anaerobically. Fractionation of the cell-free extracts showed that chromium reduction activity was present in both the cytoplasm and membrane.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>BSB-33 reduced Fe(III) and Cr(VI) anaerobically at 60 degrees C optimally. After fractionation, the reducing activity of Cr(VI) was found in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions.<br /><br /><strong>SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction by a gram-positive thermophilic micro-organism and, in contrast to our results, none of the earlier reports has mentioned Cr(VI)-reducing activity to be present both in the cytoplasm and membrane of an organism. The strain may offer itself as a potential candidate for bioremediation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576736,Buchancova et al. 1994,Exposure to chromium in relation to selected immunological and cytogenetic parameters in metallurgists in the production of ferrochromium alloys,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of exposure to chromium were studied in 40 foundry metallurgists of the mean age 39,4 | 1,5 years after the exposure lasting 14,8 | 1,5 years in the production of ferrochromium alloys ( x | SEM). The analysis of Cr was made by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The mean all-shift concentrations of total Cr in the air of the smelting plant were 0,03-0,19 mgwere 0.02-0,03 mg of benzo(a)pyrene were 0,4-9 muge smoking habit were standardized in the control groups of a) administration employees from the neighbourhood of the plant (n=35), b) blood donors from the Ostrava town region (n=19). The authors observed, in the group of metallurgists 0,56 | 0,09 mumol Crthan in the control groups). The levels of Cr in blood, in erythrocytes and in serum in the metallurgists were higher than in the control groups. The level of Cr in Ery in the metallurgists was 0,10 | 0,008, that in the blood donors being 0,034 | 0,007 mumolllurgists was 1,34 -49,29 mumol/100 g of","Exposure to chromium in relation to selected immunological and cytogenetic parameters in metallurgists in the production of ferrochromium alloys Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of exposure to chromium were studied in 40 foundry metallurgists of the mean age 39,4 | 1,5 years after the exposure lasting 14,8 | 1,5 years in the production of ferrochromium alloys ( x | SEM). The analysis of Cr was made by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The mean all-shift concentrations of total Cr in the air of the smelting plant were 0,03-0,19 mgwere 0.02-0,03 mg of benzo(a)pyrene were 0,4-9 muge smoking habit were standardized in the control groups of a) administration employees from the neighbourhood of the plant (n=35), b) blood donors from the Ostrava town region (n=19). The authors observed, in the group of metallurgists 0,56 | 0,09 mumol Crthan in the control groups). The levels of Cr in blood, in erythrocytes and in serum in the metallurgists were higher than in the control groups. The level of Cr in Ery in the metallurgists was 0,10 | 0,008, that in the blood donors being 0,034 | 0,007 mumolllurgists was 1,34 -49,29 mumol/100 g of",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225350,Senol 2013,Optimal Extractive Separation of Chromium(VI) from Acidic Chloride and Nitrate Media by Commercial Amines: Equilibrium Modeling Through Linear Solvation Energy Relation,,Optimal Extractive Separation of Chromium(VI) from Acidic Chloride and Nitrate Media by Commercial Amines: Equilibrium Modeling Through Linear Solvation Energy Relation Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225317,Sarkar et al. 2013,Simultaneous Adsorption of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium by Organoclay Mixtures,,Simultaneous Adsorption of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium by Organoclay Mixtures Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225540,Jiahong et al. 2013,Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Tannic Acid in Aqueous Solution on Polyaniline Adsorbent,,Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Tannic Acid in Aqueous Solution on Polyaniline Adsorbent Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235371,De Gioannis et al. 2008,Chromate adsorption in a transformed red mud permeable reactive barrier using electrokinesis,"Electrokinetic removal of chromium from artificially contaminated clayey soil in a bench-scale cell was enhanced by a reactive barrier (RB) of transformed Red Mud (TRM, BAUXSOL) fitted near the anode. When using 0.75 wt% of TRM in a soil spiked up to a Cr (VI) concentration of 1000 mg/kg dry weight, about 54 wt% of total Cr was removed after 6 days, as compared to only 36 wt% from the control cell without TRM RB. Increasing the duration of the treatment up to 12 days and using 1.5 wt% of TRM resulted in the increase of the above mentioned removal efficiencies up to 93 wt% and 57 wt%, respectively. The reduction of Cr (VI) into less mobile Cr (III) was limited by the TRM RB; in fact, lower reduction percentages for the tests with TRM RB as compared to the tests without were observed (respectively, 42% versus 72% for 6 days test, and 60% versus 93% for 12 days test). The obtained results show that Cr (VI) removal efficiency is proportional to the duration of the treatment and enhanced by the development of favorable pH conditions caused by the activity of the anodic TRM RB. It is suggested that electrokinesis may increase the efficiency of metal-oxyanion adsorption on TRM, as well as that the use of a TRM RB may improve the efficiency of contaminated soil remediation by means of electrokinesis.","Chromate adsorption in a transformed red mud permeable reactive barrier using electrokinesis Abs: Electrokinetic removal of chromium from artificially contaminated clayey soil in a bench-scale cell was enhanced by a reactive barrier (RB) of transformed Red Mud (TRM, BAUXSOL) fitted near the anode. When using 0.75 wt% of TRM in a soil spiked up to a Cr (VI) concentration of 1000 mg/kg dry weight, about 54 wt% of total Cr was removed after 6 days, as compared to only 36 wt% from the control cell without TRM RB. Increasing the duration of the treatment up to 12 days and using 1.5 wt% of TRM resulted in the increase of the above mentioned removal efficiencies up to 93 wt% and 57 wt%, respectively. The reduction of Cr (VI) into less mobile Cr (III) was limited by the TRM RB; in fact, lower reduction percentages for the tests with TRM RB as compared to the tests without were observed (respectively, 42% versus 72% for 6 days test, and 60% versus 93% for 12 days test). The obtained results show that Cr (VI) removal efficiency is proportional to the duration of the treatment and enhanced by the development of favorable pH conditions caused by the activity of the anodic TRM RB. It is suggested that electrokinesis may increase the efficiency of metal-oxyanion adsorption on TRM, as well as that the use of a TRM RB may improve the efficiency of contaminated soil remediation by means of electrokinesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514347,Chen and  Hao 1997,Biological removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The conventional chemical reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and subsequent Cr(OH)3 precipitation are expensive due to the use of large amounts of chemicals and the generation of chemical sludges. An attempt was carried out for microbial Cr(VI) removal in an anaerobic chemostat fed with an acetate-containing synthetic medium. With 26 mg Cr(VI) dm-3 in the influent, almost complete removal of Cr(VI) was achieved at dilution rates of 0.15 and 0.32 day-1 at 20êC and at 35êC, respectively. The optimum Cr(VI) mass loading and the specific Cr(VI) applied rates were found to be 5 mg Cr(VI) dm-3 day-1 and 0.02 mg Cr(VI) mg-1 VSS day-1, respectively. Either the influent Cr(VI) concentration or the dilution rate could be adjusted to maintain an efficient removal of Cr(VI) in a continuous operation. Since the Cr(VI)-reducing activity is associated with the biomass concentration in the system, recycling the effluent solids is essential for practical application. In a batch reactor wit","Biological removal of aqueous hexavalent chromium Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The conventional chemical reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and subsequent Cr(OH)3 precipitation are expensive due to the use of large amounts of chemicals and the generation of chemical sludges. An attempt was carried out for microbial Cr(VI) removal in an anaerobic chemostat fed with an acetate-containing synthetic medium. With 26 mg Cr(VI) dm-3 in the influent, almost complete removal of Cr(VI) was achieved at dilution rates of 0.15 and 0.32 day-1 at 20êC and at 35êC, respectively. The optimum Cr(VI) mass loading and the specific Cr(VI) applied rates were found to be 5 mg Cr(VI) dm-3 day-1 and 0.02 mg Cr(VI) mg-1 VSS day-1, respectively. Either the influent Cr(VI) concentration or the dilution rate could be adjusted to maintain an efficient removal of Cr(VI) in a continuous operation. Since the Cr(VI)-reducing activity is associated with the biomass concentration in the system, recycling the effluent solids is essential for practical application. In a batch reactor wit",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1499386,Wang et al. 2010,Visible light photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) on TiO2 in situ modified with small molecular weight organic acids,,Visible light photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) on TiO2 in situ modified with small molecular weight organic acids Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290421,Beyersmann and  Koster 1987,On the role of trivalent chromium in chromium genotoxicity,"The role of trivalent-chromium (16065831) (Cr+3) in chromium (7440473) genotoxicity is discussed. Chromate ions are taken up efficiently through cell membranes where they are reduced intracellularly to Cr+3 compounds. The reducing agents may be thiol compounds, reducing sugars, or reducing enzymes with their respective coenzymes. The chromate to Cr+3 reduction proceeds through a series of one electron transfer steps, from hexavalent-chromium (18540299) (Cr+6) to Cr+3. After Cr+6 uptake, Cr+3 may accumulate within the cell as much as several hundred fold due to its low membrane permeability. This creates a high chemical potential for intracellular reactions involving Cr+3. Reactions may also occur with DNA. Studies with isolated mammalian cell nuclei have shown cross linking of DNA and protein and DNA strand breakage by Cr+3 compounds. Uptake studies of Cr+3 complexes in mammalian cells indicate that complexes containing hydrophobic ligands such as phenanthroline and pyridine are taken up the most rapidly. Cr+3 compounds do not generally cause DNA lesions within intact cells because of their lack of penetration. The membrane penetrating dichlorophenanthrolinor+3 complex has been shown to cause DNA damage in cultured hamster V79 cells. Cr+3 species that penetrate the cellular membrane induce gene mutations in bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells. The authors conclude that Cr+3 is probably the ultimate genotoxic form of chromium, although DNA damage by other oxidation states, such as pentavalent-chromium, tetravalent-chromium, or reactive oxidized metabolites cannot be ruled out.","On the role of trivalent chromium in chromium genotoxicity Abs: The role of trivalent-chromium (16065831) (Cr+3) in chromium (7440473) genotoxicity is discussed. Chromate ions are taken up efficiently through cell membranes where they are reduced intracellularly to Cr+3 compounds. The reducing agents may be thiol compounds, reducing sugars, or reducing enzymes with their respective coenzymes. The chromate to Cr+3 reduction proceeds through a series of one electron transfer steps, from hexavalent-chromium (18540299) (Cr+6) to Cr+3. After Cr+6 uptake, Cr+3 may accumulate within the cell as much as several hundred fold due to its low membrane permeability. This creates a high chemical potential for intracellular reactions involving Cr+3. Reactions may also occur with DNA. Studies with isolated mammalian cell nuclei have shown cross linking of DNA and protein and DNA strand breakage by Cr+3 compounds. Uptake studies of Cr+3 complexes in mammalian cells indicate that complexes containing hydrophobic ligands such as phenanthroline and pyridine are taken up the most rapidly. Cr+3 compounds do not generally cause DNA lesions within intact cells because of their lack of penetration. The membrane penetrating dichlorophenanthrolinor+3 complex has been shown to cause DNA damage in cultured hamster V79 cells. Cr+3 species that penetrate the cellular membrane induce gene mutations in bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cells. The authors conclude that Cr+3 is probably the ultimate genotoxic form of chromium, although DNA damage by other oxidation states, such as pentavalent-chromium, tetravalent-chromium, or reactive oxidized metabolites cannot be ruled out.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510402,Manning and  Zuzel 2003,Comparison of types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis,,Comparison of types of cell death: apoptosis and necrosis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268141,Zemba et al. 1996,Quantitative risk assessment of stack emissions from municipal waste combustors,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Multi-pathway risk assessment (MRA) is a tool for evaluating the possibility of adverse effects to human health that may result from contaminant releases from municipal solid waste combustors (MWCs) and other sources of air pollution. An MRA attempts to model the movement of pollutants within the environment to various points at which they may be contacted by people, beginning with inhalation of contaminated air and continuing with indirect pathways such as food chain exposures that entail contaminant transfer and accumulation through several media. MRAs of MWCs date back to the mid-1980s, and are rooted in methods developed to assess the consequences of radionuclide releases from nuclear power generation. A detailed example of a typical MRA is presented that follows the classic four-stage risk assessment paradigm (Valberg et al., 1995). MRA methods, however, continue to be enhanced and refined by recent research. A number of current risk assessment topics are explored","Quantitative risk assessment of stack emissions from municipal waste combustors Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Multi-pathway risk assessment (MRA) is a tool for evaluating the possibility of adverse effects to human health that may result from contaminant releases from municipal solid waste combustors (MWCs) and other sources of air pollution. An MRA attempts to model the movement of pollutants within the environment to various points at which they may be contacted by people, beginning with inhalation of contaminated air and continuing with indirect pathways such as food chain exposures that entail contaminant transfer and accumulation through several media. MRAs of MWCs date back to the mid-1980s, and are rooted in methods developed to assess the consequences of radionuclide releases from nuclear power generation. A detailed example of a typical MRA is presented that follows the classic four-stage risk assessment paradigm (Valberg et al., 1995). MRA methods, however, continue to be enhanced and refined by recent research. A number of current risk assessment topics are explored",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225327,de Souza et al. 2013,Modeling of trivalent chromium speciation in binding sites of marine macroalgae Sargassum Cymosum,,Modeling of trivalent chromium speciation in binding sites of marine macroalgae Sargassum Cymosum Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1047982,Hori and  Iwasaki 2004,[Practical analysis of toxic substances useful for clinical toxicology-12-methanol],,[Practical analysis of toxic substances useful for clinical toxicology-12-methanol] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515864,Hiraide and  Mizuike 1989,Separation and determination of chromium(VI) anions and chromium(III) associated with negatively charged colloids in river water by sorption on DEAE-Sephadex A-25,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium(VI) anions, along with chromium (III) associated with negatively charged colloids, are sorbed on a macroreticular weak-base anion exchanger DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and then selectively desorbed by reduction with 5% (w/v) hydroxylammonium chloride solution for the determination by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The chromium concentration is increased 100-fold, allowing detection of chromium(VI) down to ca. 0.01 mug/l. Chromium (III) associated with negatively charged colloid is also determined after desorption with 4 mol/l nitric acid.","Separation and determination of chromium(VI) anions and chromium(III) associated with negatively charged colloids in river water by sorption on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium(VI) anions, along with chromium (III) associated with negatively charged colloids, are sorbed on a macroreticular weak-base anion exchanger DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and then selectively desorbed by reduction with 5% (w/v) hydroxylammonium chloride solution for the determination by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The chromium concentration is increased 100-fold, allowing detection of chromium(VI) down to ca. 0.01 mug/l. Chromium (III) associated with negatively charged colloid is also determined after desorption with 4 mol/l nitric acid.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290227,Pandima Devi et al. 2003,Immunomodulatory effects of Premna tomentosa extract against Cr (VI) induced toxicity in splenic lymphocytes--an in vitro study,"Premna tomentosa (L. Verbanacae) is a widely used medicinal plant. Our earlier studies show that the extract of P. tomentosa leaves prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity owing to its antioxidant property. In the present study, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of P. tomentosa extract against Chromium (VI) induced immunosuppression in splenic lymphocytes. Chromium (Cr) addition at a concentration of 5 microg showed an increase in cytotoxicity, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and antioxidant levels, whereas pre-treatment of the cells with P. tomentosa extract (at 500 microg concentration) resulted in decreased cytotoxicity and ROS levels. Further, the drug treatment also maintained antioxidant levels and restored lymphocyte proliferation similar to that of control cells. The results indicated that the leaf extract of P. tomentosa has cytoprotective and immunomodulatory activities.","Immunomodulatory effects of Premna tomentosa extract against Cr (VI) induced toxicity in splenic lymphocytes--an in vitro study Abs: Premna tomentosa (L. Verbanacae) is a widely used medicinal plant. Our earlier studies show that the extract of P. tomentosa leaves prevents acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity owing to its antioxidant property. In the present study, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of P. tomentosa extract against Chromium (VI) induced immunosuppression in splenic lymphocytes. Chromium (Cr) addition at a concentration of 5 microg showed an increase in cytotoxicity, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and antioxidant levels, whereas pre-treatment of the cells with P. tomentosa extract (at 500 microg concentration) resulted in decreased cytotoxicity and ROS levels. Further, the drug treatment also maintained antioxidant levels and restored lymphocyte proliferation similar to that of control cells. The results indicated that the leaf extract of P. tomentosa has cytoprotective and immunomodulatory activities.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578293,Zamboulis et al. 2004,The application of sorptive flotation for the removal of metal ions,"There is a stringent need for the control of toxic metals produced during various production processes and released into the aqueous environment in order to avoid damage relevant to soil or groundwater contamination. Among the available treatment technologies, sorption has been considered of particular importance. In the present study, a synthetic ultrafine zeolite was initially applied as sorbent (in suspension) for the removal of copper and zinc cations, and also chromium(VI) oxyanions - the latter less effectively. The removal of cations by zeolite particles depends mainly on the respective pH value, influencing the aquatic speciation during the process, as well as the zeta-potential values (surface charge) of the system. Flotation was subsequently applied for the efficient (more than 95%) solid/liquid separation of metal-laden sorbents. A suitable surface-active agent(acting as collector) should be added such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecylamine or hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide, depending on the specific experimental conditions in order to render hydrophobic and hence, to increase the floatability of solids. As a result, a foam concentrate is produced consisting of the metal-loaded zeolite particles and of purified water as underflow, which could be more easily subjected to further treatment (for instance, by membrane filtration), if necessary. Both the aforementioned technological stages, sorption and flotation, can be operated in the same unit, and the integrated innovative process was termed ""sorptive flotation"".","The application of sorptive flotation for the removal of metal ions Abs: There is a stringent need for the control of toxic metals produced during various production processes and released into the aqueous environment in order to avoid damage relevant to soil or groundwater contamination. Among the available treatment technologies, sorption has been considered of particular importance. In the present study, a synthetic ultrafine zeolite was initially applied as sorbent (in suspension) for the removal of copper and zinc cations, and also chromium(VI) oxyanions - the latter less effectively. The removal of cations by zeolite particles depends mainly on the respective pH value, influencing the aquatic speciation during the process, as well as the zeta-potential values (surface charge) of the system. Flotation was subsequently applied for the efficient (more than 95%) solid/liquid separation of metal-laden sorbents. A suitable surface-active agent(acting as collector) should be added such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, dodecylamine or hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide, depending on the specific experimental conditions in order to render hydrophobic and hence, to increase the floatability of solids. As a result, a foam concentrate is produced consisting of the metal-loaded zeolite particles and of purified water as underflow, which could be more easily subjected to further treatment (for instance, by membrane filtration), if necessary. Both the aforementioned technological stages, sorption and flotation, can be operated in the same unit, and the integrated innovative process was termed ""sorptive flotation"".",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234159,Wilke and  Robertson 2009,Preservation of Giardia cysts in stool samples for subsequent PCR analysis,"Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis cysts in faecal samples has become a regularly employed tool by researchers investigating different aspects of the epidemiology and pathology of Giardia infection in human and animal populations. However, such investigations are often limited to some extent by lack of PCR amplification from a proportion of the samples, and this often seems to be associated with the storage medium used for the samples. Various different storage media have been used in different studies, but investigation of which storage media are most appropriate and which may compromise subsequent PCR investigations has not been systematically explored to date. In this study, 4 different, commonly used storage media were investigated for their effects over time on subsequent PCR amplification of DNA from Giardia cysts in stool samples. Microscopic examination of the samples and real-time PCR were used to investigate 7 different samples over a period of 3 months. Our findings indicate that storage in ethanol or potassium dichromate at 4 degrees C gave the best results and, that if immunomagnetic separation was used prior to PCR (as may be appropriate for samples with low cyst numbers), then storage in potassium dichromate gave the best results.","Preservation of Giardia cysts in stool samples for subsequent PCR analysis Abs: Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis cysts in faecal samples has become a regularly employed tool by researchers investigating different aspects of the epidemiology and pathology of Giardia infection in human and animal populations. However, such investigations are often limited to some extent by lack of PCR amplification from a proportion of the samples, and this often seems to be associated with the storage medium used for the samples. Various different storage media have been used in different studies, but investigation of which storage media are most appropriate and which may compromise subsequent PCR investigations has not been systematically explored to date. In this study, 4 different, commonly used storage media were investigated for their effects over time on subsequent PCR amplification of DNA from Giardia cysts in stool samples. Microscopic examination of the samples and real-time PCR were used to investigate 7 different samples over a period of 3 months. Our findings indicate that storage in ethanol or potassium dichromate at 4 degrees C gave the best results and, that if immunomagnetic separation was used prior to PCR (as may be appropriate for samples with low cyst numbers), then storage in potassium dichromate gave the best results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233639,Nemr 2009,Potential of pomegranate husk carbon for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater: kinetic and isotherm studies,"Pomegranate husk was converted into activated carbon and tested for its ability to remove hexavalent chromium from wastewater. The new activated carbon was obtained from pomegranate husk by dehydration process using concentrated sulfuric acid. The important parameters for the adsorption process such as pH, metal concentration and sorbent weight were investigated. Batch equilibrium experiments exhibited that a maximum chromium uptake was obtained at pH 1.0. The maximum adsorption capacity for pomegranate husk activated carbon was 35.2mgg(-1) as calculated by Langmuir model. The ability of activated carbon to remove chromium from synthetic sea water, natural sea water and wastewater was investigated as well. Different isotherm models were used to analyze the experimental data and the models parameters were evaluated. This study showed that the removal of toxic chromium by activated carbon developed from pomegranate husk is a promising technique.","Potential of pomegranate husk carbon for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater: kinetic and isotherm studies Abs: Pomegranate husk was converted into activated carbon and tested for its ability to remove hexavalent chromium from wastewater. The new activated carbon was obtained from pomegranate husk by dehydration process using concentrated sulfuric acid. The important parameters for the adsorption process such as pH, metal concentration and sorbent weight were investigated. Batch equilibrium experiments exhibited that a maximum chromium uptake was obtained at pH 1.0. The maximum adsorption capacity for pomegranate husk activated carbon was 35.2mgg(-1) as calculated by Langmuir model. The ability of activated carbon to remove chromium from synthetic sea water, natural sea water and wastewater was investigated as well. Different isotherm models were used to analyze the experimental data and the models parameters were evaluated. This study showed that the removal of toxic chromium by activated carbon developed from pomegranate husk is a promising technique.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509573,Yebra and  Cespón 2000,Flow injection atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodide using an on-line preconcentration technique,"A continuous flow atomic absorption spectrometric system was used to develop an efficient on-line preconcentration-elution procedure for the determination of iodide traces. Chromium (VI) is introduced into the flow system and is reduced to chromium (III) in acid medium proportionally to the iodide present in the sample. The Cr(III) reduced by iodide is retained on a minicolumn packed with a poly(aminophosphonic acid) chelating resin, while unreduced Cr(VI) is not retained. Reduced Cr(III) is preconcentrated by passing the sample containing iodide through the system during 3 min, and is then eluted with 0.5 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The detection limit (3sigma) obtained is 2.5 microg L(-1). Other ions typically present in waters do not interfere. The proposed method allows the determination of iodide in the range 6-220 microg L(-1) with a relative standard deviation of 2.7% at a rate of 17 samples h(-1). The method has been applied to the determination of iodide in tap and sea waters.","Flow injection atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iodide using an on-line preconcentration technique Abs: A continuous flow atomic absorption spectrometric system was used to develop an efficient on-line preconcentration-elution procedure for the determination of iodide traces. Chromium (VI) is introduced into the flow system and is reduced to chromium (III) in acid medium proportionally to the iodide present in the sample. The Cr(III) reduced by iodide is retained on a minicolumn packed with a poly(aminophosphonic acid) chelating resin, while unreduced Cr(VI) is not retained. Reduced Cr(III) is preconcentrated by passing the sample containing iodide through the system during 3 min, and is then eluted with 0.5 mol L(-1) hydrochloric acid and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The detection limit (3sigma) obtained is 2.5 microg L(-1). Other ions typically present in waters do not interfere. The proposed method allows the determination of iodide in the range 6-220 microg L(-1) with a relative standard deviation of 2.7% at a rate of 17 samples h(-1). The method has been applied to the determination of iodide in tap and sea waters.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577642,Gikas and  Romanos 2006,Effects of tri-valent (Cr(III)) and hexa-valent (Cr(VI)) chromium on the growth of activated sludge,"The effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species on the activated sludge growth rate have been assessed for a batch growth system, for a range of chromium concentration between 0 and 320 mg l(-1). Cr(VI) was found to stimulate microbial growth for concentrations up to about 25 mg l(-1), exhibiting maximum growth stimulation at 10 mg l(-1), whilst the lethal dose was found to be between 80 and 160 mg l(-1). On the other hand, Cr(III) was also found to stimulate microbial growth for concentrations up to about 15 mg l(-1), (with a maximum stimulation concentration at 10 mg l(-1)), whilst the lethal dose was found to lie between 160 and 320 mg l(-1). The results indicate that Cr(VI) is more toxic to biomass at relatively high concentrations (higher than 70 mg l(-1)) whilst it has a more pronounced growth stimulation effect at relatively smaller concentrations (less than 25 mg l(-1)), compared with Cr(III).","Effects of tri-valent (Cr(III)) and hexa-valent (Cr(VI)) chromium on the growth of activated sludge Abs: The effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species on the activated sludge growth rate have been assessed for a batch growth system, for a range of chromium concentration between 0 and 320 mg l(-1). Cr(VI) was found to stimulate microbial growth for concentrations up to about 25 mg l(-1), exhibiting maximum growth stimulation at 10 mg l(-1), whilst the lethal dose was found to be between 80 and 160 mg l(-1). On the other hand, Cr(III) was also found to stimulate microbial growth for concentrations up to about 15 mg l(-1), (with a maximum stimulation concentration at 10 mg l(-1)), whilst the lethal dose was found to lie between 160 and 320 mg l(-1). The results indicate that Cr(VI) is more toxic to biomass at relatively high concentrations (higher than 70 mg l(-1)) whilst it has a more pronounced growth stimulation effect at relatively smaller concentrations (less than 25 mg l(-1)), compared with Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234361,Manzo 2004,Sea urchin embryotoxicity test: proposal for a simplified bioassay,"Sea urchin embryotoxicity tests are widely used for evaluating the biological effects of contaminants in marine environments. The currently used traditional and standardized protocols are quite slow and laborious. The present work shows a modified bioassay (new embryotoxicity test; NET) in an attempt to speed up laboratory work using a limited number of fertilized eggs. Several experiments have been conducted both with a traditional bioassay and with the NET, using the same test conditions, in order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed simplified bioassay. Adult Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark) were collected from the Tyrrenian Sea (Bay of Naples) and embryos, reared in filtered seawater, were exposed to increasing potassium dichromate and copper sulfate concentrations. Then the EC(50) was calculated. The analysis of the results evidenced good repeatability. The confidence limits in all tests overlapped; moreover, data correlation analysis between the results of both tests showed a high significant accordance (chromium, R2 = 0.93, P &lt; 0.01; copper, R2 = 0.86, P &lt; 0/05). In conclusion, the NET seems to be a good alternative to the traditional tests; it could be a first step toward a new routine ecotoxicological kit for seawater.","Sea urchin embryotoxicity test: proposal for a simplified bioassay Abs: Sea urchin embryotoxicity tests are widely used for evaluating the biological effects of contaminants in marine environments. The currently used traditional and standardized protocols are quite slow and laborious. The present work shows a modified bioassay (new embryotoxicity test; NET) in an attempt to speed up laboratory work using a limited number of fertilized eggs. Several experiments have been conducted both with a traditional bioassay and with the NET, using the same test conditions, in order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed simplified bioassay. Adult Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark) were collected from the Tyrrenian Sea (Bay of Naples) and embryos, reared in filtered seawater, were exposed to increasing potassium dichromate and copper sulfate concentrations. Then the EC(50) was calculated. The analysis of the results evidenced good repeatability. The confidence limits in all tests overlapped; moreover, data correlation analysis between the results of both tests showed a high significant accordance (chromium, R2 = 0.93, P &lt; 0.01; copper, R2 = 0.86, P &lt; 0/05). In conclusion, the NET seems to be a good alternative to the traditional tests; it could be a first step toward a new routine ecotoxicological kit for seawater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235667,de Azevedo et al. 1995,Renin-aldosterone axis in normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with glomerular hyperfiltration,"The renin-aldosterone axis was evaluated by captopril test in 22 normotensive normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with and without glomerular hyperfiltration. Patients were divided into those with glomerular hyperfiltration (Hf-IDDM) and with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR; Nf-IDDM) according to the upper limit of GFR (134.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Sixteen normal individuals were also studied. GFR was measured by the 51Cr-EDTA single injection method, extracellular fluid volume as the distribution volume of 51Cr-EDTA, and blood volume using 51Cr-sodium chromate-labelled red blood cells. Twenty-five mg of captopril were administered per os and plasma renin activity (PRA; RIA), plasma aldosterone (RIA) and blood pressure were measured at 0 and 120 min post-captopril. PRA at time zero (Hf-IDDM = 2.4 +/- 1.7; Nf-IDDM = 2.5 +/- 1.9; controls = 1.0 +/- 0.6 ng/ml/h) and at 120 min (Hf-IDDM = 9.9 +/- 8.3; Nf-IDDM = 11.2 +/- 8.9; controls = 5.4 +/- 5.7 ng/ml/h) was higher in IDDM patients than in controls (P = 0.01). The increase of PRA was similar in patients (Hf-IDDM = 7.5 +/- 7.3, and Nf-IDDM = 8.7 +/- 7.2 ng/ml/h) and controls (4.4 +/- 5.3 ng/ml/h). There was no difference in PRA levels between Hf-IDDM and Nf-IDDM patients. PRA did not correlate with GFR, aldosterone, blood pressure, blood volume, duration of diabetes, 24-h urinary sodium and metabolic control indexes. Plasma aldosterone and the magnitude of its decrease after captopril was similar among patients and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Renin-aldosterone axis in normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with glomerular hyperfiltration Abs: The renin-aldosterone axis was evaluated by captopril test in 22 normotensive normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with and without glomerular hyperfiltration. Patients were divided into those with glomerular hyperfiltration (Hf-IDDM) and with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR; Nf-IDDM) according to the upper limit of GFR (134.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Sixteen normal individuals were also studied. GFR was measured by the 51Cr-EDTA single injection method, extracellular fluid volume as the distribution volume of 51Cr-EDTA, and blood volume using 51Cr-sodium chromate-labelled red blood cells. Twenty-five mg of captopril were administered per os and plasma renin activity (PRA; RIA), plasma aldosterone (RIA) and blood pressure were measured at 0 and 120 min post-captopril. PRA at time zero (Hf-IDDM = 2.4 +/- 1.7; Nf-IDDM = 2.5 +/- 1.9; controls = 1.0 +/- 0.6 ng/ml/h) and at 120 min (Hf-IDDM = 9.9 +/- 8.3; Nf-IDDM = 11.2 +/- 8.9; controls = 5.4 +/- 5.7 ng/ml/h) was higher in IDDM patients than in controls (P = 0.01). The increase of PRA was similar in patients (Hf-IDDM = 7.5 +/- 7.3, and Nf-IDDM = 8.7 +/- 7.2 ng/ml/h) and controls (4.4 +/- 5.3 ng/ml/h). There was no difference in PRA levels between Hf-IDDM and Nf-IDDM patients. PRA did not correlate with GFR, aldosterone, blood pressure, blood volume, duration of diabetes, 24-h urinary sodium and metabolic control indexes. Plasma aldosterone and the magnitude of its decrease after captopril was similar among patients and controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1279971,Kaiser 1980,Correlation and Prediction of Metal Toxicity to Aquatic Biota,"Published data on the toxicity of metal ions to aquatic biota, in particular Daphnia magna, were analyzed for their correlation with ion specific physicochemical parameters. Significant correlations were obtained for three groups of ions with similar electron configurations in the outer orbitals. Group I ions include Na, Be, Ba, Al, and Cr with inert gas-like electron configurations; group II ions include Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn , As, Cd, Pt, Au, and Hg with partially or completely filled d electron orbitals; group III ions include Sn, As, Se, and Pb. The toxicity of an ion within a group can be calculated from a general equation. Delta IP. (Deal-EIS)","Correlation and Prediction of Metal Toxicity to Aquatic Biota Abs: Published data on the toxicity of metal ions to aquatic biota, in particular Daphnia magna, were analyzed for their correlation with ion specific physicochemical parameters. Significant correlations were obtained for three groups of ions with similar electron configurations in the outer orbitals. Group I ions include Na, Be, Ba, Al, and Cr with inert gas-like electron configurations; group II ions include Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn , As, Cd, Pt, Au, and Hg with partially or completely filled d electron orbitals; group III ions include Sn, As, Se, and Pb. The toxicity of an ion within a group can be calculated from a general equation. Delta IP. (Deal-EIS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236243,Schick and  Berke 1978,Is the presence of serologically defined target cell antigens sufficient for binding of cytotoxic T lymphocytes?,"Target cell parameters that coincide with specific binding (conjugation) of target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes were examined. It was demonstrated that concentrations of formaldehyde (0 to 1.2%) which do not affect the capacity of target cells to exclude dyes and incorporate sodium chromate, or their susceptibility to cellular and humoral immune lysis did not affect target cell conjugation. Treatments with higher formaldehyde concentrations (1.6 to 3.2%) caused similar decreases in all of the above-mentioned target cell parameters. Formaldehyde-treated (over 0.1%) targets that could not cap alloantigens or incorporate macromolecular precursors could still conjugate with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Quantitative changes of serologically detected antigens alone cannot account for the decrease in binding of formaldehyde (greater than 1.2%)-treated target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, since absorption of lytic alloantibodies by formaldehyde-fixed targets was not affected over the fixative range used (0 to 3.2%). From this study, it appears that certain target cell properties related to membrane structure and function and not the apparent expression of serologically defined antigens alone are essential for binding of targets by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, it was shown that target cell susceptibility to immune lysis is retained, as long as their ability to bind to cytotoxic T lymphocytes is not affected.","Is the presence of serologically defined target cell antigens sufficient for binding of cytotoxic T lymphocytes? Abs: Target cell parameters that coincide with specific binding (conjugation) of target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes were examined. It was demonstrated that concentrations of formaldehyde (0 to 1.2%) which do not affect the capacity of target cells to exclude dyes and incorporate sodium chromate, or their susceptibility to cellular and humoral immune lysis did not affect target cell conjugation. Treatments with higher formaldehyde concentrations (1.6 to 3.2%) caused similar decreases in all of the above-mentioned target cell parameters. Formaldehyde-treated (over 0.1%) targets that could not cap alloantigens or incorporate macromolecular precursors could still conjugate with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Quantitative changes of serologically detected antigens alone cannot account for the decrease in binding of formaldehyde (greater than 1.2%)-treated target cells to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, since absorption of lytic alloantibodies by formaldehyde-fixed targets was not affected over the fixative range used (0 to 3.2%). From this study, it appears that certain target cell properties related to membrane structure and function and not the apparent expression of serologically defined antigens alone are essential for binding of targets by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, it was shown that target cell susceptibility to immune lysis is retained, as long as their ability to bind to cytotoxic T lymphocytes is not affected.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
546663,Hua et al. 2009,The determination of hexavalent chromium (Cr super(6) super(+)) in electronic and electrical components and products to comply with RoHS regulations,"Toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr super(6) super(+)) was focused on with a publication of EU RoHS directive, a novel method to determine hexavalent chromium is developed. It is a combination of energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), spot test, alkali digestion and UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. First, by EDXRF screening, the presence or absence of element Cr was established. Spot test was followed to identify the valent state of chromium because Cr super(6) super(+) and Cr super(3) super(+) normally coexist. After alkali digestion, Cr(VI) was separated without an undersired Cr(VI)-Cr(III) interconversions. With a color reagent (DPC) to chelated with Cr(VI), the solution was finally detected by a UV-vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540nm which is the basis of analyzing Cr(VI) quantitatively. Some parameters affecting analyses were studied. It was found that when pH in the final solution was 2.0, the extraction time was 60min, the extraction temperature was 90 super(o)C, pH during the extraction process was 7.5-8.5, and a mixed buffer solution (0.5M K sub(2)HPO sub(4)/0.5M KH sub(2)PO sub(4)) was added up to 1ml, colorimetric reagent was added to 2ml, it is optimal for extraction. Under this condition, interferences from Fe super(3) super(+), Pb super(2) super(+), Ag super(+), etc., were overcome. It was also found that the curves are rectilinear in the range of 0-500 mu gl super(-) super(1), the correlation coefficient is up to 0.999924, and the recovery rates are more than 85%, the Cr(III)-DPCO complex can be kept stable for 24h with a relative humidity (RH) range of 60-90%, and a temperature range of 5-40 super(o)C. So it can be concluded that the proposed method has a good sensitivity and high precision. It is a more convincing and reliable method due to its relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) <1% after six replicate determinations of Cr(VI) in an Fe-Ni alloy sample.","The determination of hexavalent chromium (Cr super(6) super(+)) in electronic and electrical components and products to comply with RoHS regulations Abs: Toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr super(6) super(+)) was focused on with a publication of EU RoHS directive, a novel method to determine hexavalent chromium is developed. It is a combination of energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), spot test, alkali digestion and UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis. First, by EDXRF screening, the presence or absence of element Cr was established. Spot test was followed to identify the valent state of chromium because Cr super(6) super(+) and Cr super(3) super(+) normally coexist. After alkali digestion, Cr(VI) was separated without an undersired Cr(VI)-Cr(III) interconversions. With a color reagent (DPC) to chelated with Cr(VI), the solution was finally detected by a UV-vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540nm which is the basis of analyzing Cr(VI) quantitatively. Some parameters affecting analyses were studied. It was found that when pH in the final solution was 2.0, the extraction time was 60min, the extraction temperature was 90 super(o)C, pH during the extraction process was 7.5-8.5, and a mixed buffer solution (0.5M K sub(2)HPO sub(4)/0.5M KH sub(2)PO sub(4)) was added up to 1ml, colorimetric reagent was added to 2ml, it is optimal for extraction. Under this condition, interferences from Fe super(3) super(+), Pb super(2) super(+), Ag super(+), etc., were overcome. It was also found that the curves are rectilinear in the range of 0-500 mu gl super(-) super(1), the correlation coefficient is up to 0.999924, and the recovery rates are more than 85%, the Cr(III)-DPCO complex can be kept stable for 24h with a relative humidity (RH) range of 60-90%, and a temperature range of 5-40 super(o)C. So it can be concluded that the proposed method has a good sensitivity and high precision. It is a more convincing and reliable method due to its relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) <1% after six replicate determinations of Cr(VI) in an Fe-Ni alloy sample.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231517,Singh et al. 2011,"Removal of sulphate, COD and Cr(VI) in simulated and real wastewater by sulphate reducing bacteria enrichment in small bioreactor and FTIR study","The present study was conducted to investigate the chromium(VI), COD and sulphate removal efficiency from aqueous solution and treatment of real effluent (CETP) in a small scale bioreactor using sulphate reducing bacteria consortium. Effect of different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), initial metal concentrations, various carbon sources and temperatures were studied on removal of chromium(VI), COD and sulphate. Maximum chromium(VI) and sulphate removal was found to be 96.0% and 82.0%, respectively, at initial concentration of 50 mg l(-1) using lactate as carbon source. However, highest COD removal was 36.2% in medium containing fructose as the carbon source and electron donor. NADH dependent chromate reductase activity was not observed which indicated the anaerobic consortium. Initially consortium medium with a strong negative oxidation reduction potential indicated the reducing activity. The FTIR spectrum of the sulphate reducing bacteria consortium clearly shows the existence of the sulphate ions and signifies that sulfate reducing bacteria have used sulfate during the growth phase.","Removal of sulphate, COD and Cr(VI) in simulated and real wastewater by sulphate reducing bacteria enrichment in small bioreactor and FTIR study Abs: The present study was conducted to investigate the chromium(VI), COD and sulphate removal efficiency from aqueous solution and treatment of real effluent (CETP) in a small scale bioreactor using sulphate reducing bacteria consortium. Effect of different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), initial metal concentrations, various carbon sources and temperatures were studied on removal of chromium(VI), COD and sulphate. Maximum chromium(VI) and sulphate removal was found to be 96.0% and 82.0%, respectively, at initial concentration of 50 mg l(-1) using lactate as carbon source. However, highest COD removal was 36.2% in medium containing fructose as the carbon source and electron donor. NADH dependent chromate reductase activity was not observed which indicated the anaerobic consortium. Initially consortium medium with a strong negative oxidation reduction potential indicated the reducing activity. The FTIR spectrum of the sulphate reducing bacteria consortium clearly shows the existence of the sulphate ions and signifies that sulfate reducing bacteria have used sulfate during the growth phase.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577979,Park et al. 2009,"Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna",,"Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233724,Chen and  Gu 2005,Preliminary studies on continuous chromium(VI) biological removal from wastewater by anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process,"The long-term continuous chromium(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater affected by influent hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and glucose concentrations were studied with an anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process. It was observed that before activated sludge was acclimated, the chromium in the effluent increased immediately as the influent chromium increased. However, both Cr(VI) and total chromium (TCr) in the effluent significantly decreased after acclimation. In the acclimated activated sludge, the chromium removal efficiency was 100% Cr(VI) and 98.56% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 20 mg/day, 100% Cr(VI) and 98.92% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 40 mg/day, and 98.64% Cr(VI) and 97.16% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 60 mg/day. The corresponding effluent Cr(VI) and TCr concentrations were 0 and 0.012 mg/l, 0 and 0.018 mg/l, and 0.034 mg/l and 0.071 mg/l, respectively. When the influent glucose increased from 1125 to 1500 mg/l at influent Cr(VI) dosage of 60 mg/day, the Cr(VI) and TCr removal efficiency with the acclimated activated sludge improved from 98.64% and 97.16% to 100% and 98.48%, respectively, and the chromium concentration in the effluent decreased from 0.034 mg/l of Cr(VI) and 0.071 mg/l of TCr to 0 (Cr(VI)) and 0.038 mg/l (TCr). The effluent COD and turbidity was around 40 mg/l and 0, respectively, after the activated sludge was acclimated. Further studies showed that after the activated sludge was acclimated, its specific dehydrogenases activity (SDA) and protein contents increased. The SDA and protein increased respectively 15% and 10% when influent Cr(VI) increased from 20 to 60 mg/day.","Preliminary studies on continuous chromium(VI) biological removal from wastewater by anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process Abs: The long-term continuous chromium(VI) removal from synthetic wastewater affected by influent hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and glucose concentrations were studied with an anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge process. It was observed that before activated sludge was acclimated, the chromium in the effluent increased immediately as the influent chromium increased. However, both Cr(VI) and total chromium (TCr) in the effluent significantly decreased after acclimation. In the acclimated activated sludge, the chromium removal efficiency was 100% Cr(VI) and 98.56% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 20 mg/day, 100% Cr(VI) and 98.92% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 40 mg/day, and 98.64% Cr(VI) and 97.16% TCr at influent Cr(VI) levels of 60 mg/day. The corresponding effluent Cr(VI) and TCr concentrations were 0 and 0.012 mg/l, 0 and 0.018 mg/l, and 0.034 mg/l and 0.071 mg/l, respectively. When the influent glucose increased from 1125 to 1500 mg/l at influent Cr(VI) dosage of 60 mg/day, the Cr(VI) and TCr removal efficiency with the acclimated activated sludge improved from 98.64% and 97.16% to 100% and 98.48%, respectively, and the chromium concentration in the effluent decreased from 0.034 mg/l of Cr(VI) and 0.071 mg/l of TCr to 0 (Cr(VI)) and 0.038 mg/l (TCr). The effluent COD and turbidity was around 40 mg/l and 0, respectively, after the activated sludge was acclimated. Further studies showed that after the activated sludge was acclimated, its specific dehydrogenases activity (SDA) and protein contents increased. The SDA and protein increased respectively 15% and 10% when influent Cr(VI) increased from 20 to 60 mg/day.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577503,Barrdavid et al. 1995,EPR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CR-V INTERMEDIATES IN THE CR-VI/V OXIDATIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES AND OF RELEVANCE TO CR-INDUCED CANCERS,,EPR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CR-V INTERMEDIATES IN THE CR-VI/V OXIDATIONS OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES AND OF RELEVANCE TO CR-INDUCED CANCERS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231435,Xu et al. 2012,In vitro reduction of hexavalent chromium by cytoplasmic fractions of Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions,"Hexavalent chromate reductase was characterized and was found to be localized in the cytoplasmic fraction of a chromium-resistant bacterium Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09. The Cr(VI) reductase activity of cell-free extract (S??) was significantly improved by external electron donors, such as NADH, glucose, acetate, formate, citrate, pyruvate, and lactate. The reductase activity was optimal at pH 7.0 with NADH as the electron donor. The aerobic and anaerobic Cr(VI)-reduction enhanced by 0.1 mM NADH were respectively 3.5 and 3.4 times as high as that without adding NADH. The Cr(VI) reductase activity was inhibited by Mn²?, Cd²?, Fe³?, and Hg²?, whereas Cu²? enhanced the chromate reductase activity by 29% aerobically and 33% anaerobically. The aerobic and anaerobic specific Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) of S?? fraction was estimated to be 64.95 and 47.65 ?mol L?¹, respectively. The soluble S??? fractions showed similar activity to S?? and could reduce 39.7% and 53.4% of Cr(VI) after 1 h of incubation aerobically and anaerobically while the periplasmic contents showed no obvious reduction activity, suggesting an effective enzymatic mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction in the cytoplasmic fractions of the bacterium. Results suggest that the enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) could be useful for Cr(VI) detoxification in wastewater.","In vitro reduction of hexavalent chromium by cytoplasmic fractions of Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions Abs: Hexavalent chromate reductase was characterized and was found to be localized in the cytoplasmic fraction of a chromium-resistant bacterium Pannonibacter phragmitetus LSSE-09. The Cr(VI) reductase activity of cell-free extract (S??) was significantly improved by external electron donors, such as NADH, glucose, acetate, formate, citrate, pyruvate, and lactate. The reductase activity was optimal at pH 7.0 with NADH as the electron donor. The aerobic and anaerobic Cr(VI)-reduction enhanced by 0.1 mM NADH were respectively 3.5 and 3.4 times as high as that without adding NADH. The Cr(VI) reductase activity was inhibited by Mn²?, Cd²?, Fe³?, and Hg²?, whereas Cu²? enhanced the chromate reductase activity by 29% aerobically and 33% anaerobically. The aerobic and anaerobic specific Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) of S?? fraction was estimated to be 64.95 and 47.65 ?mol L?¹, respectively. The soluble S??? fractions showed similar activity to S?? and could reduce 39.7% and 53.4% of Cr(VI) after 1 h of incubation aerobically and anaerobically while the periplasmic contents showed no obvious reduction activity, suggesting an effective enzymatic mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction in the cytoplasmic fractions of the bacterium. Results suggest that the enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) could be useful for Cr(VI) detoxification in wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1384996,Caldwell et al. 1999,Effect of curing on field-solidified waste properties. Part 2: Chemical properties,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Differences that develop over time as a result of laboratory and field curing conditions in the chemical nature of monolithic waste samples are assessed in this paper. During field placement of waste treated using stabilization/solidification, a number of sub-samples were taken and cured under laboratory conditions. These samples were evaluated periodically using a battery of laboratory test methods in parallel with samples removed from the landfill by diamond core. The results indicate that, al","Effect of curing on field-solidified waste properties. Part 2: Chemical properties Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Differences that develop over time as a result of laboratory and field curing conditions in the chemical nature of monolithic waste samples are assessed in this paper. During field placement of waste treated using stabilization/solidification, a number of sub-samples were taken and cured under laboratory conditions. These samples were evaluated periodically using a battery of laboratory test methods in parallel with samples removed from the landfill by diamond core. The results indicate that, al",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576744,De Marco et al. 1988,Death risk due to cancer of the respiratory apparatus in chromate production workers,"This is a report on the results of a retrospective cohort study aimed at assessing the risk of death due to respiratory cancer in the workers of a chromate production plant. A total of 981 subjects had been employed for varying periods between 1948 and 1985. The study covered workers with more than 1yr of cumulative exposure, for whom the risk period starts 10yrs after beginning of exposure (latency period). Among the eligible subjects, 20 cases of respiratory tract cancer were observed: 14 located in the lung, 3 in the pleura, and 3 in the larynx. The observed deaths were compared with expected deaths on the basis of the mortality rates for Italy. The SMR was statistically significant for tumours of the pleura (SMR = 30) and the lung (SMR = 2.12). Although no dose-response relationship was observed for pleural tumours, analysis of SMRs, according to both duration and intensity of exposure, revealed a considerable excess risk of death from lung tumours (SMR = 4.20) in the factory departments where exposure to hexavalent chromium was greatest and in the group of subjects who had worked in the factory for more than 10yrs.","Death risk due to cancer of the respiratory apparatus in chromate production workers Abs: This is a report on the results of a retrospective cohort study aimed at assessing the risk of death due to respiratory cancer in the workers of a chromate production plant. A total of 981 subjects had been employed for varying periods between 1948 and 1985. The study covered workers with more than 1yr of cumulative exposure, for whom the risk period starts 10yrs after beginning of exposure (latency period). Among the eligible subjects, 20 cases of respiratory tract cancer were observed: 14 located in the lung, 3 in the pleura, and 3 in the larynx. The observed deaths were compared with expected deaths on the basis of the mortality rates for Italy. The SMR was statistically significant for tumours of the pleura (SMR = 30) and the lung (SMR = 2.12). Although no dose-response relationship was observed for pleural tumours, analysis of SMRs, according to both duration and intensity of exposure, revealed a considerable excess risk of death from lung tumours (SMR = 4.20) in the factory departments where exposure to hexavalent chromium was greatest and in the group of subjects who had worked in the factory for more than 10yrs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786256,Singh et al. 2013,Synergism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fe0 for treatment of heavy metal contaminated effluents using small scale laboratory reactor,"In this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa a metal tolerant strain was not only applied for heavy metal removal but also to the solublization performance of the precipitated metal ions during effluent treatment. The synergistic effect of the isolate and Fe(0) enhanced the metal removal potential to 72.97% and 87.63% for Cr(VI) and cadmium, respectively. The decrease in cadmium ion removal to 43.65% (aeration+stirring reactors), 21.33% (aerated reactors), and 18.95% (without aerated+without stirring) with an increase in incubation period not only indicate the presence of soluble less toxic complexes, but also help in exploration of the balancing potential for valuable metal recovery. A relatively best fit and significant values of the correlation coefficient 0.912, 0.959, and 0.9314 for mixed effluent (Paint Industry effluent+CETP Wazirpur, effluent), CETP, Wazirpur, and control effluents, respectively, indicating first-order formulation and provide a reasonable description of COD kinetic data.","Synergism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fe0 for treatment of heavy metal contaminated effluents using small scale laboratory reactor Abs: In this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa a metal tolerant strain was not only applied for heavy metal removal but also to the solublization performance of the precipitated metal ions during effluent treatment. The synergistic effect of the isolate and Fe(0) enhanced the metal removal potential to 72.97% and 87.63% for Cr(VI) and cadmium, respectively. The decrease in cadmium ion removal to 43.65% (aeration+stirring reactors), 21.33% (aerated reactors), and 18.95% (without aerated+without stirring) with an increase in incubation period not only indicate the presence of soluble less toxic complexes, but also help in exploration of the balancing potential for valuable metal recovery. A relatively best fit and significant values of the correlation coefficient 0.912, 0.959, and 0.9314 for mixed effluent (Paint Industry effluent+CETP Wazirpur, effluent), CETP, Wazirpur, and control effluents, respectively, indicating first-order formulation and provide a reasonable description of COD kinetic data.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233540,Basu and  Johnson 2012,Determination of hexavalent chromium reduction using cr stable isotopes: isotopic fractionation factors for permeable reactive barrier materials,"Cr stable isotope measurements can provide improved estimates of the extent of Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III). The relationship between observed (53)Cr/(52)Cr ratio shifts and the extent of reduction can be calibrated by determining the isotopic fractionation factor for relevant reactions. Permeable reactive barriers (PRB) made of Fe(0) and in situ redox manipulation (ISRM) zones effectively remediate Cr-contaminated aquifers. Here, we determine the isotopic fractionations for dominant reductants in reactive barriers and reduced sediments obtained from an ISRM zone at the US DOE's Hanford site. In all cases, significant isotopic fractionation was observed; fractionation (expressed as ?) was -3.91‰ for Fe(II)-doped goethite, -2.11‰ for FeS, -2.65‰ for green rust, -2.67‰ for FeCO(3), and -3.18‰ for ISRM zone sediments. These results provide a better calibration of the relationship between Cr isotope ratios and the extent of Cr(VI) reduction and aid in interpretation of Cr isotope data from systems with reactive barriers.","Determination of hexavalent chromium reduction using cr stable isotopes: isotopic fractionation factors for permeable reactive barrier materials Abs: Cr stable isotope measurements can provide improved estimates of the extent of Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III). The relationship between observed (53)Cr/(52)Cr ratio shifts and the extent of reduction can be calibrated by determining the isotopic fractionation factor for relevant reactions. Permeable reactive barriers (PRB) made of Fe(0) and in situ redox manipulation (ISRM) zones effectively remediate Cr-contaminated aquifers. Here, we determine the isotopic fractionations for dominant reductants in reactive barriers and reduced sediments obtained from an ISRM zone at the US DOE's Hanford site. In all cases, significant isotopic fractionation was observed; fractionation (expressed as ?) was -3.91‰ for Fe(II)-doped goethite, -2.11‰ for FeS, -2.65‰ for green rust, -2.67‰ for FeCO(3), and -3.18‰ for ISRM zone sediments. These results provide a better calibration of the relationship between Cr isotope ratios and the extent of Cr(VI) reduction and aid in interpretation of Cr isotope data from systems with reactive barriers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515959,Jaworska et al. 1997,Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of sixteen metal ions: Al, Cd, Co(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Fe(III), Li, Mg, Mn(II), Mo(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), Se(IV), V(V), and Zn on the mortality and infectivity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were observed over a 96 hr period. All ions except Pb(II) even at naturally unrealistic concentrations did not cause the mortality of the nematodes. A weak vitalizing effect could eventually be observed with Mn(II), Mg, Fe(III) and Ni(II) (Table 1). However, such treatment generally lowered infectivity of the nematodes with respect to wax moth caterpillars, Galleria mellonella. This effect was particularly significant with Ni(II) and Pb(II).","Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of sixteen metal ions: Al, Cd, Co(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Fe(III), Li, Mg, Mn(II), Mo(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), Se(IV), V(V), and Zn on the mortality and infectivity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were observed over a 96 hr period. All ions except Pb(II) even at naturally unrealistic concentrations did not cause the mortality of the nematodes. A weak vitalizing effect could eventually be observed with Mn(II), Mg, Fe(III) and Ni(II) (Table 1). However, such treatment generally lowered infectivity of the nematodes with respect to wax moth caterpillars, Galleria mellonella. This effect was particularly significant with Ni(II) and Pb(II).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1016019,Muller et al. 2011,An investigation of aircraft worker anemia: medical surveillance interpretation in an aging workforce,"<strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To identify exposures possibly contributing to anemia cases among hexavalent chromium medical surveillance program enrollees.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>An investigation encompassed metals surveillance programs, extensive workplace sampling and remediation, consultation, evaluation of laboratory accuracy, and follow-up of anemic individuals.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Workers had underlying medical conditions that affected surveillance results. There was a systemic error in classification based on hematocrit value. The prevalence of anemia in a workforce averaging 52 years old was 16%.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Anemia may be more prevalent in middle-aged workers than expected. Modern laboratories generally report a calculated hematocrit value, and using hemoglobin for most classification purposes is preferred. Characteristics of a specific workforce, including age, health, hobbies, and diet, should be taken into account when interpreting medical surveillance program findings. The value of a team approach in addressing occupational health problems was demonstrated.","An investigation of aircraft worker anemia: medical surveillance interpretation in an aging workforce Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To identify exposures possibly contributing to anemia cases among hexavalent chromium medical surveillance program enrollees.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>An investigation encompassed metals surveillance programs, extensive workplace sampling and remediation, consultation, evaluation of laboratory accuracy, and follow-up of anemic individuals.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Workers had underlying medical conditions that affected surveillance results. There was a systemic error in classification based on hematocrit value. The prevalence of anemia in a workforce averaging 52 years old was 16%.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Anemia may be more prevalent in middle-aged workers than expected. Modern laboratories generally report a calculated hematocrit value, and using hemoglobin for most classification purposes is preferred. Characteristics of a specific workforce, including age, health, hobbies, and diet, should be taken into account when interpreting medical surveillance program findings. The value of a team approach in addressing occupational health problems was demonstrated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509848,Lai and  Tseng 2011,Role of 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-capped gold nanoparticles in the sensing of chromium(vi): remover and sensor,"This study describes a simple, rapid method for sensing Cr(vi) using 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) modified gold nanoparticles (TNBA-AuNPs) as a remover for Cr(iii) and as a sensor for Cr(vi). We discovered that TNBA-AuNPs were dispersed in the presence of Cr(vi), whereas Cr(iii) induced the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. Due to this phenomenon, TNBA-AuNPs can be used as a sorbent material for the removal of &gt;90% Cr(iii), without removing Cr(vi). After centrifuging a solution containing Cr(iii), Cr(vi), and TNBA-AuNPs, Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) were separately present in the precipitate and supernatant. In other words, TNBA-AuNPs are capable of separating a mixture of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi). The addition of ascorbic acid to the supernatant resulted in a reduction of Cr(vi) to Cr(iii), driving the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. The selectivity of this approach is more than 1000-fold for Cr(vi) over other metal ions. The minimum detectable concentration of Cr(vi) was 1 ?M using this approach. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided an alternative for the quantification of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) after a mixture of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) had been separated by TNBA-AuNPs. The applicability of this approach was validated through the analysis of Cr(vi) in environmental water samples.","Role of 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-capped gold nanoparticles in the sensing of chromium(vi): remover and sensor Abs: This study describes a simple, rapid method for sensing Cr(vi) using 5-thio-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) modified gold nanoparticles (TNBA-AuNPs) as a remover for Cr(iii) and as a sensor for Cr(vi). We discovered that TNBA-AuNPs were dispersed in the presence of Cr(vi), whereas Cr(iii) induced the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. Due to this phenomenon, TNBA-AuNPs can be used as a sorbent material for the removal of &gt;90% Cr(iii), without removing Cr(vi). After centrifuging a solution containing Cr(iii), Cr(vi), and TNBA-AuNPs, Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) were separately present in the precipitate and supernatant. In other words, TNBA-AuNPs are capable of separating a mixture of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi). The addition of ascorbic acid to the supernatant resulted in a reduction of Cr(vi) to Cr(iii), driving the aggregation of TNBA-AuNPs. The selectivity of this approach is more than 1000-fold for Cr(vi) over other metal ions. The minimum detectable concentration of Cr(vi) was 1 ?M using this approach. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided an alternative for the quantification of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) after a mixture of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) had been separated by TNBA-AuNPs. The applicability of this approach was validated through the analysis of Cr(vi) in environmental water samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577996,Omraei et al. 2011,Study of the removal of Zn(II) from aqueous solution using polypyrrole nanocomposite,,Study of the removal of Zn(II) from aqueous solution using polypyrrole nanocomposite Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1495259,LA et al. 2000,Effect of Light on the Electrokinetic Behavior of TiO(2) Particles in Contact with Cr(VI) Aqueous Solutions,"The electrokinetic behavior of titanium dioxide particles (Degussa P25, mainly composed of anatase) put in contact with chromium(VI) aqueous solutions is highly sensitive to light exposure under normal laboratory conditions. In the dark, adsorption of Cr(VI) gives rise to substantial decrements in the mobilities, especially in the acidic branch, and, at higher concentrations, to shifts in the isoelectric point (pH(piep)) to lower values, as expected for anionic chemisorption. A two-mode adsorption model accounts qualitatively for the results. Under light, pH(piep) shifts in the opposite direction as the Cr(VI) concentration increases. A maximum value is attained at [Cr(VI)] approximately 10(-3) mol dm(-3), pH(piep) 8.2, which coincides with values reported for hydrous chromium(III) oxides. At higher concentrations, Cr(VI) adsorption defines a shift of pH(piep) to lower values. It is concluded that light absorption by titanium dioxide promotes the reduction of Cr(VI) and the surface precipitation of the hydrous Cr(III) oxide. The values of pH(piep) for partially covered surfaces are well described by a simple model of surface ionization derived earlier. FTIR/ATR analysis of the surfaces supports this interpretation, and further suggests that one of the modes of Cr(VI) adsorption implies surface dimerization to yield adsorbed dichromate. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.","Effect of Light on the Electrokinetic Behavior of TiO(2) Particles in Contact with Cr(VI) Aqueous Solutions Abs: The electrokinetic behavior of titanium dioxide particles (Degussa P25, mainly composed of anatase) put in contact with chromium(VI) aqueous solutions is highly sensitive to light exposure under normal laboratory conditions. In the dark, adsorption of Cr(VI) gives rise to substantial decrements in the mobilities, especially in the acidic branch, and, at higher concentrations, to shifts in the isoelectric point (pH(piep)) to lower values, as expected for anionic chemisorption. A two-mode adsorption model accounts qualitatively for the results. Under light, pH(piep) shifts in the opposite direction as the Cr(VI) concentration increases. A maximum value is attained at [Cr(VI)] approximately 10(-3) mol dm(-3), pH(piep) 8.2, which coincides with values reported for hydrous chromium(III) oxides. At higher concentrations, Cr(VI) adsorption defines a shift of pH(piep) to lower values. It is concluded that light absorption by titanium dioxide promotes the reduction of Cr(VI) and the surface precipitation of the hydrous Cr(III) oxide. The values of pH(piep) for partially covered surfaces are well described by a simple model of surface ionization derived earlier. FTIR/ATR analysis of the surfaces supports this interpretation, and further suggests that one of the modes of Cr(VI) adsorption implies surface dimerization to yield adsorbed dichromate. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225256,Babu et al. 2013,Biosorption of Chromium from Synthetic Aqueous Solution using Codium Tomentosum,,Biosorption of Chromium from Synthetic Aqueous Solution using Codium Tomentosum Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235029,Greuter et al. 1981,Lack of sensitivity and specificity of the renal clearance of amylase/clearance of inulin ratio in experimental acute rat pancreatitis with a study on the renal handling of amylase,"As there are controversies about the specificity and the sensitivity of the amylase clearance/inulin clearance ratio (Cam/Cin) in the diagnosis of pancreatitis, this ratio has been calculated: (a) in rats with induced pancreatitis with histologically proven lesions; (b) in toxic induced tubulopathy rats with lesions demonstrated histologically and biologically (enzymuria). Hyperamylasaemia was found in 86% of the pancreatitis rats at 24 h, 50% at 48 h and 25% at 60 h. The ratio Cam/Cin was elevated above 2 SD of the control values among 14% of the rats at 24 h, 50% at 48 h and 25% at 60 h. There were no changes in enzyme elimination rates in the urine as compared to control values. Renal histology remained normal. Histological scores expressing a severe haemorrhagic pancreatitis were identical at 24, 48 ad 60 h. In toxic induced tubulopathy rats, amylasaemia remained normal. but the Cam/Cin ratio only increased when the glomerular filtration rate was diminished by 90%. The diagnosis could only be made by hyperamylasaemia in 50% of the histologically proven pancreatitis in the rat. The use of the ratio Cam/Cin does not increase the frequency of a correct diagnosis. Finally, amylase must be only filtered by the kidney as no tubular enzymes appeared in the urine of pancreatitis rats. Furthermore, this ratio is not specific for pancreatitis as it could be elevated in other pathologic states such as severe renal failure.","Lack of sensitivity and specificity of the renal clearance of amylase/clearance of inulin ratio in experimental acute rat pancreatitis with a study on the renal handling of amylase Abs: As there are controversies about the specificity and the sensitivity of the amylase clearance/inulin clearance ratio (Cam/Cin) in the diagnosis of pancreatitis, this ratio has been calculated: (a) in rats with induced pancreatitis with histologically proven lesions; (b) in toxic induced tubulopathy rats with lesions demonstrated histologically and biologically (enzymuria). Hyperamylasaemia was found in 86% of the pancreatitis rats at 24 h, 50% at 48 h and 25% at 60 h. The ratio Cam/Cin was elevated above 2 SD of the control values among 14% of the rats at 24 h, 50% at 48 h and 25% at 60 h. There were no changes in enzyme elimination rates in the urine as compared to control values. Renal histology remained normal. Histological scores expressing a severe haemorrhagic pancreatitis were identical at 24, 48 ad 60 h. In toxic induced tubulopathy rats, amylasaemia remained normal. but the Cam/Cin ratio only increased when the glomerular filtration rate was diminished by 90%. The diagnosis could only be made by hyperamylasaemia in 50% of the histologically proven pancreatitis in the rat. The use of the ratio Cam/Cin does not increase the frequency of a correct diagnosis. Finally, amylase must be only filtered by the kidney as no tubular enzymes appeared in the urine of pancreatitis rats. Furthermore, this ratio is not specific for pancreatitis as it could be elevated in other pathologic states such as severe renal failure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225446,Doke et al. 2013,Diffusion Mechanisms of Biosorption of Cr(VI) onto Powdered Cotton Stalk,,Diffusion Mechanisms of Biosorption of Cr(VI) onto Powdered Cotton Stalk Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237610,Cohen 1976,"Intestinal blood loss after a new anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac","IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP Sulindac (I) was tested for fecal blood loss in 40 healthy male subjects whose red cells had been labeled with radioactive sodium chromate. Two daily dose levels of 240 mg and 400 mg were compared with 4.8 gm of aspirin (II) and placebo for 2 weeks. At day 15, II induced blood loss was greater than that of both dose levels of I and of placebo (p |LT/ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 2 sulindac groups and the placebo group. II caused more adverse reactions than I, 240 mg (p |LT/ 0.05), 400 mg (p |LT/ 0.05), and placebo (p |LT/ 0.05).","Intestinal blood loss after a new anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac Abs: IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP Sulindac (I) was tested for fecal blood loss in 40 healthy male subjects whose red cells had been labeled with radioactive sodium chromate. Two daily dose levels of 240 mg and 400 mg were compared with 4.8 gm of aspirin (II) and placebo for 2 weeks. At day 15, II induced blood loss was greater than that of both dose levels of I and of placebo (p |LT/ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 2 sulindac groups and the placebo group. II caused more adverse reactions than I, 240 mg (p |LT/ 0.05), 400 mg (p |LT/ 0.05), and placebo (p |LT/ 0.05).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225262,Baralkiewicz et al. 2013,Speciation analysis of chromium in drinking water samples by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC-ICP-MS: validation of the analytical method and evaluation of the uncertainty budget,,Speciation analysis of chromium in drinking water samples by ion-pair reversed-phase HPLC-ICP-MS: validation of the analytical method and evaluation of the uncertainty budget Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1508590,Orescanin et al. 2013,Preparation of drinking water used in water supply systems of the towns Zrenjanin and Temerin by electrochemical methods,"The aim of this work was the development and application of the pilot plant with the capacity of 1000 L/day for the purification of groundwater used for human consumption characterized with high concentration of arsenic and increased values of organic pollutants, ammonia, nitrites, color and turbidity. For that purpose, groundwater from the production wells supplying the towns Zrenjanin and Temerin (Vojvodina, Serbia) was used. Due to its complex composition, the purification system required the combination of the electroreduction/electrocoagulation, using iron and aluminum electrode plates with/without ozonation, followed by the electromagnetic treatment and the finally by the simultaneous ozonation/UV treatment. The electroreduction was used for the removal of nitrates, nitrites, and Cr(VI), while the removal of arsenic, heavy metals, suspended solids, color and turbidity required the application of the electrocoagulation with simultaneous ozonation. Organic contaminants and ammonia were removed completely in the last treatment step by applying the simultaneous ozonation/UV treatment. All measured parameters in the purified water were significantly lower compared to the regulated values. Under the optimum treatment conditions, the removal efficiencies for color, turbidity, suspended solids, total arsenic, total chromium, Ni(II), total copper, sulfates, fluorides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were 100%. The removal efficiencies of the total manganese and iron were 85.19% and 97.44%, respectively, whilst the final concentrations were 4 and 7 ?g/L, respectively.","Preparation of drinking water used in water supply systems of the towns Zrenjanin and Temerin by electrochemical methods Abs: The aim of this work was the development and application of the pilot plant with the capacity of 1000 L/day for the purification of groundwater used for human consumption characterized with high concentration of arsenic and increased values of organic pollutants, ammonia, nitrites, color and turbidity. For that purpose, groundwater from the production wells supplying the towns Zrenjanin and Temerin (Vojvodina, Serbia) was used. Due to its complex composition, the purification system required the combination of the electroreduction/electrocoagulation, using iron and aluminum electrode plates with/without ozonation, followed by the electromagnetic treatment and the finally by the simultaneous ozonation/UV treatment. The electroreduction was used for the removal of nitrates, nitrites, and Cr(VI), while the removal of arsenic, heavy metals, suspended solids, color and turbidity required the application of the electrocoagulation with simultaneous ozonation. Organic contaminants and ammonia were removed completely in the last treatment step by applying the simultaneous ozonation/UV treatment. All measured parameters in the purified water were significantly lower compared to the regulated values. Under the optimum treatment conditions, the removal efficiencies for color, turbidity, suspended solids, total arsenic, total chromium, Ni(II), total copper, sulfates, fluorides, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were 100%. The removal efficiencies of the total manganese and iron were 85.19% and 97.44%, respectively, whilst the final concentrations were 4 and 7 ?g/L, respectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578253,Saha and  Pal 2005,"Kinetics and mechanism of 1,10-phenanthroline catalysed chromium(VI) oxidation of D-glucose in aqueous micellar media","The kinetics and mechanism of Cr(VI) oxidation of D-glucose in the presence and absence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in aqueous acid media have been studied under the conditions, [sugar](T) >> [Cr(VI)](T) at different temperatures. The monomeric species of Cr(VI) has been found to be kinetically active in the absence of phen whereas in the phen-catalysed path, the Cr(VI)-phen complexes have been found to be the active oxidants. Both the paths show a first order dependence on [sugar](T) and [Cr(VI)](T). The uncatalysed path shows a second order dependence on [H(+)], while the catalysed path shows a first order dependence on [H(+)]. The phen-catalysed path is first-order in [phen](T). These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactants. CPC inhibits both pathways while SDS catalyses the reactions.","Kinetics and mechanism of 1,10-phenanthroline catalysed chromium(VI) oxidation of D-glucose in aqueous micellar media Abs: The kinetics and mechanism of Cr(VI) oxidation of D-glucose in the presence and absence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in aqueous acid media have been studied under the conditions, [sugar](T) >> [Cr(VI)](T) at different temperatures. The monomeric species of Cr(VI) has been found to be kinetically active in the absence of phen whereas in the phen-catalysed path, the Cr(VI)-phen complexes have been found to be the active oxidants. Both the paths show a first order dependence on [sugar](T) and [Cr(VI)](T). The uncatalysed path shows a second order dependence on [H(+)], while the catalysed path shows a first order dependence on [H(+)]. The phen-catalysed path is first-order in [phen](T). These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactants. CPC inhibits both pathways while SDS catalyses the reactions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
660818,Hooper et al. 1992,Regulation of priority carcinogens and reproductive or developmental toxicants,"In California, 370 carcinogens and 112 reproductive/developmental toxicants have been identified as a result of the State's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. They include pesticides, solvents, metals, industrial intermediates, environmental mixtures, and reactive agents. Occupational, environmental, and consumer product exposures that involve these agents are regulated under the Act. At levels of concern, businesses must provide warnings for and limit discharges of those chemicals. The lists of chemicals were compiled following systematic review of published data, including technical reports from the U.S. Public Health Service--National Toxicology Program (NTP), and evaluation of recommendations from authoritative bodies such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Given the large number of chemicals that are carcinogens or reproductive/developmental toxicants, regulatory concerns should focus on those that have high potential for human exposure, e.g., widely distributed or easily absorbed solvents, metals, environmental mixtures, or reactive agents. In this paper, we present a list of 33 potential priority carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants, including alcoholic beverages, asbestos, benzene, chlorinated solvents, formaldehyde, glycol ethers, lead, tobacco smoke, and toluene.","Regulation of priority carcinogens and reproductive or developmental toxicants Abs: In California, 370 carcinogens and 112 reproductive/developmental toxicants have been identified as a result of the State's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. They include pesticides, solvents, metals, industrial intermediates, environmental mixtures, and reactive agents. Occupational, environmental, and consumer product exposures that involve these agents are regulated under the Act. At levels of concern, businesses must provide warnings for and limit discharges of those chemicals. The lists of chemicals were compiled following systematic review of published data, including technical reports from the U.S. Public Health Service--National Toxicology Program (NTP), and evaluation of recommendations from authoritative bodies such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Given the large number of chemicals that are carcinogens or reproductive/developmental toxicants, regulatory concerns should focus on those that have high potential for human exposure, e.g., widely distributed or easily absorbed solvents, metals, environmental mixtures, or reactive agents. In this paper, we present a list of 33 potential priority carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants, including alcoholic beverages, asbestos, benzene, chlorinated solvents, formaldehyde, glycol ethers, lead, tobacco smoke, and toluene.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268188,Goodrich-Mahoney 1996,Constructed wetland treatment systems applied research program at the Electric Power Research Institute,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) Environmental and Health Sciences Business Unit, within the Environment Group, has initiated a multi-disciplinary applied research program to develop constructed wetland treatment systems as a cost-effective technology for the treatment of metal-bearing electric utility aqueous discharges. EPRI's program involves the building of constructed wetland treatment systems, collection of field data from these systems, and conduct of controlled laboratory experiments to more fully understand their functions and the factors affecting these functions. Both data collected through this program and existing data will be used to develop and deliver design criteria for the effective use of this technology to reduce or eliminate the risk that electric utilities will not meet regulatory-imposed effluent discharge limits. Currently, EPRI along with one of its members, is funding the construction of a state-of-the-art constructed wetland trea","Constructed wetland treatment systems applied research program at the Electric Power Research Institute Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) Environmental and Health Sciences Business Unit, within the Environment Group, has initiated a multi-disciplinary applied research program to develop constructed wetland treatment systems as a cost-effective technology for the treatment of metal-bearing electric utility aqueous discharges. EPRI's program involves the building of constructed wetland treatment systems, collection of field data from these systems, and conduct of controlled laboratory experiments to more fully understand their functions and the factors affecting these functions. Both data collected through this program and existing data will be used to develop and deliver design criteria for the effective use of this technology to reduce or eliminate the risk that electric utilities will not meet regulatory-imposed effluent discharge limits. Currently, EPRI along with one of its members, is funding the construction of a state-of-the-art constructed wetland trea",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786303,Campos et al. 2013,Foundry sands as low-cost adsorbent material for Cr (VI) removal,,Foundry sands as low-cost adsorbent material for Cr (VI) removal Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1339967,Kiani and  Mousavi 2013,Ultrasound assisted preparation of water in oil emulsions and their application in arsenic (V) removal from water in an emulsion liquid membrane process,"Water in oil emulsions are prepared by using an ultra-sonication device and used in an emulsion liquid membrane process in order to recover arsenic (V) ions from an aqueous medium. The aim of this work is the investigation of the effect of emulsifier concentration and composition, and also sonication time on the emulsion droplet size and the extraction efficiency in order to obtain stable emulsions with small droplets that favor the extraction. Results show that ultrasonic waves reduce internal droplet size which enhances the extraction of arsenic. In addition, internal droplet size is decreased initially and then increased by increasing Span 80 concentration. On the other hand, by increasing Span 80 concentration, extraction amount is increased and then decreased. Furthermore, emulsifier blends provide more stability for the emulsion. Increasing concentration of Tween 20 as a hydrophilic emulsifier up to an optimum concentration decreases internal droplet size and increases extraction amount. By increasing sonication time up to 4 min, the internal droplet size is decreased and the extraction amount is increased. If sonication time is increased further, the internal droplet size is increased and the extraction amount is decreased.","Ultrasound assisted preparation of water in oil emulsions and their application in arsenic (V) removal from water in an emulsion liquid membrane process Abs: Water in oil emulsions are prepared by using an ultra-sonication device and used in an emulsion liquid membrane process in order to recover arsenic (V) ions from an aqueous medium. The aim of this work is the investigation of the effect of emulsifier concentration and composition, and also sonication time on the emulsion droplet size and the extraction efficiency in order to obtain stable emulsions with small droplets that favor the extraction. Results show that ultrasonic waves reduce internal droplet size which enhances the extraction of arsenic. In addition, internal droplet size is decreased initially and then increased by increasing Span 80 concentration. On the other hand, by increasing Span 80 concentration, extraction amount is increased and then decreased. Furthermore, emulsifier blends provide more stability for the emulsion. Increasing concentration of Tween 20 as a hydrophilic emulsifier up to an optimum concentration decreases internal droplet size and increases extraction amount. By increasing sonication time up to 4 min, the internal droplet size is decreased and the extraction amount is increased. If sonication time is increased further, the internal droplet size is increased and the extraction amount is decreased.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231877,Kingston et al. 2005,Determination and evaluation of hexavalent chromium in power plant coal combustion by-products and cost-effective environmental remediation solutions using acid mine drainage,"The chromium species leaching from a coal combustion fly ash landfill has been characterized as well as a novel approach to treat leachates rich in hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), by using another natural waste by-product, acid mine drainage (AMD), has been investigated during this study. It is observed that as much as 8% (approximately 10 microg g(-1) in fly ash) of total chromium is converted to the Cr(VI) species during oxidative combustion of coal and remains in the resulting ash as a stable species, however, it is significantly mobile in water based leaching. Approximately 1.23 +/- 0.01 microg g(-1) of Cr(VI) was found in the landfill leachate from permanent deposits of aged fly ash. This study also confirmed the use of AMD, which often is in close proximity to coal combustion by-product landfills, is an extremely effective and economical remediation option for the elimination of hexavalent chromium in fly ash generated leachate. Speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS), as described in EPA Method 6800, was used to analytically evaluate and validate the field application of the ferrous iron and chromate chemistry in the remediation of Cr(VI) runoff.","Determination and evaluation of hexavalent chromium in power plant coal combustion by-products and cost-effective environmental remediation solutions using acid mine drainage Abs: The chromium species leaching from a coal combustion fly ash landfill has been characterized as well as a novel approach to treat leachates rich in hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), by using another natural waste by-product, acid mine drainage (AMD), has been investigated during this study. It is observed that as much as 8% (approximately 10 microg g(-1) in fly ash) of total chromium is converted to the Cr(VI) species during oxidative combustion of coal and remains in the resulting ash as a stable species, however, it is significantly mobile in water based leaching. Approximately 1.23 +/- 0.01 microg g(-1) of Cr(VI) was found in the landfill leachate from permanent deposits of aged fly ash. This study also confirmed the use of AMD, which often is in close proximity to coal combustion by-product landfills, is an extremely effective and economical remediation option for the elimination of hexavalent chromium in fly ash generated leachate. Speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS), as described in EPA Method 6800, was used to analytically evaluate and validate the field application of the ferrous iron and chromate chemistry in the remediation of Cr(VI) runoff.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576765,Jiang and  Yang 1981,GERMINATION OF WINTER WHEAT 6246 AND MITOSIS OF ROOT-TIP CELLS UNDER THE EFFECTOF CHROMIUM(VI),,GERMINATION OF WINTER WHEAT 6246 AND MITOSIS OF ROOT-TIP CELLS UNDER THE EFFECTOF CHROMIUM(VI) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577722,Little et al. ,Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Seventh Volume,,Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Seventh Volume Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516620,Vuceta et al. 1979,Bench-scale testing for residual waste treatment,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The most effective technologies for centralized treatment of various industrial residual wastes generated in Ventura County (California, USA) were determined by laboratory experiments. Steps required for a successful treatment of metallic wastes include cyanide and cyanate oxidation, Cr (VI) reduction, hydroxide and sulfide precipitation, coagulation and flocculation, and filtration. Ion exchange and C sorption are not usually required. Coagulation and flocculation of nonmetallic toxic wastes, followed by filtration and C sorption, is more effective in the removal of toxic nonmetallic substances from wastewaters than foam fractionation coupled with carbon sorption. A batch mode of operation is superior to continuous flow.","Bench-scale testing for residual waste treatment Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The most effective technologies for centralized treatment of various industrial residual wastes generated in Ventura County (California, USA) were determined by laboratory experiments. Steps required for a successful treatment of metallic wastes include cyanide and cyanate oxidation, Cr (VI) reduction, hydroxide and sulfide precipitation, coagulation and flocculation, and filtration. Ion exchange and C sorption are not usually required. Coagulation and flocculation of nonmetallic toxic wastes, followed by filtration and C sorption, is more effective in the removal of toxic nonmetallic substances from wastewaters than foam fractionation coupled with carbon sorption. A batch mode of operation is superior to continuous flow.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236167,Ornsholt et al. 1982,Recovery of gastric acid after vagotomy with and without a drainage,This study tests the possibility that the difference in acid reduction after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective gastric vagotomy with a drainage (SGV + D) could be explained by differences in the secretion recovered rather than by real secretory differences. A method for estimating the completeness of aspiration during gastric function tests using the isotope Na251CrO4 as an inert marker is described. The method was used in patients with the two types of vagotomy and the recovery of gastric secretion was more complete after PCV (89.7%) than after SGV + D (75.1%). This difference may substantially account for the apparent difference in reduction of acid secretion after the two operations. The pyloroplasty supplementing the SGV is probably responsible for a pyloric loss causing a lower recovery after this operation.,Recovery of gastric acid after vagotomy with and without a drainage Abs: This study tests the possibility that the difference in acid reduction after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective gastric vagotomy with a drainage (SGV + D) could be explained by differences in the secretion recovered rather than by real secretory differences. A method for estimating the completeness of aspiration during gastric function tests using the isotope Na251CrO4 as an inert marker is described. The method was used in patients with the two types of vagotomy and the recovery of gastric secretion was more complete after PCV (89.7%) than after SGV + D (75.1%). This difference may substantially account for the apparent difference in reduction of acid secretion after the two operations. The pyloroplasty supplementing the SGV is probably responsible for a pyloric loss causing a lower recovery after this operation.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1501174,Liverseed et al. 2013,Comparative Emissions of Random Orbital Sanding between Conventional and Self-Generated Vacuum Systems,"Conventional abrasive sanding generates high concentrations of particles. Depending on the substrate being abraded and exposure duration, overexposure to the particles can cause negative health effects ranging from respiratory irritation to cancer. The goal of this study was to understand the differences in particle emissions between a conventional random orbital sanding system and a self-generated vacuum random orbital sanding system with attached particle filtration bag. Particle concentrations were sampled for each system in a controlled test chamber for oak wood, chromate painted (hexavalent chromium) steel panels, and gel-coated (titanium dioxide) fiberglass panels using a Gesamtstaub-Probenahmesystem (GSP) sampler at three different locations adjacent to the sanding. Elevated concentrations were reported for all particles in the samples collected during conventional sanding. The geometric mean concentration ratios for the three substrates ranged from 320 to 4640 times greater for the conventional sanding system than the self-generated vacuum sanding system. The differences in the particle concentration generated by the two sanding systems were statistically significant with the two sample t-test (P &lt; 0.0001) for all three substances. The data suggest that workers using conventional sanding systems could utilize the self-generated vacuum sanding system technology to potentially reduce exposure to particles and mitigate negative health effects.","Comparative Emissions of Random Orbital Sanding between Conventional and Self-Generated Vacuum Systems Abs: Conventional abrasive sanding generates high concentrations of particles. Depending on the substrate being abraded and exposure duration, overexposure to the particles can cause negative health effects ranging from respiratory irritation to cancer. The goal of this study was to understand the differences in particle emissions between a conventional random orbital sanding system and a self-generated vacuum random orbital sanding system with attached particle filtration bag. Particle concentrations were sampled for each system in a controlled test chamber for oak wood, chromate painted (hexavalent chromium) steel panels, and gel-coated (titanium dioxide) fiberglass panels using a Gesamtstaub-Probenahmesystem (GSP) sampler at three different locations adjacent to the sanding. Elevated concentrations were reported for all particles in the samples collected during conventional sanding. The geometric mean concentration ratios for the three substrates ranged from 320 to 4640 times greater for the conventional sanding system than the self-generated vacuum sanding system. The differences in the particle concentration generated by the two sanding systems were statistically significant with the two sample t-test (P &lt; 0.0001) for all three substances. The data suggest that workers using conventional sanding systems could utilize the self-generated vacuum sanding system technology to potentially reduce exposure to particles and mitigate negative health effects.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786298,Bolan et al. 2013,"Rhizoreduction of arsenate and chromate in Australian native grass, shrub and tree vegetation",,"Rhizoreduction of arsenate and chromate in Australian native grass, shrub and tree vegetation Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514377,Barcelo et al. 1986,Water relations of chromium-vi treated bush bean plants phaseolus-vulgaris cultivar contender under both normal and water stress conditions,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm phytotoxicity leaf water potential cell wall elasticity,Water relations of chromium-vi treated bush bean plants phaseolus-vulgaris cultivar contender under both normal and water stress conditions Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm phytotoxicity leaf water potential cell wall elasticity,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225477,Suk et al. 2013,Thermally Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Layers for the Passivation of Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors,,Thermally Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Layers for the Passivation of Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231337,Mcbee et al. 1985,Industrial Evaluation Of Sulfur Concrete In Corrosive Environments,"The use of sulfur (7704349) concrete in corrosive environments is reviewed. A sulfur concrete technology has been developed by the United States Bureau of Mines. The orginal impetus for the program was to develop new uses for sulfur and to utilize an anticipated surplus of sulfur. Modified sulfur cements are discussed. Such cements are prepared by reacting sulfur and dicyclopentadiene (77736) and cyclopentadiene oligomers. The sulfur is stabilized and may be used in the liquid state or solidified and flaked for later use. Modified sulfur concrete is discussed. The concretes are prepared by hot mixing sulfur cement with aggregates such as quartz (14808607) or limestone (1317653). Sulfur concretes prepared with quartz are acid resistant and concretes prepared with limestone are salt resistant. Modified sulfur concretes attain about 80 percent of their mechanical strength in 1 day and full strength in about 6 months. Installation of sulfur concrete is considered. Evaluation of modified sulfur concrete in industrial settings is discussed. Sulfur concretes have been tested under actual operating conditions in 50 corrosive environments at 40 commercial facilities over a 4 year period. The concretes showed no significant signs of strength loss or degradation, although minor degradation occurred in materials exposed to sodium-hydroxide (1310732), hot chromic-acid (13530682), and copper (7440508) slimes. Regular concrete materials were attacked and, in some cases, destroyed under the same conditions. Industrial testing of sulfur concretes is continuing to establish their durability and longevity. Sulfur concretes should find widespread application as replacements for materials that fail in acid and salt environments.","Industrial Evaluation Of Sulfur Concrete In Corrosive Environments Abs: The use of sulfur (7704349) concrete in corrosive environments is reviewed. A sulfur concrete technology has been developed by the United States Bureau of Mines. The orginal impetus for the program was to develop new uses for sulfur and to utilize an anticipated surplus of sulfur. Modified sulfur cements are discussed. Such cements are prepared by reacting sulfur and dicyclopentadiene (77736) and cyclopentadiene oligomers. The sulfur is stabilized and may be used in the liquid state or solidified and flaked for later use. Modified sulfur concrete is discussed. The concretes are prepared by hot mixing sulfur cement with aggregates such as quartz (14808607) or limestone (1317653). Sulfur concretes prepared with quartz are acid resistant and concretes prepared with limestone are salt resistant. Modified sulfur concretes attain about 80 percent of their mechanical strength in 1 day and full strength in about 6 months. Installation of sulfur concrete is considered. Evaluation of modified sulfur concrete in industrial settings is discussed. Sulfur concretes have been tested under actual operating conditions in 50 corrosive environments at 40 commercial facilities over a 4 year period. The concretes showed no significant signs of strength loss or degradation, although minor degradation occurred in materials exposed to sodium-hydroxide (1310732), hot chromic-acid (13530682), and copper (7440508) slimes. Regular concrete materials were attacked and, in some cases, destroyed under the same conditions. Industrial testing of sulfur concretes is continuing to establish their durability and longevity. Sulfur concretes should find widespread application as replacements for materials that fail in acid and salt environments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509856,Panda et al. 2011,Application of dolochar in the removal of cadmium and hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions,"Dolochar, a waste material generated in sponge iron industry, is processed and put to test as an adsorbent for removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The dolochar samples were characterised to determine the different phases and their distribution by reflection microscopy. The analysis indicated that the sample consists of metallic iron, fused carbon, and Ca-Mg bearing phases (Ca-Mg-silicate-oxide) along with lots of voids and pores. The fixed carbon (FC) content of the material is 13.8% with a Langmuir surface area of 81.6m(2)/g and micropore area of 34.1m(2)/g. Batch adsorption experiments have been conducted to study the sorption behaviour of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions on dolochar as a function of particle size, contact time, adsorbent dosages, pH and temperature. It is observed that higher pH and temperature enhances sorption of Cd(II) ions. In contrast, the adsorption for Cr(VI) is found to be better in acidic pH in comparison to alkaline media. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data are tested by applying both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It is observed that Langmuir isotherm model fitted better compared to the Freundlich model indicating monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters such as ?G°, ?H° and ?S° indicate the effectiveness of dolochar to remove Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The kinetics of adsorption is found to better fit to pseudo second order reaction.","Application of dolochar in the removal of cadmium and hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions Abs: Dolochar, a waste material generated in sponge iron industry, is processed and put to test as an adsorbent for removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The dolochar samples were characterised to determine the different phases and their distribution by reflection microscopy. The analysis indicated that the sample consists of metallic iron, fused carbon, and Ca-Mg bearing phases (Ca-Mg-silicate-oxide) along with lots of voids and pores. The fixed carbon (FC) content of the material is 13.8% with a Langmuir surface area of 81.6m(2)/g and micropore area of 34.1m(2)/g. Batch adsorption experiments have been conducted to study the sorption behaviour of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions on dolochar as a function of particle size, contact time, adsorbent dosages, pH and temperature. It is observed that higher pH and temperature enhances sorption of Cd(II) ions. In contrast, the adsorption for Cr(VI) is found to be better in acidic pH in comparison to alkaline media. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data are tested by applying both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It is observed that Langmuir isotherm model fitted better compared to the Freundlich model indicating monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters such as ?G°, ?H° and ?S° indicate the effectiveness of dolochar to remove Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The kinetics of adsorption is found to better fit to pseudo second order reaction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510123,Qafoku et al. 2011,Geochemical Characterization of Chromate Contamination in the 100 Area Vadose Zone at the Hanford Site - Part 2,"Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Hanford Site, chromate was used throughout the 100 Areas (100-B, 100-C, 100-D/DR, 100-F, 100-H, and 100 K) as a corrosion inhibitor in reactor cooling water. Chromate was delivered in rail cars, tanker trucks, barrels, and local pipelines as dichromate granular solid or stock solution. In many occasions, chromate was inevitably discharged to surface or near-surface ground through spills during handling, pipeline leaks, or during disposal to cribs. The composition of the liquids that were discharged is not known and it is quite possible that Cr(VI) fate and transport in the contaminated sediments would be a function of the chemical composition of the waste fluids. The major objectives of this investigation which was limited in scope by the financial resources available, were to (1) determine the leaching characteristics of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated sediments collected from 100-D Area spill sites; (2) elucidate possible Cr(VI) mineral and/or chemical associations that may be responsible for Cr(VI) retention in the Hanford Site 100 Areas through the use of macroscopic leaching studies, and microscale characterization of contaminated sediments; and (3) provide information to construct a conceptual model of Cr(VI) geochemistry in the Hanford 100 Area vadose zone that can be used for developing options for environmental remediation. The information gathered from this research effort will help to further improve our understanding of Cr(VI) behavior in the vadose zone and will also help in accelerating the 100 Area Columbia River Corridor cleanup by providing valuable information to develop remedial action based on a fundamental understanding of Cr(VI) vadose zone geochemistry. A series of column experiments were conducted with contaminated sediments to study Cr(VI) desorption patterns. Column experiments used the field size fraction of the sediment samples and a simulated Hanford Site groundwater solution. Periodic stop flow events were applied to evaluate the change in elemental concentration during time periods of no flow and greater fluid residence time. Sediments were characterized for the spatial and mineralogical associations of the contamination using some microscale techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy.","Geochemical Characterization of Chromate Contamination in the 100 Area Vadose Zone at the Hanford Site - Part 2 Abs: Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Hanford Site, chromate was used throughout the 100 Areas (100-B, 100-C, 100-D/DR, 100-F, 100-H, and 100 K) as a corrosion inhibitor in reactor cooling water. Chromate was delivered in rail cars, tanker trucks, barrels, and local pipelines as dichromate granular solid or stock solution. In many occasions, chromate was inevitably discharged to surface or near-surface ground through spills during handling, pipeline leaks, or during disposal to cribs. The composition of the liquids that were discharged is not known and it is quite possible that Cr(VI) fate and transport in the contaminated sediments would be a function of the chemical composition of the waste fluids. The major objectives of this investigation which was limited in scope by the financial resources available, were to (1) determine the leaching characteristics of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated sediments collected from 100-D Area spill sites; (2) elucidate possible Cr(VI) mineral and/or chemical associations that may be responsible for Cr(VI) retention in the Hanford Site 100 Areas through the use of macroscopic leaching studies, and microscale characterization of contaminated sediments; and (3) provide information to construct a conceptual model of Cr(VI) geochemistry in the Hanford 100 Area vadose zone that can be used for developing options for environmental remediation. The information gathered from this research effort will help to further improve our understanding of Cr(VI) behavior in the vadose zone and will also help in accelerating the 100 Area Columbia River Corridor cleanup by providing valuable information to develop remedial action based on a fundamental understanding of Cr(VI) vadose zone geochemistry. A series of column experiments were conducted with contaminated sediments to study Cr(VI) desorption patterns. Column experiments used the field size fraction of the sediment samples and a simulated Hanford Site groundwater solution. Periodic stop flow events were applied to evaluate the change in elemental concentration during time periods of no flow and greater fluid residence time. Sediments were characterized for the spatial and mineralogical associations of the contamination using some microscale techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578135,Kousalya et al. 2010,Removal of Toxic Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Nano-hydroxyapatite-based Chitin and Chitosan Hybrid Composites,"In the present investigation, bio-inorganic composites composed of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) with chitin and chitosan have been prepared and used for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution. Such composites exhibited a higher Cr(VI) ion sorption capacity than the individual components. The sorption capacities of n-HAp, n-HAp/chitin (n-HApC) composite and n-HAp/chitosan (n-HApCs) composite were found to be 2720, 2845 and 3450 mg/kg, respectively. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to optimize various equilibrating conditions such as the contact time, pH and co-ions. The sorbents were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, BET and EDXA analysis. The sorption process could be fitted by both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Standard thermodynamic parameters such as the Gibbs' free energy change, Delta G(0), the standard enthalpy change, Delta H(0), and the standard entropy change, Delta S(0), were calculated in order to obtain an understanding of the nature of the sorption process. The kinetics of the reaction could be fitted by the pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The mechanism for Cr(VI) ion sorption onto the composites was established.","Removal of Toxic Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Nano-hydroxyapatite-based Chitin and Chitosan Hybrid Composites Abs: In the present investigation, bio-inorganic composites composed of nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) with chitin and chitosan have been prepared and used for the removal of chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution. Such composites exhibited a higher Cr(VI) ion sorption capacity than the individual components. The sorption capacities of n-HAp, n-HAp/chitin (n-HApC) composite and n-HAp/chitosan (n-HApCs) composite were found to be 2720, 2845 and 3450 mg/kg, respectively. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to optimize various equilibrating conditions such as the contact time, pH and co-ions. The sorbents were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, BET and EDXA analysis. The sorption process could be fitted by both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Standard thermodynamic parameters such as the Gibbs' free energy change, Delta G(0), the standard enthalpy change, Delta H(0), and the standard entropy change, Delta S(0), were calculated in order to obtain an understanding of the nature of the sorption process. The kinetics of the reaction could be fitted by the pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The mechanism for Cr(VI) ion sorption onto the composites was established.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225474,Epifani et al. 2013,Suppression of the NO2 interference by chromium addition in WO3-based ammonia sensors. Investigation of the structural properties and of the related sensing pathways,,Suppression of the NO2 interference by chromium addition in WO3-based ammonia sensors. Investigation of the structural properties and of the related sensing pathways Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510090,Torres 1995,Removing hexavalent chromium from subsurface waters with anion-exchange resin,"Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. ubsurface waters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is also present in the ground water; however, the source of the Cr(VI) may be natural. The planned treatment includes the following steps: (1) Pumping the water to the surface facility. (2) Purging the VOCs with air and absorbing them on activated carbon. (3) Filtering the water. (4) Passing the water through anion-exchange resin to remove the Cr. (5) Discharging the treated water into the local arroyos. This report describes laboratory experiments undertaken to learn how the proposed treatment facility can be expected to operate. The laboratory results are expected to supply vendors with the detailed performance specifications needed to prepare bids on the Cr removal portion of the treatment facility. The treatment facility is expected to process 60 gallons per minute (gpm) of water by stripping VOCs with 720 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) of air and removing Cr(VI) with 60 cu ft of resin.","Removing hexavalent chromium from subsurface waters with anion-exchange resin Abs: Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. ubsurface waters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is also present in the ground water; however, the source of the Cr(VI) may be natural. The planned treatment includes the following steps: (1) Pumping the water to the surface facility. (2) Purging the VOCs with air and absorbing them on activated carbon. (3) Filtering the water. (4) Passing the water through anion-exchange resin to remove the Cr. (5) Discharging the treated water into the local arroyos. This report describes laboratory experiments undertaken to learn how the proposed treatment facility can be expected to operate. The laboratory results are expected to supply vendors with the detailed performance specifications needed to prepare bids on the Cr removal portion of the treatment facility. The treatment facility is expected to process 60 gallons per minute (gpm) of water by stripping VOCs with 720 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) of air and removing Cr(VI) with 60 cu ft of resin.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510657,Rizzotto et al. 1995,CHROMIC OXIDATION OF 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE - COMPARATIVE-STUDY WITH ALDOSES .1,,CHROMIC OXIDATION OF 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE - COMPARATIVE-STUDY WITH ALDOSES .1 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
735965,Vitale et al. 1997,"Environmental monitoring of chromium in air, soil, and water","Historical uses of chromium have resulted in its widespread release into the environment. In recent years, a significant amount of research has evaluated the impact of chromium on human health and the environment. Additionally, numerous analytical methods have been developed to identify and quantitate chromium in environmental media in response to various state and federal mandates such as CERCLA, RCRA, CWA, CAA, and SWDA. Due to the significant toxicity differences between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium, it is essential that chromium be quantified in these two distinct valence states to assess the potential risks to exposure to each in environmental media. Speciation is equally important because of their marked differences in environmental behavior. As the knowledge of risks associated with each valence state has grown and regulatory requirements have evolved, methods to accurately quantitate these species at ever-decreasing concentrations within environmental media have also evolved. This paper addresses the challenges of chromium species quantitation and some of the most relevant current methods used for environmental monitoring, including ASTM Method D5281 for air, SW-846 Methods 3060A, 7196A and 7199 for soils, sediments, and waste, and U.S. EPA Method 218.6 for water.","Environmental monitoring of chromium in air, soil, and water Abs: Historical uses of chromium have resulted in its widespread release into the environment. In recent years, a significant amount of research has evaluated the impact of chromium on human health and the environment. Additionally, numerous analytical methods have been developed to identify and quantitate chromium in environmental media in response to various state and federal mandates such as CERCLA, RCRA, CWA, CAA, and SWDA. Due to the significant toxicity differences between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] chromium, it is essential that chromium be quantified in these two distinct valence states to assess the potential risks to exposure to each in environmental media. Speciation is equally important because of their marked differences in environmental behavior. As the knowledge of risks associated with each valence state has grown and regulatory requirements have evolved, methods to accurately quantitate these species at ever-decreasing concentrations within environmental media have also evolved. This paper addresses the challenges of chromium species quantitation and some of the most relevant current methods used for environmental monitoring, including ASTM Method D5281 for air, SW-846 Methods 3060A, 7196A and 7199 for soils, sediments, and waste, and U.S. EPA Method 218.6 for water.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231443,Shen et al. 2012,Removal of hexavalent Cr by coconut coir and derived chars--the effect of surface functionality,"The Cr(VI) removal by coconut coir (CC) and chars obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures were evaluated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature resulted in an increased surface area of the chars, while the corresponding content of oxygen-containing functional groups of the chars decreased. The Cr(VI) removal by CC and CC-derived chars was primarily attributed to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by the materials and the extent and rate of the Cr(VI) reduction were determined by the oxygen-containing functional groups in the materials. The contribution of pure Cr(VI) adsorption to the overall Cr(VI) removal became relatively significant for the chars obtained at higher temperatures. Accordingly, to develop a cost-effective method for removing Cr(VI) from water, the original CC is more advantageous than the carbonaceous counterparts because no pyrolysis is required for the application and CC has a higher content of functional groups for reducing Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III).","Removal of hexavalent Cr by coconut coir and derived chars--the effect of surface functionality Abs: The Cr(VI) removal by coconut coir (CC) and chars obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures were evaluated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature resulted in an increased surface area of the chars, while the corresponding content of oxygen-containing functional groups of the chars decreased. The Cr(VI) removal by CC and CC-derived chars was primarily attributed to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by the materials and the extent and rate of the Cr(VI) reduction were determined by the oxygen-containing functional groups in the materials. The contribution of pure Cr(VI) adsorption to the overall Cr(VI) removal became relatively significant for the chars obtained at higher temperatures. Accordingly, to develop a cost-effective method for removing Cr(VI) from water, the original CC is more advantageous than the carbonaceous counterparts because no pyrolysis is required for the application and CC has a higher content of functional groups for reducing Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510060,Semones et al. 1993,Development of the fluidized bed thermal treatment process for treating mixed waste,"EG&amp;G GOCO environmental conference (2nd), Idaho Falls, ID (United States), 12-14 May 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. dized bed system is being developed at Rocky Flats for the treatment of mixed waste (a mixture of radioactive and chemically hazardous waste). The current program builds on experience gained in the 1970's and 1980's in tests with bench-scale, pilot-scale, and demonstration-scale fluidized bed systems. The system operates at low temperatures ((approx) 525--600(degree)C) which eliminates many of the disadvantages associated with high temperature thermal treatment processes. The process has shown the ability to destroy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) with 99.9999% (''six-nines'') destruction efficiency in tests monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The bed makes use of in situ neutralization of acidic off-gases by incorporating sodium carbonate (Na(sub 2)CO(sub 3)) in the bed media. This eliminates using wet scrubbers to treat the off-gas; these produce a high volume of secondary waste. Once in operation, it is expected that the fluidized bed process will yield up to a 40:1 reduction in the volume of the waste.","Development of the fluidized bed thermal treatment process for treating mixed waste Abs: EG&amp;G GOCO environmental conference (2nd), Idaho Falls, ID (United States), 12-14 May 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. dized bed system is being developed at Rocky Flats for the treatment of mixed waste (a mixture of radioactive and chemically hazardous waste). The current program builds on experience gained in the 1970's and 1980's in tests with bench-scale, pilot-scale, and demonstration-scale fluidized bed systems. The system operates at low temperatures ((approx) 525--600(degree)C) which eliminates many of the disadvantages associated with high temperature thermal treatment processes. The process has shown the ability to destroy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) with 99.9999% (''six-nines'') destruction efficiency in tests monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The bed makes use of in situ neutralization of acidic off-gases by incorporating sodium carbonate (Na(sub 2)CO(sub 3)) in the bed media. This eliminates using wet scrubbers to treat the off-gas; these produce a high volume of secondary waste. Once in operation, it is expected that the fluidized bed process will yield up to a 40:1 reduction in the volume of the waste.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231166,Cornforth and  Popjak 1949,Chromic acid oxidation of ethyl alcohol,,Chromic acid oxidation of ethyl alcohol Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225003,Zhang et al. 2013,Polyaniline nanorods dotted on graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel super adsorbent for Cr(VI),Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods array on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are successfully obtained by dilute polymerization under -20 °C. They exhibit excellent water treatment performance with a superb removal capacity of 1149.4 mg g(-1) for Cr(VI).,Polyaniline nanorods dotted on graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel super adsorbent for Cr(VI) Abs: Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods array on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets are successfully obtained by dilute polymerization under -20 °C. They exhibit excellent water treatment performance with a superb removal capacity of 1149.4 mg g(-1) for Cr(VI).,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268290,Dietrich and  Costa W 1997,CHEMICAL SPECIES,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT DRINKING WATER ELECTROPHORESIS ORGANIC CHEMICALS INORGANIC CHEMICALS METHODOLOGY POLLUTION ANALYTICAL METHOD,CHEMICAL SPECIES Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT DRINKING WATER ELECTROPHORESIS ORGANIC CHEMICALS INORGANIC CHEMICALS METHODOLOGY POLLUTION ANALYTICAL METHOD,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577878,Ruotolo and  Gubulin 2003,"Reduction of hexavalent chromium using polyaniline films. Effect of film thickness, potential and flow velocity on the reaction rate and polymer stability",,"Reduction of hexavalent chromium using polyaniline films. Effect of film thickness, potential and flow velocity on the reaction rate and polymer stability Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235726,Rani and  Kumar 1992,"Transformation of non-tumorigenic osteoblast-like human osteosarcoma cells by hexavalent chromates: alteration of morphology, induction of anchorage-independence and proteolytic function","Soluble chromium (VI) compounds either alone or in combination with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) were used to transform non-tumorigenic osteoblast-like human osteosarcoma cells (HOS TE85). The Cr(VI) compounds were highly toxic to these cells with LC50 values in the range of approximately 0.5-1.0 microM. Continuous passaging of the treated cells resulted in sustained increase in anchorage-independent (AI) colony formation. Treatment with Cr(VI) and MC resulted in substantial increase in AI growth. At the XVth passage, a number of individual AI colonies were expanded in culture and used for further studies. The cells are refractory in appearance and grow as 'nests' rather than as monolayers. The cell lines have relatively high plating efficiency (PE) in soft agar and respond to promotional effect of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate by an increase in PE and in the size and number of AI colonies. While the isolated cells are not tumorigenic when tested in athymic nude mice, most of the lines possess higher levels of plasminogen activator (PA) activity, considered as one of the markers of transformation. This is also reflected in the increase in the steady state level of urokinase type PA mRNA. These results show that Cr(VI) compounds are capable of promoting human cells to an altered phenotype characteristic of a stage in the carcinogenesis cascade.","Transformation of non-tumorigenic osteoblast-like human osteosarcoma cells by hexavalent chromates: alteration of morphology, induction of anchorage-independence and proteolytic function Abs: Soluble chromium (VI) compounds either alone or in combination with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) were used to transform non-tumorigenic osteoblast-like human osteosarcoma cells (HOS TE85). The Cr(VI) compounds were highly toxic to these cells with LC50 values in the range of approximately 0.5-1.0 microM. Continuous passaging of the treated cells resulted in sustained increase in anchorage-independent (AI) colony formation. Treatment with Cr(VI) and MC resulted in substantial increase in AI growth. At the XVth passage, a number of individual AI colonies were expanded in culture and used for further studies. The cells are refractory in appearance and grow as 'nests' rather than as monolayers. The cell lines have relatively high plating efficiency (PE) in soft agar and respond to promotional effect of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate by an increase in PE and in the size and number of AI colonies. While the isolated cells are not tumorigenic when tested in athymic nude mice, most of the lines possess higher levels of plasminogen activator (PA) activity, considered as one of the markers of transformation. This is also reflected in the increase in the steady state level of urokinase type PA mRNA. These results show that Cr(VI) compounds are capable of promoting human cells to an altered phenotype characteristic of a stage in the carcinogenesis cascade.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509717,Shi and  Kan 2009,Study on the properties of chromium residue-cement matrices (CRCM) and the influences of superplasticizers on chromium(VI)-immobilising capability of cement matrices,"The study of cementitious activity of chromium residue (CR) was carried out to formulate the properties of chromium residue-cement matrices (CRCM) by blending CR with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The particle size distribution, microstructures of CR were investigated by some apparatuses, and physical properties, leaching behavior of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] of CRCM were also determined by some experiments. Three types of commonly used superplasticizers (sulphonated acetone formaldehyde superplasticizer (J1), polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (J2) and naphthalene superplasticizer (J3)) were chosen to investigate their influences on the physical properties and the Cr(VI)-immobilisation in the leachate of the CRCM hardened pastes. The results show that the CR has a certain cementitious activity. The incorporation of CR improves the pore size distribution of CRCM. The Cr(VI) concentrations in the leachate of CRCM significantly decrease by incorporation of J2. Among three superplasticizers, J2 achieves lowest Cr(VI) leaching ratio. Based on this study, it is likely to develop CR as a potential new additive used in cement-based materials.","Study on the properties of chromium residue-cement matrices (CRCM) and the influences of superplasticizers on chromium(VI)-immobilising capability of cement matrices Abs: The study of cementitious activity of chromium residue (CR) was carried out to formulate the properties of chromium residue-cement matrices (CRCM) by blending CR with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The particle size distribution, microstructures of CR were investigated by some apparatuses, and physical properties, leaching behavior of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] of CRCM were also determined by some experiments. Three types of commonly used superplasticizers (sulphonated acetone formaldehyde superplasticizer (J1), polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (J2) and naphthalene superplasticizer (J3)) were chosen to investigate their influences on the physical properties and the Cr(VI)-immobilisation in the leachate of the CRCM hardened pastes. The results show that the CR has a certain cementitious activity. The incorporation of CR improves the pore size distribution of CRCM. The Cr(VI) concentrations in the leachate of CRCM significantly decrease by incorporation of J2. Among three superplasticizers, J2 achieves lowest Cr(VI) leaching ratio. Based on this study, it is likely to develop CR as a potential new additive used in cement-based materials.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231498,Kavita et al. 2011,Hexavalent chromium sorption by biomass of chromium tolerant Pythium sp,"The removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by live and pretreated fungal biomass of Pythium sp was investigated in a batch mode. The influence of biomass dose, solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and pretreatment of biomass on biosorption efficiency was studied. The acid pretreated biomass adsorbed 1.7 times more hexavalent chromium in comparison to untreated biomass. The chromium removal rate increased with decrease in pH and increase in Cr(VI) concentration, biomass dose and temperature. The adsorption data was described well by Freundlich isotherm model. Evaluation of biosorption mechanism using infrared spectroscopy showed the involvement of positively charged amino groups in Cr(VI) biosorption. The biosorption of Cr(VI) by Pythium sp. followed second order kinetics, the biosorption process was found to be spontaneous and endothermic with high affinity of biomass for Cr(VI).","Hexavalent chromium sorption by biomass of chromium tolerant Pythium sp Abs: The removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by live and pretreated fungal biomass of Pythium sp was investigated in a batch mode. The influence of biomass dose, solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and pretreatment of biomass on biosorption efficiency was studied. The acid pretreated biomass adsorbed 1.7 times more hexavalent chromium in comparison to untreated biomass. The chromium removal rate increased with decrease in pH and increase in Cr(VI) concentration, biomass dose and temperature. The adsorption data was described well by Freundlich isotherm model. Evaluation of biosorption mechanism using infrared spectroscopy showed the involvement of positively charged amino groups in Cr(VI) biosorption. The biosorption of Cr(VI) by Pythium sp. followed second order kinetics, the biosorption process was found to be spontaneous and endothermic with high affinity of biomass for Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230905,Singer Pressman and  Aldstadt Iii 2005,A remote in situ monitor based on continuous flow analysis for the quantitation of sub-micromolar levels of hexavalent chromium in natural waters,"We describe the design, optimization, and application of a small, lightweight, deployable monitoring instrument for accurately measuring parts-per-billion levels of hexavalent Cr in surface waters at hourly intervals. The monitor quantifies Cr(vi) using a standard molecular absorbance spectroscopic method, i.e. by formation of a complex with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). The continuous flow analysis (CFA) design uses narrow conduits (0.90 mm) that are hot-forged onto poly(methyl methacrylate) ('Plexiglas') plates based on the method of Jannasch et al.(Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 3352). The sample stream is drawn through the manifold at 25 microl min(-1) using a mini-peristaltic pump; osmotic pumps (10 microl h(-1)) are used to continuously inject reagent (2.0 mM DPC, 0.60 M HNO(3), 5.0% w/v acetone, and 0.10% w/v Brij-35) and to periodically introduce quality control standards and a cleaning solution (0.50 M HNO(3)). The 'Z-type' optical cell uses a liquid-core waveguide (10 mm) to collimate the light-emitting diode source beam (lambda(max) 574 nm) to a broadband photodiode detector. Figures of merit are: 7 min cycle time, response within 28 min and clear-down within 31 min, low waste generation (&lt;40 ml d(-1)), detection limit (3sigma) of 48.4 microg l(-1) as Cr(vi) or 0.411 microM as chromic acid, 1.54% relative standard deviation at 100 microg l(-1), and selectivity for dissolved Cr(vi) in authentic surface water samples containing moderate levels (&gt;0.21% w/v) of total particulate matter. Using a test chamber containing Milwaukee Harbor water that was periodically fortified with Cr(vi) standards, continuous testing over a 15 day period (354 h) yielded results that were in excellent agreement (&lt;5% variation) with measurements made using an ICP-MS reference method. Drift in the calibration model over the test period was 1.23% and the variation in a 0.50 mg l(-1) Cr(vi) standard was 3.8%(n= 11). Known interferences to the DPC chemistry (Mo, V, and Hg at &gt;5 mg l(-1)) were undetected in the harbor water by ICP-MS.","A remote in situ monitor based on continuous flow analysis for the quantitation of sub-micromolar levels of hexavalent chromium in natural waters Abs: We describe the design, optimization, and application of a small, lightweight, deployable monitoring instrument for accurately measuring parts-per-billion levels of hexavalent Cr in surface waters at hourly intervals. The monitor quantifies Cr(vi) using a standard molecular absorbance spectroscopic method, i.e. by formation of a complex with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). The continuous flow analysis (CFA) design uses narrow conduits (0.90 mm) that are hot-forged onto poly(methyl methacrylate) ('Plexiglas') plates based on the method of Jannasch et al.(Anal. Chem., 1994, 66, 3352). The sample stream is drawn through the manifold at 25 microl min(-1) using a mini-peristaltic pump; osmotic pumps (10 microl h(-1)) are used to continuously inject reagent (2.0 mM DPC, 0.60 M HNO(3), 5.0% w/v acetone, and 0.10% w/v Brij-35) and to periodically introduce quality control standards and a cleaning solution (0.50 M HNO(3)). The 'Z-type' optical cell uses a liquid-core waveguide (10 mm) to collimate the light-emitting diode source beam (lambda(max) 574 nm) to a broadband photodiode detector. Figures of merit are: 7 min cycle time, response within 28 min and clear-down within 31 min, low waste generation (&lt;40 ml d(-1)), detection limit (3sigma) of 48.4 microg l(-1) as Cr(vi) or 0.411 microM as chromic acid, 1.54% relative standard deviation at 100 microg l(-1), and selectivity for dissolved Cr(vi) in authentic surface water samples containing moderate levels (&gt;0.21% w/v) of total particulate matter. Using a test chamber containing Milwaukee Harbor water that was periodically fortified with Cr(vi) standards, continuous testing over a 15 day period (354 h) yielded results that were in excellent agreement (&lt;5% variation) with measurements made using an ICP-MS reference method. Drift in the calibration model over the test period was 1.23% and the variation in a 0.50 mg l(-1) Cr(vi) standard was 3.8%(n= 11). Known interferences to the DPC chemistry (Mo, V, and Hg at &gt;5 mg l(-1)) were undetected in the harbor water by ICP-MS.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231286,Sterner 1943,"Determining Margins of Safety Criteria for Defining a ""Harmful"" Exposure","The practical problem of defining what is harmful in the occupational environment is discussed. When environmental conditions improve, a marginal zone is reached in which the injuries sustained are slight and quickly reversible or amount only to a tolerable discomfort. Another aspect of the problem is that of the relation of the industrial exposure to the possible increase in diseases not recognized as occupational in origin. The medical and hygiene examination of the workers and working environment is an essential factor in the evaluation of an exposure. An example of the ""normal"" values of hemoglobin and other blood constituents is given for a sample of workmen. Also given are the maximum permissible concentrations of gases and vapors such as acids, ketones, amines, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and chlorinated compounds; for fumes of metallic oxides and napthalenes; dusts such as asbestos (1332214), and silica (7631869); and for chromic-acid (7738945) and sulfuric-acid (7664939) mists. The maximum allowable concentration for sulfuric-acid is given as 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.","Determining Margins of Safety Criteria for Defining a ""Harmful"" Exposure Abs: The practical problem of defining what is harmful in the occupational environment is discussed. When environmental conditions improve, a marginal zone is reached in which the injuries sustained are slight and quickly reversible or amount only to a tolerable discomfort. Another aspect of the problem is that of the relation of the industrial exposure to the possible increase in diseases not recognized as occupational in origin. The medical and hygiene examination of the workers and working environment is an essential factor in the evaluation of an exposure. An example of the ""normal"" values of hemoglobin and other blood constituents is given for a sample of workmen. Also given are the maximum permissible concentrations of gases and vapors such as acids, ketones, amines, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and chlorinated compounds; for fumes of metallic oxides and napthalenes; dusts such as asbestos (1332214), and silica (7631869); and for chromic-acid (7738945) and sulfuric-acid (7664939) mists. The maximum allowable concentration for sulfuric-acid is given as 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233881,Sitjes et al. 1992,Induction of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase gene transcription by chemicals in Escherichia coli,"A fusion between the promoter of the nrdA gene of Escherichia coli and the lacZ gene has been constructed, and the induction of nrdA gene expression by 20 organic and 20 inorganic chemicals has been studied. The inducing compounds of the SOS genes, such as bleomycin, captan, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, hydroxyurea, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and hexavalent chromium compounds also trigger the expression of the nrdA gene. Other chemicals such as aluminium, manganese and zinc salts, reported as negative in the SOS Chromotest, are also inducers of the nrdA gene. These results suggest that ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase transcription is increased by chemicals able to either block DNA synthesis or to alter the enzymes participating in the DNA replication. Induction of nrdA gene is an effect to be further considered in the study of alterations produced by physical or chemical treatments which act upon DNA metabolism.","Induction of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase gene transcription by chemicals in Escherichia coli Abs: A fusion between the promoter of the nrdA gene of Escherichia coli and the lacZ gene has been constructed, and the induction of nrdA gene expression by 20 organic and 20 inorganic chemicals has been studied. The inducing compounds of the SOS genes, such as bleomycin, captan, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, hydroxyurea, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and hexavalent chromium compounds also trigger the expression of the nrdA gene. Other chemicals such as aluminium, manganese and zinc salts, reported as negative in the SOS Chromotest, are also inducers of the nrdA gene. These results suggest that ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase transcription is increased by chemicals able to either block DNA synthesis or to alter the enzymes participating in the DNA replication. Induction of nrdA gene is an effect to be further considered in the study of alterations produced by physical or chemical treatments which act upon DNA metabolism.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236129,Williams et al. 1984,Clearance from the anterior chamber of RBCs from human diabetics,"Erythrocytes from diabetic patients manifest decreased deformability and increased adherence. These abnormal membrane properties may diminish the ability of erythrocytes (RBCs) from diabetics to undergo deformation in passage through the trabecular meshwork. Using sodium chromate Cr 51-labeled RBCs from type I diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and normal control subjects, we studied RBC clearance from the rabbit anterior chamber. The mean time for 50% clearance (T50) of RBCs from diabetics (76 hours) was significantly longer than that for RBCs from normal subjects (19.5 hours). In this model, RBCs from diabetics have a slower clearance from the anterior chamber than do RBCs from normal subjects.","Clearance from the anterior chamber of RBCs from human diabetics Abs: Erythrocytes from diabetic patients manifest decreased deformability and increased adherence. These abnormal membrane properties may diminish the ability of erythrocytes (RBCs) from diabetics to undergo deformation in passage through the trabecular meshwork. Using sodium chromate Cr 51-labeled RBCs from type I diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy and normal control subjects, we studied RBC clearance from the rabbit anterior chamber. The mean time for 50% clearance (T50) of RBCs from diabetics (76 hours) was significantly longer than that for RBCs from normal subjects (19.5 hours). In this model, RBCs from diabetics have a slower clearance from the anterior chamber than do RBCs from normal subjects.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237670,Robustelli DELLA CUNA et al. 1972,Transformation into acute leukemia of a case of involutive myelopathy due to benzene poisoning,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This case was followed up for 3 yr. Morphological, radioisotopic and cytogenetic studies were carried out. Since no bone marrow aspirate could be recovered by biopsy in repeated attempts for study, a satisfactory evaluation of the erythropoietic function and the kinetics of the Fe pools were obtained by means of radioactively labelled ferrous citrate and sodium chromate. The erythrokinetic study showed a low-rate incorporation into bone marrow and a high splenic uptake of the Fe-59. Cytogenetic investigation of the cultured peripheral lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin stimulation showed a high rate of both stable and unstable chromosome alterations at the onset of the hemopathy. In the following years cells with more dispersed karyotypes disappeared. In the blastic stage, when myeloblasts appeared in the peripheral blood, 3 well-defined cell lines were observed: euploid, hypoploid (44 chromosomes) and hyperdiploid (47 chromosomes). Aneuploid karyotypes were defined by an extra chromosome of the 16-18 group and by deletion of a chromosome of the 17th pair. The hypothesis is suggested that a selective advantage of an abnormal clone (with chromosome alterations induced by benzene) might be responsible for the leukemic transformation in this case.","Transformation into acute leukemia of a case of involutive myelopathy due to benzene poisoning Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This case was followed up for 3 yr. Morphological, radioisotopic and cytogenetic studies were carried out. Since no bone marrow aspirate could be recovered by biopsy in repeated attempts for study, a satisfactory evaluation of the erythropoietic function and the kinetics of the Fe pools were obtained by means of radioactively labelled ferrous citrate and sodium chromate. The erythrokinetic study showed a low-rate incorporation into bone marrow and a high splenic uptake of the Fe-59. Cytogenetic investigation of the cultured peripheral lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin stimulation showed a high rate of both stable and unstable chromosome alterations at the onset of the hemopathy. In the following years cells with more dispersed karyotypes disappeared. In the blastic stage, when myeloblasts appeared in the peripheral blood, 3 well-defined cell lines were observed: euploid, hypoploid (44 chromosomes) and hyperdiploid (47 chromosomes). Aneuploid karyotypes were defined by an extra chromosome of the 16-18 group and by deletion of a chromosome of the 17th pair. The hypothesis is suggested that a selective advantage of an abnormal clone (with chromosome alterations induced by benzene) might be responsible for the leukemic transformation in this case.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509764,Revanasiddappa and  Kiran Kumar 2003,A highly sensitive spectrophotometric determination of chromium using leuco Xylene cyanol FF,"A highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of chromium with leuco Xylene cynaol FF. The method is based on the oxidation of leuco Xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of Xylene cyanol FF by chromium(VI) in sulphuric acid medium (pH 1.2-2.4), the absorbance of the formed dye is measured in an acetate buffer medium (pH 3.0-4.6) at 615 nm. The method obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.05-0.45 mug ml(-l) chromium, having molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 8.23x10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-l) and 0.00063 mug cm(-2), respectively. All the variables were studied in order to optimise the reaction conditions. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of chromium in steels, pharmaceutical samples, industrial effluents, natural water, and soil.","A highly sensitive spectrophotometric determination of chromium using leuco Xylene cyanol FF Abs: A highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of chromium with leuco Xylene cynaol FF. The method is based on the oxidation of leuco Xylene cyanol FF (LXCFF) to its blue form of Xylene cyanol FF by chromium(VI) in sulphuric acid medium (pH 1.2-2.4), the absorbance of the formed dye is measured in an acetate buffer medium (pH 3.0-4.6) at 615 nm. The method obeys Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.05-0.45 mug ml(-l) chromium, having molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity of 8.23x10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-l) and 0.00063 mug cm(-2), respectively. All the variables were studied in order to optimise the reaction conditions. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of chromium in steels, pharmaceutical samples, industrial effluents, natural water, and soil.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234707,Odberg-Ferragut et al. 1991,"Stress protein synthesis, a potential toxicity marker in Escherichia coli","Various chemicals were tested in Escherichia coli for the ability to modify the cellular growth rate and to induce the synthesis of heat shock and stress proteins. The toxicity of chemicals as observed by modification of the growth rate depended on concentration and duration of treatment, except for thiram. In this last case, no modification was observed up to a concentration of 10 micrograms.ml-1. In contrast, all toxicants tested enhanced the synthesis of heat shock and stress proteins. The stress response was similar but not identical. Heat shock proteins and stress proteins appear to be a more sensitive toxicity marker than growth inhibition. Suggestions for the use of stress proteins as a practical bioassay are made.","Stress protein synthesis, a potential toxicity marker in Escherichia coli Abs: Various chemicals were tested in Escherichia coli for the ability to modify the cellular growth rate and to induce the synthesis of heat shock and stress proteins. The toxicity of chemicals as observed by modification of the growth rate depended on concentration and duration of treatment, except for thiram. In this last case, no modification was observed up to a concentration of 10 micrograms.ml-1. In contrast, all toxicants tested enhanced the synthesis of heat shock and stress proteins. The stress response was similar but not identical. Heat shock proteins and stress proteins appear to be a more sensitive toxicity marker than growth inhibition. Suggestions for the use of stress proteins as a practical bioassay are made.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230985,Leduc et al. 1989,Multilayered distribution of peptidoglycan in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli,"When a staining technique using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in 10% (w/v) chromic acid was applied to cells of Escherichia coli, the periplasmic space was seen as a dark 15-nm-thick layer of uniform appearance and constant width. Our observations are consistent with peptidoglycan being the main material stained. Isolated sacculi as well as purified peptidoglycan (protein free) were also stained by the same procedure, the thickness of the peptidoglycan being 8.8 +/- 1.8 and 6.6 +/- 1.5 nm, respectively. The increased thickness of the PTA-stained layer in stationary phase cells correlated well with the increased thickness of isolated sacculi or purified peptidoglycan and with the increased amount of peptidoglycan in such cells. Thickness measurements on isolated peptidoglycan were compatible with a two to three layer structure for material from exponential phase cells and with a four to five layer structure for that from stationary phase cells. Furthermore, the results indicated an uneven distribution of peptidoglycan material in the periplasmic space, the peptidoglycan spanning the space from the inner to the outer membrane.","Multilayered distribution of peptidoglycan in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli Abs: When a staining technique using phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in 10% (w/v) chromic acid was applied to cells of Escherichia coli, the periplasmic space was seen as a dark 15-nm-thick layer of uniform appearance and constant width. Our observations are consistent with peptidoglycan being the main material stained. Isolated sacculi as well as purified peptidoglycan (protein free) were also stained by the same procedure, the thickness of the peptidoglycan being 8.8 +/- 1.8 and 6.6 +/- 1.5 nm, respectively. The increased thickness of the PTA-stained layer in stationary phase cells correlated well with the increased thickness of isolated sacculi or purified peptidoglycan and with the increased amount of peptidoglycan in such cells. Thickness measurements on isolated peptidoglycan were compatible with a two to three layer structure for material from exponential phase cells and with a four to five layer structure for that from stationary phase cells. Furthermore, the results indicated an uneven distribution of peptidoglycan material in the periplasmic space, the peptidoglycan spanning the space from the inner to the outer membrane.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234167,Botha and  Ross 2008,A nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy comparison of 3C trituration derived and 4C trituration derived remedies,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Trituration of base substances, commonly to the 3cH level, is the cornerstone of the homeopathic pharmaceutical process or insoluble solutions. Becker and Ehrler claim that trituration to 4cH gives a new, spiritual dimension to the homoeopathic medicine picture.<br /><br /><strong>AIM AND METHOD: </strong>This study sought to establish whether the claim that C4-derived potencies possess different physicochemical qualities to the homoeopathic medicines derived from a 3cH trituration is valid. All potencies were produced by hand according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). Five different samples were analysed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The results indicated a significant difference between the 12cH samples of potassium dichromate (Kalium bichromicum) produced from 3cH and 4cH triturations. This was especially prominent in the chemical shift values of all four peaks and the relative integration levels of the H(2)O, OH and CH(3) peaks when comparing two sample groups.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Trituration plays a part in the development of physicochemical properties specific to homoeopathic medicines. The higher the level of trituration, the more pronounced is the alteration of the physical structure of the active ingredient. The study concludes that 4cH potencies are physicochemically distinct from 3cH-derived potencies (as currently employed).","A nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy comparison of 3C trituration derived and 4C trituration derived remedies Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Trituration of base substances, commonly to the 3cH level, is the cornerstone of the homeopathic pharmaceutical process or insoluble solutions. Becker and Ehrler claim that trituration to 4cH gives a new, spiritual dimension to the homoeopathic medicine picture.<br /><br /><strong>AIM AND METHOD: </strong>This study sought to establish whether the claim that C4-derived potencies possess different physicochemical qualities to the homoeopathic medicines derived from a 3cH trituration is valid. All potencies were produced by hand according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP). Five different samples were analysed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The results indicated a significant difference between the 12cH samples of potassium dichromate (Kalium bichromicum) produced from 3cH and 4cH triturations. This was especially prominent in the chemical shift values of all four peaks and the relative integration levels of the H(2)O, OH and CH(3) peaks when comparing two sample groups.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Trituration plays a part in the development of physicochemical properties specific to homoeopathic medicines. The higher the level of trituration, the more pronounced is the alteration of the physical structure of the active ingredient. The study concludes that 4cH potencies are physicochemically distinct from 3cH-derived potencies (as currently employed).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577572,Deng et al. 2012,Application of Porous N-Methylimidazolium Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resins on Cr(VI) Adsorption from Electroplating Wastewater,,Application of Porous N-Methylimidazolium Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resins on Cr(VI) Adsorption from Electroplating Wastewater Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509696,Gokhale et al. 2008,Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of chromium (VI) biosorption on fresh and spent Spirulina platensis/Chlorella vulgaris biomass,"Biosorption of chromium (VI) was studied using both fresh and spent algal biomass of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Both showed comparable behavior suggesting that biosorption is primarily a surface phenomenon. Biosorption rate was very fast during the first five minutes, in which almost 50% of the chromium (VI) was adsorbed. Two step kinetic model was proposed for biosorption. Equilibrium data obeyed Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Fresh algal biomass of S. platensis gave maximum of 73.6% biosorption of chromium (VI) in 100 ppm solution at 1 g l(-1) cell loading. For improved economics, beta-carotene was extracted from S. platensis and the spent biomass was used for chromium (VI) biosorption. The maximum biosorption by spent biomass was increased to 86.2%. Thus, this two step process not only showed improved efficiency in biosorption ( approximately 17% increase) but also gave valuable byproduct, namely beta-carotene.","Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of chromium (VI) biosorption on fresh and spent Spirulina platensis/Chlorella vulgaris biomass Abs: Biosorption of chromium (VI) was studied using both fresh and spent algal biomass of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Both showed comparable behavior suggesting that biosorption is primarily a surface phenomenon. Biosorption rate was very fast during the first five minutes, in which almost 50% of the chromium (VI) was adsorbed. Two step kinetic model was proposed for biosorption. Equilibrium data obeyed Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Fresh algal biomass of S. platensis gave maximum of 73.6% biosorption of chromium (VI) in 100 ppm solution at 1 g l(-1) cell loading. For improved economics, beta-carotene was extracted from S. platensis and the spent biomass was used for chromium (VI) biosorption. The maximum biosorption by spent biomass was increased to 86.2%. Thus, this two step process not only showed improved efficiency in biosorption ( approximately 17% increase) but also gave valuable byproduct, namely beta-carotene.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510479,Mahmoud et al. 2008,Development of a method for chromium speciation by selective solid phase extraction and preconcentration on alumina-functionalized thiosemicarbazide,,Development of a method for chromium speciation by selective solid phase extraction and preconcentration on alumina-functionalized thiosemicarbazide Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514234,Aide 1992,Influence of organic matter and O-phosphate on chromium(VI) adsorption,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recent investigations of the soil chemistry of chromium suggest that chromium may exist in two forms: (1) the chromate anion and (2) the chronic cation. The present study used chromate absorption isotherms on selected horizons from six soils differing in texture. pH, and organic carbon. Generally, higher levels of organic carbon were associated with enhanced chromate adsorptivity, while o-phosphate, as a co-solute, inhibited chromate adsorptivity. Organic carbon was inferred to easily reduce chromate, giving appearances of a high selectivity. Chromate adsorption in organic carbon impoverished horizons is proposed to be a combination of anionic reduction by Fe(II)-Mn(II) and an anionic competitive exchange reaction.","Influence of organic matter and O-phosphate on chromium(VI) adsorption Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recent investigations of the soil chemistry of chromium suggest that chromium may exist in two forms: (1) the chromate anion and (2) the chronic cation. The present study used chromate absorption isotherms on selected horizons from six soils differing in texture. pH, and organic carbon. Generally, higher levels of organic carbon were associated with enhanced chromate adsorptivity, while o-phosphate, as a co-solute, inhibited chromate adsorptivity. Organic carbon was inferred to easily reduce chromate, giving appearances of a high selectivity. Chromate adsorption in organic carbon impoverished horizons is proposed to be a combination of anionic reduction by Fe(II)-Mn(II) and an anionic competitive exchange reaction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577531,Chakravarti et al. 1995,LIQUID MEMBRANE MULTIPLE EMULSION PROCESS OF CHROMIUM(VI) SEPARATION FROM WASTE-WATERS,,LIQUID MEMBRANE MULTIPLE EMULSION PROCESS OF CHROMIUM(VI) SEPARATION FROM WASTE-WATERS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509652,Allegretti et al. 2006,The role of higher polythionates in the reduction of chromium(VI) by Acidithiobacillus and Thiobacillus cultures,"In this paper, we report the chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of Acidithiobacillus and Thiobacillus cultures. Chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of A. ferrooxidans cultures under acidic conditions was higher than that observed for A. thiooxidans. However, at pH close to 7, chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of T. thioparus cultures was as high as that by filtrates of A. thiooxidans cultures and much higher than that observed for A. ferrooxidans cultures at the same pH. The capability of these cultures to reduce chromium(VI) was associated specifically with the fraction of cultures (cells, sulphur and associated sulphur compounds) retained by filtration through a 0.45mum filter. In the fraction that comes from A. thiooxidans culture, polythionates (S(x)O(6)(2-)) with 3-7 sulphur atoms were detected and identified (by HPLC with MS as detector). The model of vesicles containing polythionates, sulphur and water agrees with our results.","The role of higher polythionates in the reduction of chromium(VI) by Acidithiobacillus and Thiobacillus cultures Abs: In this paper, we report the chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of Acidithiobacillus and Thiobacillus cultures. Chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of A. ferrooxidans cultures under acidic conditions was higher than that observed for A. thiooxidans. However, at pH close to 7, chromium(VI) reduction by filtrates of T. thioparus cultures was as high as that by filtrates of A. thiooxidans cultures and much higher than that observed for A. ferrooxidans cultures at the same pH. The capability of these cultures to reduce chromium(VI) was associated specifically with the fraction of cultures (cells, sulphur and associated sulphur compounds) retained by filtration through a 0.45mum filter. In the fraction that comes from A. thiooxidans culture, polythionates (S(x)O(6)(2-)) with 3-7 sulphur atoms were detected and identified (by HPLC with MS as detector). The model of vesicles containing polythionates, sulphur and water agrees with our results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509914,Asakai and  Hioki 2012,Evaluation of the stability of iron(II) solutions by precise coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV),"An iron(II) solution is often used as a reducing agent in titrimetry and standardized with cerium(IV) or potassium dichromate. Such an iron(II) standard solution is needed for not only titrimetric analyses, but also instrumental ones. Iron(II) is unstable even in a highly acidic solution, mainly due to air-oxidation; therefore, its standardization is required before use. In the present study, the concentration of an iron(II) solution was accurately determined by coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV), and also by gravimetric titration with a standard potassium dichromate; new useful information concerning the stability of iron(II) solutions in aqueous sulfuric acid was obtained. The current efficiency of the coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV) was not very high; however, it was found that the titration efficiency was sufficient to assay an iron(II) solution.","Evaluation of the stability of iron(II) solutions by precise coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV) Abs: An iron(II) solution is often used as a reducing agent in titrimetry and standardized with cerium(IV) or potassium dichromate. Such an iron(II) standard solution is needed for not only titrimetric analyses, but also instrumental ones. Iron(II) is unstable even in a highly acidic solution, mainly due to air-oxidation; therefore, its standardization is required before use. In the present study, the concentration of an iron(II) solution was accurately determined by coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV), and also by gravimetric titration with a standard potassium dichromate; new useful information concerning the stability of iron(II) solutions in aqueous sulfuric acid was obtained. The current efficiency of the coulometric titration with electrogenerated cerium(IV) was not very high; however, it was found that the titration efficiency was sufficient to assay an iron(II) solution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578139,Kazmi and  Rahman 1997,Kinetics and mechanism of conversion of carcinogen hexavalent Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by reduction with ascorbate,To asses the therapeutic efficacy of ascorbic acid in preventing toxic and mutagenic effects of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) the Kinetics and mechanism of reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbate has been studied. The reduction was done under pseudo first order condition by taking an excess of ascorbate over hexavalent chromium species. The rise of absorbance of Cr(III) was monitored at 578 nm. The observed rate constants then determined showed a dependence on both ascorbate concentration and pH as well. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of reduction of hexavalent chromium is discussed in order to explain this.,Kinetics and mechanism of conversion of carcinogen hexavalent Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by reduction with ascorbate Abs: To asses the therapeutic efficacy of ascorbic acid in preventing toxic and mutagenic effects of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) the Kinetics and mechanism of reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbate has been studied. The reduction was done under pseudo first order condition by taking an excess of ascorbate over hexavalent chromium species. The rise of absorbance of Cr(III) was monitored at 578 nm. The observed rate constants then determined showed a dependence on both ascorbate concentration and pH as well. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of reduction of hexavalent chromium is discussed in order to explain this.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509899,Lee and  Lim 2012,Inhibitory effect of Styrax Japonica Siebold et al. Zuccarini glycoprotein (38 kDa) on interleukin-1? and induction proteins in chromium(VI)-treated BNL CL.2 cells,"Chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] induces chronic inflammation in hepatocytes. Inflammation has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. To examine the effects of the Styrax Japonica Siebold et al. Zuccarini (SJSZ) glycoprotein on inflammation in BNL CL.2 cells, we evaluated the activities of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor (NF)-?B (p50 and p65), and inflammation-related factors [cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide syntheses (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1?] in Cr-induced BNL CL.2 cells using immunoblot analysis and RT-PCR. We also used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to compare between treatments. To determine which proteins are induced by Cr(VI), we evaluated total protein lysates using 2-DE. After Cr(VI) treatment, total protein lysates were prepared and resolved by 2-DE. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that the SJSZ glycoprotein (50 ?g/ml) inhibits expression of JNK, ERK, NF-?B, and the expression of COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1?. Moreover, the results obtained from 2DE showed that four proteins out of nine proteins were relatively expressed strongly, while the rest of them were relatively appeared weakly on the gel. Taken together, these data indicate that the SJSZ glycoprotein prevents expression of COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1? by blocking NF-?B and MAPKs in Cr(VI)-induced BNL CL.2 cells.","Inhibitory effect of Styrax Japonica Siebold et al. Zuccarini glycoprotein (38 kDa) on interleukin-1? and induction proteins in chromium(VI)-treated BNL CL.2 cells Abs: Chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] induces chronic inflammation in hepatocytes. Inflammation has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. To examine the effects of the Styrax Japonica Siebold et al. Zuccarini (SJSZ) glycoprotein on inflammation in BNL CL.2 cells, we evaluated the activities of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor (NF)-?B (p50 and p65), and inflammation-related factors [cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide syntheses (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1?] in Cr-induced BNL CL.2 cells using immunoblot analysis and RT-PCR. We also used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to compare between treatments. To determine which proteins are induced by Cr(VI), we evaluated total protein lysates using 2-DE. After Cr(VI) treatment, total protein lysates were prepared and resolved by 2-DE. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that the SJSZ glycoprotein (50 ?g/ml) inhibits expression of JNK, ERK, NF-?B, and the expression of COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1?. Moreover, the results obtained from 2DE showed that four proteins out of nine proteins were relatively expressed strongly, while the rest of them were relatively appeared weakly on the gel. Taken together, these data indicate that the SJSZ glycoprotein prevents expression of COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1? by blocking NF-?B and MAPKs in Cr(VI)-induced BNL CL.2 cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225464,Brown et al. 2013,Consequences of exposure to peri-articular injections of micro- and nano-particulate cobalt-Chromium alloy,,Consequences of exposure to peri-articular injections of micro- and nano-particulate cobalt-Chromium alloy Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290417,Skaug et al. 1985,In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Fibrous and Non-Fibrous Lead Chromate Particles in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Rat Alveolar Macrophages,"The cytotoxic effects of fibrous (FLC) and nonfibrous (NFLC) lead-chromate (7758976) particles were investigated in two different in-vitro assays: human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) from normal adult autopsy tissue, and Wistar-rat alveolar macrophages (AM). Particle solubility was dependent on medium composition and time. As measured by the depression of clonal growth rate as a function of dose, the 50 percent cytotoxic dose for HBE cells was 100 and 250 micrograms/milliliter for FLC and NFLC, respectively. Sodium-chromate (7775113) produced dose dependent cytotoxicity on AM and caused a much greater release of lactate-dehydrogenase from these cells. The cytotoxic effects of FLC and NFLC on rat AM did not differ significantly from each other. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that FLC were ingested by HBE cells, being located primarily within the cytoplasm. The authors conclude that lead-chromate fibers less than 5 microns in length and 0.1 to 0.2 microns in width and nonfibrous lead-chromate do not seem to induce any profound acute effect on AM membranes.","In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Fibrous and Non-Fibrous Lead Chromate Particles in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Rat Alveolar Macrophages Abs: The cytotoxic effects of fibrous (FLC) and nonfibrous (NFLC) lead-chromate (7758976) particles were investigated in two different in-vitro assays: human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE) from normal adult autopsy tissue, and Wistar-rat alveolar macrophages (AM). Particle solubility was dependent on medium composition and time. As measured by the depression of clonal growth rate as a function of dose, the 50 percent cytotoxic dose for HBE cells was 100 and 250 micrograms/milliliter for FLC and NFLC, respectively. Sodium-chromate (7775113) produced dose dependent cytotoxicity on AM and caused a much greater release of lactate-dehydrogenase from these cells. The cytotoxic effects of FLC and NFLC on rat AM did not differ significantly from each other. Scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed that FLC were ingested by HBE cells, being located primarily within the cytoplasm. The authors conclude that lead-chromate fibers less than 5 microns in length and 0.1 to 0.2 microns in width and nonfibrous lead-chromate do not seem to induce any profound acute effect on AM membranes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786447,Zhang et al. 2013,A proof-of-concept fluorescent strategy for highly selective detection of Cr(vi) based on inner filter effect using a hydrophilic ionic chemosensor,,A proof-of-concept fluorescent strategy for highly selective detection of Cr(vi) based on inner filter effect using a hydrophilic ionic chemosensor Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510084,Thompson 1995,"Case History of a Clean Water Act Compliance Agreement at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site near Golden, Colorado","Environmental remediation conference: committed to results, Denver, CO (United States), 13-18 Aug 1995. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. r Clean Water Act (CWA) Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement was signed on March 25, 1991 by the US Department of Energy, Rocky Flats Field Office (DOE, RFFO) and the Water Enforcement Division of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region VIII. The agreement revised the Rocky Flats Plant's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and arose from pemittee-requested changes in effluent monitoring points and permit violations, most notably the February 22, 1989 Chromic Acid Incident. The Compliance Agreement, hereafter referred to as the NPDES FFCA, called for three separate remedial action plans and contained a schedule for their submittal to the EPA. The compliance plans focused on: (1) Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) performance upgrades, (2) source control and surface water protection, and (3) characterization of the impacts from past sludge disposal practices. Projects that implemented the compliance plans were initiated soon after submittal to the EPA and are forecast to complete in 1997 at a total cost of over $35 million. This paper presents a case history of NPDES FFCA compliance projects and highlights the successes, failures, and lessons learned.","Case History of a Clean Water Act Compliance Agreement at the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site near Golden, Colorado Abs: Environmental remediation conference: committed to results, Denver, CO (United States), 13-18 Aug 1995. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. r Clean Water Act (CWA) Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement was signed on March 25, 1991 by the US Department of Energy, Rocky Flats Field Office (DOE, RFFO) and the Water Enforcement Division of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region VIII. The agreement revised the Rocky Flats Plant's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and arose from pemittee-requested changes in effluent monitoring points and permit violations, most notably the February 22, 1989 Chromic Acid Incident. The Compliance Agreement, hereafter referred to as the NPDES FFCA, called for three separate remedial action plans and contained a schedule for their submittal to the EPA. The compliance plans focused on: (1) Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) performance upgrades, (2) source control and surface water protection, and (3) characterization of the impacts from past sludge disposal practices. Projects that implemented the compliance plans were initiated soon after submittal to the EPA and are forecast to complete in 1997 at a total cost of over $35 million. This paper presents a case history of NPDES FFCA compliance projects and highlights the successes, failures, and lessons learned.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516178,Morales-Rubio 1996,Modern strategies for the rapid determination of metals in sewage sludges. AU - DE LA GUARDIA M,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The state-of-the-art of the analysis of metals in sewage sludges is presented, with special attention to aspects such as sample preparation and the fast analytical control of as many elements as possible in a single sample. The need for simple, accurate and precise procedures for evaluating the toxicity of sewage sludges and their suitability for agricultural use is referred also to the development of speciation strategies. For the latter purpose the combination of chromatography and atomic spectrometry will be helpful for identifying the chemical forms of metals in sewage sludges, but this strategy must be combined with the use of mild and quantitative methods for fast and selective leaching of the different chemical species without modifying the composition of samples.","Modern strategies for the rapid determination of metals in sewage sludges. AU - DE LA GUARDIA M Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The state-of-the-art of the analysis of metals in sewage sludges is presented, with special attention to aspects such as sample preparation and the fast analytical control of as many elements as possible in a single sample. The need for simple, accurate and precise procedures for evaluating the toxicity of sewage sludges and their suitability for agricultural use is referred also to the development of speciation strategies. For the latter purpose the combination of chromatography and atomic spectrometry will be helpful for identifying the chemical forms of metals in sewage sludges, but this strategy must be combined with the use of mild and quantitative methods for fast and selective leaching of the different chemical species without modifying the composition of samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225405,Ewais and  Ismail 2013,Mechanism of electron transfer reaction of ternary dipicolinatochromium(III) complex involving oxalate as secondary ligand,,Mechanism of electron transfer reaction of ternary dipicolinatochromium(III) complex involving oxalate as secondary ligand Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786382,De Sousa et al. 2013,Insights into the electrochemical behaviour of composite materials: Monovacant polyoxometalates @ porous metal-organic framework,,Insights into the electrochemical behaviour of composite materials: Monovacant polyoxometalates @ porous metal-organic framework Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231208,Maguire et al. 1995,Reduction of the efficiency of extraction of lipophilic chemicals from water by dissolved organic matter,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was made of the efficiency of liquid-liquid extraction of eight chlorinated hydrocarbons of varying lipophilicity from filtered (1 muM) organic-free water, soil humic acid solution, lacustrine dissolved organic matter solution, and a natural water. The efficiency of hexane extraction of the spiked chemicals without pH adjustment (i.e., the conventional technique) was reduced with increasing concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increasing chemical lipophilicity. At the same time, increasing amounts of the more lipophilic chemicals were found in subsequent extracts of the water at pH 12, and after chromic acid oxidation of the DOM. The results indicated that conventional liquid-liquid extraction underestimates the concentrations of ""dissolved"" highly lipophilic chemicals in fresh water, the extent of the underestimation depending upon the nature of the DOM. Sixteen-day exposure experiments with filtered natural waters containing roughly 5 mg DOM ind","Reduction of the efficiency of extraction of lipophilic chemicals from water by dissolved organic matter Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A study was made of the efficiency of liquid-liquid extraction of eight chlorinated hydrocarbons of varying lipophilicity from filtered (1 muM) organic-free water, soil humic acid solution, lacustrine dissolved organic matter solution, and a natural water. The efficiency of hexane extraction of the spiked chemicals without pH adjustment (i.e., the conventional technique) was reduced with increasing concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increasing chemical lipophilicity. At the same time, increasing amounts of the more lipophilic chemicals were found in subsequent extracts of the water at pH 12, and after chromic acid oxidation of the DOM. The results indicated that conventional liquid-liquid extraction underestimates the concentrations of ""dissolved"" highly lipophilic chemicals in fresh water, the extent of the underestimation depending upon the nature of the DOM. Sixteen-day exposure experiments with filtered natural waters containing roughly 5 mg DOM ind",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232039,Aldrich et al. 2003,Uptake and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by mesquite (Prosopis spp.): chromate-plant interaction in hydroponics and solid media studied using XAS,"Chromium (Cr) is a well-established carcinogen that is a contaminant at half of the EPA Superfund sites in the United States. Two separate studies were performed to investigate the possibility that mesquite (Prosopis spp.), which is an indigenous desert plant species, can remove Cr from the environment via active transport systems to the aerial portions of the plant. The first study was performed by growing mesquite on solid media (agar) at Cr(VI) concentrations of 75 and 125 ppm. The accumulation found in the leaves under the present conditions indicated that mesquite could be classified as a hyperaccumulator of chromium. The second study was conducted to investigate the differences between the type of Cr ligand involved in Cr uptake with agar and hydroponic cultures. We used X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine the mechanisms involved in the uptake and binding of Cr(VI) in live mesquite tissue. The XAS results for this study showed that some of the supplied Cr(VI) was uptaken by the mesquite roots; however, the data analyses of the plant tissues demonstrated that it was fully reduced to Cr(III) in the leaf tissues. Experiments are currently being performed to evaluate the behavior of the Mesquite plant using lower Cr concentrations.","Uptake and reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by mesquite (Prosopis spp.): chromate-plant interaction in hydroponics and solid media studied using XAS Abs: Chromium (Cr) is a well-established carcinogen that is a contaminant at half of the EPA Superfund sites in the United States. Two separate studies were performed to investigate the possibility that mesquite (Prosopis spp.), which is an indigenous desert plant species, can remove Cr from the environment via active transport systems to the aerial portions of the plant. The first study was performed by growing mesquite on solid media (agar) at Cr(VI) concentrations of 75 and 125 ppm. The accumulation found in the leaves under the present conditions indicated that mesquite could be classified as a hyperaccumulator of chromium. The second study was conducted to investigate the differences between the type of Cr ligand involved in Cr uptake with agar and hydroponic cultures. We used X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to determine the mechanisms involved in the uptake and binding of Cr(VI) in live mesquite tissue. The XAS results for this study showed that some of the supplied Cr(VI) was uptaken by the mesquite roots; however, the data analyses of the plant tissues demonstrated that it was fully reduced to Cr(III) in the leaf tissues. Experiments are currently being performed to evaluate the behavior of the Mesquite plant using lower Cr concentrations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1016975,Rizki et al. 2002,Influence of sodium arsenite on the genotoxicity of potassium dichromate and ethyl methanesulfonate: studies with the wing spot test in Drosophila,"The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster was used to investigate the genotoxicity of arsenic and its effects on the action of two clearly genotoxic agents: potassium dichromate (PDC) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). This assay is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosity of the suitable recessive markers multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr(3)) can lead to the formation of mutant clones of larval cells, which are then expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. These spots can be attributed to different genotoxic events: either mitotic recombination or mutation (deletion, point mutation, and specific types of translocation). Pretreatments and chronic cotreatments were comparatively used for combined treatments. From the results obtained it is evident that sodium arsenite (SA) does not increase the frequency of any of the three categories of spots recorded (small, large, and twin spots) at the concentrations tested. The effects of SA in combination with PDC, in both cotreatments and pretreatments, indicate that SA almost suppressed the clones induced by PDC. Nevertheless, no effects of arsenic were observed with respect to the pre- and cotreatments with EMS. Thus, SA does not modify the frequencies of mutant clones induced by EMS.","Influence of sodium arsenite on the genotoxicity of potassium dichromate and ethyl methanesulfonate: studies with the wing spot test in Drosophila Abs: The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster was used to investigate the genotoxicity of arsenic and its effects on the action of two clearly genotoxic agents: potassium dichromate (PDC) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). This assay is based on the principle that the loss of heterozygosity of the suitable recessive markers multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare-3 (flr(3)) can lead to the formation of mutant clones of larval cells, which are then expressed as spots on the wings of adult flies. These spots can be attributed to different genotoxic events: either mitotic recombination or mutation (deletion, point mutation, and specific types of translocation). Pretreatments and chronic cotreatments were comparatively used for combined treatments. From the results obtained it is evident that sodium arsenite (SA) does not increase the frequency of any of the three categories of spots recorded (small, large, and twin spots) at the concentrations tested. The effects of SA in combination with PDC, in both cotreatments and pretreatments, indicate that SA almost suppressed the clones induced by PDC. Nevertheless, no effects of arsenic were observed with respect to the pre- and cotreatments with EMS. Thus, SA does not modify the frequencies of mutant clones induced by EMS.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225272,Bianchini et al. 2013,OPHIOLITE INHERITANCE IN THE PO PLAIN SEDIMENTS: INSIGHTS ON HEAVY METALS DISTRIBUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT,,OPHIOLITE INHERITANCE IN THE PO PLAIN SEDIMENTS: INSIGHTS ON HEAVY METALS DISTRIBUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225469,Zhang et al. 2013,HNO3-involved one-step low temperature solvothermal synthesis of N-doped TiO2 nanocrystals for efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in water,"A one-step low temperature (180 degrees C) solvothermal route, which utilized HNO3 as the nitrogen source, was proposed for the synthesis of nanocrystalline N-doped TiO2 (denoted as TiO2-HNO3). The structure, composition, BET specific surface area and optical properties of TiO2-HNO3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic properties of TiO2-HNO3 were tested for the reduction of Cr(VI) in water under both UV and visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation, and compared with those of TiO2-NH3 center dot H2O (which was solvothermally synthesized using NH3 center dot H2O as the nitrogen source) and TiO2 P25. The photocatalytic results demonstrated that TiO2-HNO3 possessed much higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2-NH3 center dot H2O and TiO2 P25 in the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under both UV and visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation, and the dosage of TiO2-HNO3 and the initial concentration of Cr(VI) aqueous solution had significant effects on the efficiency of Cr(VI) reduction. Besides, Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) after the TiO2-HNO3-mediated photocatalytic reactions. The present work suggests that HNO3 is a promising nitrogen source for low temperature solvothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline N-doped TiO2, which can be applied as a visible light-activated photocatalyst in efficient utilization of solar energy for treating Cr(VI) wastewater. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","HNO3-involved one-step low temperature solvothermal synthesis of N-doped TiO2 nanocrystals for efficient photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in water Abs: A one-step low temperature (180 degrees C) solvothermal route, which utilized HNO3 as the nitrogen source, was proposed for the synthesis of nanocrystalline N-doped TiO2 (denoted as TiO2-HNO3). The structure, composition, BET specific surface area and optical properties of TiO2-HNO3 were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, N-2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic properties of TiO2-HNO3 were tested for the reduction of Cr(VI) in water under both UV and visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation, and compared with those of TiO2-NH3 center dot H2O (which was solvothermally synthesized using NH3 center dot H2O as the nitrogen source) and TiO2 P25. The photocatalytic results demonstrated that TiO2-HNO3 possessed much higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2-NH3 center dot H2O and TiO2 P25 in the reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) under both UV and visible light (lambda > 420 nm) irradiation, and the dosage of TiO2-HNO3 and the initial concentration of Cr(VI) aqueous solution had significant effects on the efficiency of Cr(VI) reduction. Besides, Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) after the TiO2-HNO3-mediated photocatalytic reactions. The present work suggests that HNO3 is a promising nitrogen source for low temperature solvothermal synthesis of nanocrystalline N-doped TiO2, which can be applied as a visible light-activated photocatalyst in efficient utilization of solar energy for treating Cr(VI) wastewater. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576757,Fu et al. 1998,Adsorption and photocatalytic detoxification of Cr(VI) ion on TiO2,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Adsorption of Cr(VI) on TiO2 decreased with the increase of the suspension pH. The largest Cr(VI) adsorption appeared when its initial concentration was about 300 mumol. The existence of H2PO4- anion and acetic acid decreased the adsorption efficiency of Cr (VI) , and formic acid promoted its adsorption efficiency. Other organic molecules had noninterference with Cr (VI) adsorption, and competitive adsorption did not happen between them. System pH had remarkable effects on photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) on TiO2. H2PO4 - anion and Mn2+ cation both had inhibition on Cr (VI) reduction. Different organic compounds had different influences on Cr(VI) reduction because of their different electrical properties. Under the sunlight irradiation, Cr (VI) reduction was also observed on TiO2 photocatalyst. After separation of the catalyst, chromium was removed and detoxified from the waste water by adjusting the pH of the system. TiO2 photocatalyst was reactivated and reused af","Adsorption and photocatalytic detoxification of Cr(VI) ion on TiO2 Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Adsorption of Cr(VI) on TiO2 decreased with the increase of the suspension pH. The largest Cr(VI) adsorption appeared when its initial concentration was about 300 mumol. The existence of H2PO4- anion and acetic acid decreased the adsorption efficiency of Cr (VI) , and formic acid promoted its adsorption efficiency. Other organic molecules had noninterference with Cr (VI) adsorption, and competitive adsorption did not happen between them. System pH had remarkable effects on photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) on TiO2. H2PO4 - anion and Mn2+ cation both had inhibition on Cr (VI) reduction. Different organic compounds had different influences on Cr(VI) reduction because of their different electrical properties. Under the sunlight irradiation, Cr (VI) reduction was also observed on TiO2 photocatalyst. After separation of the catalyst, chromium was removed and detoxified from the waste water by adjusting the pH of the system. TiO2 photocatalyst was reactivated and reused af",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509849,Sun et al. 2011,Degradation of pyridine by one Rhodococcus strain in the presence of chromium (VI) or phenol,"A Rhodococcus strain, Chr-9, which has the ability to degrade pyridine and phenol and reduce chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) was isolated. The strain could grow with pyridine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and its pyridine-degradation capability was enhanced by 100 mg l(-1) phenol; however, the degradation of pyridine was inhibited when the phenol concentration was greater than 400 mg l(-1). The hydroxylation of pyridine suggested that the stimulation and inhibition of phenol to the pyridine degradation may be attributed to competition of phenol and pyridine for the hydroxylase gene. Strain Chr-9 was also able to reduce Cr (VI) when glucose and LB was used as the carbon source; however, the Cr (VI) reduction did not occur when pyridine was the sole carbon and energy source. In addition, strain Chr-9 could reduce Cr (VI) and simultaneously degrade pyridine in the presence of glucose. To the best of our knowledge, strain Chr-9 is the first Rhodococcus strain reported to degrade pyridine in the presence of Cr (VI), and the first strain with the pyridine degradation being stimulated by low concentrations of phenol.","Degradation of pyridine by one Rhodococcus strain in the presence of chromium (VI) or phenol Abs: A Rhodococcus strain, Chr-9, which has the ability to degrade pyridine and phenol and reduce chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) was isolated. The strain could grow with pyridine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and its pyridine-degradation capability was enhanced by 100 mg l(-1) phenol; however, the degradation of pyridine was inhibited when the phenol concentration was greater than 400 mg l(-1). The hydroxylation of pyridine suggested that the stimulation and inhibition of phenol to the pyridine degradation may be attributed to competition of phenol and pyridine for the hydroxylase gene. Strain Chr-9 was also able to reduce Cr (VI) when glucose and LB was used as the carbon source; however, the Cr (VI) reduction did not occur when pyridine was the sole carbon and energy source. In addition, strain Chr-9 could reduce Cr (VI) and simultaneously degrade pyridine in the presence of glucose. To the best of our knowledge, strain Chr-9 is the first Rhodococcus strain reported to degrade pyridine in the presence of Cr (VI), and the first strain with the pyridine degradation being stimulated by low concentrations of phenol.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516461,Soudel et al. 1998,Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by hair-root cultures of Armoracia rusticana L. (I.),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Tissue cultures of Armoracia rusticana L., both transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by hairy-root culture was studied. The highest accumulation rate was found for Hg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+.","Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by hair-root cultures of Armoracia rusticana L. (I.) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Tissue cultures of Armoracia rusticana L., both transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by hairy-root culture was studied. The highest accumulation rate was found for Hg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235442,Di et al. 2006,Surfactant-assisted synthesis and characterization of SrCrO4 nanostructures,"A simple and efficient microemulsion-based technique, which used the new Tx-100/cyclohexanol/ H2O system, was developed to synthesize SrCrO4 nanowire based nanostructures, including nanowire bundles and flower-like structures at different temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) were used to characterize the products. Studies found that the reaction temperatures and the reaction systems have great influences on the final products. Optical properties studies by UV-Vis spectra and photoluminescence (PL) spectra confirmed that the as-obtained nanowires showed distinct optical activity under UV and visible light irradiation.","Surfactant-assisted synthesis and characterization of SrCrO4 nanostructures Abs: A simple and efficient microemulsion-based technique, which used the new Tx-100/cyclohexanol/ H2O system, was developed to synthesize SrCrO4 nanowire based nanostructures, including nanowire bundles and flower-like structures at different temperature. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) were used to characterize the products. Studies found that the reaction temperatures and the reaction systems have great influences on the final products. Optical properties studies by UV-Vis spectra and photoluminescence (PL) spectra confirmed that the as-obtained nanowires showed distinct optical activity under UV and visible light irradiation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510570,Zakaria et al. 2012,Bacterial Reduction of Cr(VI) at Technical Scale-The Malaysian Experience,,Bacterial Reduction of Cr(VI) at Technical Scale-The Malaysian Experience Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1573397,Xia et al. 2013,Simultaneous removal of selected oxidized contaminants in groundwater using a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor,"A laboratory trial was conducted for evaluating the capability of a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO(3-)-N), sulfate (SO4(2-)), bromate (BrO3-), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and parachloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). The reactor contained two bundles of hollow fiber membranes functioning as an autotrophic biofilm carrier and hydrogen pipe as well. On the condition that hydrogen was supplied as electron donor and diffused into water through membrane pores, autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were capable of reducing contaminants to forms with lower toxicity. Reduction occurred within 1 day and removal fluxes for NO(3-)-N, SO4(2-), BrO3-, Cr(VI), and p-CNB reached 0.641, 2.396, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.031 g/(day x m2), respectively after 112 days of continuous operation. Except for the fact that sulfate was 37% removed under high surface loading, the other four contaminants were reduced by over 95%. The removal flux comparison between phases varying in surface loading and H2 pressure showed that decreasing surface loading or increasing H2 pressure would promote removal flux. Competition for electrons occurred among the five contaminants. Electron-equivalent flux analysis showed that the amount of utilized hydrogen was mainly controlled by NO(3-)-N and SO4(2-) reduction, which accounted for over 99% of the electron flux altogether. It also indicated the electron acceptor order, showing that nitrate was the most prior electron acceptor while suIfate was the second of the five contaminants.","Simultaneous removal of selected oxidized contaminants in groundwater using a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor Abs: A laboratory trial was conducted for evaluating the capability of a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO(3-)-N), sulfate (SO4(2-)), bromate (BrO3-), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and parachloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). The reactor contained two bundles of hollow fiber membranes functioning as an autotrophic biofilm carrier and hydrogen pipe as well. On the condition that hydrogen was supplied as electron donor and diffused into water through membrane pores, autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were capable of reducing contaminants to forms with lower toxicity. Reduction occurred within 1 day and removal fluxes for NO(3-)-N, SO4(2-), BrO3-, Cr(VI), and p-CNB reached 0.641, 2.396, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.031 g/(day x m2), respectively after 112 days of continuous operation. Except for the fact that sulfate was 37% removed under high surface loading, the other four contaminants were reduced by over 95%. The removal flux comparison between phases varying in surface loading and H2 pressure showed that decreasing surface loading or increasing H2 pressure would promote removal flux. Competition for electrons occurred among the five contaminants. Electron-equivalent flux analysis showed that the amount of utilized hydrogen was mainly controlled by NO(3-)-N and SO4(2-) reduction, which accounted for over 99% of the electron flux altogether. It also indicated the electron acceptor order, showing that nitrate was the most prior electron acceptor while suIfate was the second of the five contaminants.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509666,Wang et al. 2006,Selective fluorescence determination of chromium (VI) in water samples with terbium composite nanoparticles,"The strong fluorescence Tb/acetyl acetone (acac)/Poly (Acrylamide) (PAM) composite nanoparticles have been prepared under ultrasonic radiation. The nanoparticles were water-soluble, stable and have extremely narrow emission bands and high internal quantum efficiencies. Based on the fluorescence quenching of Tb/acac/PAM by Cr (VI), a method for the selective determination of Cr (VI), without separation of Cr (III) in water, was developed. The reaction condition between Cr (VI) and Tb/acac/PAM were investigated in detail. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range of 5-600 ng mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9939. The corresponding detection limit is 0.8 ng mL(-1) and the relative standard deviation is 1.5% for 0.05 microg mL(-1) (n=7). The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr (VI) in synthetic samples and waste-water samples with the satisfactory results. The assay is characterized by short reaction time, very few interference, stable fluorescence signals, simple instrument and simplicity.","Selective fluorescence determination of chromium (VI) in water samples with terbium composite nanoparticles Abs: The strong fluorescence Tb/acetyl acetone (acac)/Poly (Acrylamide) (PAM) composite nanoparticles have been prepared under ultrasonic radiation. The nanoparticles were water-soluble, stable and have extremely narrow emission bands and high internal quantum efficiencies. Based on the fluorescence quenching of Tb/acac/PAM by Cr (VI), a method for the selective determination of Cr (VI), without separation of Cr (III) in water, was developed. The reaction condition between Cr (VI) and Tb/acac/PAM were investigated in detail. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range of 5-600 ng mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9939. The corresponding detection limit is 0.8 ng mL(-1) and the relative standard deviation is 1.5% for 0.05 microg mL(-1) (n=7). The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr (VI) in synthetic samples and waste-water samples with the satisfactory results. The assay is characterized by short reaction time, very few interference, stable fluorescence signals, simple instrument and simplicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238230,Guberan et al. 1989,"Disability, Mortality, and Incidence of Cancer among Geneva Painters and Electricians: A Historical Prospective Study","A study was conducted to examine the incidence of neuropsychiatric disability among painters in comparison to electricians in Geneva, Switzerland. The study was extended to the analysis of mortality and incidence of cancer among both groups. The cohorts included 1916 painters and 1948 electricians who were resident in the Canton of Geneva at the 1970 census. The painters were followed up for 14 years and a review of the causes of the 254 deaths and 121 disability pensions gave no case of presenile dementia. However, the higher incidence of disability among painters than among electricians may have resulted from the chronic effects of solvent exposure. Even so, in this study, solvent exposure was confounded with alcoholism which was associated with neuropsychiatric disease in 12 of 20 painters and only one of ten electricians. The authors conclude that there was not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a solvent related painters' syndrome. A highly significant excess of lung cancer among painters was possibly related to occupational exposure to asbestos (1332214) and zinc-chromate (13530659). An increased risk of biliary tract cancer and bladder cancer was noted in the painters and five cases of testicular cancer were found when 1.6 would have been expected. Risk for cerebrovascular disease was supported by the disability study which showed eight cases among painters and none among electricians. No significant excess of cancer was found for any specific site among electricians. The numbers were too small to adequately assess possible links between working as an electrician and the incidence of leukemia or brain tumor.","Disability, Mortality, and Incidence of Cancer among Geneva Painters and Electricians: A Historical Prospective Study Abs: A study was conducted to examine the incidence of neuropsychiatric disability among painters in comparison to electricians in Geneva, Switzerland. The study was extended to the analysis of mortality and incidence of cancer among both groups. The cohorts included 1916 painters and 1948 electricians who were resident in the Canton of Geneva at the 1970 census. The painters were followed up for 14 years and a review of the causes of the 254 deaths and 121 disability pensions gave no case of presenile dementia. However, the higher incidence of disability among painters than among electricians may have resulted from the chronic effects of solvent exposure. Even so, in this study, solvent exposure was confounded with alcoholism which was associated with neuropsychiatric disease in 12 of 20 painters and only one of ten electricians. The authors conclude that there was not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a solvent related painters' syndrome. A highly significant excess of lung cancer among painters was possibly related to occupational exposure to asbestos (1332214) and zinc-chromate (13530659). An increased risk of biliary tract cancer and bladder cancer was noted in the painters and five cases of testicular cancer were found when 1.6 would have been expected. Risk for cerebrovascular disease was supported by the disability study which showed eight cases among painters and none among electricians. No significant excess of cancer was found for any specific site among electricians. The numbers were too small to adequately assess possible links between working as an electrician and the incidence of leukemia or brain tumor.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237445,Babu and  Shenolikar 1995,Health and nutritional implications of food colours,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Colour is a vital constituent of food which imparts distinct appearance to the food product. Artificial colouring becomes a technological necessity as foods tend to lose their natural shade during processing and storage. Most of the food colours tested in the conventional toxicity experiments showed toxic effects at a very high level of intake i.e., 1-5 per cent in the diet. However, such levels of intake are not normally encountered. Human studies indicated that food colours (natural or synthetic) can induce wide range of allergic reactions only in sensitive or atopic individuals. Most of the foodborne diseases reported are due to the consumption of non-permitted textile colours or abuse of colours. The Government is pressurised periodically to place a total ban on the use of food colours due to their possible ill effects. It should be realised that surveillance should go hand in hand with legal actions.","Health and nutritional implications of food colours Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Colour is a vital constituent of food which imparts distinct appearance to the food product. Artificial colouring becomes a technological necessity as foods tend to lose their natural shade during processing and storage. Most of the food colours tested in the conventional toxicity experiments showed toxic effects at a very high level of intake i.e., 1-5 per cent in the diet. However, such levels of intake are not normally encountered. Human studies indicated that food colours (natural or synthetic) can induce wide range of allergic reactions only in sensitive or atopic individuals. Most of the foodborne diseases reported are due to the consumption of non-permitted textile colours or abuse of colours. The Government is pressurised periodically to place a total ban on the use of food colours due to their possible ill effects. It should be realised that surveillance should go hand in hand with legal actions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510038,Scott 2011,Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosion Coating for High Strength Fasteners,"Final rept. 1 Oct 2008-30 Sep 2010. Project WP-1617, The original document contains color images. exists a need for environmentally benign coatings to eliminate cadmium and/or chromate containing coatings on high-strength fasteners. These alternative replacement coatings would provide high-strength, corrosion resistant fasteners for use in weapon systems. Traditionally, high-strength steels have been used with cadmium (Cd) electroplated coatings, followed by a hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) rinse. The environmental and human health hazards associated with both cadmium and chromates are well established. The elimination of hazardous materials will improve the life cycle costs and environmental / occupational health issues associated with the manufacture and maintenance of DoD weapon systems. Alternatives to both processes have been pursued with very promising results. This work describes a multi-layer approach to provide a protective coating system. These systems include a sacrificial metal base coat and may also include an organic topcoat technology that will provide the best combination of corrosion resistance and barrier properties. These approaches impart high end sacrificial corrosion resistance properties without use of hazardous Cr or Cd and without hydrogen embrittlement of fasteners.","Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosion Coating for High Strength Fasteners Abs: Final rept. 1 Oct 2008-30 Sep 2010. Project WP-1617, The original document contains color images. exists a need for environmentally benign coatings to eliminate cadmium and/or chromate containing coatings on high-strength fasteners. These alternative replacement coatings would provide high-strength, corrosion resistant fasteners for use in weapon systems. Traditionally, high-strength steels have been used with cadmium (Cd) electroplated coatings, followed by a hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) rinse. The environmental and human health hazards associated with both cadmium and chromates are well established. The elimination of hazardous materials will improve the life cycle costs and environmental / occupational health issues associated with the manufacture and maintenance of DoD weapon systems. Alternatives to both processes have been pursued with very promising results. This work describes a multi-layer approach to provide a protective coating system. These systems include a sacrificial metal base coat and may also include an organic topcoat technology that will provide the best combination of corrosion resistance and barrier properties. These approaches impart high end sacrificial corrosion resistance properties without use of hazardous Cr or Cd and without hydrogen embrittlement of fasteners.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
17755,Grant and  Mushak 1989,Specification of metals and metal compounds: implications for biological monitoring and development of regulatory approaches,"Illustrative examples of toxic, form specific metals or metalloids and their implications for biological monitoring and development of regulatory approaches were considered. Topics included: form variable metals in external environmental media; nickel (7440020) and its compounds, biokinetic differences among inorganic nickel and its compounds, biological monitoring and the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds, implications for biological monitoring; mercury (7439976) and its compounds, biokinetic differences among selected mercury forms, biological monitoring and the toxicology of selected mercurials, current biological monitoring approaches with human exposure to mercurials, implications of speciation for future biological monitoring; chromium (7440473) and its compounds, biokinetic differences between trivalent and hexavalent chromium, biological monitoring and the toxicology of chromium compounds, implications for biological monitoring; and in-vivo biotransformation of metals and metalloids, biomethylation of inorganic-arsenic (7440382) in humans and experimental animals, oxidation reduction of inorganic arsenic in mammalian systems, and implications for biological monitoring. The authors conclude that there is a need for careful consideration of speciation issues in regard to determining the usefulness of biological monitoring for certain metals or metalloids. In some cases, indiscriminate whole metal analyses would be of little or no value in providing useful indices of exposure for purposes of risk assessment or risk management.","Specification of metals and metal compounds: implications for biological monitoring and development of regulatory approaches Abs: Illustrative examples of toxic, form specific metals or metalloids and their implications for biological monitoring and development of regulatory approaches were considered. Topics included: form variable metals in external environmental media; nickel (7440020) and its compounds, biokinetic differences among inorganic nickel and its compounds, biological monitoring and the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds, implications for biological monitoring; mercury (7439976) and its compounds, biokinetic differences among selected mercury forms, biological monitoring and the toxicology of selected mercurials, current biological monitoring approaches with human exposure to mercurials, implications of speciation for future biological monitoring; chromium (7440473) and its compounds, biokinetic differences between trivalent and hexavalent chromium, biological monitoring and the toxicology of chromium compounds, implications for biological monitoring; and in-vivo biotransformation of metals and metalloids, biomethylation of inorganic-arsenic (7440382) in humans and experimental animals, oxidation reduction of inorganic arsenic in mammalian systems, and implications for biological monitoring. The authors conclude that there is a need for careful consideration of speciation issues in regard to determining the usefulness of biological monitoring for certain metals or metalloids. In some cases, indiscriminate whole metal analyses would be of little or no value in providing useful indices of exposure for purposes of risk assessment or risk management.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234561,Burguera et al. 1996,Head-space flow injection for the on-line determination of iodide in urine samples with chemiluminescence detection,"A simple head-space (HS) flow injection (FI) system with chemiluminescence (CL) detection for the determination of iodide as iodine in urine is presented. The iodide is converted to iodine by potassium dichromate under stirring in the closed HS vial, and the iodine is released from urine by thermostatting and is carried in a nitrogen flow through an iodide trapping solution. The concomitant introduction of aliquots of iodine, luminol and cobalt(II) solutions by means of a time-based injector into an FI system allowed its mixing in a flow-through cell in front of the detector. The emission intensity at 425 nm was recorded as a function of time. The salting-out of the standard solutions affected the gas-liquid distribution coefficient of iodine in the HS vial. The typical analytical working graphs obtained under the optimized experimental conditions were rectilinear from 0 to 5 mg l(-1) iodine, achieving a precision of 2.3 and a relative standard deviation of 1.8 for ten replicate analyses of 50 and 200 microg l(-1) iodine. However, a second-order process becomes significant at higher iodine concentrations (from 10 to 40 mg l(-1)). The detection limit of the method is 10 microg l(-1) (80 ng) iodine when 8 ml samples are taken. Data for the iodide content of 10 urine samples were in good agreement with those obtained by a conventional catalytic method, and recoveries varied between 101 and 103% for urine samples spiked with different amounts of iodide. The analysis of one sample takes less than 20 min. In the present study the iodide levels found for 100 subjects were 86.8 +/- 19.0 (61-125) microg l(-1), which is lower than the WHO's optimal level (150-300 microg per day).","Head-space flow injection for the on-line determination of iodide in urine samples with chemiluminescence detection Abs: A simple head-space (HS) flow injection (FI) system with chemiluminescence (CL) detection for the determination of iodide as iodine in urine is presented. The iodide is converted to iodine by potassium dichromate under stirring in the closed HS vial, and the iodine is released from urine by thermostatting and is carried in a nitrogen flow through an iodide trapping solution. The concomitant introduction of aliquots of iodine, luminol and cobalt(II) solutions by means of a time-based injector into an FI system allowed its mixing in a flow-through cell in front of the detector. The emission intensity at 425 nm was recorded as a function of time. The salting-out of the standard solutions affected the gas-liquid distribution coefficient of iodine in the HS vial. The typical analytical working graphs obtained under the optimized experimental conditions were rectilinear from 0 to 5 mg l(-1) iodine, achieving a precision of 2.3 and a relative standard deviation of 1.8 for ten replicate analyses of 50 and 200 microg l(-1) iodine. However, a second-order process becomes significant at higher iodine concentrations (from 10 to 40 mg l(-1)). The detection limit of the method is 10 microg l(-1) (80 ng) iodine when 8 ml samples are taken. Data for the iodide content of 10 urine samples were in good agreement with those obtained by a conventional catalytic method, and recoveries varied between 101 and 103% for urine samples spiked with different amounts of iodide. The analysis of one sample takes less than 20 min. In the present study the iodide levels found for 100 subjects were 86.8 +/- 19.0 (61-125) microg l(-1), which is lower than the WHO's optimal level (150-300 microg per day).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238130,Snoeij et al. 1986,"Triorganotin-Induced Cytotoxicity To Rat Thymus, Bone Marrow And Red Blood Cells As Determined By Several In Vitro Assays","Triorganotin induced cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro. Male SPF-Wistar-rats were killed, thymocytes were isolated from thymus glands and hind leg bone marrow was removed. Trypan-blue (72571) exclusion was determined. Red blood cell suspensions were prepared and cultured. Cell count and trypan-blue exclusion were recorded up to 30 hours after addition of up to 8 micromolar (microM) trimethyltin-chloride (1066451) (TMTC), triethyltin-chloride (994310) (TETC), tri-n-propyltin-chloride (2279767) (TPTC), tri-n-butyltin-chloride (1461229) (TBTC), tri-n-hexyltin-chloride (2791608) (THTC), or triphenyltin-chloride (639587) (TPhTC). Thymocytes were cultured with triorganotin compounds and chromium-51 labeled sodium-chromate (7775113), hydrogen-3 labeled thymidine (50895), or prostaglandin-E1 (745653) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (28822584). Chromium (7440473) release was calculated from chromium-51 radioactivity in supernatant. Labeled hydrogen-3 thymidine incorporation was counted. Cyclic adenosine-monophosphate (cAMP) was determined by protein bonding assay. TBTC cytotoxic effects on thymocytes, bone marrow cells, and red blood cells after incubation were compared. Approximately 84 percent of thymocyte control cultures survived 30 hours incubation; trypan-blue exclusion decreased to approximately 74 percent. Thymocyte trypan-blue exclusion capability decreased for triorganotins with concentration and time. The no effect concentration for all triorganotins tested for labeled chromium-51 release was 1microM, except for TMTC, which had no effect at any concentration tested. Thymidine incorporation decreased in a concentration dependent fashion. TPTC, TBTC, THTC, and TpHTC inhibited thymidine incorporation 40 to 60 percent between 0.1 and 1microM. TMTC decreased thymidine incorporation only at 8microM. TMTC and TETC did not influence cAMP induction at up to 8microM; TPhTC affected cAMP only at 8microM; and TPTC, TBTC, and THTC significantly decreased cAMP induction from 0.5microM. TBTC was most cytotoxic to thymocytes, followed by bone marrow cells, then red blood cells. The authors conclude that triorganotins are cytotoxic in vitro.","Triorganotin-Induced Cytotoxicity To Rat Thymus, Bone Marrow And Red Blood Cells As Determined By Several In Vitro Assays Abs: Triorganotin induced cytotoxicity was investigated in vitro. Male SPF-Wistar-rats were killed, thymocytes were isolated from thymus glands and hind leg bone marrow was removed. Trypan-blue (72571) exclusion was determined. Red blood cell suspensions were prepared and cultured. Cell count and trypan-blue exclusion were recorded up to 30 hours after addition of up to 8 micromolar (microM) trimethyltin-chloride (1066451) (TMTC), triethyltin-chloride (994310) (TETC), tri-n-propyltin-chloride (2279767) (TPTC), tri-n-butyltin-chloride (1461229) (TBTC), tri-n-hexyltin-chloride (2791608) (THTC), or triphenyltin-chloride (639587) (TPhTC). Thymocytes were cultured with triorganotin compounds and chromium-51 labeled sodium-chromate (7775113), hydrogen-3 labeled thymidine (50895), or prostaglandin-E1 (745653) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (28822584). Chromium (7440473) release was calculated from chromium-51 radioactivity in supernatant. Labeled hydrogen-3 thymidine incorporation was counted. Cyclic adenosine-monophosphate (cAMP) was determined by protein bonding assay. TBTC cytotoxic effects on thymocytes, bone marrow cells, and red blood cells after incubation were compared. Approximately 84 percent of thymocyte control cultures survived 30 hours incubation; trypan-blue exclusion decreased to approximately 74 percent. Thymocyte trypan-blue exclusion capability decreased for triorganotins with concentration and time. The no effect concentration for all triorganotins tested for labeled chromium-51 release was 1microM, except for TMTC, which had no effect at any concentration tested. Thymidine incorporation decreased in a concentration dependent fashion. TPTC, TBTC, THTC, and TpHTC inhibited thymidine incorporation 40 to 60 percent between 0.1 and 1microM. TMTC decreased thymidine incorporation only at 8microM. TMTC and TETC did not influence cAMP induction at up to 8microM; TPhTC affected cAMP only at 8microM; and TPTC, TBTC, and THTC significantly decreased cAMP induction from 0.5microM. TBTC was most cytotoxic to thymocytes, followed by bone marrow cells, then red blood cells. The authors conclude that triorganotins are cytotoxic in vitro.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231110,Pollow et al. 1975,Progesterone metabolism in normal human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and in endometrial carcinoma,"Different subcellular fractions (purity checked by electron microscopy and respective marker enzymes) were incubated with 0.1 muCi 14C-progesterone (10 muM) in 0.15 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 C under air for varying periods of time in the presence of NAD(P)H (500 muM). By the preparation of chromic acid oxidation products and acetates, thin-layer chromatography, and crystallisation to constant specific activity, the following metabolites were identified: 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-3-one, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, and 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, indicating the presence of a 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) and 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases. Most of the 20alpha-HSD activity was located in mitochondria (associated mainly with outer membranes) and microsomes. Purified nuclei and cytosol contained 1/6 to 1/18 of the activity of mitochondria and microsomes, respectively. SUBFRACTIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS ONLY CONTAINED EITHER 5ALPHA- OR 5BETA-REDUCTASE ACTIVITY. 5alpha-reductase activity was mainly associated with microsomes, 5beta-reductase activity was found only in the cytosol. While in normal endometrium specific enzyme activities in subcellular fractions depended on the phase of the cycle, in endometrial carcinoma it depended on the degree of tumour differentiation. The highest values of 5alpha-reductase activity were found in the early proliferative phase. 20alpha-HSD activity was highest in the middle of the secretory phase. The specific activity of the 5alpha-reductase increased with decreasing differentiation of the tumour while the specific activity of the 20alpha-HSD decreased. Kinetic parameters (Km-values, coenzyme requirements and maximum velocities) were determined. The Km-value for progesterone of the 20alpha-HSD in proliferative endometrium was significantly higher than in secretory endometrium, while the Km-values of the 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases were considerably lower during the proliferative than secretory phase.","Progesterone metabolism in normal human endometrium during the menstrual cycle and in endometrial carcinoma Abs: Different subcellular fractions (purity checked by electron microscopy and respective marker enzymes) were incubated with 0.1 muCi 14C-progesterone (10 muM) in 0.15 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 C under air for varying periods of time in the presence of NAD(P)H (500 muM). By the preparation of chromic acid oxidation products and acetates, thin-layer chromatography, and crystallisation to constant specific activity, the following metabolites were identified: 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-3-one, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, and 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione, indicating the presence of a 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-HSD) and 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases. Most of the 20alpha-HSD activity was located in mitochondria (associated mainly with outer membranes) and microsomes. Purified nuclei and cytosol contained 1/6 to 1/18 of the activity of mitochondria and microsomes, respectively. SUBFRACTIONS OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS ONLY CONTAINED EITHER 5ALPHA- OR 5BETA-REDUCTASE ACTIVITY. 5alpha-reductase activity was mainly associated with microsomes, 5beta-reductase activity was found only in the cytosol. While in normal endometrium specific enzyme activities in subcellular fractions depended on the phase of the cycle, in endometrial carcinoma it depended on the degree of tumour differentiation. The highest values of 5alpha-reductase activity were found in the early proliferative phase. 20alpha-HSD activity was highest in the middle of the secretory phase. The specific activity of the 5alpha-reductase increased with decreasing differentiation of the tumour while the specific activity of the 20alpha-HSD decreased. Kinetic parameters (Km-values, coenzyme requirements and maximum velocities) were determined. The Km-value for progesterone of the 20alpha-HSD in proliferative endometrium was significantly higher than in secretory endometrium, while the Km-values of the 5alpha- and 5beta-reductases were considerably lower during the proliferative than secretory phase.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515986,Kashiwaya et al. 1996,Laboratory study on dispersion prevention of dissolved sexivalent chromium in groundwater by cement-bentonite cut-off barriers,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory permeability tests with soft groundwater contaminated by Cr6+ were carried out to develop measures to prevent dispersion of Cr6+ concentrate into a large amount of groundwater by providing cut-off barriers made from a mixture of blast furnace slag cement and sodium type bentonite. From these tests, it was necessary to maintain the permeability coefficient of 3sible after the barrier provision. Through a test in which MgCl2 of 270 mg and some amounts of Ca(OH)2 for pH adjustment were added to the permeating Cr6+ groundwater, it was found that for the pH to be adjusted within a range of 9.0 to 9.5 was an appropriate approach. Through the other test in which MgCl2 of 270 mg/L and some amounts of either poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) or Al2(SO4)3 were added to the permeating Cr6+ groundwater, it was also found that the addition of PAC brings a good result due to the reduction of permeability and no breakthrough of Cr6+ containing leachate. It was confirmed that t","Laboratory study on dispersion prevention of dissolved sexivalent chromium in groundwater by cement-bentonite cut-off barriers Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Laboratory permeability tests with soft groundwater contaminated by Cr6+ were carried out to develop measures to prevent dispersion of Cr6+ concentrate into a large amount of groundwater by providing cut-off barriers made from a mixture of blast furnace slag cement and sodium type bentonite. From these tests, it was necessary to maintain the permeability coefficient of 3sible after the barrier provision. Through a test in which MgCl2 of 270 mg and some amounts of Ca(OH)2 for pH adjustment were added to the permeating Cr6+ groundwater, it was found that for the pH to be adjusted within a range of 9.0 to 9.5 was an appropriate approach. Through the other test in which MgCl2 of 270 mg/L and some amounts of either poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) or Al2(SO4)3 were added to the permeating Cr6+ groundwater, it was also found that the addition of PAC brings a good result due to the reduction of permeability and no breakthrough of Cr6+ containing leachate. It was confirmed that t",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514277,Asada et al. 1973,Report of analyses for industrial waste water in twenty-eight factories,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Factories (28) were classified into 3 categories: factories of hard were (metal goods), of food goods, of cement goods and others. To determine whether industrial waste water fulfilled the water quality standards of Tsuchiura city (Japan), analytical experiments were carried out from April 1972-April 1973 for: pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), phenol, alkalinity, NH4 +--N, NO-+2-N, Cl--, CN--, Cu-2+, Pb-2+, Fe-3+, Mn-2+, Cd-2+, Cr-6+, ions, total Cr and number of coliform bacteria. Excessive CN--, Zn-2+, Cr-6+, OH-- ions and SS were often in the drainage from some metal product plants. Excess number of coliform bacteria, COD and SS were in the industrial waste water from food product plants. Cr-6+ ion was detected in samples from cement goods factories. River pollution was caused mainly by industrial waste waters from metal product plants and food product plants, and urban sewage drainage.","Report of analyses for industrial waste water in twenty-eight factories Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Factories (28) were classified into 3 categories: factories of hard were (metal goods), of food goods, of cement goods and others. To determine whether industrial waste water fulfilled the water quality standards of Tsuchiura city (Japan), analytical experiments were carried out from April 1972-April 1973 for: pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), phenol, alkalinity, NH4 +--N, NO-+2-N, Cl--, CN--, Cu-2+, Pb-2+, Fe-3+, Mn-2+, Cd-2+, Cr-6+, ions, total Cr and number of coliform bacteria. Excessive CN--, Zn-2+, Cr-6+, OH-- ions and SS were often in the drainage from some metal product plants. Excess number of coliform bacteria, COD and SS were in the industrial waste water from food product plants. Cr-6+ ion was detected in samples from cement goods factories. River pollution was caused mainly by industrial waste waters from metal product plants and food product plants, and urban sewage drainage.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238026,Kominsky et al. 1978,"Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HHE-77-127-516, Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, Akron, Ohio, August 1978","Environmental and medical surveys were conducted on March 28 and 29, 1978 to evaluate exposure to various paints and solvents by spray painters in Departments 541 and 661, at Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (SIC-3728) in Akron, Ohio. The evaluation was requested by an authorized representative of the United Automobile Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, Local Number 856, on behalf of 22 affected employees. Environmental samples indicated airborne chromium(VI) (7440473) concentrations in excess of the 100 micrograms per cubic meter OSHA standard. None of the other test chemicals exceeded their respective environmental criteria. The medical surveys did not reveal conclusive evidence of exposure related symptoms. The authors conclude that the production spray painters in Department 661 are exposed to toxic concentrations of carcinogenic chromium(VI) as zinc-chromate (13530659). They recommend that existing environmental and medical surveillance programs be revised, that a respiratory protection program be provided and maintained until engineering controls are instituted, and that existing work practices and procedures be reviewed.","Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HHE-77-127-516, Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, Akron, Ohio, August 1978 Abs: Environmental and medical surveys were conducted on March 28 and 29, 1978 to evaluate exposure to various paints and solvents by spray painters in Departments 541 and 661, at Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (SIC-3728) in Akron, Ohio. The evaluation was requested by an authorized representative of the United Automobile Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, Local Number 856, on behalf of 22 affected employees. Environmental samples indicated airborne chromium(VI) (7440473) concentrations in excess of the 100 micrograms per cubic meter OSHA standard. None of the other test chemicals exceeded their respective environmental criteria. The medical surveys did not reveal conclusive evidence of exposure related symptoms. The authors conclude that the production spray painters in Department 661 are exposed to toxic concentrations of carcinogenic chromium(VI) as zinc-chromate (13530659). They recommend that existing environmental and medical surveillance programs be revised, that a respiratory protection program be provided and maintained until engineering controls are instituted, and that existing work practices and procedures be reviewed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
515405,Rodrigues and  Formoso 2005,Exposure to selected heavy metals through water ingestion in an area under the influence of tanneries,"This study evaluated the potential toxicological risk posed to human health due to the exposure to heavy metals by water ingestion in an area affected by tanneries - the Cadeia-Feitoria hydrographic basin (Brazil). River water was collected at 10 sites, every 3 months, from July 1999 to April 2000. After acid digestion, total metal concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), flame atomic absorption (Al, Fe, Pb, Mn), or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Hg). Cr(VI) was complexed with diphenyl-carbazide and detected by UV-vis spectrometry. In order to quantify the risk of exposure, the risk assessment methodology employed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States was applied at a screening level. The assumed scenarios included extreme exposure patterns ( ingestion of untreated water, conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), temporal peaks of pollution). Fe, Al, Cd, Hg, and Pb were not included in the risk analysis, since they showed a low toxicity potential or were undetected in the samples. The selected metals presented Hazard Quotients < 1, in the following order of increasing risk: Cu < Cr( III) < Zn < Ni < Mn < Cr(VI). Hazard indexes, representing the additive effect of contaminants, were also low in the basin (< 1), but comparatively increased in the lower reach of Feitoria and Cadeia Rivers. Although noncarcinogenic risk levels did not suggest possible adverse toxicological effects to the human population, a considerable deviation from background conditions was observed downstream the area where tanneries are mainly located.","Exposure to selected heavy metals through water ingestion in an area under the influence of tanneries Abs: This study evaluated the potential toxicological risk posed to human health due to the exposure to heavy metals by water ingestion in an area affected by tanneries - the Cadeia-Feitoria hydrographic basin (Brazil). River water was collected at 10 sites, every 3 months, from July 1999 to April 2000. After acid digestion, total metal concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), flame atomic absorption (Al, Fe, Pb, Mn), or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Hg). Cr(VI) was complexed with diphenyl-carbazide and detected by UV-vis spectrometry. In order to quantify the risk of exposure, the risk assessment methodology employed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States was applied at a screening level. The assumed scenarios included extreme exposure patterns ( ingestion of untreated water, conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), temporal peaks of pollution). Fe, Al, Cd, Hg, and Pb were not included in the risk analysis, since they showed a low toxicity potential or were undetected in the samples. The selected metals presented Hazard Quotients < 1, in the following order of increasing risk: Cu < Cr( III) < Zn < Ni < Mn < Cr(VI). Hazard indexes, representing the additive effect of contaminants, were also low in the basin (< 1), but comparatively increased in the lower reach of Feitoria and Cadeia Rivers. Although noncarcinogenic risk levels did not suggest possible adverse toxicological effects to the human population, a considerable deviation from background conditions was observed downstream the area where tanneries are mainly located.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231042,Aldrich and  Reiskind 1982,Membrane histochemistry of Physarum polycephalum myxamoebae,"Myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum are the uninucleate, haploid stage of the organism. Histochemical studies were undertaken to characterize intracellular and plasma membranes, and to provide a basis for assaying subcellular fractions for enrichment in plasma membranes. Lead salts deposition techniques were employed for hydrolytic enzymes. Alcian blue-ruthenium red, osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide, and phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stains were evaluated for specificity for plasma membranes. Glucose 6-phosphatase was localized in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and perinuclear space. 5'-Nucleotidase was localized in food vacuoles, chromatin, and plasmalemma. Acid phosphatase was in food vacuoles and Golgi apparatus. Alkaline phosphatase was in food vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that none of the above enzymes is suitable as a cytochemical marker for plasma membranes of Physarum myxamoebae, but recommend instead staining ultrathin sections of membrane pellets with phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid, which stains plasma membranes selectively.","Membrane histochemistry of Physarum polycephalum myxamoebae Abs: Myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum are the uninucleate, haploid stage of the organism. Histochemical studies were undertaken to characterize intracellular and plasma membranes, and to provide a basis for assaying subcellular fractions for enrichment in plasma membranes. Lead salts deposition techniques were employed for hydrolytic enzymes. Alcian blue-ruthenium red, osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide, and phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stains were evaluated for specificity for plasma membranes. Glucose 6-phosphatase was localized in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and perinuclear space. 5'-Nucleotidase was localized in food vacuoles, chromatin, and plasmalemma. Acid phosphatase was in food vacuoles and Golgi apparatus. Alkaline phosphatase was in food vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that none of the above enzymes is suitable as a cytochemical marker for plasma membranes of Physarum myxamoebae, but recommend instead staining ultrathin sections of membrane pellets with phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid, which stains plasma membranes selectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514298,Bitton et al. 1992,MetPAD: A bioassay for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity in wastewater,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. MetPAD, a bioassay for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity, was evaluated for toxicity assessment of industrial effluents. It was shown that MetPAD does not respond to organic toxicants, but is sensitive to heavy metals. Six of nine industrial effluents were shown to be toxic using MetPAD. Chemical analyses of the industrial effluents confirmed the presence of heavy metals. If run concurrently with another test for general toxicity test (for example, Microtox), MetPAD can be a suitable complimentary assay for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity.","MetPAD: A bioassay for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity in wastewater Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. MetPAD, a bioassay for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity, was evaluated for toxicity assessment of industrial effluents. It was shown that MetPAD does not respond to organic toxicants, but is sensitive to heavy metals. Six of nine industrial effluents were shown to be toxic using MetPAD. Chemical analyses of the industrial effluents confirmed the presence of heavy metals. If run concurrently with another test for general toxicity test (for example, Microtox), MetPAD can be a suitable complimentary assay for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1260309,Parry et al. 2010,Thresholds for indirect DNA damage across cellular barriers for orthopaedic biomaterials,"Cobalt-chromium particles and ions can induce indirect DNA damage and chromosome aberrations in human cells on the other side of a cellular barrier in tissue culture. This occurs by intercellular signalling across the barrier. We now show that the threshold for this effect depends on the metal form and the particle composition. Ionic cobalt and chromium induced single strand breaks at concentrations equivalent to those found in the blood of patients with well functioning metal on metal hip prostheses. However, they only caused double strand breaks if the chromium was present as chromium (VI), and did not induce chromosome aberrations. Nanoparticles of cobalt-chromium alloy caused DNA double strand breaks and chromosome aberrations, of which the majority were tetraploidy. Ceramic nanoparticles induced only single strand breaks and/or alkaline labile sites when indirectly exposed to human fibroblasts. The assessment of reproductive risk from maternal exposure to biomaterials is not yet possible with epidemiology. Whilst the barrier model used here differs from the in vivo situation in several respects, it may be useful as a framework to evaluate biomaterial induced damage across physiological barriers.","Thresholds for indirect DNA damage across cellular barriers for orthopaedic biomaterials Abs: Cobalt-chromium particles and ions can induce indirect DNA damage and chromosome aberrations in human cells on the other side of a cellular barrier in tissue culture. This occurs by intercellular signalling across the barrier. We now show that the threshold for this effect depends on the metal form and the particle composition. Ionic cobalt and chromium induced single strand breaks at concentrations equivalent to those found in the blood of patients with well functioning metal on metal hip prostheses. However, they only caused double strand breaks if the chromium was present as chromium (VI), and did not induce chromosome aberrations. Nanoparticles of cobalt-chromium alloy caused DNA double strand breaks and chromosome aberrations, of which the majority were tetraploidy. Ceramic nanoparticles induced only single strand breaks and/or alkaline labile sites when indirectly exposed to human fibroblasts. The assessment of reproductive risk from maternal exposure to biomaterials is not yet possible with epidemiology. Whilst the barrier model used here differs from the in vivo situation in several respects, it may be useful as a framework to evaluate biomaterial induced damage across physiological barriers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516545,Trillas et al. 1991,Photoreduction of chromium(VI) over cadmium sulfide supported on a glass matrix,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The photocatalytic elimination of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using CdS supported on glass pearls as catalyst is investigated. The study has been carried out by measuring the amount of Cr(VI) eliminated at different pH, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and temperatures. It has been observed that after flushing dilute Cr(VI) solutions at a wide range of pH (from 5 to 10) through the CdS-coated glass pearls, 100% of Cr(VI) elimination is achieved. By means of this experimental system the kinetics of Cr(VI) photoreduction to Cr(III) over CdS in flow conditions has been determined. Finally, the stability of CdS in long-term experiments and the application of this catalytic method in a real case has been studied.","Photoreduction of chromium(VI) over cadmium sulfide supported on a glass matrix Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The photocatalytic elimination of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using CdS supported on glass pearls as catalyst is investigated. The study has been carried out by measuring the amount of Cr(VI) eliminated at different pH, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and temperatures. It has been observed that after flushing dilute Cr(VI) solutions at a wide range of pH (from 5 to 10) through the CdS-coated glass pearls, 100% of Cr(VI) elimination is achieved. By means of this experimental system the kinetics of Cr(VI) photoreduction to Cr(III) over CdS in flow conditions has been determined. Finally, the stability of CdS in long-term experiments and the application of this catalytic method in a real case has been studied.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231085,Yunghans et al. 1978,Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm,"The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.","Nature of the phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid (PACP) stain for plasma membranes of plants and mammalian sperm Abs: The selective staining of plasma membranes of plants and porcine spermatozoa given by a mixture consisting of 1% phosphotungstic acid in 10% chromic acid (PACP) applied following periodic acid destaining of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed electron microscope sections is reduced or eliminated by prior extraction of the tissues with lipid solvents, including ethanol. The ethanol-soluble fraction of sperm contains constituents which restore the PACP-staining reaction when added to ethanol-extracted and lyophilized sperm. Analysis of the ethanol extracts by thin layer chromatography revealed two major components which reacted with both phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and alpha-naphthol detection reagents. These PTA-positive constituents were concentrated in plasma membranes of sperm; components with similar mobilities were found in fractions of plasma membranes from plants. Addition of the PTA-positive constituents from either sperm or plants to extracted and lyophilized sperm restored the PACP staining. The findings are interpreted to mean that one or more low molecular weight constituents (saccharides or glycolipids), rather than glycoproteins, concentrated in plaslma membranes are responsible for the unique PACP staining in both plants and porcine sperm.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232051,Tzou et al. 2003,Effect of N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) on Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II),"The complexation of Fe(II) with organic ligand results in the decrease of redox potential, and enhances the reduction ability of Fe(II). An important example is the use of Fe(II)-organic complexes to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction. Dissolved O(2) and light can potentially affect Cr(VI) reduction; however, these two factors have not been adequately evaluated. A batch technique was used to investigate the Cr(VI) reduction as influenced by the light and dissolved O(2) using N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) and Fe(II) solutions. The oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved O(2) was rapid in the presence of HEDTA at low pH; nonetheless, the oxidation proceeded slowly when HEDTA was absent. Although Cr(VI) could be reduced by free Fe(II) at low pH, the reaction was considerably slower than that of systems involving HEDTA. The enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) in the presence of high concentrations of HEDTA was achieved as a result of two processes. First, HEDTA acted as a ligand for expediting electron transfer between Fe(II) and Cr(VI). Secondly, HEDTA served as a reductant for Cr(VI) under illumination.","Effect of N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) on Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) Abs: The complexation of Fe(II) with organic ligand results in the decrease of redox potential, and enhances the reduction ability of Fe(II). An important example is the use of Fe(II)-organic complexes to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction. Dissolved O(2) and light can potentially affect Cr(VI) reduction; however, these two factors have not been adequately evaluated. A batch technique was used to investigate the Cr(VI) reduction as influenced by the light and dissolved O(2) using N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) and Fe(II) solutions. The oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved O(2) was rapid in the presence of HEDTA at low pH; nonetheless, the oxidation proceeded slowly when HEDTA was absent. Although Cr(VI) could be reduced by free Fe(II) at low pH, the reaction was considerably slower than that of systems involving HEDTA. The enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) in the presence of high concentrations of HEDTA was achieved as a result of two processes. First, HEDTA acted as a ligand for expediting electron transfer between Fe(II) and Cr(VI). Secondly, HEDTA served as a reductant for Cr(VI) under illumination.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786192,Chatham-Stephens et al. 2013,"Burden of disease from toxic waste sites in India, indonesia, and the Philippines in 2010","Background: Prior calculations of the burden of disease from toxic exposures have not included estimates of the burden from toxic waste sites due to the absence of exposure data.Objective: We developed a disability-adjusted life year (DALY)-based estimate of the disease burden attributable to toxic waste sites. We focused on three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.Methods: Sites were identified through the Blacksmith Institute's Toxic Sites Identification Program, a global effort to identify waste sites in LMICs. At least one of eight toxic chemicals was sampled in environmental media at each site, and the population at risk estimated. By combining estimates of disease incidence from these exposures with population data, we calculated the DALYs attributable to exposures at each site.Results: We estimated that in 2010, 8,629,750 persons were at risk of exposure to industrial pollutants at 373 toxic waste sites in the three countries, and that these exposures resulted in 828,722 DALYs, with a range of 814,934-1,557,121 DALYs, depending on the weighting factor used. This disease burden is comparable to estimated burdens for outdoor air pollution (1,448,612 DALYs) and malaria (725,000 DALYs) in these countries. Lead and hexavalent chromium collectively accounted for 99.2% of the total DALYs for the chemicals evaluated.Conclusions: Toxic waste sites are responsible for a significant burden of disease in LMICs. Although some factors, such as unidentified and unscreened sites, may cause our estimate to be an underestimate of the actual burden of disease, other factors, such as extrapolation of environmental sampling to the entire exposed population, may result in an overestimate of the burden of disease attributable to these sites. Toxic waste sites are a major, and heretofore underrecognized, global health problem.","Burden of disease from toxic waste sites in India, indonesia, and the Philippines in 2010 Abs: Background: Prior calculations of the burden of disease from toxic exposures have not included estimates of the burden from toxic waste sites due to the absence of exposure data.Objective: We developed a disability-adjusted life year (DALY)-based estimate of the disease burden attributable to toxic waste sites. We focused on three low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): India, Indonesia, and the Philippines.Methods: Sites were identified through the Blacksmith Institute's Toxic Sites Identification Program, a global effort to identify waste sites in LMICs. At least one of eight toxic chemicals was sampled in environmental media at each site, and the population at risk estimated. By combining estimates of disease incidence from these exposures with population data, we calculated the DALYs attributable to exposures at each site.Results: We estimated that in 2010, 8,629,750 persons were at risk of exposure to industrial pollutants at 373 toxic waste sites in the three countries, and that these exposures resulted in 828,722 DALYs, with a range of 814,934-1,557,121 DALYs, depending on the weighting factor used. This disease burden is comparable to estimated burdens for outdoor air pollution (1,448,612 DALYs) and malaria (725,000 DALYs) in these countries. Lead and hexavalent chromium collectively accounted for 99.2% of the total DALYs for the chemicals evaluated.Conclusions: Toxic waste sites are responsible for a significant burden of disease in LMICs. Although some factors, such as unidentified and unscreened sites, may cause our estimate to be an underestimate of the actual burden of disease, other factors, such as extrapolation of environmental sampling to the entire exposed population, may result in an overestimate of the burden of disease attributable to these sites. Toxic waste sites are a major, and heretofore underrecognized, global health problem.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515944,Huang et al. 1998,Extraction equilibria of chromium(VI) from sulfuric acid solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The extraction equilibria of chromium(VI) from sulfuric acid solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) dissolved in kerosene at 25ê C have been studied. The possible complexes of chromium(VI) with TOPO in organic phase and extraction constants were determined by best fitting the distribution coefficient expression of Cr(VI) with experimental data using the Rosenbrock method. The extraction reactions, including the equilibria among seven species in aqueous phase (H2CrO4, HCrO4-, HCr2O7-, Cr2O72-, CrSO72-, HSO4- and SO42-) and five possible complexes in organic phase (H2CrO4Cr2O72cid concentration on the fraction of extracted complexes and on the distribution coefficients of Cr(VI) is discussed. This result was helpful for the clarification of the extraction reactions of Cr(VI).","Extraction equilibria of chromium(VI) from sulfuric acid solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The extraction equilibria of chromium(VI) from sulfuric acid solutions with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) dissolved in kerosene at 25ê C have been studied. The possible complexes of chromium(VI) with TOPO in organic phase and extraction constants were determined by best fitting the distribution coefficient expression of Cr(VI) with experimental data using the Rosenbrock method. The extraction reactions, including the equilibria among seven species in aqueous phase (H2CrO4, HCrO4-, HCr2O7-, Cr2O72-, CrSO72-, HSO4- and SO42-) and five possible complexes in organic phase (H2CrO4Cr2O72cid concentration on the fraction of extracted complexes and on the distribution coefficients of Cr(VI) is discussed. This result was helpful for the clarification of the extraction reactions of Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233616,Nemec and  Barchowsky 2009,Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is essential for chromium silencing of gene induction in human airway epithelial cells,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes lung injury and pulmonary diseases through poorly defined mechanisms that may involve the silencing of inducible protective genes. The current study investigated the hypothesis that Cr(VI) actively signals through a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-dependent pathway to silence nickel (Ni)-induced expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGFA), an important mediator of lung injury and repair. In human bronchial airway epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells, Ni-induced VEGFA transcription by stimulating an extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade that involved Src kinase-activated Sp1 transactivation, as well as increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) stabilization and DNA binding. Ni-stimulated ERK, Src, and HIF-1 alpha activities, as well as Ni-induced VEGFA transcript levels were inhibited in Cr(VI)-exposed cells. We previously demonstrated that Cr(VI) stimulates STAT1 to suppress VEGFA expression. In BEAS-2B cells stably expressing STAT1 short hairpin RNA, Cr(VI) increased VEGFA transcript levels and Sp1 transactivation. Moreover, in the absence of STAT1, Cr(VI), and Ni coexposures positively interacted to further increase VEGFA transcripts. This study demonstrates that metal-stimulated signaling cascades interact to regulate transcription and induction of adaptive or repair responses in airway cells. In addition, the data implicate STAT1 as a rate limiting mediator of Cr(VI)-stimulated gene regulation and suggest that cells lacking STAT1, such as many tumor cell lines, have opposite responses to Cr(VI) relative to normal cells.","Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is essential for chromium silencing of gene induction in human airway epithelial cells Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes lung injury and pulmonary diseases through poorly defined mechanisms that may involve the silencing of inducible protective genes. The current study investigated the hypothesis that Cr(VI) actively signals through a signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-dependent pathway to silence nickel (Ni)-induced expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor A (VEGFA), an important mediator of lung injury and repair. In human bronchial airway epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells, Ni-induced VEGFA transcription by stimulating an extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade that involved Src kinase-activated Sp1 transactivation, as well as increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) stabilization and DNA binding. Ni-stimulated ERK, Src, and HIF-1 alpha activities, as well as Ni-induced VEGFA transcript levels were inhibited in Cr(VI)-exposed cells. We previously demonstrated that Cr(VI) stimulates STAT1 to suppress VEGFA expression. In BEAS-2B cells stably expressing STAT1 short hairpin RNA, Cr(VI) increased VEGFA transcript levels and Sp1 transactivation. Moreover, in the absence of STAT1, Cr(VI), and Ni coexposures positively interacted to further increase VEGFA transcripts. This study demonstrates that metal-stimulated signaling cascades interact to regulate transcription and induction of adaptive or repair responses in airway cells. In addition, the data implicate STAT1 as a rate limiting mediator of Cr(VI)-stimulated gene regulation and suggest that cells lacking STAT1, such as many tumor cell lines, have opposite responses to Cr(VI) relative to normal cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234386,Fortepiani et al. 2003,Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT,"Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with the competitive l-arginine analog NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) leads to an elevated systemic blood pressure and reduction in renal blood flow without significant changes in urinary sodium and water excretion. Simultaneous administration of ANG II AT1 receptor antagonist losartan and l-NAME prevents the alterations in blood pressure and renal hemodynamics. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was used to investigate the role of ANG II in the changes of renal microvasculature during chronic NO inhibition. Sprague-Dawley rats were given l-NAME with or without AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (40 mg. kg-1. day-1 each) in their drinking water for 19 days. Kidneys from each group (control, l-NAME-, and l-NAME + losartan-treated rats) were perfusion-fixed in situ, infused with a silicon-based polymer containing lead chromate, and scanned by micro-CT. The microvasculature in the reconstructed three-dimensional renal images was studied using computerized analytic techniques. Kidneys of l-NAME-treated rats had significantly fewer normal glomeruli (28,824 +/- 838) than those of control rats (36,266 +/- 3,572). Losartan normalized the number to control values (34,094 +/- 1,536). The amount of vasculature in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla of l-NAME-treated rats was about two-thirds that of control rats; losartan normalized the values to control levels. These data indicate that chronic treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME produces a generalized rarefaction of renal capillaries. Because simultaneous AT1 receptor blockade abolished those changes, the data suggest that the reduction in vasculature is mediated by ANG II through AT1 receptors.","Effect of losartan on renal microvasculature during chronic inhibition of nitric oxide visualized by micro-CT Abs: Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with the competitive l-arginine analog NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) leads to an elevated systemic blood pressure and reduction in renal blood flow without significant changes in urinary sodium and water excretion. Simultaneous administration of ANG II AT1 receptor antagonist losartan and l-NAME prevents the alterations in blood pressure and renal hemodynamics. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was used to investigate the role of ANG II in the changes of renal microvasculature during chronic NO inhibition. Sprague-Dawley rats were given l-NAME with or without AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (40 mg. kg-1. day-1 each) in their drinking water for 19 days. Kidneys from each group (control, l-NAME-, and l-NAME + losartan-treated rats) were perfusion-fixed in situ, infused with a silicon-based polymer containing lead chromate, and scanned by micro-CT. The microvasculature in the reconstructed three-dimensional renal images was studied using computerized analytic techniques. Kidneys of l-NAME-treated rats had significantly fewer normal glomeruli (28,824 +/- 838) than those of control rats (36,266 +/- 3,572). Losartan normalized the number to control values (34,094 +/- 1,536). The amount of vasculature in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla of l-NAME-treated rats was about two-thirds that of control rats; losartan normalized the values to control levels. These data indicate that chronic treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME produces a generalized rarefaction of renal capillaries. Because simultaneous AT1 receptor blockade abolished those changes, the data suggest that the reduction in vasculature is mediated by ANG II through AT1 receptors.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
730128,Siemiatycki et al. 1994,"Occupational risk factors for bladder cancer: Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada","A population-based case-control study of the associations between various cancers and occupational exposures was carried out in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Between 1979 and 1986, 484 persons with pathologically confirmed cases of bladder cancer and 1,879 controls with cancers at other sites were interviewed, as was a series of 533 population controls. The job histories of these subjects were evaluated by a team of chemist/hygienists for evidence of exposure to a list of 294 workplace chemicals, and information on relevant non-occupational confounders was obtained. On the basis of results of preliminary analyses and literature review, 19 occupations, 11 industries, and 23 substances were selected for in-depth multivariate analysis. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to estimate the odds ratio between each of these occupational circumstances and bladder cancer. There was weak evidence that the following substances may be risk factors for bladder cancer: natural gas combustion products, aromatic amines, cadmium compounds, photographic products, acrylic fibers, polyethylene, titanium dioxide, and chlorine. Among the substances evaluated which showed no evidence of an association were benzo(a)pyrene, leather dust, and formaldehyde. Several occupations and industries were associated with bladder cancer, including motor vehicle drivers and textile dyers.","Occupational risk factors for bladder cancer: Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada Abs: A population-based case-control study of the associations between various cancers and occupational exposures was carried out in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Between 1979 and 1986, 484 persons with pathologically confirmed cases of bladder cancer and 1,879 controls with cancers at other sites were interviewed, as was a series of 533 population controls. The job histories of these subjects were evaluated by a team of chemist/hygienists for evidence of exposure to a list of 294 workplace chemicals, and information on relevant non-occupational confounders was obtained. On the basis of results of preliminary analyses and literature review, 19 occupations, 11 industries, and 23 substances were selected for in-depth multivariate analysis. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to estimate the odds ratio between each of these occupational circumstances and bladder cancer. There was weak evidence that the following substances may be risk factors for bladder cancer: natural gas combustion products, aromatic amines, cadmium compounds, photographic products, acrylic fibers, polyethylene, titanium dioxide, and chlorine. Among the substances evaluated which showed no evidence of an association were benzo(a)pyrene, leather dust, and formaldehyde. Several occupations and industries were associated with bladder cancer, including motor vehicle drivers and textile dyers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
629174,Hall et al. 1995,The influence of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of chemicals to aquatic biota,"The objective of this study was to review all available aquatic toxicity literature regarding the effects of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of inorganic and organic chemicals. Toxicity data for studies in which toxicity was assessed at various salinities were organized by chemical classes and trophic groups. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted with either crustaceans or fish. The other 30% were with mollusks, annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton, or fungi. Results from 173 data entries showed that negative correlations (toxicity increasing with decreasing salinity) were reported most frequently (55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and positive correlations (18%). The toxicity of most metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to increase with decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to the greater bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for the toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one exception to this was reported with organophosphate insecticides, the toxicity of which appeared to increase with increasing salinity. Physiological characteristics of the various test species were important in determining the toxicity of the various classes of chemicals at a range of salinities. Results from various studies showed that euryhaline species were more resistant to toxic conditions at isosmotic salinities due to minimization of osmotic stress. Specific examples showed that fish were more resistant to toxic chemicals at middle salinities when compared with either lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology of test species were important factors to consider when interpreting salinity/contaminant interaction data.","The influence of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of chemicals to aquatic biota Abs: The objective of this study was to review all available aquatic toxicity literature regarding the effects of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of inorganic and organic chemicals. Toxicity data for studies in which toxicity was assessed at various salinities were organized by chemical classes and trophic groups. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted with either crustaceans or fish. The other 30% were with mollusks, annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton, or fungi. Results from 173 data entries showed that negative correlations (toxicity increasing with decreasing salinity) were reported most frequently (55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and positive correlations (18%). The toxicity of most metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to increase with decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to the greater bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for the toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one exception to this was reported with organophosphate insecticides, the toxicity of which appeared to increase with increasing salinity. Physiological characteristics of the various test species were important in determining the toxicity of the various classes of chemicals at a range of salinities. Results from various studies showed that euryhaline species were more resistant to toxic conditions at isosmotic salinities due to minimization of osmotic stress. Specific examples showed that fish were more resistant to toxic chemicals at middle salinities when compared with either lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology of test species were important factors to consider when interpreting salinity/contaminant interaction data.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230894,Ishida et al. 2008,Comparison of preparation methods for the evaluation of nerve axons,"We have conducted a study to compare various preparation methods, including a certain number of new methods, to find which ones are best suited to the morphological evaluation of nerve fibers in the pyramidal tract of the human medulla oblongata. Our main concern was to find fixation and staining methods that would minimize errors, especially regarding the tissue shrinkage ratio and the ease of staining. From the two fixation methods we examined, the most satisfactory was the secondary chromic acid fixation (which gave the best overall results when followed by nitrocellulose embedding), as it gives the lowest shrinkage ratio with the narrowest range (10 +/- 0%). Among the ten staining methods we tested, we found that the most suitable for morphological evaluation were the discriminative staining methods (Luxol fast blue-Periodic acid-Schiff-Hematoxylin stain, Masson-Goldner-Goto method and modified Hematoxylin-Eosin stain) and the silver impregnation methods (Luxol fast blue-Silver impregnation and Luxol fast blue-Silver impregnation-Periodic acid-Schiff-Hematoxylin).","Comparison of preparation methods for the evaluation of nerve axons Abs: We have conducted a study to compare various preparation methods, including a certain number of new methods, to find which ones are best suited to the morphological evaluation of nerve fibers in the pyramidal tract of the human medulla oblongata. Our main concern was to find fixation and staining methods that would minimize errors, especially regarding the tissue shrinkage ratio and the ease of staining. From the two fixation methods we examined, the most satisfactory was the secondary chromic acid fixation (which gave the best overall results when followed by nitrocellulose embedding), as it gives the lowest shrinkage ratio with the narrowest range (10 +/- 0%). Among the ten staining methods we tested, we found that the most suitable for morphological evaluation were the discriminative staining methods (Luxol fast blue-Periodic acid-Schiff-Hematoxylin stain, Masson-Goldner-Goto method and modified Hematoxylin-Eosin stain) and the silver impregnation methods (Luxol fast blue-Silver impregnation and Luxol fast blue-Silver impregnation-Periodic acid-Schiff-Hematoxylin).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576596,Corradi and  Gorbi 1993,CHROMIUM TOXICITY ON 2 LINKED TROPHIC LEVELS .2. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON SCENEDESMUS-ACUTUS,,CHROMIUM TOXICITY ON 2 LINKED TROPHIC LEVELS .2. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON SCENEDESMUS-ACUTUS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514463,Dutkiewicz et al. 1969,Assessment of the Colorimetric Methods of Determination of Chromium in Air and Urine by Means of Radioisotope Techniques,"An evaluation of the colorimetric methods of determination of chromium (7440473) in air and urine based on the reaction of hexavalent chromium with diphenylcarbazide is carried out, using radioisotope techniques as the comparative method. The recovery of chromium solid absorbers is not complete because of the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. The procedure for determining chromium in urine provides for a constant recovery of 50 percent of chromium as compared with the determinations carried out in aqueous solutions. (Russian: English translation available)","Assessment of the Colorimetric Methods of Determination of Chromium in Air and Urine by Means of Radioisotope Techniques Abs: An evaluation of the colorimetric methods of determination of chromium (7440473) in air and urine based on the reaction of hexavalent chromium with diphenylcarbazide is carried out, using radioisotope techniques as the comparative method. The recovery of chromium solid absorbers is not complete because of the reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. The procedure for determining chromium in urine provides for a constant recovery of 50 percent of chromium as compared with the determinations carried out in aqueous solutions. (Russian: English translation available)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786421,Troiano et al. 2013,Interaction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with Hematite Studied by Second Harmonic Generation,,Interaction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with Hematite Studied by Second Harmonic Generation Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1444426,Nguyen et al. 2008,Reactivity of chromium(III) nutritional supplements in biological media: an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study,"Chromium(III) nutritional supplements are widely used due to their purported ability to enhance glucose metabolism, despite growing evidence on low activity and the potential genotoxicity of these compounds. Reactivities of Cr(III) complexes used in nutritional formulations, including [Cr3O(OCOEt)6(OH2)3](+) (A), [Cr(pic)3] (pic=2-pyridinecarboxylato(-) (B), and trans-[CrCl2(OH2)4](+) (CrCl3.6H2O; C), in a range of natural and simulated biological media (artificial digestion systems, blood and its components, cell culture media, and intact L6 rat skeletal muscle cells) were studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The XANES spectroscopic data were processed by multiple linear-regression analyses with the use of a library of model Cr(III) compounds, and the results were corroborated by the results of X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. Complexes A and B underwent extensive ligand-exchange reactions under conditions of combined gastric and intestinal digestion (in the presence of a semisynthetic meal, 3 h at 310 K), as well as in blood serum and in a cell culture medium (1-24 h at 310 K), with the formation of Cr(III) complexes with hydroxo and amino acid/protein ligands. Reactions of compounds A-C with cultured muscle cells led to similar ligand-exchange products, with at least part of Cr(III) bound to the surface of the cells. The reactions of B with serum greatly enhanced its propensity to be converted to Cr(VI) by biological oxidants (H2O2 or glucose oxidase system), which is proposed to be a major cause of both the insulin-enhancing activity and toxicity of Cr(III) compounds (Mulyani, I.; Levina, A.; Lay, P. A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4504-4507). This finding enhances the current concern over the safety of consumption of large doses of Cr(III) supplements, particularly [Cr(pic)3].","Reactivity of chromium(III) nutritional supplements in biological media: an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study Abs: Chromium(III) nutritional supplements are widely used due to their purported ability to enhance glucose metabolism, despite growing evidence on low activity and the potential genotoxicity of these compounds. Reactivities of Cr(III) complexes used in nutritional formulations, including [Cr3O(OCOEt)6(OH2)3](+) (A), [Cr(pic)3] (pic=2-pyridinecarboxylato(-) (B), and trans-[CrCl2(OH2)4](+) (CrCl3.6H2O; C), in a range of natural and simulated biological media (artificial digestion systems, blood and its components, cell culture media, and intact L6 rat skeletal muscle cells) were studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The XANES spectroscopic data were processed by multiple linear-regression analyses with the use of a library of model Cr(III) compounds, and the results were corroborated by the results of X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry. Complexes A and B underwent extensive ligand-exchange reactions under conditions of combined gastric and intestinal digestion (in the presence of a semisynthetic meal, 3 h at 310 K), as well as in blood serum and in a cell culture medium (1-24 h at 310 K), with the formation of Cr(III) complexes with hydroxo and amino acid/protein ligands. Reactions of compounds A-C with cultured muscle cells led to similar ligand-exchange products, with at least part of Cr(III) bound to the surface of the cells. The reactions of B with serum greatly enhanced its propensity to be converted to Cr(VI) by biological oxidants (H2O2 or glucose oxidase system), which is proposed to be a major cause of both the insulin-enhancing activity and toxicity of Cr(III) compounds (Mulyani, I.; Levina, A.; Lay, P. A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4504-4507). This finding enhances the current concern over the safety of consumption of large doses of Cr(III) supplements, particularly [Cr(pic)3].",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1349846,Majumdar et al. 2007,"Industrial processing of rice husk for environment, energy and economy","An approach for comprehensive and efficient utilization of Rice Husk (RH) integrating the three E's - Environment, Energy and Economy has been outlined based on experimental information. RH can be thermally processed for co-production of metal-impregnated or chemically modified active solid silica-carbon composites with simultaneous recovery of liquid and gaseous by-products accounting for about 80-90% of the biomass with minimum addition to environmental pollution. The active and amorphous silica-carbon composite solid can be used in systems for removing waterborne and airborne toxic substances like phenol, hexavalent chromium, fluoride and arsenic in water and vapours of acetone, chloroform, benzene and pyridine. Liquid condensate collected during processing is a rich source of various useful organic chemicals. The third bulk co-product, a combustible gas of low calorific value, can supplement the energy requirements of the process. The spent silicarbons, after use in pollution abatement systems may be suitably formulated and melted into stable glass thus solving one of the major problems of ultimate disposal of toxic-loaded solid wastes generated. Small industries handling similar to 60 MT RH annually appear to be just viable. AS ancillaries to rice mills they are likely to prove handsomely rewarding. Projected estimates further Indicate that industrial processing in the suggested mode, of only 10% of India's annual RH biomass (4 Million Metric Tons), has the potential of generating similar to 200000 employments in similar to 66000 small decentralised units. The estimated capital investment is in the order of Rs. 6600 crores.","Industrial processing of rice husk for environment, energy and economy Abs: An approach for comprehensive and efficient utilization of Rice Husk (RH) integrating the three E's - Environment, Energy and Economy has been outlined based on experimental information. RH can be thermally processed for co-production of metal-impregnated or chemically modified active solid silica-carbon composites with simultaneous recovery of liquid and gaseous by-products accounting for about 80-90% of the biomass with minimum addition to environmental pollution. The active and amorphous silica-carbon composite solid can be used in systems for removing waterborne and airborne toxic substances like phenol, hexavalent chromium, fluoride and arsenic in water and vapours of acetone, chloroform, benzene and pyridine. Liquid condensate collected during processing is a rich source of various useful organic chemicals. The third bulk co-product, a combustible gas of low calorific value, can supplement the energy requirements of the process. The spent silicarbons, after use in pollution abatement systems may be suitably formulated and melted into stable glass thus solving one of the major problems of ultimate disposal of toxic-loaded solid wastes generated. Small industries handling similar to 60 MT RH annually appear to be just viable. AS ancillaries to rice mills they are likely to prove handsomely rewarding. Projected estimates further Indicate that industrial processing in the suggested mode, of only 10% of India's annual RH biomass (4 Million Metric Tons), has the potential of generating similar to 200000 employments in similar to 66000 small decentralised units. The estimated capital investment is in the order of Rs. 6600 crores.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514506,Ferreira 1997,Use of Pimephales pomelas in toxicity evaluation of liquid effluents from the south petrochemical complex,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Integrated System for Treatment of Liquid Effluents (SITEL) is responsible for the treatment and discharge of liquid effluents produced at the South Petrochemical Complex (Brazil). Toxicity tests with Pimephales promelas were conducted along the treatment system in question to further study the toxic properties of its effluents. Lethal effects were assessed by Dunnett's test, and sublethal ones via histopathological analyses. Some toxicity was observed in the standard chronic larval test (7-day) and was found to be negligible. However, even showing no mortalities, histopathological alterations to the gills, such as epithelial separation, hyperplasia and increased mucus secretion were noticed during prolonged exposure to the final effluent on days 21 and 30. Physical and chemical analyses of effluent reveal some possible causes of that toxicity, including pH, concentrations of non-ionized ammonia and zinc and hardness. Since the maximum. values of the standard establ","Use of Pimephales pomelas in toxicity evaluation of liquid effluents from the south petrochemical complex Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Integrated System for Treatment of Liquid Effluents (SITEL) is responsible for the treatment and discharge of liquid effluents produced at the South Petrochemical Complex (Brazil). Toxicity tests with Pimephales promelas were conducted along the treatment system in question to further study the toxic properties of its effluents. Lethal effects were assessed by Dunnett's test, and sublethal ones via histopathological analyses. Some toxicity was observed in the standard chronic larval test (7-day) and was found to be negligible. However, even showing no mortalities, histopathological alterations to the gills, such as epithelial separation, hyperplasia and increased mucus secretion were noticed during prolonged exposure to the final effluent on days 21 and 30. Physical and chemical analyses of effluent reveal some possible causes of that toxicity, including pH, concentrations of non-ionized ammonia and zinc and hardness. Since the maximum. values of the standard establ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235022,Mclaren 1981,Routine kilogray dosimetry with dichromate solutions,,Routine kilogray dosimetry with dichromate solutions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225047,Tahri Joutey et al. ,Hexavalent chromium removal by a novel Serratia proteamaculans isolated from the bank of Sebou River (Morocco),"The novel Serratia proteamaculans isolated from a chromium-contaminated site was tolerant to a concentration of 500 mg Cr(VI)/l. The optimum pH and temperature for reduction of Cr(VI) by S. proteamaculans were found to be 7.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased with the increase in Cr(VI) concentration from 100 to 400 mg/l, suggesting the enzymatic chromium reduction. Resting and permeabilised cell assays provided the better evidence that chromate reduction in S. proteamaculans is enzymatic. Reduction by cell-free filtrate shows no extracellular chromate-reducing activity, revealing that this activity may be associated to membrane fraction and/or cytosolic fraction. Assays conducted with cytosolic and particulate fraction of S. proteamaculans confirmed the role of membrane-bound proteins in Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, chromium reduced by heat-treated cells suggests that membrane-associated chromate reductase activity of S. proteamaculans is preceded by its adsorption on the cell surface.","Hexavalent chromium removal by a novel Serratia proteamaculans isolated from the bank of Sebou River (Morocco) Abs: The novel Serratia proteamaculans isolated from a chromium-contaminated site was tolerant to a concentration of 500 mg Cr(VI)/l. The optimum pH and temperature for reduction of Cr(VI) by S. proteamaculans were found to be 7.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased with the increase in Cr(VI) concentration from 100 to 400 mg/l, suggesting the enzymatic chromium reduction. Resting and permeabilised cell assays provided the better evidence that chromate reduction in S. proteamaculans is enzymatic. Reduction by cell-free filtrate shows no extracellular chromate-reducing activity, revealing that this activity may be associated to membrane fraction and/or cytosolic fraction. Assays conducted with cytosolic and particulate fraction of S. proteamaculans confirmed the role of membrane-bound proteins in Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, chromium reduced by heat-treated cells suggests that membrane-associated chromate reductase activity of S. proteamaculans is preceded by its adsorption on the cell surface.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786343,Handzlik and  Kurleto 2013,Assessment of density functional methods for thermochemistry of chromium oxo compounds and their application in a study of chromia–silica system,,Assessment of density functional methods for thermochemistry of chromium oxo compounds and their application in a study of chromia–silica system Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509668,Nakamura and  Frei 2006,Visible light-driven water oxidation by Ir oxide clusters coupled to single Cr centers in mesoporous silica,"Visible light-induced water oxidation has been demonstrated at an Ir oxide nanocluster coupled to a single CrVI site on the pore surface of MCM-41 mesoporous silica. The photocatalytic unit was assembled by the reaction of surface Cr=O groups with Ir(acac)3 precursor followed by calcination at 300 degrees C and bond formation monitored by FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. High-resolution Z-contrast electron micrographs of the calcined material combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spot analysis confirmed the occlusion of Ir oxide nanoparticles inside the mesopores. Oxygen evolution of an aqueous suspension of the IrxOy-CrMCM-41 upon visible light irradiation of the CrVI-O ligand-to-metal charge-transfer absorption was monitored mass-spectrometrically. Comparison of the product yields for samples with low Cr content (Cr/Si &lt;/= 0.02) and high Cr content (Cr/Si = 0.05) indicates that only isolated Cr centers are capable of extracting electrons from Ir oxide clusters, while di- or polychromate species are not. Water oxidation at a multielectron-transfer catalyst coupled to a single metal center has not been demonstrated before. The ability to drive water oxidation with a single metal center as electron pump offers opportunities for coupling the oxygen-evolving photocatalytic unit to reducing sites in the nanoporous scaffold.","Visible light-driven water oxidation by Ir oxide clusters coupled to single Cr centers in mesoporous silica Abs: Visible light-induced water oxidation has been demonstrated at an Ir oxide nanocluster coupled to a single CrVI site on the pore surface of MCM-41 mesoporous silica. The photocatalytic unit was assembled by the reaction of surface Cr=O groups with Ir(acac)3 precursor followed by calcination at 300 degrees C and bond formation monitored by FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. High-resolution Z-contrast electron micrographs of the calcined material combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spot analysis confirmed the occlusion of Ir oxide nanoparticles inside the mesopores. Oxygen evolution of an aqueous suspension of the IrxOy-CrMCM-41 upon visible light irradiation of the CrVI-O ligand-to-metal charge-transfer absorption was monitored mass-spectrometrically. Comparison of the product yields for samples with low Cr content (Cr/Si &lt;/= 0.02) and high Cr content (Cr/Si = 0.05) indicates that only isolated Cr centers are capable of extracting electrons from Ir oxide clusters, while di- or polychromate species are not. Water oxidation at a multielectron-transfer catalyst coupled to a single metal center has not been demonstrated before. The ability to drive water oxidation with a single metal center as electron pump offers opportunities for coupling the oxygen-evolving photocatalytic unit to reducing sites in the nanoporous scaffold.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233762,Ha et al. 2003,Chromium (VI) activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein. Requirement of ATM for both apoptosis and recovery from terminal growth arrest,"The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays a central role in early stages of DNA double strand break (DSB) detection and controls cellular responses to this damage. Although hypersensitive to ionizing radiation-induced clonogenic lethality, ataxia telangiectasia cells are paradoxically deficient in their ability to undergo ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. This contradiction illustrates the complexity of the central role of ATM in DNA damage response and the need for further understanding. Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are implicated as occupational respiratory carcinogens at doses that are both genotoxic and cytotoxic. Cr(VI) induces a broad spectrum of DNA damage, but Cr(VI)-induced DSBs have not been reported. Here, we examined the role of ATM in the cellular response to Cr(VI) and found that Cr(VI) activates ATM. We also show that physiological targets of ATM, p53 Ser-15 and Chk2 Thr-68, were phosphorylated by Cr(VI) exposure in an ATM-dependent fashion. We found that ATM-/- cells were markedly resistant to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis but considerably more sensitive to Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality than wild type cells, indicating that resistance to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis did not confer a selective survival advantage. However, analysis of long term growth arrest revealed a striking difference: ATM-/- cells were markedly less able to recover from Cr(VI)-induced growth arrest. This indicates that terminal growth arrest is the fate of these apoptosis-resistant cells. In summary, ATM is involved in cellular response to a complex genotoxin that may not directly induce DSBs. Our data suggest that ATM is a major signal initiator for genotoxin-induced apoptosis but, paradoxically, also contributes to maintenance of cell survival by facilitating recovery/escape from terminal growth arrest. The results also strongly suggest that terminal growth arrest is not merely an extended or even irreversible form of checkpoint arrest, but instead an independent and unique cell fate pathway.","Chromium (VI) activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein. Requirement of ATM for both apoptosis and recovery from terminal growth arrest Abs: The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein plays a central role in early stages of DNA double strand break (DSB) detection and controls cellular responses to this damage. Although hypersensitive to ionizing radiation-induced clonogenic lethality, ataxia telangiectasia cells are paradoxically deficient in their ability to undergo ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. This contradiction illustrates the complexity of the central role of ATM in DNA damage response and the need for further understanding. Certain hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are implicated as occupational respiratory carcinogens at doses that are both genotoxic and cytotoxic. Cr(VI) induces a broad spectrum of DNA damage, but Cr(VI)-induced DSBs have not been reported. Here, we examined the role of ATM in the cellular response to Cr(VI) and found that Cr(VI) activates ATM. We also show that physiological targets of ATM, p53 Ser-15 and Chk2 Thr-68, were phosphorylated by Cr(VI) exposure in an ATM-dependent fashion. We found that ATM-/- cells were markedly resistant to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis but considerably more sensitive to Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality than wild type cells, indicating that resistance to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis did not confer a selective survival advantage. However, analysis of long term growth arrest revealed a striking difference: ATM-/- cells were markedly less able to recover from Cr(VI)-induced growth arrest. This indicates that terminal growth arrest is the fate of these apoptosis-resistant cells. In summary, ATM is involved in cellular response to a complex genotoxin that may not directly induce DSBs. Our data suggest that ATM is a major signal initiator for genotoxin-induced apoptosis but, paradoxically, also contributes to maintenance of cell survival by facilitating recovery/escape from terminal growth arrest. The results also strongly suggest that terminal growth arrest is not merely an extended or even irreversible form of checkpoint arrest, but instead an independent and unique cell fate pathway.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1776328,Brown 2010,Maintenance Center Albany Puts the Hex on Hexavalent Chromium: Safer Substitute Found for Anodizing Aluminum Parts,Journal article.,Maintenance Center Albany Puts the Hex on Hexavalent Chromium: Safer Substitute Found for Anodizing Aluminum Parts Abs: Journal article.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516124,Mazierski 1994,Effect of chromium (CrVI) on the growth rate of denitrifying bacteria,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of hexavalent chromium on the growth rate of denitrifying bacteria was studied under chemostatic cultivation. Chromium (CrVI) in the range to 0.6 mg/l decreases the maximum growth rate mumax and the Monod constant Ks. Its effect can be described by a generalized form of the kinetic equation in the form: The values of mumax, Ks, p,q and r were estimated as 0.3929 h-1, 20.992 mg/l, -0.7008 l/mg respectively.","Effect of chromium (CrVI) on the growth rate of denitrifying bacteria Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of hexavalent chromium on the growth rate of denitrifying bacteria was studied under chemostatic cultivation. Chromium (CrVI) in the range to 0.6 mg/l decreases the maximum growth rate mumax and the Monod constant Ks. Its effect can be described by a generalized form of the kinetic equation in the form: The values of mumax, Ks, p,q and r were estimated as 0.3929 h-1, 20.992 mg/l, -0.7008 l/mg respectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1466105,Elfant and  Keen 1987,Sodium vanadate toxicity in adult and developing rats,"The toxic effect of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) during pregnancy and lactation was studied by feeding vanadium to pregnant, Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of 1 (control) or 75 ?g V/g diet through d 21 postpartum, at which time they were killed. Vanadium-fed dams had lower food intakes and weight gains than controls during pregnancy. Survival until d 21 postpartum was significantly lower in the vanadium pups compared to controls. In addition, the surviving pups gained less weight than control pups, despite similar birth weights. On a relative body weight basis, vanadium pups had larger livers, brains, and testes than controls, suggesting that these animals were developmentally delayed. Vanadium dams and pups had higher concentrations of hepatic vanadium than controls. Vanadium pups also had higher concentrations of hepatic zinc than control pups. Maternal hepatic zinc concentrations were not affected by diet. Also, no significant differences in hepatic iron, copper, or manganese concentrations were observed for either dams or pups. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactivity was higher in whole cell and isolated mitochondria for vanadium dams and pups than for control dams and pups, indicating that these animals may have had higher levels of lipid peroxidation. This idea was supported by the observation of lower concentrations of reduced glutathione in the livers of vanadium pups compared to controls. In contrast, kidney and brain glutathione levels were not affected by diet. In conclusion, animals during periods of rapid growth are susceptible to vanadium toxicity, and increased lipid peroxidation may be one factor underlying this toxicity.","Sodium vanadate toxicity in adult and developing rats Abs: The toxic effect of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) during pregnancy and lactation was studied by feeding vanadium to pregnant, Sprague-Dawley rats at levels of 1 (control) or 75 ?g V/g diet through d 21 postpartum, at which time they were killed. Vanadium-fed dams had lower food intakes and weight gains than controls during pregnancy. Survival until d 21 postpartum was significantly lower in the vanadium pups compared to controls. In addition, the surviving pups gained less weight than control pups, despite similar birth weights. On a relative body weight basis, vanadium pups had larger livers, brains, and testes than controls, suggesting that these animals were developmentally delayed. Vanadium dams and pups had higher concentrations of hepatic vanadium than controls. Vanadium pups also had higher concentrations of hepatic zinc than control pups. Maternal hepatic zinc concentrations were not affected by diet. Also, no significant differences in hepatic iron, copper, or manganese concentrations were observed for either dams or pups. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactivity was higher in whole cell and isolated mitochondria for vanadium dams and pups than for control dams and pups, indicating that these animals may have had higher levels of lipid peroxidation. This idea was supported by the observation of lower concentrations of reduced glutathione in the livers of vanadium pups compared to controls. In contrast, kidney and brain glutathione levels were not affected by diet. In conclusion, animals during periods of rapid growth are susceptible to vanadium toxicity, and increased lipid peroxidation may be one factor underlying this toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510566,Jayabharathi et al. 2012,"Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Kamlet-Taft and Catalan Solvatochromic Analysis of Novel Imidazole Derivatives",,"Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Kamlet-Taft and Catalan Solvatochromic Analysis of Novel Imidazole Derivatives Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516682,Matsui 1980,Evaluation of a Bacillus subtilis recombination-assay for the detection of mutagens which may occur in water environments,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A recombination(rec)-deficient mutant of B. subtilis NIG-45 and a wild-type strain NIG-47 were used for mutagenicity testing. The NIG-45 strain is very sensitive to gamma-irradiation, UV-irradiation and chemical (drug) mutagens. The liquid-cultivation method was used rather than the plate-cultivation method; the liquid-cultivation method allows detection of very low concentrations of mutagens. Among the heavy metals tested, Cr6+ showed strong mutagenicity and Mn7+ showed weak mutagenicity. Cr6+ concentrations of 0.5 mg/l slowed the growth of NIG-45; the growth of NIG-47 was slowed by 1.0 mg/l Cr6+. When Cr6+ and mitomycin were applied together, an additive rather than a multiplicative level of mutations were induced. Hg, a non-mutagenic substance, did not enhance the mutagenicity of Cr6+ when these substances were simultaneously applied. Among test dyes, acridine orange, acridine yellow and methyl violet showed strong mutagenicity. Application of the target and hit theory to experimental results suggested that mitomycin and Cr6+ are 1-target-1-hit mutagens and that acridine orange and acridine yellow are 1-target-2-hits mutagens. A new term, the mean lethal concentration of chemical mutagens, was introduced to evaluate experimental results of 1-target-1-hit and 1-target-2-hits cases. This technique may be of value in the detection of mutagens which occur in water environments.","Evaluation of a Bacillus subtilis recombination-assay for the detection of mutagens which may occur in water environments Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A recombination(rec)-deficient mutant of B. subtilis NIG-45 and a wild-type strain NIG-47 were used for mutagenicity testing. The NIG-45 strain is very sensitive to gamma-irradiation, UV-irradiation and chemical (drug) mutagens. The liquid-cultivation method was used rather than the plate-cultivation method; the liquid-cultivation method allows detection of very low concentrations of mutagens. Among the heavy metals tested, Cr6+ showed strong mutagenicity and Mn7+ showed weak mutagenicity. Cr6+ concentrations of 0.5 mg/l slowed the growth of NIG-45; the growth of NIG-47 was slowed by 1.0 mg/l Cr6+. When Cr6+ and mitomycin were applied together, an additive rather than a multiplicative level of mutations were induced. Hg, a non-mutagenic substance, did not enhance the mutagenicity of Cr6+ when these substances were simultaneously applied. Among test dyes, acridine orange, acridine yellow and methyl violet showed strong mutagenicity. Application of the target and hit theory to experimental results suggested that mitomycin and Cr6+ are 1-target-1-hit mutagens and that acridine orange and acridine yellow are 1-target-2-hits mutagens. A new term, the mean lethal concentration of chemical mutagens, was introduced to evaluate experimental results of 1-target-1-hit and 1-target-2-hits cases. This technique may be of value in the detection of mutagens which occur in water environments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237335,Van Beelen and  Fleuren-Kemila 1993,Toxic effects of pentachlorophenol and other pollutants on the mineralization of acetate in several soils,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The mineralization of (14C)acetate was studied in bottles with fresh soil and groundwater. Addition of toxicants inhibited the formation of 14CO2 and dose-effect curves were obtained. The acetate mineralization was not inhibited by zinc, cadmium, K2Cr2O7, chloropyrifos, and paraquat in an acid sandy soil at 1000 mg/kg dry soil. The IC10 is the toxicant concentration which inhibits 10% of the initial mineralization rate. The IC10 concentrations for 3,4-dichloroaniline, triphenyltin, and ortho-xylene were 48, 96, and 730 mg/kg, respectively, in the acid sandy soil. The IC10 of pentachlorophenol was measured in samples from the acid sandy soil and in several other soil and subsoil samples. The geometrical mean of the 13 IC10 values was 16 mg pentachlorophenol/kg. A statistical method was used to calculate the PCP concentration above which 5% of the most sensitive acetate-mineralizing communities in all soils are influenced. The best estimate of this concentration is 0.3 m","Toxic effects of pentachlorophenol and other pollutants on the mineralization of acetate in several soils Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The mineralization of (14C)acetate was studied in bottles with fresh soil and groundwater. Addition of toxicants inhibited the formation of 14CO2 and dose-effect curves were obtained. The acetate mineralization was not inhibited by zinc, cadmium, K2Cr2O7, chloropyrifos, and paraquat in an acid sandy soil at 1000 mg/kg dry soil. The IC10 is the toxicant concentration which inhibits 10% of the initial mineralization rate. The IC10 concentrations for 3,4-dichloroaniline, triphenyltin, and ortho-xylene were 48, 96, and 730 mg/kg, respectively, in the acid sandy soil. The IC10 of pentachlorophenol was measured in samples from the acid sandy soil and in several other soil and subsoil samples. The geometrical mean of the 13 IC10 values was 16 mg pentachlorophenol/kg. A statistical method was used to calculate the PCP concentration above which 5% of the most sensitive acetate-mineralizing communities in all soils are influenced. The best estimate of this concentration is 0.3 m",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231201,Dinman 1991,THE MODE OF ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY MATHEMATICAL MODEL,THE MODE OF ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC MATERIALS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY MATHEMATICAL MODEL,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577687,Ramaswami et al. 2011,The polyomavirus BK large T-antigen-derived peptide elicits an HLA-DR promiscuous and polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell response,"BK virus (BKV) nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis are increasingly recognized causes of disease in renal and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, respectively. Functional characterization of the immune response to BKV is important for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine design. A peptide mix (PepMix) and overlapping (OPP) or random (RPP) peptide pools derived from BKV large T antigen (LTA) were used to restimulate 14-day-expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 healthy control subjects in gamma interferon (IFN-?)-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. A T-cell response to LTA PepMix was detected in 15/27 subjects. A response was frequently observed with peptides derived from the helicase domain (9/15 subjects), while the DNA binding and host range domains were immunologically inert (0/15 subjects). For all nine subjects who responded to LTA peptide pools, the immune response could be explained largely by a 15-mer peptide designated P313. P313-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones demonstrated (i) stringent LTA peptide specificity; (ii) promiscuous recognition in the context of HLA-DR alleles; (iii) cross recognition of homologous peptides from the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40); (iv) an effector memory phenotype, CD107a expression, and intracellular production of IFN-? and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?); (v) cytotoxic activity in a chromium release assay; and (vi) the ability to directly present cognate antigen to autologous T cells. In conclusion, T-cell-mediated immunity to BKV in healthy subjects is associated with a polyfunctional population of CD4(+) T cells with dual T-helper and T-cytotoxic properties. HLA class II promiscuity in antigen presentation makes the targeted LTA peptide sequence a suitable candidate for inclusion in immunotherapy protocols.","The polyomavirus BK large T-antigen-derived peptide elicits an HLA-DR promiscuous and polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell response Abs: BK virus (BKV) nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis are increasingly recognized causes of disease in renal and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, respectively. Functional characterization of the immune response to BKV is important for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine design. A peptide mix (PepMix) and overlapping (OPP) or random (RPP) peptide pools derived from BKV large T antigen (LTA) were used to restimulate 14-day-expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 27 healthy control subjects in gamma interferon (IFN-?)-specific enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. A T-cell response to LTA PepMix was detected in 15/27 subjects. A response was frequently observed with peptides derived from the helicase domain (9/15 subjects), while the DNA binding and host range domains were immunologically inert (0/15 subjects). For all nine subjects who responded to LTA peptide pools, the immune response could be explained largely by a 15-mer peptide designated P313. P313-specific CD4(+) T-cell clones demonstrated (i) stringent LTA peptide specificity; (ii) promiscuous recognition in the context of HLA-DR alleles; (iii) cross recognition of homologous peptides from the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40); (iv) an effector memory phenotype, CD107a expression, and intracellular production of IFN-? and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?); (v) cytotoxic activity in a chromium release assay; and (vi) the ability to directly present cognate antigen to autologous T cells. In conclusion, T-cell-mediated immunity to BKV in healthy subjects is associated with a polyfunctional population of CD4(+) T cells with dual T-helper and T-cytotoxic properties. HLA class II promiscuity in antigen presentation makes the targeted LTA peptide sequence a suitable candidate for inclusion in immunotherapy protocols.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237307,Xu et al. 1992,Determination of aluminium in human brain tissue by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Brain tissue is rich in phosphorus and alkali and alkaline earth metals. A synergistic interference has been observed with the determination of aluminium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry when phosphorus is present in the sample alone with alkali or alkaline earth metals. For the determination of aluminium in human brain samples, potassium dichromate was found to be an effective chemical modifier. The concentration of aluminium in Nation Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) Citrus Leaves (SRM 1572), Oyster Tissue (SRM 1566a) and in National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Certified Reference Material (CRM) No. 6 mussel were determined. Values of 76.6 | 4.2, 86.8 | 0.5 and 55.5 | 10.1 mug g-1 were obtained before the use of the modifier, and 88.2 | 6.2, 197.7 | 6.8 and 215.0 | 12.5 mug g-1 after the use of potassium dichromate as chemical modifier for Citrus Leaves, Oyster Tissue and Mussel, respectivel","Determination of aluminium in human brain tissue by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Brain tissue is rich in phosphorus and alkali and alkaline earth metals. A synergistic interference has been observed with the determination of aluminium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry when phosphorus is present in the sample alone with alkali or alkaline earth metals. For the determination of aluminium in human brain samples, potassium dichromate was found to be an effective chemical modifier. The concentration of aluminium in Nation Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) Citrus Leaves (SRM 1572), Oyster Tissue (SRM 1566a) and in National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Certified Reference Material (CRM) No. 6 mussel were determined. Values of 76.6 | 4.2, 86.8 | 0.5 and 55.5 | 10.1 mug g-1 were obtained before the use of the modifier, and 88.2 | 6.2, 197.7 | 6.8 and 215.0 | 12.5 mug g-1 after the use of potassium dichromate as chemical modifier for Citrus Leaves, Oyster Tissue and Mussel, respectivel",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516264,Parr and  Taylor 1982,Germination and growth effects of hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL (a Corrosion inhibitor) on Phaseolus vulgaris (cultivar Bush Blue Lake),"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Research was conducted on the potential for germination and growth effects in bush beans (P. vulgaris L. cv. Bush Blue Lake) from hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL, a proprietary chromated, zinc-phosphate compound added to DOE (Department of Energy) cooling water systems (in the USA) for corrosion inhibition. Studies were conducted at low and high Orocol TL concentrations in the soil by adjusting soil pH and the percent of organic matter. Germination effects were determined for seeds germinated in soils adjusted to differing pH ranges (4-4.5, 5-5.5 and 6.5-7), levels of organic matter (1.8%, 3% and 5%), and Orocol TL amendments (control of 0, 10 and 500 mug/g Cr). Growth responses (effects) were determined from plants cultured in the same soil treatment combinations as described for the germination study. High levels (500 mug/g) of hexavalent Cr in soil (as Orocol TL) affected germination and growth, while a high level of organic matter significantly reduced Cr toxicity on germination. At lower Cr concentrations there was significant uptake by all plant parts, with a corresponding reduction in biomass of leaves. Consequently, adjustments of soil pH from 4.0 to 7.0 apparently had no significant effect on Cr uptake in plants. Increasing the organic matter level to 5%, while decreasing the toxicity of high Cr levels to germinating seed, did not affect Cr uptake.","Germination and growth effects of hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL (a Corrosion inhibitor) on Phaseolus vulgaris (cultivar Bush Blue Lake) Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Research was conducted on the potential for germination and growth effects in bush beans (P. vulgaris L. cv. Bush Blue Lake) from hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL, a proprietary chromated, zinc-phosphate compound added to DOE (Department of Energy) cooling water systems (in the USA) for corrosion inhibition. Studies were conducted at low and high Orocol TL concentrations in the soil by adjusting soil pH and the percent of organic matter. Germination effects were determined for seeds germinated in soils adjusted to differing pH ranges (4-4.5, 5-5.5 and 6.5-7), levels of organic matter (1.8%, 3% and 5%), and Orocol TL amendments (control of 0, 10 and 500 mug/g Cr). Growth responses (effects) were determined from plants cultured in the same soil treatment combinations as described for the germination study. High levels (500 mug/g) of hexavalent Cr in soil (as Orocol TL) affected germination and growth, while a high level of organic matter significantly reduced Cr toxicity on germination. At lower Cr concentrations there was significant uptake by all plant parts, with a corresponding reduction in biomass of leaves. Consequently, adjustments of soil pH from 4.0 to 7.0 apparently had no significant effect on Cr uptake in plants. Increasing the organic matter level to 5%, while decreasing the toxicity of high Cr levels to germinating seed, did not affect Cr uptake.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
920982,Smiri et al. 2010,RETRACTED: Redox regulation of the glutathione reductase/iso-glutaredoxin system in germinating pea seed exposed to cadmium,"This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The editors would like to confirm the retraction of this paper at the request of the co-authors who had no prior knowledge on the actions of the lead author. This article contains data that was duplicated in: Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Cadmium Affects the Glutathione/Glutaredoxin System in Germinating Pea Seeds. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 142 (2010) 93-105, doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8749-3; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Effect of cadmium on resumption of respiration in cotyledons of germinating pea seeds. Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 73 (2010) 1246-1254, doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.015; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. NAD pattern and NADH oxidase activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) under cadmium toxicity. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 16 (2010) 305-315, doi:10.1007/s12298-010-0033-7; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Oxidative damage and redox change in pea seeds treated with cadmium. C. R. Biol., 333 (2010) 801-807, doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.09.002; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Kamel C, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Cadmium induced mitochondrial redox changes in germinating pea seed. BioMetals, 23 (2010) 973-984, doi:10.1007/s10534-010-9344-y. The co-authors apologize for this unfortunate incident.","RETRACTED: Redox regulation of the glutathione reductase/iso-glutaredoxin system in germinating pea seed exposed to cadmium Abs: This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The editors would like to confirm the retraction of this paper at the request of the co-authors who had no prior knowledge on the actions of the lead author. This article contains data that was duplicated in: Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Cadmium Affects the Glutathione/Glutaredoxin System in Germinating Pea Seeds. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 142 (2010) 93-105, doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8749-3; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Effect of cadmium on resumption of respiration in cotyledons of germinating pea seeds. Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 73 (2010) 1246-1254, doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.015; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. NAD pattern and NADH oxidase activity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) under cadmium toxicity. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 16 (2010) 305-315, doi:10.1007/s12298-010-0033-7; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Oxidative damage and redox change in pea seeds treated with cadmium. C. R. Biol., 333 (2010) 801-807, doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.09.002; Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Kamel C, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Cadmium induced mitochondrial redox changes in germinating pea seed. BioMetals, 23 (2010) 973-984, doi:10.1007/s10534-010-9344-y. The co-authors apologize for this unfortunate incident.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236062,De Flora et al. 1987,Pulmonary metabolism of mutagens and its relationship with lung cancer and smoking habits,"The S-12 fractions of lung peripheral parenchyma obtained from 80 male individuals, aged 17-71 years, were assayed as blind samples for the ability either to convert promutagens into bacterial mutagens or to decrease the potency of direct-acting mutagens in the Ames reversion test. In this system, lung preparations were completely ineffective in activating an N-nitroso compound (i.e., N-nitrosomorpholine) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [i.e., 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene] or their metabolites [i.e., 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-trans-7,8-diol]. They yielded a borderline and sporadic activation of a cigarette smoke condensate, and a weak but frequent activation of an aromatic amine (i.e., 2-aminofluorene), of a heterocyclic amine (i.e., 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] and of a diamide (i.e., cyclophosphamide). The pulmonary metabolism was more oriented in the sense of detoxification, as shown by the consistent decrease of potency of direct-acting mutagens, including a metal (i.e., sodium dichromate), an acridine and nitrogen mustard derivative (i.e., 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloromethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine or ICR 191), an epoxide (i.e., epichlorohydrin) and an N-oxide (i.e., 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide). As assessed by means of a numerical score quantifying the variation of mutagenicity, a marked interindividual variability (up to 20-fold) was detected in the ability of lung specimens to affect the mutagenicity of test compounds. Such variability was not significantly related to the protein concentration of S-12 fractions, nor to the age of the patients under scrutiny, who during hospitalization were on normal institutional diets and did not receive any special drug treatment. The only significant difference between 20 noncancer and 60 lung cancer patients, irrespective of the histological type, was a decreased activation of cyclophosphamide in the latter group. Probably due to the high prevalence of smokers among lung cancer patients, a significantly decreased activation of cyclophosphamide was also observed in the group of smokers. Smoking habits were associated with a stimulation of detoxifying mechanisms which, in agreement with the results of a previous study with human alveolar macrophages (F. L. Petrilli et al., J. Clin. Invest., 77:1917-1924, 1986), was significant in the case of sodium dichromate. Such effect was further enhanced by considering only individuals smoking during the last 24 h before collecting lung specimens, and under these conditions it became significant also for ICR 191.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Pulmonary metabolism of mutagens and its relationship with lung cancer and smoking habits Abs: The S-12 fractions of lung peripheral parenchyma obtained from 80 male individuals, aged 17-71 years, were assayed as blind samples for the ability either to convert promutagens into bacterial mutagens or to decrease the potency of direct-acting mutagens in the Ames reversion test. In this system, lung preparations were completely ineffective in activating an N-nitroso compound (i.e., N-nitrosomorpholine) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [i.e., 3-methylcholanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene] or their metabolites [i.e., 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene-trans-7,8-diol]. They yielded a borderline and sporadic activation of a cigarette smoke condensate, and a weak but frequent activation of an aromatic amine (i.e., 2-aminofluorene), of a heterocyclic amine (i.e., 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] and of a diamide (i.e., cyclophosphamide). The pulmonary metabolism was more oriented in the sense of detoxification, as shown by the consistent decrease of potency of direct-acting mutagens, including a metal (i.e., sodium dichromate), an acridine and nitrogen mustard derivative (i.e., 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloromethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine or ICR 191), an epoxide (i.e., epichlorohydrin) and an N-oxide (i.e., 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide). As assessed by means of a numerical score quantifying the variation of mutagenicity, a marked interindividual variability (up to 20-fold) was detected in the ability of lung specimens to affect the mutagenicity of test compounds. Such variability was not significantly related to the protein concentration of S-12 fractions, nor to the age of the patients under scrutiny, who during hospitalization were on normal institutional diets and did not receive any special drug treatment. The only significant difference between 20 noncancer and 60 lung cancer patients, irrespective of the histological type, was a decreased activation of cyclophosphamide in the latter group. Probably due to the high prevalence of smokers among lung cancer patients, a significantly decreased activation of cyclophosphamide was also observed in the group of smokers. Smoking habits were associated with a stimulation of detoxifying mechanisms which, in agreement with the results of a previous study with human alveolar macrophages (F. L. Petrilli et al., J. Clin. Invest., 77:1917-1924, 1986), was significant in the case of sodium dichromate. Such effect was further enhanced by considering only individuals smoking during the last 24 h before collecting lung specimens, and under these conditions it became significant also for ICR 191.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516034,Kuschner 1978,Cellular Transformations,"Cellular transformations are discussed in relation to occupational carcinogenesis and experimental medicine. The use of animal models in cancer research, particularly in studies of inhalation cancer, is reviewed. The irritative effects of sulfite (14265453) in carcinoma production are noted, emphasizing the increased incidence of cancer among coke oven operators and workers exposed to roofing tar. Hexavalent-chromium (18540299) as calcium-chromate (13765190) is cited as the source of a 10 fold increase in the incidence of lung cancer in chromate workers. Ionizing radiation from radon and radon daughters is identified as the cause of lung cancer in uranium mine workers. A dose effect for ionizing radiation is shown to be experimentally validated. The effects of industrial byproducts on the general population are reconsidered. The author suggests that the microenvironment created by the individual for himself is a major characteristic in cancer induction.","Cellular Transformations Abs: Cellular transformations are discussed in relation to occupational carcinogenesis and experimental medicine. The use of animal models in cancer research, particularly in studies of inhalation cancer, is reviewed. The irritative effects of sulfite (14265453) in carcinoma production are noted, emphasizing the increased incidence of cancer among coke oven operators and workers exposed to roofing tar. Hexavalent-chromium (18540299) as calcium-chromate (13765190) is cited as the source of a 10 fold increase in the incidence of lung cancer in chromate workers. Ionizing radiation from radon and radon daughters is identified as the cause of lung cancer in uranium mine workers. A dose effect for ionizing radiation is shown to be experimentally validated. The effects of industrial byproducts on the general population are reconsidered. The author suggests that the microenvironment created by the individual for himself is a major characteristic in cancer induction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577489,Al-Hamdan and  Reddy 2006,Geochemical reconnaissance of heavy metals in kaolin after electrokinetic remedation,,Geochemical reconnaissance of heavy metals in kaolin after electrokinetic remedation Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
670494,Kawanishi et al. 1994,Active oxygen species in DNA damage induced by carcinogenic metal compounds,"Some carcinogenic metal compounds [chromate(VI), Fe(III) nitrilotriacetate, cobalt(II), and nickel(II)[ induced formation of various oxygen radical species in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These oxygen radicals were suggested to give different kinds of site-specific DNA damage; 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine formation is included in the DNA damage. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, nickel sulfide was shown to induce oxidative DNA cleavage in cultured cells. On the basis of these findings, we have emphasized the role of oxygen radicals in metal carcinogenesis.","Active oxygen species in DNA damage induced by carcinogenic metal compounds Abs: Some carcinogenic metal compounds [chromate(VI), Fe(III) nitrilotriacetate, cobalt(II), and nickel(II)[ induced formation of various oxygen radical species in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These oxygen radicals were suggested to give different kinds of site-specific DNA damage; 8-hydroxyl-2'-deoxyguanosine formation is included in the DNA damage. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, nickel sulfide was shown to induce oxidative DNA cleavage in cultured cells. On the basis of these findings, we have emphasized the role of oxygen radicals in metal carcinogenesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234997,Kramp and  Lorentz 1982,Glucose transport in chronically altered rat nephrons,"Microinjection experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to study the tubular absorptive capacity for glucose (TG) in normal and chronically altered tubules, i.e., tubules that sustained anatomical repair and compensatory changes of their previously normal configuration after acute damage. TG was complete when the glucose load injected in normal or altered early or late proximal convolutions was less than or equal to 1.5 or less than or equal to 10 pmol . s-1, respectively. In normal tubules, TmG was 10 and 5 pmol . s-1 after early and late proximal microinjections, respectively. After early proximal microinjections in altered tubules, different levels of TmG were found. They related to the degree of compensatory growth. TmG was approximately 12, 24, or 35 pmol . s-1, respectively, in altered tubules with minor, moderate, or major compensatory growth. After late proximal microinjections, TmG was 15 pmol . s-1. TG variability was greater in altered than in normal tubules. Correlation between structural and functional compensatory changes was thus demonstrated. Furthermore, an important, albeit latent, absorptive capacity for glucose of the proximal straight tubule was found.","Glucose transport in chronically altered rat nephrons Abs: Microinjection experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to study the tubular absorptive capacity for glucose (TG) in normal and chronically altered tubules, i.e., tubules that sustained anatomical repair and compensatory changes of their previously normal configuration after acute damage. TG was complete when the glucose load injected in normal or altered early or late proximal convolutions was less than or equal to 1.5 or less than or equal to 10 pmol . s-1, respectively. In normal tubules, TmG was 10 and 5 pmol . s-1 after early and late proximal microinjections, respectively. After early proximal microinjections in altered tubules, different levels of TmG were found. They related to the degree of compensatory growth. TmG was approximately 12, 24, or 35 pmol . s-1, respectively, in altered tubules with minor, moderate, or major compensatory growth. After late proximal microinjections, TmG was 15 pmol . s-1. TG variability was greater in altered than in normal tubules. Correlation between structural and functional compensatory changes was thus demonstrated. Furthermore, an important, albeit latent, absorptive capacity for glucose of the proximal straight tubule was found.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1010169,Legault et al. 1996,Detecting genotoxic activity in industrial effluents using the SOS chromotest microplate assay,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The SOS Chromotest, a cost-effective short-term bacterial genotoxicity screening assay, was performed to appraise its capacity for detecting the presence of soluble genotoxic activity in industrial effluent samples (organic and inorganic chemical plants, metallurgical plants, pulp and paper mills, municipal wastewater treatment plants). An optimized methodology, based on criteria taking into account beta-galactosidase activity (the indicator of SOS gene induction), alkaline phosphatase activity (the indicator of cytotoxicity), and two genotoxicity measurement end points (minimum genotoxic concentration and maximum induction factor), was employed to generate reliable results that overcame the potential interferences inherent to complex wastewaters. Of 48 effluent samples tested, 37 (77%) elicited a significant induction of the Escherichia coli PQ37 SOS response. Effluents from inorganic chemical plants and pulp and paper mills displayed the most potent responses, with an","Detecting genotoxic activity in industrial effluents using the SOS chromotest microplate assay Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The SOS Chromotest, a cost-effective short-term bacterial genotoxicity screening assay, was performed to appraise its capacity for detecting the presence of soluble genotoxic activity in industrial effluent samples (organic and inorganic chemical plants, metallurgical plants, pulp and paper mills, municipal wastewater treatment plants). An optimized methodology, based on criteria taking into account beta-galactosidase activity (the indicator of SOS gene induction), alkaline phosphatase activity (the indicator of cytotoxicity), and two genotoxicity measurement end points (minimum genotoxic concentration and maximum induction factor), was employed to generate reliable results that overcame the potential interferences inherent to complex wastewaters. Of 48 effluent samples tested, 37 (77%) elicited a significant induction of the Escherichia coli PQ37 SOS response. Effluents from inorganic chemical plants and pulp and paper mills displayed the most potent responses, with an",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237894,Moller et al. 1984,DELAYED ANAPHYLACTOID REACTION TO INHALED SODIUM CHROMATE,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY OVER EXPOSURE SKIN IRRITATION EYE IRRITATION,DELAYED ANAPHYLACTOID REACTION TO INHALED SODIUM CHROMATE Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY OVER EXPOSURE SKIN IRRITATION EYE IRRITATION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786446,Zafar et al. 2013,Trichoderma harzianum : a green sorbent for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions,,Trichoderma harzianum : a green sorbent for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510027,Sartwell et al. 2004,"Replacement of Chromium Electroplating on C-2, E-2, P-3 and C-130 Propeller Hub Components Using HVOF Thermal Spray Coatings","Final rept. iginal document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. hromium electroplating is extensively used by aircraft manufacturers and military maintenance depots to provide wear and/or corrosion resistance or to restore dimensional tolerance to components. However, chrome plating utilizes hexavalent chromium, winch is a highly toxic carcinogen, and increasingly stringent environmental and worker-safety regulations are making chrome plating more expensive for the DoD. This document constitutes the final report on a project to qualify high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings as a replacement for hard chrome plating on propeller hub components from various military aircraft. Extensive fatigue, wear, and corrosion test results comparing HVOF WC/l7Co, WC/lOCo4Cr, and Tribaloy 800 coatings against hard chrome are presented. In general, the performance of the HvOF coatings was superior to hard chrome. A rig test on a P-3 low-pitch-stop lever sleeve coated with WC/l7Co showed acceptable performance. A cost/benefit analysis conducted for a military repair depot that overhauls propeller hub components showed a slight cost increase associated with use of the HVOF coatings.","Replacement of Chromium Electroplating on C-2, E-2, P-3 and C-130 Propeller Hub Components Using HVOF Thermal Spray Coatings Abs: Final rept. iginal document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white. hromium electroplating is extensively used by aircraft manufacturers and military maintenance depots to provide wear and/or corrosion resistance or to restore dimensional tolerance to components. However, chrome plating utilizes hexavalent chromium, winch is a highly toxic carcinogen, and increasingly stringent environmental and worker-safety regulations are making chrome plating more expensive for the DoD. This document constitutes the final report on a project to qualify high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coatings as a replacement for hard chrome plating on propeller hub components from various military aircraft. Extensive fatigue, wear, and corrosion test results comparing HVOF WC/l7Co, WC/lOCo4Cr, and Tribaloy 800 coatings against hard chrome are presented. In general, the performance of the HvOF coatings was superior to hard chrome. A rig test on a P-3 low-pitch-stop lever sleeve coated with WC/l7Co showed acceptable performance. A cost/benefit analysis conducted for a military repair depot that overhauls propeller hub components showed a slight cost increase associated with use of the HVOF coatings.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235827,Braude et al. 1955,Studies with radioactive endotoxin. II. Correlation of physiologic effects with distribution of radioactivity in rabbits injected with radioactive sodium chromate,,Studies with radioactive endotoxin. II. Correlation of physiologic effects with distribution of radioactivity in rabbits injected with radioactive sodium chromate Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515244,Gao et al. 1993,Simultaneous determination of hexavalent and total chromium in water and plating baths by spectrophotometry,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new spectrophotometric determination method of hexavalent chromium in waste water and plating baths is described based on the oxidation of beryllon III by chromium(VI) in 0.02M sulphuric acid medium. The decrease in the absorbance of beryllon III was measured at 482 nm with an apparent molar absorptivity of 5.15aw was obeyed for chromium(VI) over the range 0-25 mug/25 ml. After the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by ammonium persulphate, total chromium can be determined. Therefore, chromium(III) can be calculated by subtracting chromium(VI) from total chromium. The detection limit is 0.015 and 0.020 mug/25 ml for chromium(VI) and total chromium, respectively. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for trace Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water and plating baths was developed with good precision and accuracy. The reaction is also discussed.","Simultaneous determination of hexavalent and total chromium in water and plating baths by spectrophotometry Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A new spectrophotometric determination method of hexavalent chromium in waste water and plating baths is described based on the oxidation of beryllon III by chromium(VI) in 0.02M sulphuric acid medium. The decrease in the absorbance of beryllon III was measured at 482 nm with an apparent molar absorptivity of 5.15aw was obeyed for chromium(VI) over the range 0-25 mug/25 ml. After the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by ammonium persulphate, total chromium can be determined. Therefore, chromium(III) can be calculated by subtracting chromium(VI) from total chromium. The detection limit is 0.015 and 0.020 mug/25 ml for chromium(VI) and total chromium, respectively. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for trace Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water and plating baths was developed with good precision and accuracy. The reaction is also discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1183755,Rao et al. 1998,Speciative determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) using flow-injection on-line preconcentration and flame atomic-absorption spectrometric detection,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the speciative determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) in sea-water samples by flame atomic-absorption spectrometry, using on-line preconcentration on a micro-column packed with C18 bonded silica gel, has been developed. This is based on the selective formation of diethyldithiocarbamate complexes of chromium(VI) in the 1-2 pH range and chromium(III) in the 4-9 pH range in the presence of manganese(II) (which enhances the chromium(III) signal ten-fold). The preconcentrated species desorbed by methanol directly from the column to the nebulizer-burner system using a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. Five hundred-fold enrichment of Cr(III) and Cr(III) was observed with a detection limit of 0.02 mug/l for a 5 min preconcentration time. The effect of probable concomitant species in seawater was determined and a satisfactory recovery of 95-105% could be obtained. Linear calibration curves were obtained for both the species, Cr(VI) and","Speciative determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) using flow-injection on-line preconcentration and flame atomic-absorption spectrometric detection Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the speciative determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) in sea-water samples by flame atomic-absorption spectrometry, using on-line preconcentration on a micro-column packed with C18 bonded silica gel, has been developed. This is based on the selective formation of diethyldithiocarbamate complexes of chromium(VI) in the 1-2 pH range and chromium(III) in the 4-9 pH range in the presence of manganese(II) (which enhances the chromium(III) signal ten-fold). The preconcentrated species desorbed by methanol directly from the column to the nebulizer-burner system using a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. Five hundred-fold enrichment of Cr(III) and Cr(III) was observed with a detection limit of 0.02 mug/l for a 5 min preconcentration time. The effect of probable concomitant species in seawater was determined and a satisfactory recovery of 95-105% could be obtained. Linear calibration curves were obtained for both the species, Cr(VI) and",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231345,Anonymous 1986,"Soluble Hexavalent Chromium Compounds in Air. Colorimetric Field Method Using 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide","A colorimetric field method was described for the determination of soluble hexavalent chromium compounds in air using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide. Soluble hexavalent compounds include chromic-acid (1333820), chromic-acid-anhydride (1333820), and the chromates and dichromates of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and others. The use of protective clothing and need for proper ventilation systems were noted. Skin irritation, allergic contact dermatitis and nasal irritation have all been reported following exposures. In this method the soluble hexavalent chromium dust or mist is collected on an alkali treated PVC filter and extracted with 0.25 molar sulfuric-acid. The resultant solutions are then analyzed for hexavalent chromium by spectrophotometry (colorimetry), following the formation of a magenta chromogen by the addition of 0.15 percent 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in 1:1 water/acetone. The method was suitable for measurement periods from 1 to 8 hours. Vanadium was the only interferent, but under the conditions as given, this had little bearing. The lower analytical limit was 0.001 milligrams chromium/cubic meter for 120 liter samples of air.","Soluble Hexavalent Chromium Compounds in Air. Colorimetric Field Method Using 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Abs: A colorimetric field method was described for the determination of soluble hexavalent chromium compounds in air using 1,5-diphenylcarbazide. Soluble hexavalent compounds include chromic-acid (1333820), chromic-acid-anhydride (1333820), and the chromates and dichromates of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and others. The use of protective clothing and need for proper ventilation systems were noted. Skin irritation, allergic contact dermatitis and nasal irritation have all been reported following exposures. In this method the soluble hexavalent chromium dust or mist is collected on an alkali treated PVC filter and extracted with 0.25 molar sulfuric-acid. The resultant solutions are then analyzed for hexavalent chromium by spectrophotometry (colorimetry), following the formation of a magenta chromogen by the addition of 0.15 percent 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in 1:1 water/acetone. The method was suitable for measurement periods from 1 to 8 hours. Vanadium was the only interferent, but under the conditions as given, this had little bearing. The lower analytical limit was 0.001 milligrams chromium/cubic meter for 120 liter samples of air.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2007403,Yousefi and  Shemirani 2013,Selective and sensitive speciation analysis of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in water samples by fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry after ion pair based-surfactant assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction,"A simple ion pair based-surfactant assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IP-SA-DLLME) was evaluated for extraction and preconcentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in aqueous samples. In this method, which was used for the first time for chromium speciation analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as both ion-pairing and disperser agent. Cr(VI) ions were converted into their cationic complex with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and then extracted into 1-octanol dispersed in aqueous solution. Cr(III) ion also can be determined by this procedure after oxidation to Cr(VI). After extraction and phase separation, upper organic phase was transferred to a micro cell of a fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS). The effects of various parameters on the extraction recovery were investigated. Under the optimized conditions and preconcentration of 10 mL of sample, the enrichment factor of 159 and the detection limit of 0.05 ?gL(-1) were obtained. Validation of the method was performed by spiking-recovery method and comparison of results with those obtained by ET-AAS method.","Selective and sensitive speciation analysis of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in water samples by fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry after ion pair based-surfactant assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction Abs: A simple ion pair based-surfactant assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IP-SA-DLLME) was evaluated for extraction and preconcentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in aqueous samples. In this method, which was used for the first time for chromium speciation analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as both ion-pairing and disperser agent. Cr(VI) ions were converted into their cationic complex with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and then extracted into 1-octanol dispersed in aqueous solution. Cr(III) ion also can be determined by this procedure after oxidation to Cr(VI). After extraction and phase separation, upper organic phase was transferred to a micro cell of a fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS). The effects of various parameters on the extraction recovery were investigated. Under the optimized conditions and preconcentration of 10 mL of sample, the enrichment factor of 159 and the detection limit of 0.05 ?gL(-1) were obtained. Validation of the method was performed by spiking-recovery method and comparison of results with those obtained by ET-AAS method.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234543,Liu and  Lin 1997,Biphasic effects of chromium compounds on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells,"CrO3 was found to affect norepinephrine release in a biphasic manner: at concentrations above 100 microM, it inhibited, while at concentrations below 10 microM, it enhanced DMPP- and high K+-induced [3H]norepinephrine (NE) release from bovine adrenal medullary cells. Similar effects were found for K2Cr2O7. CrO3 inhibited the 45Ca2+ uptake induced by DMPP and high K+, suggesting that the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are possible sites of the inhibitory action of CrO3. CrCl3, possessing a trivalent state in contrast to the hexavalent states of CrO3, K2Cr2O7, inhibited DMPP-induced [3H] release and inhibited, to a lesser extent, high K+-induced [3H]-NE release, suggesting that nicotinic receptors are also possible sites of Cr3+ action. In medullary cells permeabilized with digitonin, both CrO3 and CrCl3 induced [3H]-NE release from cells preloaded with [3H]-NE. In intact cells, CrO3 but not CrCl3 enhanced secretagogue-induced [3H]-NE release and entered into the cells as demonstrated by fluorescence quenching experiments. These results suggest that chromium compounds can induce catecholamine secretion after entering the cytoplasm. The enhancement of norepinephrine release induced by chromium ions appears to be due to interference with the intracellular functions of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.","Biphasic effects of chromium compounds on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells Abs: CrO3 was found to affect norepinephrine release in a biphasic manner: at concentrations above 100 microM, it inhibited, while at concentrations below 10 microM, it enhanced DMPP- and high K+-induced [3H]norepinephrine (NE) release from bovine adrenal medullary cells. Similar effects were found for K2Cr2O7. CrO3 inhibited the 45Ca2+ uptake induced by DMPP and high K+, suggesting that the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are possible sites of the inhibitory action of CrO3. CrCl3, possessing a trivalent state in contrast to the hexavalent states of CrO3, K2Cr2O7, inhibited DMPP-induced [3H] release and inhibited, to a lesser extent, high K+-induced [3H]-NE release, suggesting that nicotinic receptors are also possible sites of Cr3+ action. In medullary cells permeabilized with digitonin, both CrO3 and CrCl3 induced [3H]-NE release from cells preloaded with [3H]-NE. In intact cells, CrO3 but not CrCl3 enhanced secretagogue-induced [3H]-NE release and entered into the cells as demonstrated by fluorescence quenching experiments. These results suggest that chromium compounds can induce catecholamine secretion after entering the cytoplasm. The enhancement of norepinephrine release induced by chromium ions appears to be due to interference with the intracellular functions of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233677,Srivastava and  Thakur 2007,Evaluation of biosorption potency of Acinetobacter sp. for removal of hexavalent chromium from tannery effluent,"Two bacterial consortia were developed by continuous enrichment of microbial population of tannery and pulp and paper mill effluent contained Serratia mercascens, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. identified by 16S rDNA method. The consortia evaluated for removal of chromate [(Cr(VI)] in shake flask culture indicated pulp and paper mill consortium had more potential for removal of chromate. Acinetobacter sp. isolated from pulp and paper mill consortium removed higher amount of chromate [Cr(VI)] under aerobic conditions. Parameters optimized in different carbon, nitrogen sources, and pH, indicated maximum removal of chromate in sodium acetate (0.2%), sodium nitrate (0.1%) and pH 7 by Acinetobacter sp. Bacteria was applied in 2-l bioreactor significantly removed chromate after 3 days. The results of the study indicated removal of more than 75% chromium by Acinetobacter sp. determined by diphenylcarbazide colorimetric assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometer after 7 days. Study of microbial [Cr(VI)] removal and identification of reduction intermediates has been hindered by the lack of analytical techniques. Therefore, removal of chromium was further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) which indicated bioaccumulation of chromium in the bacterial cells.","Evaluation of biosorption potency of Acinetobacter sp. for removal of hexavalent chromium from tannery effluent Abs: Two bacterial consortia were developed by continuous enrichment of microbial population of tannery and pulp and paper mill effluent contained Serratia mercascens, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. identified by 16S rDNA method. The consortia evaluated for removal of chromate [(Cr(VI)] in shake flask culture indicated pulp and paper mill consortium had more potential for removal of chromate. Acinetobacter sp. isolated from pulp and paper mill consortium removed higher amount of chromate [Cr(VI)] under aerobic conditions. Parameters optimized in different carbon, nitrogen sources, and pH, indicated maximum removal of chromate in sodium acetate (0.2%), sodium nitrate (0.1%) and pH 7 by Acinetobacter sp. Bacteria was applied in 2-l bioreactor significantly removed chromate after 3 days. The results of the study indicated removal of more than 75% chromium by Acinetobacter sp. determined by diphenylcarbazide colorimetric assay and atomic absorption spectrophotometer after 7 days. Study of microbial [Cr(VI)] removal and identification of reduction intermediates has been hindered by the lack of analytical techniques. Therefore, removal of chromium was further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) which indicated bioaccumulation of chromium in the bacterial cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238091,Carson and  Smith 1983,Role Of Bentonite In Prevention Of T-2 Toxicosis In Rats,"The role of bentonite in the prevention of T-2 toxicosis was studied in rats. Male weanling rats were fed diets containing 5 percent bentonite, Zonolite-Verxite, or synthetic anion or cation exchange resins for 14 days with and without 3 micrograms per gram of crystalline T-2 toxin. Livers were assayed for nonspecific esterase activity. T-2 clearance was measured in rats dosed with tritiated T-2 toxin. Radioactivity in liver, kidney, small intestine, and muscle tissue was measured. T-2 toxin excretion following ingestion of 5.0, 7.5, or 10 percent bentonite was determined. Passage time to digestion was determined using the fecal marker chromium-sesquioxide. The feed consumption and body weight in controls given toxin only was reduced. Bentonite was the most effective treatment tested in minimizing the growth depression produced by T-2 toxin. Ten percent completely overcame toxicosis. Anion exchange resin had some effectiveness. Tritiated T-2 toxin produced radioactivity in feces and urine after 48 hours. The liver was the major site of radioactivity. Bentonite increased fecal excretion of toxin. Transit time of toxin through the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The authors conclude that bentonite prevents T-2 toxicosis by nonspecific binding of the toxin in the gut. It should be tested in prevention and treatment for toxicosis in susceptible species of economic importance.","Role Of Bentonite In Prevention Of T-2 Toxicosis In Rats Abs: The role of bentonite in the prevention of T-2 toxicosis was studied in rats. Male weanling rats were fed diets containing 5 percent bentonite, Zonolite-Verxite, or synthetic anion or cation exchange resins for 14 days with and without 3 micrograms per gram of crystalline T-2 toxin. Livers were assayed for nonspecific esterase activity. T-2 clearance was measured in rats dosed with tritiated T-2 toxin. Radioactivity in liver, kidney, small intestine, and muscle tissue was measured. T-2 toxin excretion following ingestion of 5.0, 7.5, or 10 percent bentonite was determined. Passage time to digestion was determined using the fecal marker chromium-sesquioxide. The feed consumption and body weight in controls given toxin only was reduced. Bentonite was the most effective treatment tested in minimizing the growth depression produced by T-2 toxin. Ten percent completely overcame toxicosis. Anion exchange resin had some effectiveness. Tritiated T-2 toxin produced radioactivity in feces and urine after 48 hours. The liver was the major site of radioactivity. Bentonite increased fecal excretion of toxin. Transit time of toxin through the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The authors conclude that bentonite prevents T-2 toxicosis by nonspecific binding of the toxin in the gut. It should be tested in prevention and treatment for toxicosis in susceptible species of economic importance.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509728,Graham et al. 2009,"Chromium occurrence and speciation in Baltimore harbor sediments and porewater, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","Industrial activities in the Baltimore Harbor, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, have resulted in widespread chromium contamination of sediments. A comprehensive analysis of Cr speciation in sediment and porewater collected from 22 locations in the Baltimore Harbor was completed to understand Cr bioavailability and probability of toxicity due to Cr in sediments. The analysis employed a reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method. Sub-microgram-per-liter determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental samples was found, with method validation revealing broad method applicability of HPLC-ICP-MS to a wide range of sample types. The major limitation of the method was poor Cr species separation in high ionic strength solutions (greater than 0.1 M NaCl). Total Cr concentrations in Baltimore Harbor sediments ranged from 2.5 to 1,050 mg/kg with 11 of the 22 sites containing total Cr in excess of the 370 mg/ kg effects range-median (ER-M) sediment quality guideline. The Cr(VI) concentrations in sediments, however, were markedly lower, ranging from 0.10 to 0.38 mg/kg with Cr(VI) not detected in 14 of the 22 stations. Porewater concentrations, both for total Cr and Cr(VI), were quite low, with total Cr ranging from 0.20 to 2.16 microg/L and Cr(VI) ranging from 0.73 to 1.17 microg/L. The Cr(VI)-reducing capacity of the sediments, based on a sediment-spiking experiment, was found to be strongly correlated with the acid volatile sulfides content of the sediment. Overall, our results provide field validation of the hypothesis that Cr(VI) will not persist in sediments with excess acid volatile sulfides. Given the low concentrations of Cr(VI) in sediment and porewater, it appears unlikely that Cr in Baltimore Harbor sediments contributes appreciably to previously observed sediment toxicity.","Chromium occurrence and speciation in Baltimore harbor sediments and porewater, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Abs: Industrial activities in the Baltimore Harbor, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, have resulted in widespread chromium contamination of sediments. A comprehensive analysis of Cr speciation in sediment and porewater collected from 22 locations in the Baltimore Harbor was completed to understand Cr bioavailability and probability of toxicity due to Cr in sediments. The analysis employed a reverse-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method. Sub-microgram-per-liter determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental samples was found, with method validation revealing broad method applicability of HPLC-ICP-MS to a wide range of sample types. The major limitation of the method was poor Cr species separation in high ionic strength solutions (greater than 0.1 M NaCl). Total Cr concentrations in Baltimore Harbor sediments ranged from 2.5 to 1,050 mg/kg with 11 of the 22 sites containing total Cr in excess of the 370 mg/ kg effects range-median (ER-M) sediment quality guideline. The Cr(VI) concentrations in sediments, however, were markedly lower, ranging from 0.10 to 0.38 mg/kg with Cr(VI) not detected in 14 of the 22 stations. Porewater concentrations, both for total Cr and Cr(VI), were quite low, with total Cr ranging from 0.20 to 2.16 microg/L and Cr(VI) ranging from 0.73 to 1.17 microg/L. The Cr(VI)-reducing capacity of the sediments, based on a sediment-spiking experiment, was found to be strongly correlated with the acid volatile sulfides content of the sediment. Overall, our results provide field validation of the hypothesis that Cr(VI) will not persist in sediments with excess acid volatile sulfides. Given the low concentrations of Cr(VI) in sediment and porewater, it appears unlikely that Cr in Baltimore Harbor sediments contributes appreciably to previously observed sediment toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230999,Horn et al. 1988,Light microscopical demonstration and zonal distribution of parasinusoidal cells (Ito cells) in normal human liver,"The parasinusoidal cells of the liver (Ito cells) were demonstrated light microscopically in autopsy specimens fixed in formalin and stained with Oil red O after dichromate treatment. The method allows examination of large samples containing numerous acini. Quantitative assessment showed a zonal gradient with 6.3 and 7.7 parasinusoidal cells per 62.5 X 10(3) micron2 in zone 1 and 3, respectively.","Light microscopical demonstration and zonal distribution of parasinusoidal cells (Ito cells) in normal human liver Abs: The parasinusoidal cells of the liver (Ito cells) were demonstrated light microscopically in autopsy specimens fixed in formalin and stained with Oil red O after dichromate treatment. The method allows examination of large samples containing numerous acini. Quantitative assessment showed a zonal gradient with 6.3 and 7.7 parasinusoidal cells per 62.5 X 10(3) micron2 in zone 1 and 3, respectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225341,Taziki et al. 2013,Robust Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Method for Determination of Chromium(VI) in Saline Solutions,,Robust Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Method for Determination of Chromium(VI) in Saline Solutions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225236,Achal et al. 2013,Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation,,Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1387082,Ehrlich 1997,Microbes and metals,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Many base metals and a few precious metals as well as some metalloids can be enzymatically or nonenzymatically concentrated and dispersed by microbes in their environment. Some of these activities are commercially exploited or have a potential for it. This article summarizes these activities and the commercial or potentially commercial use of some of them.,Microbes and metals Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Many base metals and a few precious metals as well as some metalloids can be enzymatically or nonenzymatically concentrated and dispersed by microbes in their environment. Some of these activities are commercially exploited or have a potential for it. This article summarizes these activities and the commercial or potentially commercial use of some of them.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514319,Broderius and  Smith 1979,"Lethal and sublethal effects of binary mixtures of cyanide and hexavalent chromium, zinc, or ammonia to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Various models are proposed predict the combined interactive effect on fish of mixtures of poisons from separate toxicities of individual substances. The success of these models was tested, using data describing the lethal and sublethal effects of individual substances or binary mixtures of HCN and Cr(VI), Zn(II) or NH2 to the fathead minnow (P. promelas) and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri). Using the strictly additive toxic unit and additive index approach, it was determined from log-dosage mortality curves that the Zn-HCN and ammonia-HCN mixtures were more acutely toxic and Cr-HCN less toxic than predicted. The concentration and response addition models, which were proposed for toxicants whose joint action was similar or independent, respectively, could not be used to predict dosage-mortality curves for the HCN mixtures. Linear regression lines representing the growth response of fish to log concentration for toxicants alone and in binary combinations were not significantly different. For the toxic substances tested, the sublethal joint action of individual toxicants was not predictable from existing models and, in most cases, no interaction was indicated. The interactive nature of toxicants may be a function of the concentrations tested causing different biological processes to be affected (e.g., mortality vs. growth) and different responses to be measured. A need still exists for development of a valid multiple toxicity approach for evaluating and predicting the toxicity of chemical combinations.","Lethal and sublethal effects of binary mixtures of cyanide and hexavalent chromium, zinc, or ammonia to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Various models are proposed predict the combined interactive effect on fish of mixtures of poisons from separate toxicities of individual substances. The success of these models was tested, using data describing the lethal and sublethal effects of individual substances or binary mixtures of HCN and Cr(VI), Zn(II) or NH2 to the fathead minnow (P. promelas) and rainbow trout (S. gairdneri). Using the strictly additive toxic unit and additive index approach, it was determined from log-dosage mortality curves that the Zn-HCN and ammonia-HCN mixtures were more acutely toxic and Cr-HCN less toxic than predicted. The concentration and response addition models, which were proposed for toxicants whose joint action was similar or independent, respectively, could not be used to predict dosage-mortality curves for the HCN mixtures. Linear regression lines representing the growth response of fish to log concentration for toxicants alone and in binary combinations were not significantly different. For the toxic substances tested, the sublethal joint action of individual toxicants was not predictable from existing models and, in most cases, no interaction was indicated. The interactive nature of toxicants may be a function of the concentrations tested causing different biological processes to be affected (e.g., mortality vs. growth) and different responses to be measured. A need still exists for development of a valid multiple toxicity approach for evaluating and predicting the toxicity of chemical combinations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235692,Mariani et al. 1994,Standardization of a micro-cytotoxicity assay for human natural killer cell lytic activity,"Cytotoxicity assays are widely used to evaluate the functional activity of NK and T cells against tumour target cells and the release of radioactive sodium chromate from labelled target cells is still the most commonly used marker of target lysis in culture supernatants. We describe here the standardization of a micro-cytotoxicity test in which the number of cytolytic effector and tumour target cells have been decreased by a factor of 10. The release obtained by 500 tumour target cells was compared with the release obtained by 5000 target cells in the standard cytotoxicity assay for target:effector cell ratios from 1:1 to 1:100. Both gamma and beta emissions of the 51Cr isotope were evaluated to determine the assay release. The results obtained by the micro-cytotoxicity assay (500 target cells) were comparable to those of the standard assay (5000 target cells) and 51Cr release evaluation using the gamma counter was the most sensitive method of determining lytic activity using 500 tumour target cells. beta counter evaluation using solid phase scintillation was found to be a reproducible alternative method, even if the lytic curves cannot be compared with those obtained using the traditional method.","Standardization of a micro-cytotoxicity assay for human natural killer cell lytic activity Abs: Cytotoxicity assays are widely used to evaluate the functional activity of NK and T cells against tumour target cells and the release of radioactive sodium chromate from labelled target cells is still the most commonly used marker of target lysis in culture supernatants. We describe here the standardization of a micro-cytotoxicity test in which the number of cytolytic effector and tumour target cells have been decreased by a factor of 10. The release obtained by 500 tumour target cells was compared with the release obtained by 5000 target cells in the standard cytotoxicity assay for target:effector cell ratios from 1:1 to 1:100. Both gamma and beta emissions of the 51Cr isotope were evaluated to determine the assay release. The results obtained by the micro-cytotoxicity assay (500 target cells) were comparable to those of the standard assay (5000 target cells) and 51Cr release evaluation using the gamma counter was the most sensitive method of determining lytic activity using 500 tumour target cells. beta counter evaluation using solid phase scintillation was found to be a reproducible alternative method, even if the lytic curves cannot be compared with those obtained using the traditional method.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234298,Hilp 2006,Colour reactions of griseofulvin Ph. Eur. 2005 using hydrogen peroxide solution or bromate or iodate as oxidant instead of potassium dichromate,,Colour reactions of griseofulvin Ph. Eur. 2005 using hydrogen peroxide solution or bromate or iodate as oxidant instead of potassium dichromate Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237243,Patierno et al. 1991,MITOGENESIS AND CLASTOGENESIS OF PARTICULATE METAL CARCINOGENS IN RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL CELLS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN RAT MODEL NICKEL SUBSULFIDE LEAD CHROMATE DNA LESIONS,MITOGENESIS AND CLASTOGENESIS OF PARTICULATE METAL CARCINOGENS IN RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL CELLS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT HUMAN RAT MODEL NICKEL SUBSULFIDE LEAD CHROMATE DNA LESIONS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1514289,Benhra et al. 1997,Cryoalgotox: Use of cryopreserved alga in a semistatic microplate test,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Use of cryopreserved alga Selenastrum capricornutum has been evaluated as a simple and cost-efficient procedure in a new semistatic algal ecotoxicity test. Experiments have been conducted to compare performance criteria of this method, named Cryoalgotox, versus the classic microplate test using fresh algae. Cryoalgotox 72-h 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) determined with Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and atrazine were more sensitive, repeatable (low coefficients of variation), and reproducible (low time effect) than the results obtained with the classical microplate tests. The effect of storage time at -80êC on the sensitivity of the algae was assessed using cadmium as a toxic reference; it was shown that algae stored at -80êC over a 3-month period gave comparable toxicity results to those found with fresh algae.","Cryoalgotox: Use of cryopreserved alga in a semistatic microplate test Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Use of cryopreserved alga Selenastrum capricornutum has been evaluated as a simple and cost-efficient procedure in a new semistatic algal ecotoxicity test. Experiments have been conducted to compare performance criteria of this method, named Cryoalgotox, versus the classic microplate test using fresh algae. Cryoalgotox 72-h 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) determined with Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr6+, and atrazine were more sensitive, repeatable (low coefficients of variation), and reproducible (low time effect) than the results obtained with the classical microplate tests. The effect of storage time at -80êC on the sensitivity of the algae was assessed using cadmium as a toxic reference; it was shown that algae stored at -80êC over a 3-month period gave comparable toxicity results to those found with fresh algae.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238997,Korallus and  Loenhoff 1981,Production and transformation of chromates - Experience in occupational medicine and epidemiology,"Roundup/survey of production, transformation and uses of chromates; analysis of the literature on toxicology, occupational medicine, medical supervision and epidemiology in this field. Zinc, strontium, and calcium chromates, and chromium (III) chromate, are considered to be carcinogens, whereas there is as yet no evidence of the carcinogenicity of chromium (IV) water-soluble compounds. There is a dminishing trend in the frequency of bronchial cancer in chromium production workers, due to more advanced health engineering and industrial hygiene. Classification of chromium compounds in TLV lists and in legislation currently in force in the Federal Republic of Germany.","Production and transformation of chromates - Experience in occupational medicine and epidemiology Abs: Roundup/survey of production, transformation and uses of chromates; analysis of the literature on toxicology, occupational medicine, medical supervision and epidemiology in this field. Zinc, strontium, and calcium chromates, and chromium (III) chromate, are considered to be carcinogens, whereas there is as yet no evidence of the carcinogenicity of chromium (IV) water-soluble compounds. There is a dminishing trend in the frequency of bronchial cancer in chromium production workers, due to more advanced health engineering and industrial hygiene. Classification of chromium compounds in TLV lists and in legislation currently in force in the Federal Republic of Germany.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509557,Go?ebiewski et al. 1999,Synthesis and biological activity of new diarylalkenes,"Condensation of 5-nitro, 3-chloro-, and 5-chlorosalicylic acid with formaldehyde afforded dimeric disalicylmethanes which were O-methylated with dimethyl sulfate and oxidized with chromium(VI) oxide to give the diarylketones 10, 11, 12. Wittig reaction with ylides obtained by deprotonation of alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts with sodium bis (trimethylsilyl)amide yielded a series of diarylalkenes. Some of the obtained compounds showed high antimicrobial activity in vitro against Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium smegmatis.","Synthesis and biological activity of new diarylalkenes Abs: Condensation of 5-nitro, 3-chloro-, and 5-chlorosalicylic acid with formaldehyde afforded dimeric disalicylmethanes which were O-methylated with dimethyl sulfate and oxidized with chromium(VI) oxide to give the diarylketones 10, 11, 12. Wittig reaction with ylides obtained by deprotonation of alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts with sodium bis (trimethylsilyl)amide yielded a series of diarylalkenes. Some of the obtained compounds showed high antimicrobial activity in vitro against Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium smegmatis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577951,Fedrizzi et al. 1996,EIS study of environmentally friendly coil coating performances,,EIS study of environmentally friendly coil coating performances Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516268,Pastides et al. 1994,Transforming industrial hygiene data for use in epidemiologic studies: A case study of hexavalent chromium,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper presents the methods that were developed for estimating past occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) as part of an epidemiologic study. Data were available from a variety of industrial records but were flawed and had to be carefully evaluated, and often transformed, before they could be used for exposure reconstruction. The study goal was to assess the health risks associated with chromate production in a cohort of 398 workers with at least one year of employment. Substantial personal and area air samples of Cr+6 were available from industrial hygiene records, but the sampling procedures were not uniform. Additionally, important decisions had to be made concerning gaps in available data for certain time periods, exposure levels recorded as ""less than the limit of detection,"" monitoring results requiring recalculation, and various observed discrepancies in reporting conventions. Usual exposure in 22 distinct plant exposure areas was characterized b","Transforming industrial hygiene data for use in epidemiologic studies: A case study of hexavalent chromium Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper presents the methods that were developed for estimating past occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) as part of an epidemiologic study. Data were available from a variety of industrial records but were flawed and had to be carefully evaluated, and often transformed, before they could be used for exposure reconstruction. The study goal was to assess the health risks associated with chromate production in a cohort of 398 workers with at least one year of employment. Substantial personal and area air samples of Cr+6 were available from industrial hygiene records, but the sampling procedures were not uniform. Additionally, important decisions had to be made concerning gaps in available data for certain time periods, exposure levels recorded as ""less than the limit of detection,"" monitoring results requiring recalculation, and various observed discrepancies in reporting conventions. Usual exposure in 22 distinct plant exposure areas was characterized b",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516625,Walsh and  O'Halloran 1996,Chromium speciation in tannery effluent-I. An assessment of techniques and the role of organic Cr(III) complexes,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Three methods of chromium speciation were assessed in relation to possible interferences from Cr(III)-organic complexes. They were, namely: 1,5-diphenyl-carbazide (DPC) spectrophotometry, organic extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and co-precipitation with iron and bismuth salts. Initially, a number of organic ligands, i.e. proteins, amino acids and organic acids were reacted with Cr(III) and only those complexes with solubility levels above that of ionic Cr(III) were assessed further. The spectrophotometric method was found to suffer minor interferences which were attributable to a non-specific turbidity effect. In comparison, two methods of MIBK extraction were found to suffer severe interferences with Cr(III)-protein complexes. Also, co-precipitation with iron salts resulted in high levels of contamination by Cr(III)-organic complexes in the ionic chromium fractions. Due to the poor solubility of bismuth salts, this method was discarded. The results demons","Chromium speciation in tannery effluent-I. An assessment of techniques and the role of organic Cr(III) complexes Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Three methods of chromium speciation were assessed in relation to possible interferences from Cr(III)-organic complexes. They were, namely: 1,5-diphenyl-carbazide (DPC) spectrophotometry, organic extraction with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and co-precipitation with iron and bismuth salts. Initially, a number of organic ligands, i.e. proteins, amino acids and organic acids were reacted with Cr(III) and only those complexes with solubility levels above that of ionic Cr(III) were assessed further. The spectrophotometric method was found to suffer minor interferences which were attributable to a non-specific turbidity effect. In comparison, two methods of MIBK extraction were found to suffer severe interferences with Cr(III)-protein complexes. Also, co-precipitation with iron salts resulted in high levels of contamination by Cr(III)-organic complexes in the ionic chromium fractions. Due to the poor solubility of bismuth salts, this method was discarded. The results demons",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509866,Kalidhasan et al. 2012,Ultrasound-assisted preparation and characterization of crystalline cellulose-ionic liquid blend polymeric material: a prelude to the study of its application toward the effective adsorption of chromium,"The molecular interaction of biopolymers with an array of substrates offers interesting insight into the adsorption phenomenon. The present work proposes the preparation and characterization of cellulose-methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MeTOACl)-a room temperature ionic liquid (IL) blend polymeric sorbent and its application for the adsorption of carcinogenic chromium(VI). The blend adsorbent material was synthesized in a relatively green solvent (methylisobutylketone) medium by ultrasonication. The mechanism of interaction of biopolymer with the ionic liquid could be conceptualized as electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals force of attraction with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose as a bilayer assembly. The composition, crystallinity, and the surface area of the prepared material were comprehensively characterized using FT-IR, solid-state (13)C NMR, TGA, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, and BET isotherm study. The adsorption capacity of chromium(VI) calculated from Langmuir isotherm model was found to be 38.94 mg g(-1) with adherence to the second-order kinetics. The study of thermodynamic parameters that affect the sorption process indicated the spontaneity and exothermic nature of adsorption. The green aspect in the methodology is brought out in the regeneration of the adsorbent, where Cr(VI) could be effectively reduced to the less toxic Cr(III) using ascorbic acid.","Ultrasound-assisted preparation and characterization of crystalline cellulose-ionic liquid blend polymeric material: a prelude to the study of its application toward the effective adsorption of chromium Abs: The molecular interaction of biopolymers with an array of substrates offers interesting insight into the adsorption phenomenon. The present work proposes the preparation and characterization of cellulose-methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MeTOACl)-a room temperature ionic liquid (IL) blend polymeric sorbent and its application for the adsorption of carcinogenic chromium(VI). The blend adsorbent material was synthesized in a relatively green solvent (methylisobutylketone) medium by ultrasonication. The mechanism of interaction of biopolymer with the ionic liquid could be conceptualized as electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals force of attraction with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose as a bilayer assembly. The composition, crystallinity, and the surface area of the prepared material were comprehensively characterized using FT-IR, solid-state (13)C NMR, TGA, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, and BET isotherm study. The adsorption capacity of chromium(VI) calculated from Langmuir isotherm model was found to be 38.94 mg g(-1) with adherence to the second-order kinetics. The study of thermodynamic parameters that affect the sorption process indicated the spontaneity and exothermic nature of adsorption. The green aspect in the methodology is brought out in the regeneration of the adsorbent, where Cr(VI) could be effectively reduced to the less toxic Cr(III) using ascorbic acid.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786389,Rai et al. 2013,Chromate tolerance and accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris L.: role of antioxidant enzymes and biochemical changes in detoxification of metals,"A concentration-dependent increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and carotenoid, MDA level have been observed in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris following chromium exposure at different concentrations (0.01-100 ?g ml(-1)). Simultaneously, decrease in growth rate, chlorophyll and protein contents was observed. In case of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase a bell shaped dose response was evident, however, lipid peroxidation followed a linear relationship along with catalase activity, which could be used as biomarker of Cr toxicity and played important role in providing tolerance and subsequently, high accumulation potential of chromium in C. vulgaris. In present investigation, the green alga C. vulgaris respond better under chromium stress in terms of tolerance, growth and metal accumulating potential at higher concentration of Cr (VI) which could be employed in decontamination of chromium for environmental cleanup.","Chromate tolerance and accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris L.: role of antioxidant enzymes and biochemical changes in detoxification of metals Abs: A concentration-dependent increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and carotenoid, MDA level have been observed in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris following chromium exposure at different concentrations (0.01-100 ?g ml(-1)). Simultaneously, decrease in growth rate, chlorophyll and protein contents was observed. In case of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase a bell shaped dose response was evident, however, lipid peroxidation followed a linear relationship along with catalase activity, which could be used as biomarker of Cr toxicity and played important role in providing tolerance and subsequently, high accumulation potential of chromium in C. vulgaris. In present investigation, the green alga C. vulgaris respond better under chromium stress in terms of tolerance, growth and metal accumulating potential at higher concentration of Cr (VI) which could be employed in decontamination of chromium for environmental cleanup.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577281,Oujja et al. 2013,Wavelength and pulse duration effects on laser induced changes on raw pigments used in paintings,"In this study, the reaction of widely used artist's pigments in raw form to pulsed laser radiation of different wavelengths and pulse duration was investigated. Vermilion, lead chromate and malachite (in the form of pellets) were irradiated using laser pulses of 500 fs at 248 nm, and pulses of 150 ps and 15 ns at 1064 and 213 nm. Optical microscopy, colorimetry, spectrofluorimetry, micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the physicochemical changes induced to the pigments. Change of crystalline phase was identified for vermilion while reduction processes take place for lead chromate and malachite. It was found that these effects were minimized by application of ultraviolet ultrashort pulses (of femtosecond and picosecond duration) as compared with changes occurring by pulsed infrared irradiation (of both picosecond and nanosecond duration). The results presented are discussed in relation to previous research on painted mock-ups in order to elucidate the role and significance of the binding media in the laser induced discoloration of painted surfaces and thus to propose optimum laser cleaning practices.","Wavelength and pulse duration effects on laser induced changes on raw pigments used in paintings Abs: In this study, the reaction of widely used artist's pigments in raw form to pulsed laser radiation of different wavelengths and pulse duration was investigated. Vermilion, lead chromate and malachite (in the form of pellets) were irradiated using laser pulses of 500 fs at 248 nm, and pulses of 150 ps and 15 ns at 1064 and 213 nm. Optical microscopy, colorimetry, spectrofluorimetry, micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize the physicochemical changes induced to the pigments. Change of crystalline phase was identified for vermilion while reduction processes take place for lead chromate and malachite. It was found that these effects were minimized by application of ultraviolet ultrashort pulses (of femtosecond and picosecond duration) as compared with changes occurring by pulsed infrared irradiation (of both picosecond and nanosecond duration). The results presented are discussed in relation to previous research on painted mock-ups in order to elucidate the role and significance of the binding media in the laser induced discoloration of painted surfaces and thus to propose optimum laser cleaning practices.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236613,Samitz 1970,Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of toxic effects from chromates,"Ascorbic-acid is found to be effective in preventing and treating adverse reaction to chromates by inactivation of hexavalent chromium through reduction to trivalent chromium and subsequent complex formation of the trivalent species of chromium compounds. Ascorbic-acid is found to prevent acute systemic chromate intoxication when administered promptly to abrasions poisoned with potassium-chromate, to protect chromate sensitive workers from skin sensitization or allergic eczematous dermatitis from printing inks, to protect against chromic-acid mists (using ascorbic-acid impregnated filter masks), and to shorten the time of healing of skin ulcers experimentally produced by potassium-chromate.","Ascorbic acid in the prevention and treatment of toxic effects from chromates Abs: Ascorbic-acid is found to be effective in preventing and treating adverse reaction to chromates by inactivation of hexavalent chromium through reduction to trivalent chromium and subsequent complex formation of the trivalent species of chromium compounds. Ascorbic-acid is found to prevent acute systemic chromate intoxication when administered promptly to abrasions poisoned with potassium-chromate, to protect chromate sensitive workers from skin sensitization or allergic eczematous dermatitis from printing inks, to protect against chromic-acid mists (using ascorbic-acid impregnated filter masks), and to shorten the time of healing of skin ulcers experimentally produced by potassium-chromate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233725,Wilkin et al. 2005,Chromium-removal processes during groundwater remediation by a zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier,"Solid-phase associations of chromium were examined in core materials collected from a full-scale, zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center located near Elizabeth City, NC. The PRB was installed in 1996 to treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium. After eight years of operation, the PRB remains effective at reducing concentrations of Cr from average values &gt;1500 microg L(-1) in groundwater hydraulically upgradient of the PRB to values &lt;1 microg L(-1) in groundwater within and hydraulically downgradient of the PRB. Chromium removal from groundwater occurs at the leading edge of the PRB and also within the aquifer immediately upgradient of the PRB. These regions also witness the greatest amount of secondary mineral formation due to steep geochemical gradients that result from the corrosion of zerovalent iron. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy indicated that chromium is predominantly in the trivalent oxidation state, confirming that reductive processes are responsible for Cr sequestration. XANES spectra and microscopy results suggest that Cr is, in part, associated with iron sulfide grains formed as a consequence of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in and around the PRB. Results of this study provide evidence that secondary iron-bearing mineral products may enhance the capacity of zerovalent iron systems to remediate Cr in groundwater, either through redox reactions at the mineral-water interface or by the release of Fe(II) to solution via mineral dissolution and/or metal corrosion.","Chromium-removal processes during groundwater remediation by a zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier Abs: Solid-phase associations of chromium were examined in core materials collected from a full-scale, zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center located near Elizabeth City, NC. The PRB was installed in 1996 to treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium. After eight years of operation, the PRB remains effective at reducing concentrations of Cr from average values &gt;1500 microg L(-1) in groundwater hydraulically upgradient of the PRB to values &lt;1 microg L(-1) in groundwater within and hydraulically downgradient of the PRB. Chromium removal from groundwater occurs at the leading edge of the PRB and also within the aquifer immediately upgradient of the PRB. These regions also witness the greatest amount of secondary mineral formation due to steep geochemical gradients that result from the corrosion of zerovalent iron. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy indicated that chromium is predominantly in the trivalent oxidation state, confirming that reductive processes are responsible for Cr sequestration. XANES spectra and microscopy results suggest that Cr is, in part, associated with iron sulfide grains formed as a consequence of microbially mediated sulfate reduction in and around the PRB. Results of this study provide evidence that secondary iron-bearing mineral products may enhance the capacity of zerovalent iron systems to remediate Cr in groundwater, either through redox reactions at the mineral-water interface or by the release of Fe(II) to solution via mineral dissolution and/or metal corrosion.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237621,Golomb et al. 1990,"Relationship between drug release rate, particle size and swelling of silicone matrices","IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP The relationship between drug particle size, release rate and swelling of silastic matrices was examined by using the model drug potassium dichromate and 2 types of silicone polymer--silastic 382 (I) and silastic Q7-4840 (II), both variations of silicone rubber. The drug particles were found to be the driving force for water uptake by the matrix. The release rate was directly proportional to the degree of swelling, which in turn was directly proportional to drug particle size. The release rate and swelling of matrices composed of I increased with decreasing drug particle size, while increasing drug particle size resulted in increased release rate and decreased swelling of II matrices, probably because air is entrapped during fabrication of these matrices. More retarded release and swelling was exhibited by II matrices in comparison to matrices composed of I, probably due to the different physical properties of these silicones.","Relationship between drug release rate, particle size and swelling of silicone matrices Abs: IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP The relationship between drug particle size, release rate and swelling of silastic matrices was examined by using the model drug potassium dichromate and 2 types of silicone polymer--silastic 382 (I) and silastic Q7-4840 (II), both variations of silicone rubber. The drug particles were found to be the driving force for water uptake by the matrix. The release rate was directly proportional to the degree of swelling, which in turn was directly proportional to drug particle size. The release rate and swelling of matrices composed of I increased with decreasing drug particle size, while increasing drug particle size resulted in increased release rate and decreased swelling of II matrices, probably because air is entrapped during fabrication of these matrices. More retarded release and swelling was exhibited by II matrices in comparison to matrices composed of I, probably due to the different physical properties of these silicones.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577919,Palomar-Rami?rez et al. 2011,Taking Advantage of a Corrosion Problem To Solve a Pollution Problem,,Taking Advantage of a Corrosion Problem To Solve a Pollution Problem Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231311,Ruhe and  Andersen 1977,"Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Report No. HHE-76-17-395, The Hayes and Albion Company, Spencerville, Ohio","A Health Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH on April 1-2 and July 27-29, 1976, at the Hayes and Albion Company, Spencerville, Ohio, a plant engaged in the manufacturing of automobile trim and side molding (SIC-2396). An authorized employee representative requested the investigation for worker exposure to chemicals in the Anodizing Department, Stripping Room, Paint Room, Vinyl Assembly and Final Assembly area. On the basis of environmental sampling it has been determined that exposure to chromic-acid, sulfuric-acid (7664939), nitric-acid (7697372), methylene-chloride (75092), ethanol (64175), sodium-hydroxide, methyl-ethyl-ketone, toluene (108883), acetone (67641), carbon-monoxide (630080) and vinyl-chloride (75014) did not exceed recommended environmental criteria within the worksite areas. However, based on the answers to medical questionnaires completed by 30 affected workers, it is believed that workers in the spray painting and stripping areas may occasionally be exposed to excessive concentrations of methylene-chloride, methyl-ethyl-ketone (78933) and toluene, which are known to produce nose, throat and skin irritation. Recommendations are made for the use of respirators, establishing hazard educational programs, and servicing of exhaust ventilation systems to insure that they are operating at maximum efficiency.","Health Hazard Evaluation Determination, Report No. HHE-76-17-395, The Hayes and Albion Company, Spencerville, Ohio Abs: A Health Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH on April 1-2 and July 27-29, 1976, at the Hayes and Albion Company, Spencerville, Ohio, a plant engaged in the manufacturing of automobile trim and side molding (SIC-2396). An authorized employee representative requested the investigation for worker exposure to chemicals in the Anodizing Department, Stripping Room, Paint Room, Vinyl Assembly and Final Assembly area. On the basis of environmental sampling it has been determined that exposure to chromic-acid, sulfuric-acid (7664939), nitric-acid (7697372), methylene-chloride (75092), ethanol (64175), sodium-hydroxide, methyl-ethyl-ketone, toluene (108883), acetone (67641), carbon-monoxide (630080) and vinyl-chloride (75014) did not exceed recommended environmental criteria within the worksite areas. However, based on the answers to medical questionnaires completed by 30 affected workers, it is believed that workers in the spray painting and stripping areas may occasionally be exposed to excessive concentrations of methylene-chloride, methyl-ethyl-ketone (78933) and toluene, which are known to produce nose, throat and skin irritation. Recommendations are made for the use of respirators, establishing hazard educational programs, and servicing of exhaust ventilation systems to insure that they are operating at maximum efficiency.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237464,James 1996,THE CHALLENGE OF REMEDIATING CHROMIUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SALT CHROMIUM BLOOM HEAVY METAL REDUCTION REACTION SOIL POLLUTION CONTAMINATION HEALTH HAZARD CLEANUP NEW JERSEY USA,THE CHALLENGE OF REMEDIATING CHROMIUM-CONTAMINATED SOIL Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM JOURNAL ARTICLE HUMAN HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SALT CHROMIUM BLOOM HEAVY METAL REDUCTION REACTION SOIL POLLUTION CONTAMINATION HEALTH HAZARD CLEANUP NEW JERSEY USA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578201,Morales-Barrera et al. 2010,"ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A Fusarium lichenicola STRAIN WITH HIGH Cr(VI) REDUCTION POTENTIAL","A fungal strain with high Cr(VI) reduction potential was isolated from a heavy metal-contaminated soil by batch enrichment culture techniques. The isolated fungus was identified as Fusarium lichenicola by the D1/D2 domain sequence of its 28S rDNA gene. The Cr(VI) reduction process catalyzed by F. lichenicola was characterized in batch cultures conducted at initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 0.56 to 3.63 mM. The fungus showed remarkable capacity to reduce very high concentrations of Cr(VI) (2.89 mM) completely, under aerobic conditions. The highest volumetric rate of Cr(VI) reduction was approximately I mg L(-1) h(-1) and it was attained at initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 0.56 to 2.06 mM; however, at higher Cr(VI) concentrations, the volumetric rate decreased, probably due to Cr(VI) toxicity. The characteristics exhibited by this F. lichenicola strain make it potentially useful in biotechnological processes for remediation of Cr(VI)-laden wastewaters.","ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A Fusarium lichenicola STRAIN WITH HIGH Cr(VI) REDUCTION POTENTIAL Abs: A fungal strain with high Cr(VI) reduction potential was isolated from a heavy metal-contaminated soil by batch enrichment culture techniques. The isolated fungus was identified as Fusarium lichenicola by the D1/D2 domain sequence of its 28S rDNA gene. The Cr(VI) reduction process catalyzed by F. lichenicola was characterized in batch cultures conducted at initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 0.56 to 3.63 mM. The fungus showed remarkable capacity to reduce very high concentrations of Cr(VI) (2.89 mM) completely, under aerobic conditions. The highest volumetric rate of Cr(VI) reduction was approximately I mg L(-1) h(-1) and it was attained at initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 0.56 to 2.06 mM; however, at higher Cr(VI) concentrations, the volumetric rate decreased, probably due to Cr(VI) toxicity. The characteristics exhibited by this F. lichenicola strain make it potentially useful in biotechnological processes for remediation of Cr(VI)-laden wastewaters.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238311,Cavaco et al. 1991,Dosimetry Commissioning for an Industrial Cobalt-60 Gamma-Radiation Facility,"The distribution of absorbed gamma radiation by products treated with radioactive cobalt was examined. Cardboard boxes were filled with folded and crumpled papers and dosimeters to a bulk density of 200 kilograms/cubic meter. The boxes were loaded into standard carriers used at a medical equipment sterilization facility. Dosimeter systems consisting of red and amber Perspex and radiochromic dye films as well as ethanol-monochlorobenzene and potassium-dichromate solutions were used to determine amounts of absorbed radiation dose after exposure to gamma radiation. Radiation dose distribution in air at a distance of 45 centimeters from the source rack in a vertical plane was shifted slightly toward the bottom of the symmetry level of the box carrier. Maximum dose distribution in the test boxes was on the surface facing the cobalt source and minimum doses were seen in the center of the boxes. Parameters such as dwell times for different minimum doses, source utilization efficiency, and uniformity ratio were calculated based on the size, volume, weight, and density of the paper loaded boxes.","Dosimetry Commissioning for an Industrial Cobalt-60 Gamma-Radiation Facility Abs: The distribution of absorbed gamma radiation by products treated with radioactive cobalt was examined. Cardboard boxes were filled with folded and crumpled papers and dosimeters to a bulk density of 200 kilograms/cubic meter. The boxes were loaded into standard carriers used at a medical equipment sterilization facility. Dosimeter systems consisting of red and amber Perspex and radiochromic dye films as well as ethanol-monochlorobenzene and potassium-dichromate solutions were used to determine amounts of absorbed radiation dose after exposure to gamma radiation. Radiation dose distribution in air at a distance of 45 centimeters from the source rack in a vertical plane was shifted slightly toward the bottom of the symmetry level of the box carrier. Maximum dose distribution in the test boxes was on the surface facing the cobalt source and minimum doses were seen in the center of the boxes. Parameters such as dwell times for different minimum doses, source utilization efficiency, and uniformity ratio were calculated based on the size, volume, weight, and density of the paper loaded boxes.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235939,Shi and  Dalal 1988,On the mechanism of the chromate reduction by glutathione: ESR evidence for the glutathionyl radical and an isolable Cr(V) intermediate,"With a view of elucidating the role of glutathione (GSH) in the biochemical pathways of the chromate-exposure related carcinogenesis, we carried out electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic investigations of the chromate-GSH redox reactions. The ESR measurements, employing spin-traps, provide evidence for the involvement of the glutathione (GS) radical, as well as an isolable Cr(V)-glutathione intermediate. These results indicate a new mechanism for the reduction of chromate by GSH in in vitro cellular environment and help understand the (unexpected) increase in Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks at elevated GSH levels.","On the mechanism of the chromate reduction by glutathione: ESR evidence for the glutathionyl radical and an isolable Cr(V) intermediate Abs: With a view of elucidating the role of glutathione (GSH) in the biochemical pathways of the chromate-exposure related carcinogenesis, we carried out electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic investigations of the chromate-GSH redox reactions. The ESR measurements, employing spin-traps, provide evidence for the involvement of the glutathione (GS) radical, as well as an isolable Cr(V)-glutathione intermediate. These results indicate a new mechanism for the reduction of chromate by GSH in in vitro cellular environment and help understand the (unexpected) increase in Cr(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks at elevated GSH levels.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578057,Kim et al. 2002,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic solutions,,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by pyrite-rich andesite in different anionic solutions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515827,Higgins et al. 1987,Metal finishing and processing,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review wastewater treatment recycling metal recovery waste disposal land disposal industrial waste metal industry steel industry,Metal finishing and processing Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm review wastewater treatment recycling metal recovery waste disposal land disposal industrial waste metal industry steel industry,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231888,Alvarez-Ayuso and  Nugteren 2005,Purification of chromium(VI) finishing wastewaters using calcined and uncalcined Mg-Al-CO3-hydrotalcite,"The applicability of calcined and uncalcined hydrotalcite for the purification of industrial effluents has been studied using chromium finishing wastewaters. Using a batch method, the influence of the initial concentration of chromium (10-450mg/l), hydrotalcite (HT) dose (0.5-5g/l) and time (0.5-72h) has been evaluated. The process could be described by the Langmuir model and gave a maximum removal of chromium of 16.3mg Cr(VI)/g on uncalcined HT and 128mg Cr(VI)/g on calcined hydrotalcite (C-HT). Removal using the calcined product provided an effective system to treat chromium finishing wastewaters with the most stringent discharge limit for such industrial streams being achieved with between two and four consecutive removal cycles on C-HT at a dose of 2g/l.","Purification of chromium(VI) finishing wastewaters using calcined and uncalcined Mg-Al-CO3-hydrotalcite Abs: The applicability of calcined and uncalcined hydrotalcite for the purification of industrial effluents has been studied using chromium finishing wastewaters. Using a batch method, the influence of the initial concentration of chromium (10-450mg/l), hydrotalcite (HT) dose (0.5-5g/l) and time (0.5-72h) has been evaluated. The process could be described by the Langmuir model and gave a maximum removal of chromium of 16.3mg Cr(VI)/g on uncalcined HT and 128mg Cr(VI)/g on calcined hydrotalcite (C-HT). Removal using the calcined product provided an effective system to treat chromium finishing wastewaters with the most stringent discharge limit for such industrial streams being achieved with between two and four consecutive removal cycles on C-HT at a dose of 2g/l.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225481,Pokhmurskii et al. 2013,Aluminium alloy corrosion inhibition by chromate-free composition of zinc phosphate and ion-exchanged zeolite,,Aluminium alloy corrosion inhibition by chromate-free composition of zinc phosphate and ion-exchanged zeolite Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510016,Carlton et al. 1999,Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) Field Analytical Method for Bioenvironmental Engineers,"Final rept. dustrial Hygiene Branch, in a collaborative effort with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed a field analytical method to measure hexavalent chromium (CrVI, chromate) levels in air. The method uses ultrasonic extraction of sampling filters, solid-phase extraction of chromates from the extracted solution, and determination of chromate concentrations by spectrophotometry. It is an alternative to NIOSH methods 7300 and 7600 and overcomes some of the disadvantages of these methods. The chromate field method is relatively easy to use, specific for CrVI, has a lower detection limit than NIOSH 7600, and allow analysis before there is a chance for significant sample degradation. The method is intended for use by Bioenvironmental Engineers. Although all Bioenvironmental Engineering shops will benefit from use of the method, those shops that take a lot of chromate samples or have significant chromate exposure problems will derive the most benefit from the method.","Hexavalent Chromium (CrVI) Field Analytical Method for Bioenvironmental Engineers Abs: Final rept. dustrial Hygiene Branch, in a collaborative effort with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed a field analytical method to measure hexavalent chromium (CrVI, chromate) levels in air. The method uses ultrasonic extraction of sampling filters, solid-phase extraction of chromates from the extracted solution, and determination of chromate concentrations by spectrophotometry. It is an alternative to NIOSH methods 7300 and 7600 and overcomes some of the disadvantages of these methods. The chromate field method is relatively easy to use, specific for CrVI, has a lower detection limit than NIOSH 7600, and allow analysis before there is a chance for significant sample degradation. The method is intended for use by Bioenvironmental Engineers. Although all Bioenvironmental Engineering shops will benefit from use of the method, those shops that take a lot of chromate samples or have significant chromate exposure problems will derive the most benefit from the method.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234342,Amin and  Ragab 2004,Spectrophotometric determination of certain cephalosporins in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations,"A simple and reproducible spectrophotometeric method for the assay of cefotaxime sodium, cefuroxime sodium, and ceftriaxone disodium with metol-chromium(VI) reagent has been developed. The procedure is based on direct oxidation of metol by potassium dichromate in presence of drug in acidic medium and subsequent formation of ternary complex. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.2-28 microg ml(-1) at lambdamax 520 nm. For more accurate analysis, Ringbom optimum concentration range is found to be 0.8-26.5 microg ml(-1). The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity were calculated. Six replicate analysis of solutions containing seven different concentrations of the examined drugs were carried out and gave a mean correlation coefficient &lt; or =0.9996; the factors of the regression line equation for the three cephalosporins were calculated. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the examined drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise, and reproducible as the official methods.","Spectrophotometric determination of certain cephalosporins in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations Abs: A simple and reproducible spectrophotometeric method for the assay of cefotaxime sodium, cefuroxime sodium, and ceftriaxone disodium with metol-chromium(VI) reagent has been developed. The procedure is based on direct oxidation of metol by potassium dichromate in presence of drug in acidic medium and subsequent formation of ternary complex. Beer's law is obeyed in the range 0.2-28 microg ml(-1) at lambdamax 520 nm. For more accurate analysis, Ringbom optimum concentration range is found to be 0.8-26.5 microg ml(-1). The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity were calculated. Six replicate analysis of solutions containing seven different concentrations of the examined drugs were carried out and gave a mean correlation coefficient &lt; or =0.9996; the factors of the regression line equation for the three cephalosporins were calculated. The proposed method was applied to the determination of the examined drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and the results demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise, and reproducible as the official methods.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231893,Astrup et al. 2005,Chromium release from waste incineration air-pollution-control residues,"Cr release overtime was investigated in batch experiments for eleven air-pollution-control residues from eight different municipal solid waste incinerators covering all majorflue gas cleaning technologies. Cr released during 168 h of contact with water showed significant variations among the residues studied. Also for the individual residue, large variations were observed depending on the liquid-to-solid ratio used in the leaching test and the degree of carbonation. It is argued that Al(0) present in the residues can control Cr leaching by reducing Cr(VI) released from the solid phase by dissolution and that exposure to oxygen-either prior to or during the leaching test-depletes the reduction capacity of Al(0) leading to increased Cr leaching. A dynamic model is shown to describe Cr release from all investigated residues by accounting for Al(0) oxidation with Cr(VI), O2, and water as well as Cr(VI) dissolution. The paper reveals that Al-O2-Cr(VI) interactions must be considered very carefully when interpreting Cr leaching data.","Chromium release from waste incineration air-pollution-control residues Abs: Cr release overtime was investigated in batch experiments for eleven air-pollution-control residues from eight different municipal solid waste incinerators covering all majorflue gas cleaning technologies. Cr released during 168 h of contact with water showed significant variations among the residues studied. Also for the individual residue, large variations were observed depending on the liquid-to-solid ratio used in the leaching test and the degree of carbonation. It is argued that Al(0) present in the residues can control Cr leaching by reducing Cr(VI) released from the solid phase by dissolution and that exposure to oxygen-either prior to or during the leaching test-depletes the reduction capacity of Al(0) leading to increased Cr leaching. A dynamic model is shown to describe Cr release from all investigated residues by accounting for Al(0) oxidation with Cr(VI), O2, and water as well as Cr(VI) dissolution. The paper reveals that Al-O2-Cr(VI) interactions must be considered very carefully when interpreting Cr leaching data.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577966,Ruotolo et al. 2006,Electrochemical treatment of effluents containing Cr(VI). Influence of pH and current on the kinetic,"Compounds of Cr(VI) are very toxic and their reduction to Cr(III) is necessary to allow their further precipitation or adsorption. Chemical methods for Cr(VI) reduction are usually used for this purpose. As an alternative, electrochemical methods using three-dimensional electrodes, such as reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and polyaniline-modified RVC, have been used successfully. Since the pH affects reaction of Cr(VI) reduction, in this work its effect on the reaction rate was studied using electrodes of RVC and RVC/PANI. While a maximum in reaction rate was found for a pH 1.5 using the RVC, the RVC/PANI showed no differences in reaction rates in the range of pH between 0 and 1. Practically, no reaction was observed for any pH greater than 3. The effect of different current densities using optimized pH was also evaluated and the RVC/PANI electrode showed the best reaction rates, current efficiencies and energy consumption as a result of the polyaniline electrocatalytic effect.","Electrochemical treatment of effluents containing Cr(VI). Influence of pH and current on the kinetic Abs: Compounds of Cr(VI) are very toxic and their reduction to Cr(III) is necessary to allow their further precipitation or adsorption. Chemical methods for Cr(VI) reduction are usually used for this purpose. As an alternative, electrochemical methods using three-dimensional electrodes, such as reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and polyaniline-modified RVC, have been used successfully. Since the pH affects reaction of Cr(VI) reduction, in this work its effect on the reaction rate was studied using electrodes of RVC and RVC/PANI. While a maximum in reaction rate was found for a pH 1.5 using the RVC, the RVC/PANI showed no differences in reaction rates in the range of pH between 0 and 1. Practically, no reaction was observed for any pH greater than 3. The effect of different current densities using optimized pH was also evaluated and the RVC/PANI electrode showed the best reaction rates, current efficiencies and energy consumption as a result of the polyaniline electrocatalytic effect.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225492,Chathuranga et al. 2013,Biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species from aqueous solution by Cabomba caroliniana: kinetic and equilibrium study,,Biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species from aqueous solution by Cabomba caroliniana: kinetic and equilibrium study Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509857,Yu et al. 2011,Wld(S) reduces paraquat-induced cytotoxicity via SIRT1 in non-neuronal cells by attenuating the depletion of NAD,"Wld(S) is a fusion protein with NAD synthesis activity, and has been reported to protect axonal and synaptic compartments of neurons from various mechanical, genetic and chemical insults. However, whether Wld(S) can protect non-neuronal cells against toxic chemicals is largely unknown. Here we found that Wld(S) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity induced by chromium (VI), hydrogen peroxide, etoposide, tunicamycin or brefeldin A. Wld(S) also slowed down the death of mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of paraquat. Further studies demonstrated that Wld(S) markedly attenuated mitochondrial injury including disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, structural damage and decline of ATP induced by paraquat. Disruption of the NAD synthesis activity of Wld(S) by an H112A or F116S point mutation resulted in loss of its protective function against paraquat-induced cell death. Furthermore, Wld(S) delayed the decrease of intracellular NAD levels induced by paraquat. Similarly, treatment with NAD or its precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuated paraquat-induced cytotoxicity and decline of ATP and NAD levels. In addition, we showed that SIRT1 was required for both exogenous NAD and Wld(S)-mediated cellular protection against paraquat. These findings suggest that NAD and SIRT1 mediate the protective function of Wld(S) against the cytotoxicity induced by paraquat, which provides new clues for the mechanisms underlying the protective function of Wld(S) in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and implies that attenuation of NAD depletion may be effective to alleviate paraquat poisoning.","Wld(S) reduces paraquat-induced cytotoxicity via SIRT1 in non-neuronal cells by attenuating the depletion of NAD Abs: Wld(S) is a fusion protein with NAD synthesis activity, and has been reported to protect axonal and synaptic compartments of neurons from various mechanical, genetic and chemical insults. However, whether Wld(S) can protect non-neuronal cells against toxic chemicals is largely unknown. Here we found that Wld(S) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity induced by chromium (VI), hydrogen peroxide, etoposide, tunicamycin or brefeldin A. Wld(S) also slowed down the death of mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of paraquat. Further studies demonstrated that Wld(S) markedly attenuated mitochondrial injury including disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, structural damage and decline of ATP induced by paraquat. Disruption of the NAD synthesis activity of Wld(S) by an H112A or F116S point mutation resulted in loss of its protective function against paraquat-induced cell death. Furthermore, Wld(S) delayed the decrease of intracellular NAD levels induced by paraquat. Similarly, treatment with NAD or its precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuated paraquat-induced cytotoxicity and decline of ATP and NAD levels. In addition, we showed that SIRT1 was required for both exogenous NAD and Wld(S)-mediated cellular protection against paraquat. These findings suggest that NAD and SIRT1 mediate the protective function of Wld(S) against the cytotoxicity induced by paraquat, which provides new clues for the mechanisms underlying the protective function of Wld(S) in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and implies that attenuation of NAD depletion may be effective to alleviate paraquat poisoning.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225599,Zhang et al. 2013,Facile synthesis L-cysteine capped CdS:Eu quantum dots and their Hg2+ sensitive properties,,Facile synthesis L-cysteine capped CdS:Eu quantum dots and their Hg2+ sensitive properties Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231905,Lan et al. 2005,Catalysis of elemental sulfur nanoparticles on chromium(VI) reduction by sulfide under anaerobic conditions,"Chromate (CrVI) reduction by sulfide was conducted in anaerobic batch experimental systems. The molar ratio of the reduced CrVI to the oxidized S(-II) was 1:1.5 during the reaction, suggesting that the product of sulfide oxidation was elemental sulfur. Under the anaerobic condition, the reaction was pseudo first order initially with respect to CrVI, but the rate was dramatically accelerated at the later stage of the reaction. The rate acceleration was due to catalysis by elemental sulfur nanoparticles; dissolved species such as monomeric elemental sulfur and polysulfides appeared to be ineffective catalysts. Elemental sulfur nanoparticles were capable of adsorbing sulfide and such adsorbed sulfide exhibited much higher reactivity toward CrVI reduction than the aqueous-phase sulfide, resulting in the observed rate acceleration. Kinetic data under various reactant concentrations can be represented by the following empirical kinetic equation: -d[CrVI]/dt = k1 [CrVI][H2S]0.63 + k3[CrVI][triple bond S--SH]0.57. The first term on the right-hand side corresponds to the noncatalytic pathway, with k1 = 1.0 x 10(-3) (microM)(-0.63) min(-1) at pH 7.60 and 8.2 x 10(-5) (microM)-0.63 min(-1) at pH 8.10. The second term, k3[CrVI][triple bond S--SH]b, is the catalytic term with [triple bond S--SH] representing the adsorbed concentration of sulfide on the elemental sulfur nanoparticles (microM). The catalytic term is more important at the later stage of the reaction, as indicated by the observed kinetics and the enhancement of the reaction rate by externally added elemental sulfur nanoparticles. At pH 8.10, k3 = 0.0057 (microM)(-0.57) min(-1).","Catalysis of elemental sulfur nanoparticles on chromium(VI) reduction by sulfide under anaerobic conditions Abs: Chromate (CrVI) reduction by sulfide was conducted in anaerobic batch experimental systems. The molar ratio of the reduced CrVI to the oxidized S(-II) was 1:1.5 during the reaction, suggesting that the product of sulfide oxidation was elemental sulfur. Under the anaerobic condition, the reaction was pseudo first order initially with respect to CrVI, but the rate was dramatically accelerated at the later stage of the reaction. The rate acceleration was due to catalysis by elemental sulfur nanoparticles; dissolved species such as monomeric elemental sulfur and polysulfides appeared to be ineffective catalysts. Elemental sulfur nanoparticles were capable of adsorbing sulfide and such adsorbed sulfide exhibited much higher reactivity toward CrVI reduction than the aqueous-phase sulfide, resulting in the observed rate acceleration. Kinetic data under various reactant concentrations can be represented by the following empirical kinetic equation: -d[CrVI]/dt = k1 [CrVI][H2S]0.63 + k3[CrVI][triple bond S--SH]0.57. The first term on the right-hand side corresponds to the noncatalytic pathway, with k1 = 1.0 x 10(-3) (microM)(-0.63) min(-1) at pH 7.60 and 8.2 x 10(-5) (microM)-0.63 min(-1) at pH 8.10. The second term, k3[CrVI][triple bond S--SH]b, is the catalytic term with [triple bond S--SH] representing the adsorbed concentration of sulfide on the elemental sulfur nanoparticles (microM). The catalytic term is more important at the later stage of the reaction, as indicated by the observed kinetics and the enhancement of the reaction rate by externally added elemental sulfur nanoparticles. At pH 8.10, k3 = 0.0057 (microM)(-0.57) min(-1).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231946,Xu et al. 2004,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in aqueous solutions,"Hexavalent chromium is a priority pollutant in the USA and many other countries. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is environmentally favorable as the latter species is not toxic to most living organisms and also has a low mobility and bioavailability. Reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reductant was studied using potassium dichromate solution as the model pollutant. Effects of concentration of vitamin C, pH, temperature, irradiation and reaction time on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined. Cr(VI) might be reduced by vitamin C not only in acidic conditions but also in weakly alkaline solutions. The reduction of Cr(VI) by vitamin C might occur not only under irradiation but also in the dark. Vitamin C is an important biological reductant in humans and animals, and not toxic. It is water-soluble and can easily permeate through various types of soils. The results indicate that vitamin C could be used in effective remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in aqueous solutions Abs: Hexavalent chromium is a priority pollutant in the USA and many other countries. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is environmentally favorable as the latter species is not toxic to most living organisms and also has a low mobility and bioavailability. Reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reductant was studied using potassium dichromate solution as the model pollutant. Effects of concentration of vitamin C, pH, temperature, irradiation and reaction time on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined. Cr(VI) might be reduced by vitamin C not only in acidic conditions but also in weakly alkaline solutions. The reduction of Cr(VI) by vitamin C might occur not only under irradiation but also in the dark. Vitamin C is an important biological reductant in humans and animals, and not toxic. It is water-soluble and can easily permeate through various types of soils. The results indicate that vitamin C could be used in effective remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231862,Rocchetta et al. 2006,Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis,"The effect of hexavalent chromium on fatty acid composition was studied in two strains of Euglena gracilis; UTEX 753 (from the Culture Collection of Algae of Texas University, USA) and MAT (isolated from a highly polluted River). Both were grown in photoauxotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions and exposed to two metal concentrations, one below and one above IC50. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (3 to 7-fold) obtained with chromium concentration above IC50, suggested the existence of metal-induced lipid peroxidation. Total lipid content increased only with concentration below IC50, whereas it was inhibited by higher metal concentration. Photoheterotrophic control strains exhibited a significantly higher proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated acids were most affected by chromium, especially those related to chloroplast structures. Ultra-structure studies showed clear thylakoid disorganization in all treated cells. The results indicate that hexavalent chromium affects levels of fatty acids, especially those related to photosynthetic activity.","Effect of chromium on the fatty acid composition of two strains of Euglena gracilis Abs: The effect of hexavalent chromium on fatty acid composition was studied in two strains of Euglena gracilis; UTEX 753 (from the Culture Collection of Algae of Texas University, USA) and MAT (isolated from a highly polluted River). Both were grown in photoauxotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions and exposed to two metal concentrations, one below and one above IC50. The high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (3 to 7-fold) obtained with chromium concentration above IC50, suggested the existence of metal-induced lipid peroxidation. Total lipid content increased only with concentration below IC50, whereas it was inhibited by higher metal concentration. Photoheterotrophic control strains exhibited a significantly higher proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated acids were most affected by chromium, especially those related to chloroplast structures. Ultra-structure studies showed clear thylakoid disorganization in all treated cells. The results indicate that hexavalent chromium affects levels of fatty acids, especially those related to photosynthetic activity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231304,Zumwalde 1974,"Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey of City Bumper Incorporated, Cincinnati, Ohio","A survey of a chrome plating facility (SIC-3471) was carried out for the purposes of familiarization with chrome plating operations, and obtaining preliminary environmental air measurements so that work environments with chromic-acid (7738945) exposure levels less than 0.05 and 0.10 milligram per cubic meter could be identified for more detailed industrial hygiene surveys. A total of 10 air samples, both personal and general area were taken for evaluation of chromic-acid. Wipe samples were collected from surfaces in the work environment and tested for hexavalent chromium (7440473). Ventilation measurements also were made in some areas.","Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey of City Bumper Incorporated, Cincinnati, Ohio Abs: A survey of a chrome plating facility (SIC-3471) was carried out for the purposes of familiarization with chrome plating operations, and obtaining preliminary environmental air measurements so that work environments with chromic-acid (7738945) exposure levels less than 0.05 and 0.10 milligram per cubic meter could be identified for more detailed industrial hygiene surveys. A total of 10 air samples, both personal and general area were taken for evaluation of chromic-acid. Wipe samples were collected from surfaces in the work environment and tested for hexavalent chromium (7440473). Ventilation measurements also were made in some areas.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509565,Paul et al. 2000,Effects of pyridinium chlorochromate adulterant (urine luck) on testing for drugs of abuse and a method for quantitative detection of chromium (VI) in urine,"Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) as an adulterant is popular for concealing drug-positive results. When 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-acid) in urine was treated with 2 mmol/L of PCC (Cr6+ 104 microg/mL), 58-100% of the THC-acid was lost. The loss increased with decreasing pH and increasing reaction time (0-3 days). Free codeine and free morphine remained unaffected by PCC at pH within the physiological range of the urine (pH 5-7). At lower pH, the loss of free morphine varied from 0 to 100%. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and PCP remained unaffected by PCC when exposed to the oxidant for three days in urine pH of 3-7. Chromium (VI) from PCC in a urine solution was detected by a color reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). When the reagent was added to the urine, an immediate red-violet color appeared. The chromium-DPC complex showed a characteristic absorption peak at wavelength 544 nm with a shoulder at wavelength 575 nm. The ratio of absorption was used to identify the chromium compound. The concentration of chromium (VI) was determined by measuring absorption at wavelength 544 nm and was linear over 0.5-20 microg/mL. The limit of detection of the procedure was 0.37 microg/mL.","Effects of pyridinium chlorochromate adulterant (urine luck) on testing for drugs of abuse and a method for quantitative detection of chromium (VI) in urine Abs: Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) as an adulterant is popular for concealing drug-positive results. When 11-nor-delta9-THC-9-carboxylic acid (THC-acid) in urine was treated with 2 mmol/L of PCC (Cr6+ 104 microg/mL), 58-100% of the THC-acid was lost. The loss increased with decreasing pH and increasing reaction time (0-3 days). Free codeine and free morphine remained unaffected by PCC at pH within the physiological range of the urine (pH 5-7). At lower pH, the loss of free morphine varied from 0 to 100%. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, and PCP remained unaffected by PCC when exposed to the oxidant for three days in urine pH of 3-7. Chromium (VI) from PCC in a urine solution was detected by a color reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). When the reagent was added to the urine, an immediate red-violet color appeared. The chromium-DPC complex showed a characteristic absorption peak at wavelength 544 nm with a shoulder at wavelength 575 nm. The ratio of absorption was used to identify the chromium compound. The concentration of chromium (VI) was determined by measuring absorption at wavelength 544 nm and was linear over 0.5-20 microg/mL. The limit of detection of the procedure was 0.37 microg/mL.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1066484,Heil and  Reifferscheid 1992,Detection of mammalian carcinogens with an immunological DNA synthesis-inhibition test,"There is a close relationship between genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. But the controversy of which short-term test system best recognizes human carcinogens is still going on. Currently, the Salmonella gene mutation assay ('Ames test') is the most widely used test for the screening of mutagens. However, many in vitro tests hold unsatisfactory validity data, presumably because of the inability of present short-term tests to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens, which are increasingly being brought into focus in the discussions of genesis of cancer. One principle often neglected in this context is the property of genotoxic agents to inhibit replicative DNA synthesis in (proliferating) eukaryotic cells. We believe that this early response to DNA damage is important in the multistage process of carcinogenesis. Accordingly, we proposed that a DNA synthesis-inhibition test should be included in the test batteries for carcinogen screening. In this paper we report the development of an appropriate DNA synthesis-inhibition test based on immunological techniques.","Detection of mammalian carcinogens with an immunological DNA synthesis-inhibition test Abs: There is a close relationship between genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. But the controversy of which short-term test system best recognizes human carcinogens is still going on. Currently, the Salmonella gene mutation assay ('Ames test') is the most widely used test for the screening of mutagens. However, many in vitro tests hold unsatisfactory validity data, presumably because of the inability of present short-term tests to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens, which are increasingly being brought into focus in the discussions of genesis of cancer. One principle often neglected in this context is the property of genotoxic agents to inhibit replicative DNA synthesis in (proliferating) eukaryotic cells. We believe that this early response to DNA damage is important in the multistage process of carcinogenesis. Accordingly, we proposed that a DNA synthesis-inhibition test should be included in the test batteries for carcinogen screening. In this paper we report the development of an appropriate DNA synthesis-inhibition test based on immunological techniques.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237404,Sloterdijk et al. 1994,FISH AS INDICATORS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT NOTROPIS-HUDSONIUS PERCA-FLAVESCENS CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI MERCURY CADMIUM LEAD CHROMATE NICKEL COPPER ZINC METALLOTHIONEIN BIOACCUMULATION SOIL POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION,FISH AS INDICATORS OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT NOTROPIS-HUDSONIUS PERCA-FLAVESCENS CATOSTOMUS-COMMERSONI MERCURY CADMIUM LEAD CHROMATE NICKEL COPPER ZINC METALLOTHIONEIN BIOACCUMULATION SOIL POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509943,Chen and  Ren 2012,"Sensitive determination of chromium (VI) based on the inner filter effect of upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+)","A new method was developed for selective and sensitive determination of trace chromium (VI) based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) as fluorescence probes. In this study, water-soluble and well dispersible upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) were firstly synthesized by hydrothermal method, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and luminescence spectroscopy. And then, the IFE method was established for determination of chromium (VI). The principle of this assay is based on the complementary overlap of the green emission band of nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) with the absorption spectrum of a pink chelate complex (Cr(III)-diphenylcarbazone), which was generated by the quantitative reaction between diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and Cr(VI) in mineral acid solution. Under the optimal condition, the decrease in the upconversion luminescent nanoparticles was proportional to the concentration of chromium (VI) due to IFE. The linear range is 0.070-10.0×10(-6) mol L(-1) Cr(VI), and the limit of detection (3?) is 2.40×10(-8) mol L(-1) Cr(VI). The method described here is sensitive than the method of spectrophotometry. This assay was used in the determination of Cr(VI) in water samples.","Sensitive determination of chromium (VI) based on the inner filter effect of upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+) Abs: A new method was developed for selective and sensitive determination of trace chromium (VI) based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) as fluorescence probes. In this study, water-soluble and well dispersible upconversion luminescent nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) were firstly synthesized by hydrothermal method, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and luminescence spectroscopy. And then, the IFE method was established for determination of chromium (VI). The principle of this assay is based on the complementary overlap of the green emission band of nanoparticles (NaYF(4):Yb(3+), Er(3+)) with the absorption spectrum of a pink chelate complex (Cr(III)-diphenylcarbazone), which was generated by the quantitative reaction between diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and Cr(VI) in mineral acid solution. Under the optimal condition, the decrease in the upconversion luminescent nanoparticles was proportional to the concentration of chromium (VI) due to IFE. The linear range is 0.070-10.0×10(-6) mol L(-1) Cr(VI), and the limit of detection (3?) is 2.40×10(-8) mol L(-1) Cr(VI). The method described here is sensitive than the method of spectrophotometry. This assay was used in the determination of Cr(VI) in water samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237391,Davis and  Arnold 1994,Estimation of apparent phosphorus availability from inorganic phosphorus sources for Penaeus vannamei,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The determination of net phosphorus absorption (apparent phosphorus availability, APA) from various feedstuffs by shrimp and the leaching losses from feeds are required for the evaluation of nutrient sources in terms of their nutritional, economic and environmental impacts. Utilizing chromic oxide as an inert marker, APA for inorganic phosphorus sources and the effects of calcium supplements on APA were evaluated in Penaeus vannamei. Based on the results of the present study, the following APA values were determined: calcium phosphate monobasic, 46.3%; calcium phosphate dibasic, 19.1%; calcium phosphate tribasic, 9.9%; potassium phosphate monobasic, 68.1%; sodium phosphate monobasic, 68.2%. APA values for diets utilizing sodium phosphate monobasic as the phosphorus source were significantly depressed by the presence of calcium lactate (50.0% APA) but not by calcium carbonate (65.5% APA) or calcium chloride (68.2% APA). Although leaching losses for some of the test diets","Estimation of apparent phosphorus availability from inorganic phosphorus sources for Penaeus vannamei Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The determination of net phosphorus absorption (apparent phosphorus availability, APA) from various feedstuffs by shrimp and the leaching losses from feeds are required for the evaluation of nutrient sources in terms of their nutritional, economic and environmental impacts. Utilizing chromic oxide as an inert marker, APA for inorganic phosphorus sources and the effects of calcium supplements on APA were evaluated in Penaeus vannamei. Based on the results of the present study, the following APA values were determined: calcium phosphate monobasic, 46.3%; calcium phosphate dibasic, 19.1%; calcium phosphate tribasic, 9.9%; potassium phosphate monobasic, 68.1%; sodium phosphate monobasic, 68.2%. APA values for diets utilizing sodium phosphate monobasic as the phosphorus source were significantly depressed by the presence of calcium lactate (50.0% APA) but not by calcium carbonate (65.5% APA) or calcium chloride (68.2% APA). Although leaching losses for some of the test diets",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516395,Seaman et al. 1999,"In situ Cr(VI) reduction within coarse-textured, oxide-coated soil and aquifer systems using Fe(II) solutions","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch and column techniques were used to evaluate the in situ Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization using Fe(II) solutions within the sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Remediation treatments included Cr-free groundwater and buffered and unbuffered Fe(II) solutions as either FeCl2 and FeSO4. The slow release of Cr(VI) from the Fe-oxide rich subsurface sediment following exposure to Cr-free solutions indicated that simple pump-and-treat procedures would require extended operation time to meet .0) induced by oxidation and hydrolysis of Fe(II). Acetate-buffered Fe(II) solutions maintained an elevated pH in the presence of Cr-(VI) reduction, making the treatment effective at lowering CrDissolved in batch evaluations. Acetate increased Cr(VI) mobility in columns ahead of the reactive Fe(II) front, suggesting that in situ reduction using soluble chemical additives may be somewhat ineffective due to the enhanced migration of Cr, either Cr(III) or Cr(VI), induced by the trea","In situ Cr(VI) reduction within coarse-textured, oxide-coated soil and aquifer systems using Fe(II) solutions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Batch and column techniques were used to evaluate the in situ Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization using Fe(II) solutions within the sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Remediation treatments included Cr-free groundwater and buffered and unbuffered Fe(II) solutions as either FeCl2 and FeSO4. The slow release of Cr(VI) from the Fe-oxide rich subsurface sediment following exposure to Cr-free solutions indicated that simple pump-and-treat procedures would require extended operation time to meet .0) induced by oxidation and hydrolysis of Fe(II). Acetate-buffered Fe(II) solutions maintained an elevated pH in the presence of Cr-(VI) reduction, making the treatment effective at lowering CrDissolved in batch evaluations. Acetate increased Cr(VI) mobility in columns ahead of the reactive Fe(II) front, suggesting that in situ reduction using soluble chemical additives may be somewhat ineffective due to the enhanced migration of Cr, either Cr(III) or Cr(VI), induced by the trea",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786292,Bag et al. 2013,Substoichiometric extraction of chromium(III) with 2-picolinic acid into n-butanol,,Substoichiometric extraction of chromium(III) with 2-picolinic acid into n-butanol Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234296,Inoue et al. 2006,Changes of physical and biochemical properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts with various storage conditions,"Physical and biochemical properties of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst were examined after storage under various conditions. Oocyst-positive-fecal samples recovered from calves were either stored in a 2.0% potassium dichromate solution (Cr) or deionized water (W), or kept as a fecal pellet (P), and stored at 4 or 18 degrees C for a maximum of 100 days. When stored in Cr at 4 degrees C, the morphology of oocysts and their ability to withstand ultrasonics was not affected by the storing media or the storage period. However, when stored at 18 degees C as a fecal pellet, the specific gravity of the oocysts increased and a significant decrease in the oocysts resistance to ultrasonics occurred. These changes in oocyst properties may affect the performance of methods used to detect oocysts in water samples. When using the current test methods or when developing a new test method, it is important to take these factors into consideration.","Changes of physical and biochemical properties of Cryptosporidium oocysts with various storage conditions Abs: Physical and biochemical properties of Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst were examined after storage under various conditions. Oocyst-positive-fecal samples recovered from calves were either stored in a 2.0% potassium dichromate solution (Cr) or deionized water (W), or kept as a fecal pellet (P), and stored at 4 or 18 degrees C for a maximum of 100 days. When stored in Cr at 4 degrees C, the morphology of oocysts and their ability to withstand ultrasonics was not affected by the storing media or the storage period. However, when stored at 18 degees C as a fecal pellet, the specific gravity of the oocysts increased and a significant decrease in the oocysts resistance to ultrasonics occurred. These changes in oocyst properties may affect the performance of methods used to detect oocysts in water samples. When using the current test methods or when developing a new test method, it is important to take these factors into consideration.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230915,Pokkuluri et al. 2004,Family of cytochrome c7-type proteins from Geobacter sulfurreducens: structure of one cytochrome c7 at 1.45 A resolution,"The structure of a cytochrome c(7) (PpcA) from Geobacter sulfurreducens was determined by X-ray diffraction at 1.45 A resolution; the R factor is 18.2%. The protein contains a three-heme core that is surrounded by 71 amino acid residues. An unusual feature of this cytochrome is that it has 17 lysine residues, but only nine hydrophobic residues that are larger than alanine. The details of the structure are described and compared with those of cytochrome c(7) from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans and with cytochromes c(3). The two cytochrome c(7) molecules have sequences that are 46% identical, but the arrangements of the hemes in the two structures differ; the rms deviation of all alpha-carbons is 2.5 A. These cytochromes can reduce various metal ions. The reduction site of the chromate ion in D. acetoxidans is occupied by a sulfate ion in the crystal structure of PpcA. We identified four additional homologues of cytochrome c(7) in the G. sulfurreducens genome and three polymers of c(7)-type domains. Of the polymers, two have four repeats and one has nine repeats. On the basis of sequence alignments, one of the hemes in each of the cytochrome c(7)-type domains does not have the bis-histidine coordination. The packing of the molecules in the crystal structure of PpcA suggests that the polymers have an elongated conformation and might form a &quot;nanowire&quot;.","Family of cytochrome c7-type proteins from Geobacter sulfurreducens: structure of one cytochrome c7 at 1.45 A resolution Abs: The structure of a cytochrome c(7) (PpcA) from Geobacter sulfurreducens was determined by X-ray diffraction at 1.45 A resolution; the R factor is 18.2%. The protein contains a three-heme core that is surrounded by 71 amino acid residues. An unusual feature of this cytochrome is that it has 17 lysine residues, but only nine hydrophobic residues that are larger than alanine. The details of the structure are described and compared with those of cytochrome c(7) from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans and with cytochromes c(3). The two cytochrome c(7) molecules have sequences that are 46% identical, but the arrangements of the hemes in the two structures differ; the rms deviation of all alpha-carbons is 2.5 A. These cytochromes can reduce various metal ions. The reduction site of the chromate ion in D. acetoxidans is occupied by a sulfate ion in the crystal structure of PpcA. We identified four additional homologues of cytochrome c(7) in the G. sulfurreducens genome and three polymers of c(7)-type domains. Of the polymers, two have four repeats and one has nine repeats. On the basis of sequence alignments, one of the hemes in each of the cytochrome c(7)-type domains does not have the bis-histidine coordination. The packing of the molecules in the crystal structure of PpcA suggests that the polymers have an elongated conformation and might form a &quot;nanowire&quot;.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509535,Zelenský et al. 1987,Isotachophoretic determination of chromium(VI) at low parts per billion concentrations,"Factors important in the isotachophoretic determination of CrVI at low ppb concentrations were studied. To increase the selectivity of the analysis, the use of photometric detection at a 405 wavelength was preferred. Losses of CrVI due to adsorption were found to be the main potential source of analytical errors at the concentration levels of interest. The presence of sulphate in the sample solution at ca. 10(-4) M concentration eliminated the losses due to adsorption on the walls of the sample handling glassware. In analysis with a low pH of the leading electrolyte, adsorption of CrVI on the walls of the separation compartment also played a role; addition of naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonate to the sample solution considerably reduced this disturbance. When the precautions concerning adsorption were taken, the detection limits for CrVI were in the range 4-5 ppb (depending on the pH of the leading electrolyte) for a 30-microliters sample volume. The calibration graphs were linear over the concentration range 10(-7)-5 X 10(-6) M with good correlation coefficients. The reproducibilities of the determinations within this concentration range were 2-3% or better. The practical utility of capillary isotachophoresis in the trace determination of CrVI in drinking water and wastewater samples seems promising.","Isotachophoretic determination of chromium(VI) at low parts per billion concentrations Abs: Factors important in the isotachophoretic determination of CrVI at low ppb concentrations were studied. To increase the selectivity of the analysis, the use of photometric detection at a 405 wavelength was preferred. Losses of CrVI due to adsorption were found to be the main potential source of analytical errors at the concentration levels of interest. The presence of sulphate in the sample solution at ca. 10(-4) M concentration eliminated the losses due to adsorption on the walls of the sample handling glassware. In analysis with a low pH of the leading electrolyte, adsorption of CrVI on the walls of the separation compartment also played a role; addition of naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonate to the sample solution considerably reduced this disturbance. When the precautions concerning adsorption were taken, the detection limits for CrVI were in the range 4-5 ppb (depending on the pH of the leading electrolyte) for a 30-microliters sample volume. The calibration graphs were linear over the concentration range 10(-7)-5 X 10(-6) M with good correlation coefficients. The reproducibilities of the determinations within this concentration range were 2-3% or better. The practical utility of capillary isotachophoresis in the trace determination of CrVI in drinking water and wastewater samples seems promising.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786363,Liu and  Wang 2013,Colorimetric speciation of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) with a gold nanoparticle probe,,Colorimetric speciation of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) with a gold nanoparticle probe Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225424,Samuel et al. 2013,The differential stress response of adapted chromite mine isolates Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and its impact on bioremediation potential,,The differential stress response of adapted chromite mine isolates Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and its impact on bioremediation potential Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231289,Jelenko 1974,"Chemicals that ""burn""","Chemical insult to the skin or the enteric tract is reviewed. The manner in which chemical agents destroy tissue is described. It is noted that as a class these chemicals coagulate protein by reduction, oxidation, salt formation, corrosion, protoplasmic poisoning, metabolic competition and inhibition, desiccation, or the ischemic components of vesicant activity. The actions, toxic potential, and basic emergency therapy for various chemical agents that harm the skin or the enteric tract are summarized. Oxidizing agents such as chromic-acid (7738945), sodium-hypochlorite (7681529), and potassium-permanganate (7722647) are discussed. Reducing agents including alkyl mercuric agents, hydrochloric-acid (7647010), and nitric-acid (7697372) are considered. Corrosive agents including the phenols and cresols, white-phosphorous, dichromate salts, sodium metals, and the lyes are addressed. Among the protoplasmic poisons, the alkaloidal acids, acetic-acid (64175), formic-acid (64186), and the metabolic competitors and inhibitors are examined. Sulfuric-acid (7664939) and muriatic-acid (7647010) are described in the section on the desiccants. Cantharides, dimethyl-sulfoxide (67685), mustard-gas (505602), and lewisite (1306021) are considered in the discussion of the vesicants.","Chemicals that ""burn"" Abs: Chemical insult to the skin or the enteric tract is reviewed. The manner in which chemical agents destroy tissue is described. It is noted that as a class these chemicals coagulate protein by reduction, oxidation, salt formation, corrosion, protoplasmic poisoning, metabolic competition and inhibition, desiccation, or the ischemic components of vesicant activity. The actions, toxic potential, and basic emergency therapy for various chemical agents that harm the skin or the enteric tract are summarized. Oxidizing agents such as chromic-acid (7738945), sodium-hypochlorite (7681529), and potassium-permanganate (7722647) are discussed. Reducing agents including alkyl mercuric agents, hydrochloric-acid (7647010), and nitric-acid (7697372) are considered. Corrosive agents including the phenols and cresols, white-phosphorous, dichromate salts, sodium metals, and the lyes are addressed. Among the protoplasmic poisons, the alkaloidal acids, acetic-acid (64175), formic-acid (64186), and the metabolic competitors and inhibitors are examined. Sulfuric-acid (7664939) and muriatic-acid (7647010) are described in the section on the desiccants. Cantharides, dimethyl-sulfoxide (67685), mustard-gas (505602), and lewisite (1306021) are considered in the discussion of the vesicants.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510146,Dewees et al. 1992,"Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 8. Site 9 Emission Test Report","Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 7, PB92-151612 and Volume 9, PB92-151638. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. is a secondary plant designed for 15 million gallons per day (MGD) of wastewater flow. The sludge incinerator at Site 9 is a seven (7) hearth, multiple hearth furnace (MHF) built by Nichols Engineering in 1974 controlled by an adjustable throat venturi, with a nominal pressure drop of 20 in. w.c.. After leaving the venturi, the gases pass upward through a three (3) plate tray scrubber with a Chevron mist eliminator. A 10 ft. x 10 ft., upflow, wet electrostatic precipitator, manufacturer by Beltran Associates, Inc., was installed during the first week of testing. The ratio of nickel subsulfide to total nickel in the emission at Site 9 is extremely low, with the sulfidic nickel species being measured at less than detection limit (about 1 to 2 percent of the total nickel). The ratio of hexavalent chromium to total chromium in the emissions at Site 9 was significantly higher that had been anticipated. Site 9 had only two semivolatile organic compounds detected under normal and improved combustion conditions benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. Several additional compounds were found in the emissions for the normal or improved combustion conditions at Site 9; these compounds were 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2-nitrophenol, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, phenol, 4-methylphenol, and 4-nitrophenol. The volatile organic compounds detected in the Site 9 multiple hearth incinerator emissions were similar to the compounds reported for Sites 1, 2, and 4 (other multiple hearth incinerator tested). Carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrachloride, reported in the emissions at the other three sites, were not found in the emissions from Site 9.","Emissions of Metals, Chromium and Nickel Species, and Organics from Municipal Wastewater Sludge Incinerators. Volume 8. Site 9 Emission Test Report Abs: Final rept. 1989-91. so Volume 7, PB92-151612 and Volume 9, PB92-151638. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Risk Reduction Engineering Lab. is a secondary plant designed for 15 million gallons per day (MGD) of wastewater flow. The sludge incinerator at Site 9 is a seven (7) hearth, multiple hearth furnace (MHF) built by Nichols Engineering in 1974 controlled by an adjustable throat venturi, with a nominal pressure drop of 20 in. w.c.. After leaving the venturi, the gases pass upward through a three (3) plate tray scrubber with a Chevron mist eliminator. A 10 ft. x 10 ft., upflow, wet electrostatic precipitator, manufacturer by Beltran Associates, Inc., was installed during the first week of testing. The ratio of nickel subsulfide to total nickel in the emission at Site 9 is extremely low, with the sulfidic nickel species being measured at less than detection limit (about 1 to 2 percent of the total nickel). The ratio of hexavalent chromium to total chromium in the emissions at Site 9 was significantly higher that had been anticipated. Site 9 had only two semivolatile organic compounds detected under normal and improved combustion conditions benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. Several additional compounds were found in the emissions for the normal or improved combustion conditions at Site 9; these compounds were 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2-nitrophenol, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, phenol, 4-methylphenol, and 4-nitrophenol. The volatile organic compounds detected in the Site 9 multiple hearth incinerator emissions were similar to the compounds reported for Sites 1, 2, and 4 (other multiple hearth incinerator tested). Carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrachloride, reported in the emissions at the other three sites, were not found in the emissions from Site 9.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225434,Lin et al. 2013,Novel pilot-scale washing process and equipment for removing Cr(VI) from contaminated soil,,Novel pilot-scale washing process and equipment for removing Cr(VI) from contaminated soil Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516285,Pfeiffer et al. 1980,"Fate of chromium in a tributary of the Iraja River, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Total Cr concentrations were determined in water, bottom sediments and suspended particles, collected during 7 mo. at 5 stations along a tributary of the Iraja River (Brazil), where an electroplating industry discharged its untreated effluents. Confluence between the 2 rivers was 1 km above its outfall into the Guanabara Bay (Brazil). At 2 stations, a differential analytical method was employed to ascertain Cr3+ and Cr6+ concentrations in water samples. Industrial effluent samples were also analyzed showing that 537 kg of total Cr was released monthly, mainly in Cr6+ form. Adsorption experiments were carried out in the laboratory with water and suspended particles from the area studied, using 51Cr as chromate. Total Cr concentrations in water, bottom sediments and suspended particles ranged between 0.14-80 ppm, 1420-54,300 ppm and 2210-61,070 ppm, respectively. A fast removal of total Cr from water and a high uptake by suspended particles were observed. At 150 m from point of release, Cr present in water was mainly in Cr6+ form. After 300 m, Cr3+ was present in some samples as the major constituent. Some observations on fast removal of Cr from water were presented.","Fate of chromium in a tributary of the Iraja River, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Total Cr concentrations were determined in water, bottom sediments and suspended particles, collected during 7 mo. at 5 stations along a tributary of the Iraja River (Brazil), where an electroplating industry discharged its untreated effluents. Confluence between the 2 rivers was 1 km above its outfall into the Guanabara Bay (Brazil). At 2 stations, a differential analytical method was employed to ascertain Cr3+ and Cr6+ concentrations in water samples. Industrial effluent samples were also analyzed showing that 537 kg of total Cr was released monthly, mainly in Cr6+ form. Adsorption experiments were carried out in the laboratory with water and suspended particles from the area studied, using 51Cr as chromate. Total Cr concentrations in water, bottom sediments and suspended particles ranged between 0.14-80 ppm, 1420-54,300 ppm and 2210-61,070 ppm, respectively. A fast removal of total Cr from water and a high uptake by suspended particles were observed. At 150 m from point of release, Cr present in water was mainly in Cr6+ form. After 300 m, Cr3+ was present in some samples as the major constituent. Some observations on fast removal of Cr from water were presented.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238020,Willey et al. 1977,A Solid Sorbent Personal Sampling Method for the Simultaneous Collection of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Oxide in Air,"A solid sorbent sampling tube for nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) (NO2) and nitric-oxide (10102439) (NO) was developed for sampling in the concentration range of the proposed NIOSH standards of 1 and 25 parts per million (ppm) for workplace NO2 and NO, respectively. The sampling tube contained two 400 milligram (mg) sections of triethylamine (TEA) impregnated molecular sieve and one 800mg section of oxidizer in a glass tube. Air containing between 3 and 6ppm NO2 was passed through the tube at rates up to 150 cubic centimeters per minute. The collection efficiency of the tube was 100 percent. The amount of NO2 collected in the first TEA section was dependent upon the section mass. Approximately 97 percent of a sample of 3ppm NO2 was retained by 400mg of TEA. NO recovery was limited by the use of chromium-trioxide as oxidizer. Use of the Drager oxidizer yielded approximately 100 percent recovery of a sample of 5ppm NO passed through tubes containing 300mg TEA. Approximately 84 percent recovery of NO as NO2 was obtained for samples of 25ppm NO with a tube containing 400mg TEA. The application of the tube to an occupational environment was described.","A Solid Sorbent Personal Sampling Method for the Simultaneous Collection of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Oxide in Air Abs: A solid sorbent sampling tube for nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) (NO2) and nitric-oxide (10102439) (NO) was developed for sampling in the concentration range of the proposed NIOSH standards of 1 and 25 parts per million (ppm) for workplace NO2 and NO, respectively. The sampling tube contained two 400 milligram (mg) sections of triethylamine (TEA) impregnated molecular sieve and one 800mg section of oxidizer in a glass tube. Air containing between 3 and 6ppm NO2 was passed through the tube at rates up to 150 cubic centimeters per minute. The collection efficiency of the tube was 100 percent. The amount of NO2 collected in the first TEA section was dependent upon the section mass. Approximately 97 percent of a sample of 3ppm NO2 was retained by 400mg of TEA. NO recovery was limited by the use of chromium-trioxide as oxidizer. Use of the Drager oxidizer yielded approximately 100 percent recovery of a sample of 5ppm NO passed through tubes containing 300mg TEA. Approximately 84 percent recovery of NO as NO2 was obtained for samples of 25ppm NO with a tube containing 400mg TEA. The application of the tube to an occupational environment was described.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
180225,Metze et al. 2004,Determination of Cr(VI) in ambient airborne particulate matter by a species-preserving scrubber-sampling technique,"Airborne particulate matter has been sampled at a location close to a metallurgical plant in North-Rhine- Westphalia, Germany, and first results on the chromium( VI) content in the collected dust are presented. A special procedure using a scrubber as sampling device was used to preserve Cr(VI) during the sampling procedure. The scrubber solution which consisted of 0.1 mol L–1 TRIS-buffer solution was adjusted to a slightly alkaline pH of 8.6 to reduce the oxidation potential of Cr(VI) and to avoid possible oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), for example by oxygen (or ozone at ambient concentrations). After sampling Cr(VI) was pre-concentrated on an anion-exchange material and eluted with aqueous 0.6 mol L–1 sodium perchlorate solution. After elution, a species-selective complex of Cr(VI) with diphenylcarbazide (DPC) was prepared; this was extracted into n-hexanol and quantified by UV–visible spectrophotometry. A detection limit of 0.9 ngm–3 for Cr(VI) in ambient aerosols can be achieved with this method.","Determination of Cr(VI) in ambient airborne particulate matter by a species-preserving scrubber-sampling technique Abs: Airborne particulate matter has been sampled at a location close to a metallurgical plant in North-Rhine- Westphalia, Germany, and first results on the chromium( VI) content in the collected dust are presented. A special procedure using a scrubber as sampling device was used to preserve Cr(VI) during the sampling procedure. The scrubber solution which consisted of 0.1 mol L–1 TRIS-buffer solution was adjusted to a slightly alkaline pH of 8.6 to reduce the oxidation potential of Cr(VI) and to avoid possible oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), for example by oxygen (or ozone at ambient concentrations). After sampling Cr(VI) was pre-concentrated on an anion-exchange material and eluted with aqueous 0.6 mol L–1 sodium perchlorate solution. After elution, a species-selective complex of Cr(VI) with diphenylcarbazide (DPC) was prepared; this was extracted into n-hexanol and quantified by UV–visible spectrophotometry. A detection limit of 0.9 ngm–3 for Cr(VI) in ambient aerosols can be achieved with this method.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1069076,WORK 1992,OCCUPATIONAL TOXICANTS VOL. 3,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK HUMAN ANIMAL ACETALDEHYDE ACRYLAMIDE BERYLLIUM O CHLOROANILINE M CHLOROANILINE P CHLOROANILINE CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE COBALT CHLOROETHANE CHLOROPARAFFIN CHROMIUM 3 3' DIAMINOBENZIDINE 1 2 DICHLOROETHANE N N DIMETHYLANILINE DMSO FORMALDEHYDE LITHIUM HYDRIDE METHYL METHACRYLATE NITRIC ACID 2 NITROPROPANE ORGANIC PEROXIDES PENTACHLOROPHENOL TETRACHLOROPHENOL TETRAETHYL SILICATE O TOLUIDINE O TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE P TOLUIDINE TRICHLOROBENZENE 1 1 2 TRICHLORO-1 2 2-TRIFLUOROETHANE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY GENOTOXICITY CARCINOGENICITY TOXICODYNAMICS,OCCUPATIONAL TOXICANTS VOL. 3 Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK HUMAN ANIMAL ACETALDEHYDE ACRYLAMIDE BERYLLIUM O CHLOROANILINE M CHLOROANILINE P CHLOROANILINE CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE COBALT CHLOROETHANE CHLOROPARAFFIN CHROMIUM 3 3' DIAMINOBENZIDINE 1 2 DICHLOROETHANE N N DIMETHYLANILINE DMSO FORMALDEHYDE LITHIUM HYDRIDE METHYL METHACRYLATE NITRIC ACID 2 NITROPROPANE ORGANIC PEROXIDES PENTACHLOROPHENOL TETRACHLOROPHENOL TETRAETHYL SILICATE O TOLUIDINE O TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE P TOLUIDINE TRICHLOROBENZENE 1 1 2 TRICHLORO-1 2 2-TRIFLUOROETHANE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY GENOTOXICITY CARCINOGENICITY TOXICODYNAMICS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516658,Wang 1993,"Comparative rice seed toxicity tests using filter paper, Growth Pouch, and seed tray methods","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptable placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L-1 and Cd up to 20 mg L-1. Using the seed tray method, IC50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L-1 for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag MH - BIOCHEMISTRY","Comparative rice seed toxicity tests using filter paper, Growth Pouch, and seed tray methods Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptable placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L-1 and Cd up to 20 mg L-1. Using the seed tray method, IC50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L-1 for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag MH - BIOCHEMISTRY",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225028,Das et al. 2014,"Investigation on mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction and removal by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a novel chromate tolerant bacterium isolated from chromite mine soil","A strain CSB 9 isolated from chromite mine soil of Sukinda, India was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain exhibited relatively high tolerance to Cr(VI) (?900mgL(-1)) and fast reduction rate of 2.22mg Cr(VI) L(-1)h(-1), under optimized conditions of 100mgL(-1) Cr(VI), pH 7 and temperature 35°C within 45h. Mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction as well as nature and fate of the reduced product were studied to determine the scope of removal of reduced Cr(III) end product. AAS analyses of the culture products treated with Cr(VI) for 45h showed the distribution of Cr(III) in pellet and culture supernatant to be 37.4±1.7 and 62.6±3.4mgL(-1), respectively. In SEM images, the bacterial pellets with Cr(VI) treatment appeared coagulated, rough and porous whereas the pellets without Cr(VI) treatment appeared regular, smooth and non-porous in structure. SEM-EDX of the bacterial precipitates under Cr(VI) treatment revealed immobilization of Cr(III) species on the bacterial cell surface. Further Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of Cr(III) species, with characteristic peak at around 600cm(-1). TEM-EDX study of the bacterial precipitates under Cr(VI) treatment showed intracellular deposition of Cr(III) which are in nanometric range. Further characterization of reduced product by XRD, FT-IR and SAED analyses suggested the formation of poorly crystalline end products. A Cr(VI) removal mechanism considering both the surface immobilization and intracellular accumulation of Cr(III) along with the formation of coagulated cell precipitate by living B. amyloliquefaciens was suggested.","Investigation on mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction and removal by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a novel chromate tolerant bacterium isolated from chromite mine soil Abs: A strain CSB 9 isolated from chromite mine soil of Sukinda, India was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain exhibited relatively high tolerance to Cr(VI) (?900mgL(-1)) and fast reduction rate of 2.22mg Cr(VI) L(-1)h(-1), under optimized conditions of 100mgL(-1) Cr(VI), pH 7 and temperature 35°C within 45h. Mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction as well as nature and fate of the reduced product were studied to determine the scope of removal of reduced Cr(III) end product. AAS analyses of the culture products treated with Cr(VI) for 45h showed the distribution of Cr(III) in pellet and culture supernatant to be 37.4±1.7 and 62.6±3.4mgL(-1), respectively. In SEM images, the bacterial pellets with Cr(VI) treatment appeared coagulated, rough and porous whereas the pellets without Cr(VI) treatment appeared regular, smooth and non-porous in structure. SEM-EDX of the bacterial precipitates under Cr(VI) treatment revealed immobilization of Cr(III) species on the bacterial cell surface. Further Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of Cr(III) species, with characteristic peak at around 600cm(-1). TEM-EDX study of the bacterial precipitates under Cr(VI) treatment showed intracellular deposition of Cr(III) which are in nanometric range. Further characterization of reduced product by XRD, FT-IR and SAED analyses suggested the formation of poorly crystalline end products. A Cr(VI) removal mechanism considering both the surface immobilization and intracellular accumulation of Cr(III) along with the formation of coagulated cell precipitate by living B. amyloliquefaciens was suggested.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577844,Wang et al. 2000,Cr(VI) Reduction in Continuous-Flow Coculture Bioreactor,,Cr(VI) Reduction in Continuous-Flow Coculture Bioreactor Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231209,Sullivan et al. 1995,RESPIRATORY DISEASE RISKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW HUMAN LUNG CANCER PLEURAL FIBROSIS OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME MORBIDITY CHEMICALS,RESPIRATORY DISEASE RISKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW HUMAN LUNG CANCER PLEURAL FIBROSIS OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME MORBIDITY CHEMICALS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578062,Kallithrakas-Kontos et al. 2009,Chromium speciation by TXRF analysis,,Chromium speciation by TXRF analysis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225241,Akceylan et al. 2013,Synthesis and properties of calix[4]arene polymers containing amide groups: Exploration of their extraction properties towards dichromate and nitrite anions,,Synthesis and properties of calix[4]arene polymers containing amide groups: Exploration of their extraction properties towards dichromate and nitrite anions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577969,Khan et al. 2012,Assessment of health risks with reference to oxidative stress and DNA damage in chromium exposed population,"Trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] is widely used in tanning industrial processes. The population living in tanning industrial area is continuously exposed to Cr(III) which appears to be associated with both acute and chronic health problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the health risk with special reference to oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde - MDA, glutathione - GSH, and superoxide dismutase - SOD) and DNA damage in 100 Cr-exposed and 100 unexposed populations. The total blood Cr level, SOD level, MDA level and DNA damage were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher and GSH level was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in exposed group as compared to the unexposed group. The altered oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage were found to be slightly higher in female population of both groups. In simple and multiple correlation analyses (adjusted with potential confounders), blood Cr level showed negative significant correlation with GSH level and positive significant correlation with level of MDA, SOD and DNA damage in both groups. The overall prevalence of morbidity was found to be significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed group. In the exposed group, the prevalence of respiratory illness is highest, followed by diabetes, gastrointestinal tract problems and dermal problems respectively. Our results concluded that the Cr(III) exposed population is at high risk for health hazards and the female population is slightly more susceptible to Cr(III) exposure.","Assessment of health risks with reference to oxidative stress and DNA damage in chromium exposed population Abs: Trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] is widely used in tanning industrial processes. The population living in tanning industrial area is continuously exposed to Cr(III) which appears to be associated with both acute and chronic health problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the health risk with special reference to oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde - MDA, glutathione - GSH, and superoxide dismutase - SOD) and DNA damage in 100 Cr-exposed and 100 unexposed populations. The total blood Cr level, SOD level, MDA level and DNA damage were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher and GSH level was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in exposed group as compared to the unexposed group. The altered oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage were found to be slightly higher in female population of both groups. In simple and multiple correlation analyses (adjusted with potential confounders), blood Cr level showed negative significant correlation with GSH level and positive significant correlation with level of MDA, SOD and DNA damage in both groups. The overall prevalence of morbidity was found to be significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in the exposed group as compared to the unexposed group. In the exposed group, the prevalence of respiratory illness is highest, followed by diabetes, gastrointestinal tract problems and dermal problems respectively. Our results concluded that the Cr(III) exposed population is at high risk for health hazards and the female population is slightly more susceptible to Cr(III) exposure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225042,Zheng et al. 2013,[Design and development of trace Cr(VI) sensor],"Hexavalent chromium detection in medicine capsules is generally analyzed in the laboratory, it is difficult to meet the demand for field detection, and to address this problem, a sensor which can be used for on-site detection of trace amounts of hexavalent chromium was designed. It mainly includes chemically sensitive materials, optical sensing module and signal processing module, the chemical sensitive materials is to achieve the conversion of the hexavalent chromium concentration signal, the optical sensing module is to complete a stable output of the laser light source, and the signal processing module is to complete a photoelectric conversion of the weak fluorescence signal, signal amplification, and data processing and displaying. With using the indigenously developed photoelectric acquisition, conversion and signal processing system to complete the rapid detection of trace amounts of hexavalent chromium, so the miniaturization of testing instruments and on-site detection were achieved. Experimental results show that: the sensor detection results have a good linear relationship when the hexavalent chromium concentration is 10-500 microg x L(-1), the linear equation is Y = 1.542 47 x X-2.353 47, and the linearity is 0.998 62, the detection limit reaches 10 microg x L(-1), the sensor response time is about 90 seconds, 5 capsule samples were selected to do the contrast detection, and the results show that the sensor quantitative detection data is reliable, which meets trace hexavalent low cost, fast and field detection demands.","[Design and development of trace Cr(VI) sensor] Abs: Hexavalent chromium detection in medicine capsules is generally analyzed in the laboratory, it is difficult to meet the demand for field detection, and to address this problem, a sensor which can be used for on-site detection of trace amounts of hexavalent chromium was designed. It mainly includes chemically sensitive materials, optical sensing module and signal processing module, the chemical sensitive materials is to achieve the conversion of the hexavalent chromium concentration signal, the optical sensing module is to complete a stable output of the laser light source, and the signal processing module is to complete a photoelectric conversion of the weak fluorescence signal, signal amplification, and data processing and displaying. With using the indigenously developed photoelectric acquisition, conversion and signal processing system to complete the rapid detection of trace amounts of hexavalent chromium, so the miniaturization of testing instruments and on-site detection were achieved. Experimental results show that: the sensor detection results have a good linear relationship when the hexavalent chromium concentration is 10-500 microg x L(-1), the linear equation is Y = 1.542 47 x X-2.353 47, and the linearity is 0.998 62, the detection limit reaches 10 microg x L(-1), the sensor response time is about 90 seconds, 5 capsule samples were selected to do the contrast detection, and the results show that the sensor quantitative detection data is reliable, which meets trace hexavalent low cost, fast and field detection demands.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234514,Chen and  Seaton 1998,A meta-analysis of painting exposure and cancer mortality,"To assess risks of cancer mortality among workers exposed to paints, published papers referring to painters and mortality with standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were meta-analyzed in fixed and random effect models. The SMR for all sites of cancer was significantly raised (111.4; 95% CI: 105.8-117.4). The highest risks of cancer death were from leukemia (187; 95% CI: 114.5-306.7) and from liver cancer (143.6; 95% CI: 117.6-175.4). The SMRs for esophagus and stomach cancer were 132.7 (95% CI: 112.1-157.2) and 120.3 (95% CI: 111.3-130.0), respectively. The risks of bladder cancer (130.4; 95% CI: 113.8-149.5) and lung cancer (129.1; 95% CI: 119.2-139.8) were also raised. The findings provide evidence of an association between work as a painter and risk of cancer, although the confounding effects of smoking and alcohol cannot be entirely excluded, especially with respect to liver cancer since deaths from cirrhosis were also increased. The excess deaths from leukemia could have been from exposure to benzene mixed with other organic solvents, while that from lung cancer may be from exposure to particles containing lead chromate and to asbestos in the paint trade. The high risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer need to be examined further as to possible interactions between organic solvents and alcohol.","A meta-analysis of painting exposure and cancer mortality Abs: To assess risks of cancer mortality among workers exposed to paints, published papers referring to painters and mortality with standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were meta-analyzed in fixed and random effect models. The SMR for all sites of cancer was significantly raised (111.4; 95% CI: 105.8-117.4). The highest risks of cancer death were from leukemia (187; 95% CI: 114.5-306.7) and from liver cancer (143.6; 95% CI: 117.6-175.4). The SMRs for esophagus and stomach cancer were 132.7 (95% CI: 112.1-157.2) and 120.3 (95% CI: 111.3-130.0), respectively. The risks of bladder cancer (130.4; 95% CI: 113.8-149.5) and lung cancer (129.1; 95% CI: 119.2-139.8) were also raised. The findings provide evidence of an association between work as a painter and risk of cancer, although the confounding effects of smoking and alcohol cannot be entirely excluded, especially with respect to liver cancer since deaths from cirrhosis were also increased. The excess deaths from leukemia could have been from exposure to benzene mixed with other organic solvents, while that from lung cancer may be from exposure to particles containing lead chromate and to asbestos in the paint trade. The high risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer need to be examined further as to possible interactions between organic solvents and alcohol.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237066,Braun et al. 1987,Uses of gamma glutamyltransferase in experimental toxicology,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN RAT RABBIT DOG MOUSE KIDNEY CARCINOGENESIS,Uses of gamma glutamyltransferase in experimental toxicology Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN RAT RABBIT DOG MOUSE KIDNEY CARCINOGENESIS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236299,Adams et al. 1976,Water solubility of zinc chromate primer paints used as antirust agents,,Water solubility of zinc chromate primer paints used as antirust agents Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516189,Mueller 1980,Acute toxicity of potassium di chromate to daphnia-magna as a function of the water quality,Heep copyright: biol abs.,Acute toxicity of potassium di chromate to daphnia-magna as a function of the water quality Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1230983,Kim et al. 1989,CT findings of the nose and paranasal sinuses in chromium intoxication,"We performed computed tomography (CT) of the nose and paranasal sinuses in 21 patients with chromium induced septal perforation or thinning. Twenty patients showed various magnitudes of septal perforation. Twelve of 20 had perforation at the mid portion of the cartilaginous nasal septum. One patient had a sheet-like thinning of septal cartilage. Sixteen patients had mucosal thinning of the nasal conchas. In most cases, unilateral involvement of the inferior concha was seen. Eleven of 21 cases showed paranasal sinus mucosal thickening and one patient had a cyst or polyp in the sinus cavity. The main finding was nodular thickening of mucosa. Septal perforation by inhalation of chromic acid was located in the cartilaginous septum and there was no destruction of the bony septum and wall of the sinuses.","CT findings of the nose and paranasal sinuses in chromium intoxication Abs: We performed computed tomography (CT) of the nose and paranasal sinuses in 21 patients with chromium induced septal perforation or thinning. Twenty patients showed various magnitudes of septal perforation. Twelve of 20 had perforation at the mid portion of the cartilaginous nasal septum. One patient had a sheet-like thinning of septal cartilage. Sixteen patients had mucosal thinning of the nasal conchas. In most cases, unilateral involvement of the inferior concha was seen. Eleven of 21 cases showed paranasal sinus mucosal thickening and one patient had a cyst or polyp in the sinus cavity. The main finding was nodular thickening of mucosa. Septal perforation by inhalation of chromic acid was located in the cartilaginous septum and there was no destruction of the bony septum and wall of the sinuses.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235862,Morel et al. 1990,Assessment of urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin by enzyme immunoassay,"An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed using unlabelled and peroxidase-labelled rabbit antibodies to assess urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) excretion. It consisted in the adsorption of rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin to a polystyrene surface, the addition of beta 2-m samples or standard and the addition of peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin. After addition of hydrogen peroxide and o-phenylenediamine, the enzyme activity of the solid phase was measured photometrically at 490 nm. Analytical recovery of pure beta 2-m in urine was 102%. From determinations made on normal female and male rats, the ranges of 24-h urine beta 2-m individually excreted were found to be 0.84-4.77 and 3.7-17.3 micrograms, respectively. The means +/- SEM were 2.49 +/- 0.17 and 10.2 +/- 0.55 micrograms. EIA was of value in evidencing the tubule-damaging properties of sodium chromate and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats.","Assessment of urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin by enzyme immunoassay Abs: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed using unlabelled and peroxidase-labelled rabbit antibodies to assess urinary rat beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) excretion. It consisted in the adsorption of rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin to a polystyrene surface, the addition of beta 2-m samples or standard and the addition of peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti-rat beta 2-m immunoglobulin. After addition of hydrogen peroxide and o-phenylenediamine, the enzyme activity of the solid phase was measured photometrically at 490 nm. Analytical recovery of pure beta 2-m in urine was 102%. From determinations made on normal female and male rats, the ranges of 24-h urine beta 2-m individually excreted were found to be 0.84-4.77 and 3.7-17.3 micrograms, respectively. The means +/- SEM were 2.49 +/- 0.17 and 10.2 +/- 0.55 micrograms. EIA was of value in evidencing the tubule-damaging properties of sodium chromate and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237620,Wiesenauer et al. 1989,Efficiency of homeopathic drug combinations for the treatment of sinusitis: results of a randomized double blind study with general practitioners,"IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP A double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial of homeopathic drug preparations containing potassium dichromate, cinnabar and Luffa operculata in various combinations administered in tablet form for the treatment of sinusitis in 152 patients is described. No remarkable difference was observed in the therapeutic success between the homeopathic preparations and placebo.","Efficiency of homeopathic drug combinations for the treatment of sinusitis: results of a randomized double blind study with general practitioners Abs: IPA COPYRIGHT: ASHP A double blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial of homeopathic drug preparations containing potassium dichromate, cinnabar and Luffa operculata in various combinations administered in tablet form for the treatment of sinusitis in 152 patients is described. No remarkable difference was observed in the therapeutic success between the homeopathic preparations and placebo.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233558,Byrne et al. 2011,"Control of nanoparticle size, reactivity and magnetic properties during the bioproduction of magnetite by Geobacter sulfurreducens","The bioproduction of nanoscale magnetite by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria offers a potentially tunable, environmentally benign route to magnetic nanoparticle synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to control the size of magnetite nanoparticles produced by Geobacter sulfurreducens by adjusting the total biomass introduced at the start of the process. The particles have a narrow size distribution and can be controlled within the range of 10-50 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that controlled production of a number of different biominerals is possible via this method including goethite, magnetite and siderite, but their formation is strongly dependent upon the rate of Fe(III) reduction and total concentration and rate of Fe(II) produced by the bacteria during the reduction process. Relative cation distributions within the structure of the nanoparticles have been investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and indicate the presence of a highly reduced surface layer which is not observed when magnetite is produced through abiotic methods. The enhanced Fe(II)-rich surface, combined with small particle size, has important environmental applications such as in the reductive bioremediation of organics, radionuclides and metals. In the case of Cr(VI), as a model high-valence toxic metal, optimized biogenic magnetite is able to reduce and sequester the toxic hexavalent chromium very efficiently to the less harmful trivalent form.","Control of nanoparticle size, reactivity and magnetic properties during the bioproduction of magnetite by Geobacter sulfurreducens Abs: The bioproduction of nanoscale magnetite by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria offers a potentially tunable, environmentally benign route to magnetic nanoparticle synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to control the size of magnetite nanoparticles produced by Geobacter sulfurreducens by adjusting the total biomass introduced at the start of the process. The particles have a narrow size distribution and can be controlled within the range of 10-50 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that controlled production of a number of different biominerals is possible via this method including goethite, magnetite and siderite, but their formation is strongly dependent upon the rate of Fe(III) reduction and total concentration and rate of Fe(II) produced by the bacteria during the reduction process. Relative cation distributions within the structure of the nanoparticles have been investigated by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and indicate the presence of a highly reduced surface layer which is not observed when magnetite is produced through abiotic methods. The enhanced Fe(II)-rich surface, combined with small particle size, has important environmental applications such as in the reductive bioremediation of organics, radionuclides and metals. In the case of Cr(VI), as a model high-valence toxic metal, optimized biogenic magnetite is able to reduce and sequester the toxic hexavalent chromium very efficiently to the less harmful trivalent form.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509935,León-Torres et al. 2012,On the use of a natural peat for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions,"A natural peat has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The peat was firstly characterized in terms of particle size and chemical composition (ash content, pH of the point of zero charge, FT-IR and thermal analysis). Next, the kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the adsorption of Cr(VI) by this adsorbent were studied. The kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted to a kinetic law of partial order in C equal to one. The specific adsorption rates are around 10(-4)s(-1), increasing as temperature does. A noticeable influence of diffusion on the global adsorption process has been demonstrated. Finally, the equilibrium isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to a previously proposed model. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was similar to some other previously reported and the affinity of Cr(VI) towards the active sites of the adsorbent increases as temperature rises.","On the use of a natural peat for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions Abs: A natural peat has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The peat was firstly characterized in terms of particle size and chemical composition (ash content, pH of the point of zero charge, FT-IR and thermal analysis). Next, the kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the adsorption of Cr(VI) by this adsorbent were studied. The kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted to a kinetic law of partial order in C equal to one. The specific adsorption rates are around 10(-4)s(-1), increasing as temperature does. A noticeable influence of diffusion on the global adsorption process has been demonstrated. Finally, the equilibrium isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to a previously proposed model. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was similar to some other previously reported and the affinity of Cr(VI) towards the active sites of the adsorbent increases as temperature rises.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
677643,Wedrychowski et al. 1986,DNA-protein crosslinking by heavy metals in Novikoff hepatoma,"Crosslinking of proteins to DNA was studied in live intact Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells exposed in vitro to salts of chromium VI, III, and II, nickel II, cadmium II, and to CoCl2, As2O3, and AlK(SO4)2. DNA-protein complexes were separated by high-speed centrifugation of cells solubilized in buffered 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate and assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hexavalent chromium compounds formed DNA-protein complexes very efficiently. The trivalent, poorly soluble, cupric chromite was nearly as efficient crosslinker as hexavalent Cr, perhaps because phagocytosis facilitated its entry into the cells. The more basic divalent form produced hardly any crosslinks. Most of the crosslinked proteins were common to all of the chromium salts employed. Nickel salts formed DNA-protein crosslinks less efficiently. Most proteins crosslinked by this metal had a high molecular weight ranging from 94,000 to 200,000. There was little qualitative difference between the crosslinked protein patterns for several various nickel (II) salts. Similar results were obtained for cells incubated with cadmium salts. Most of the proteins crosslinked by cadmium had high molecular weights and were similar to those crosslinked by nickel (II). Relatively weak, but significant, Crosslinking was also observed when the Novikoff hepatoma cells were exposed to CoCl2, As2O3, or AlK(SO4)2.","DNA-protein crosslinking by heavy metals in Novikoff hepatoma Abs: Crosslinking of proteins to DNA was studied in live intact Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells exposed in vitro to salts of chromium VI, III, and II, nickel II, cadmium II, and to CoCl2, As2O3, and AlK(SO4)2. DNA-protein complexes were separated by high-speed centrifugation of cells solubilized in buffered 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate and assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hexavalent chromium compounds formed DNA-protein complexes very efficiently. The trivalent, poorly soluble, cupric chromite was nearly as efficient crosslinker as hexavalent Cr, perhaps because phagocytosis facilitated its entry into the cells. The more basic divalent form produced hardly any crosslinks. Most of the crosslinked proteins were common to all of the chromium salts employed. Nickel salts formed DNA-protein crosslinks less efficiently. Most proteins crosslinked by this metal had a high molecular weight ranging from 94,000 to 200,000. There was little qualitative difference between the crosslinked protein patterns for several various nickel (II) salts. Similar results were obtained for cells incubated with cadmium salts. Most of the proteins crosslinked by cadmium had high molecular weights and were similar to those crosslinked by nickel (II). Relatively weak, but significant, Crosslinking was also observed when the Novikoff hepatoma cells were exposed to CoCl2, As2O3, or AlK(SO4)2.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576781,Lozovaia et al. 2004,[Effect of chromium (VI) on growth physiology and sorptional capacity of yeast],"Resistance of 7 yeast species (7 strains) to various chrome concentrations in the medium and their sorptional activity have been studied. It is shown that the biomass of the yeast Williopsis californica UKM-248, Candida krusei UKM-61t under their concentration in the medium of 200 and 500 mg/l of Cr6+ is 0.74 and 0.45 g/l DWB, respectively. For the rest of strains these chrome concentrations are toxical and the concentration of 100 mg/l of Cr6+ is the bordering threshold for them. Under periodical cultivation in the medium with 30 mg/l of Cr6+ one can observe the delay of cultures growth displayed in the increase of the lag-phase and exponential growth phase as well as the decrease of medium pH (to 2). The resistance of the studied yeast to high concentrations of Cr6+ correlates with their sorptional activity.","[Effect of chromium (VI) on growth physiology and sorptional capacity of yeast] Abs: Resistance of 7 yeast species (7 strains) to various chrome concentrations in the medium and their sorptional activity have been studied. It is shown that the biomass of the yeast Williopsis californica UKM-248, Candida krusei UKM-61t under their concentration in the medium of 200 and 500 mg/l of Cr6+ is 0.74 and 0.45 g/l DWB, respectively. For the rest of strains these chrome concentrations are toxical and the concentration of 100 mg/l of Cr6+ is the bordering threshold for them. Under periodical cultivation in the medium with 30 mg/l of Cr6+ one can observe the delay of cultures growth displayed in the increase of the lag-phase and exponential growth phase as well as the decrease of medium pH (to 2). The resistance of the studied yeast to high concentrations of Cr6+ correlates with their sorptional activity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231858,She et al. 2005,Preparation of fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol keto-derivatives nanoparticles and selective determination of chromium(VI),"A novel fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol keto-derivatives nanoparticle (PVAK) has been prepared in one-step method. The nanoparticles has excitation and emission maxima at 349 and 462 nm, respectively. Based on the fluorescence quenching of PVAK by Cr(VI), we established a simple and selective fluorimetric method for the determination of Cr(VI) without separation of Cr(III) in water. The reaction conditions between Cr(VI) and PVAK were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism between PVAK and Cr(VI) was also discussed. Under optimal experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.02 microg mL(-1) was achieved. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.1-13.2 microg mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987. The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr(VI) in synthetic samples and waste-water samples with the satisfactory results.","Preparation of fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol keto-derivatives nanoparticles and selective determination of chromium(VI) Abs: A novel fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol keto-derivatives nanoparticle (PVAK) has been prepared in one-step method. The nanoparticles has excitation and emission maxima at 349 and 462 nm, respectively. Based on the fluorescence quenching of PVAK by Cr(VI), we established a simple and selective fluorimetric method for the determination of Cr(VI) without separation of Cr(III) in water. The reaction conditions between Cr(VI) and PVAK were investigated in detail. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism between PVAK and Cr(VI) was also discussed. Under optimal experimental conditions, a limit of detection of 0.02 microg mL(-1) was achieved. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.1-13.2 microg mL(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987. The proposed method has been applied to the selective quantification of Cr(VI) in synthetic samples and waste-water samples with the satisfactory results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509929,Asgari et al. 2012,Kinetic and isotherm of hexavalent chromium adsorption onto nano hydroxyapatite,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is an important contaminant in surface and groundwater and its removal from contaminated water and wastewater has received interest in recent years. This study aimed to explain the removal process of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using nano hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) as an adsorbent material.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Cr (VI) removal experiments with the prepared n-HAp were carried out as the batch test in 100 ml flask while agitating on the shaker. The influence of pH (3 toll), contact time (3-60 min), Cr (VI) concentration (1 to 2 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.025 to 1 g/L) were explored. Three isotherms models and eight kinetics models were used to evaluate the experimental data, respectively. For validation of kinetic and isotherm data, correlation coefficient, sum of square errors (SSE) and normalized deviation were used.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The removal efficiency of Cr (VI) was improved an increase in Cr (VI) and n-HAp concentration. The results best fitted with Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order rate reaction. Analysis of data with Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm showed that the adsorption of Cr (VI) onto synthetic n-HAp is a chemisorption process.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The n-HAp as an ecofriendly compound is effective adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Accordingly, n-HAp is feasible and promise adsorbent for treating polluted Cr (VI) groundwater.","Kinetic and isotherm of hexavalent chromium adsorption onto nano hydroxyapatite Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) is an important contaminant in surface and groundwater and its removal from contaminated water and wastewater has received interest in recent years. This study aimed to explain the removal process of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using nano hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) as an adsorbent material.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Cr (VI) removal experiments with the prepared n-HAp were carried out as the batch test in 100 ml flask while agitating on the shaker. The influence of pH (3 toll), contact time (3-60 min), Cr (VI) concentration (1 to 2 mg/L) and adsorbent dosage (0.025 to 1 g/L) were explored. Three isotherms models and eight kinetics models were used to evaluate the experimental data, respectively. For validation of kinetic and isotherm data, correlation coefficient, sum of square errors (SSE) and normalized deviation were used.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The removal efficiency of Cr (VI) was improved an increase in Cr (VI) and n-HAp concentration. The results best fitted with Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order rate reaction. Analysis of data with Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm showed that the adsorption of Cr (VI) onto synthetic n-HAp is a chemisorption process.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The n-HAp as an ecofriendly compound is effective adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. Accordingly, n-HAp is feasible and promise adsorbent for treating polluted Cr (VI) groundwater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225564,Xu et al. 2013,Nitrate adsorption by stratified wheat straw resin in lab-scale columns,,Nitrate adsorption by stratified wheat straw resin in lab-scale columns Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576600,Hamilton and  Wetterhahn 1989,DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE GENOTOXIC CARCINOGEN CHROMIUM(VI) ON CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION IN VIVO,,DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE GENOTOXIC CARCINOGEN CHROMIUM(VI) ON CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCIBLE GENE EXPRESSION IN VIVO Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234834,Brun et al. 1987,Effect of chromate ion on the membrane of established human cells as measured by uptake of a permeant lipophilic cation,"Cells from the established human cell line NHIK3025 concentrate the permeant lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) against a concentration gradient, indicating the existence of an electrical potential across the cell membrane (interior negative). Cells exposed to potassium chromate or dichromate (7.7 mumol Cr/l) for 2 h subsequently showed reduced uptake of TPMP+, whereas similar exposure to a trivalent chromium salt (7.7 mumol/l chromic chloride) had similar uptake of TPMP+ as control cells. These preliminary results suggest that a primary effect of chromate on these cells is to reduce the electrical potential across the cell membrane.","Effect of chromate ion on the membrane of established human cells as measured by uptake of a permeant lipophilic cation Abs: Cells from the established human cell line NHIK3025 concentrate the permeant lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium (TPMP+) against a concentration gradient, indicating the existence of an electrical potential across the cell membrane (interior negative). Cells exposed to potassium chromate or dichromate (7.7 mumol Cr/l) for 2 h subsequently showed reduced uptake of TPMP+, whereas similar exposure to a trivalent chromium salt (7.7 mumol/l chromic chloride) had similar uptake of TPMP+ as control cells. These preliminary results suggest that a primary effect of chromate on these cells is to reduce the electrical potential across the cell membrane.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576791,Oldh 1986,THE USE OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF THE WELDING OPERATORS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RADIONUCLEOTIDE ROENTGENOFLUORESCENT ANALYSIS NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS HIGH-ALLOYED STEEL WELDING,THE USE OF NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF THE WELDING OPERATORS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RADIONUCLEOTIDE ROENTGENOFLUORESCENT ANALYSIS NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS HIGH-ALLOYED STEEL WELDING,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577613,Fournier-Salaun and  Vauclair 2002,Recovery of chromique ions from aqueous effluents by liquid membrane in continuous mode,,Recovery of chromique ions from aqueous effluents by liquid membrane in continuous mode Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515946,Hug et al. 1997,Iron(III) catalyzed photochemical reduction of chromium(VI) by oxalate and citrate in aqueous solutions,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cr(VI) reduction in soil solution, wastewater, and natural waters is poorly understood in complex systems containing Fe(II,III) and dissolved organic C, especially when influenced by sunlight. The Fe(II,III)-mediated photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) was investigated in a laboratory study with 5-200 muM Cr(VI), 25-1300 muM oxalate or citrate, 0.13-6.7 muM Fe(III), 10 mM KCl, pH 3-7, and a xenon light source (720 W/m2 between 300 and 800 nm) at 25 ê C. In situ UV-VIS multicomponent analysis avoided addition of interfering reagents. At higher (Cr(VI)), photochemical Cr(VI) reduction was zero order in (Cr), with quantum yields (relative to light absorption by Fe(III)-oxalate) of up to 0.53. Over 95% Cr(IV) reduction was observed within 20-40 min in 5-cm cells. At lower (Cr(VI)), the reaction order became complex due to slow reaction of Fe(II) with Cr(VI) compared to photochemical Fe(II) production. The thermal reaction of Cr(VI) with Fe(II) at pH 5 was measured and describe","Iron(III) catalyzed photochemical reduction of chromium(VI) by oxalate and citrate in aqueous solutions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Cr(VI) reduction in soil solution, wastewater, and natural waters is poorly understood in complex systems containing Fe(II,III) and dissolved organic C, especially when influenced by sunlight. The Fe(II,III)-mediated photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) was investigated in a laboratory study with 5-200 muM Cr(VI), 25-1300 muM oxalate or citrate, 0.13-6.7 muM Fe(III), 10 mM KCl, pH 3-7, and a xenon light source (720 W/m2 between 300 and 800 nm) at 25 ê C. In situ UV-VIS multicomponent analysis avoided addition of interfering reagents. At higher (Cr(VI)), photochemical Cr(VI) reduction was zero order in (Cr), with quantum yields (relative to light absorption by Fe(III)-oxalate) of up to 0.53. Over 95% Cr(IV) reduction was observed within 20-40 min in 5-cm cells. At lower (Cr(VI)), the reaction order became complex due to slow reaction of Fe(II) with Cr(VI) compared to photochemical Fe(II) production. The thermal reaction of Cr(VI) with Fe(II) at pH 5 was measured and describe",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234054,Sultan and  Hasnain 2012,Chromium (VI) Reduction by Cell Free Extract of Ochrobactrum anthropi Isolated from Tannery Effluent,"Chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from industrial wastes can be used to detoxify toxic chromium from contaminated sources. From effluent of Shafiq Tannery, Kasur, Pakistan, bacterial strain STCr-1 that could endure 40 mg mL(-1) of potassium chromate in nutrient agar medium was isolated. STCr-1, identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi by 16S rRNA gene sequence homology, demonstrated substantial Cr(VI) reduction at pH 7 and temperature 37°C. It completely reduced 250 ?g mL(-1) of Cr(VI) and showed 71.2 % Cr(VI) reduction at Cr(VI) concentrations of 550 ?g mL(-1). Rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with increase in cell and Cr(VI) concentration. The presence of Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Mn(2+) significantly stimulated Cr(VI) reduction. Assay with cell free extracts clearly indicated that Cr(VI) reduction was solely associated with the soluble fraction of the cell.","Chromium (VI) Reduction by Cell Free Extract of Ochrobactrum anthropi Isolated from Tannery Effluent Abs: Chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from industrial wastes can be used to detoxify toxic chromium from contaminated sources. From effluent of Shafiq Tannery, Kasur, Pakistan, bacterial strain STCr-1 that could endure 40 mg mL(-1) of potassium chromate in nutrient agar medium was isolated. STCr-1, identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi by 16S rRNA gene sequence homology, demonstrated substantial Cr(VI) reduction at pH 7 and temperature 37°C. It completely reduced 250 ?g mL(-1) of Cr(VI) and showed 71.2 % Cr(VI) reduction at Cr(VI) concentrations of 550 ?g mL(-1). Rate of Cr(VI) reduction increased with increase in cell and Cr(VI) concentration. The presence of Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Mn(2+) significantly stimulated Cr(VI) reduction. Assay with cell free extracts clearly indicated that Cr(VI) reduction was solely associated with the soluble fraction of the cell.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577546,Cordoves et al. 2008,Characterization of the binding site affinity distribution of a surfactant-modified clinoptilolite,,Characterization of the binding site affinity distribution of a surfactant-modified clinoptilolite Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577493,Altas 2009,Effects of chromium (VI) on the activities of ureolytic mixed culture,,Effects of chromium (VI) on the activities of ureolytic mixed culture Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515213,Gammelgaard et al. 1997,Improvement of simultaneous determination of chromium species in aqueous solution by ion chromatography and chemiluminescence detection,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) was developed using ion chromatography and chemiluminescence detection. Two Dionex ion-exchange guard columns in series, CG5 and AG7. were used to separate chromium(III) from chromium(VI). Chromium(VI) was reduced by potassium sulphite. whereupon both species were detected by use of the luminol-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence system. Parameters affecting retention times and resolution of the separator columns, such as eluent pH, eluent composition, reductant pH and concentration, and flow rates were optimized. Furthermore, the stabilities of reductant and luminol solutions were studied. The linear range of the calibration curve for chromium(III) and chromium(VI) was 1-400 mug l-1. The detection limit was 0.12 mug l-1 for chromium(III) and 0.09 mug l-1 for chromium(VI), respectively. The precision at the 20 mug l-1 level was 1.4% for chromium(III) and 2.5% for chromium(VI), respe","Improvement of simultaneous determination of chromium species in aqueous solution by ion chromatography and chemiluminescence detection Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) was developed using ion chromatography and chemiluminescence detection. Two Dionex ion-exchange guard columns in series, CG5 and AG7. were used to separate chromium(III) from chromium(VI). Chromium(VI) was reduced by potassium sulphite. whereupon both species were detected by use of the luminol-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence system. Parameters affecting retention times and resolution of the separator columns, such as eluent pH, eluent composition, reductant pH and concentration, and flow rates were optimized. Furthermore, the stabilities of reductant and luminol solutions were studied. The linear range of the calibration curve for chromium(III) and chromium(VI) was 1-400 mug l-1. The detection limit was 0.12 mug l-1 for chromium(III) and 0.09 mug l-1 for chromium(VI), respectively. The precision at the 20 mug l-1 level was 1.4% for chromium(III) and 2.5% for chromium(VI), respe",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510012,Farmer et al. 1996,Electrosorption of Chromium Ions on Carbon Aerogel Electrodes as a Means of Remediating Ground Water,"An electrically-regenerated separation process has been developed for removing unwanted ions from aqueous waste streams as a minimally-polluting, energy-efficient, and potentially cost-effective alternative to ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and evaporation. Ground water containing various anions and cations are passed through a stack of carbon aerogel electrodes, each having a very high specific surface area and exceptionally low electrical resistivity. After polarization of the stack, impurity ions are removed from the electrolyte by the imposed electric field and adsorbed on the electrode surfaces. Field tests have shown that hexavalent chromium in the form of HCrO4(-)/CrO42(-)/Cr2O72(-) can be selectively removed from contaminated ground water with a 530 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) background. The concentration of Cr(VI) can be lowered from 35 to 2 ppb. The mechanism for Cr(VI) separation involves chemisorption on the carbon aerogel anode, a process that can be reversed by cathodic polarization. Cr(VI) removal is not based upon simple double-layer charging.","Electrosorption of Chromium Ions on Carbon Aerogel Electrodes as a Means of Remediating Ground Water Abs: An electrically-regenerated separation process has been developed for removing unwanted ions from aqueous waste streams as a minimally-polluting, energy-efficient, and potentially cost-effective alternative to ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and evaporation. Ground water containing various anions and cations are passed through a stack of carbon aerogel electrodes, each having a very high specific surface area and exceptionally low electrical resistivity. After polarization of the stack, impurity ions are removed from the electrolyte by the imposed electric field and adsorbed on the electrode surfaces. Field tests have shown that hexavalent chromium in the form of HCrO4(-)/CrO42(-)/Cr2O72(-) can be selectively removed from contaminated ground water with a 530 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) background. The concentration of Cr(VI) can be lowered from 35 to 2 ppb. The mechanism for Cr(VI) separation involves chemisorption on the carbon aerogel anode, a process that can be reversed by cathodic polarization. Cr(VI) removal is not based upon simple double-layer charging.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510322,Signorella et al. 1999,The relative ability of aldoses and deoxyaldoses to reduce Cr-VI and Cr-V. A comparative kinetic and mechanistic study,,The relative ability of aldoses and deoxyaldoses to reduce Cr-VI and Cr-V. A comparative kinetic and mechanistic study Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1027627,Carter 1995,Oxidation-reduction reactions of metal ions,"Several metal or metalloid ions exist in multiple oxidation states and can undergo electron transfer reactions that are important in biological and environmental systems. There are endogenous metal ions such as iron, copper, and cobalt that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions with species of oxygen like molecular dioxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. These reactions may be modulated by endogenous reducing agents such as glutathione, ascorbate, and tocopherol. The reactions can be described in terms of thermodynamics through the use of standard electrode potentials. A favorable reaction will depend on the concentrations of the reactants and may depend on the pH and/or on the presence of organic ligands that form complexes with the metal or metalloid. Arsenate (As(V)) can react with glutathione in buffered aqueous solutions to produce arsenite (As(III)) and oxidized glutathione. This reaction may be important in the methylation reactions of arsenic. Arsenic species can decrease the red blood cell levels of reduced glutathione, but the products of oxidation and the mechanism of oxidation are more complex than those found in water alone. Chromium (VI) is thought to interact with DNA after first reacting with a reducing agent such as glutathione to form lower oxidation states of chromium. These examples illustrate the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions for toxic metals and metalloids.","Oxidation-reduction reactions of metal ions Abs: Several metal or metalloid ions exist in multiple oxidation states and can undergo electron transfer reactions that are important in biological and environmental systems. There are endogenous metal ions such as iron, copper, and cobalt that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions with species of oxygen like molecular dioxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. These reactions may be modulated by endogenous reducing agents such as glutathione, ascorbate, and tocopherol. The reactions can be described in terms of thermodynamics through the use of standard electrode potentials. A favorable reaction will depend on the concentrations of the reactants and may depend on the pH and/or on the presence of organic ligands that form complexes with the metal or metalloid. Arsenate (As(V)) can react with glutathione in buffered aqueous solutions to produce arsenite (As(III)) and oxidized glutathione. This reaction may be important in the methylation reactions of arsenic. Arsenic species can decrease the red blood cell levels of reduced glutathione, but the products of oxidation and the mechanism of oxidation are more complex than those found in water alone. Chromium (VI) is thought to interact with DNA after first reacting with a reducing agent such as glutathione to form lower oxidation states of chromium. These examples illustrate the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions for toxic metals and metalloids.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225306,de Godoi et al. 2013,An XPS study of chromate and vanadate sorption mechanism by chitosan membrane containing copper nanoparticles,,An XPS study of chromate and vanadate sorption mechanism by chitosan membrane containing copper nanoparticles Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231021,AYa et al. 1985,Two synthetic antigens related to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide,"The synthesis of the allyl beta-glycosides (8 and 20, respectively) of beta-D-GlcpA-(1----4)-D-Glcp and beta-D-Glcp-(1----3)-D-GlcpA (overlapping disaccharide fragments A and B) in the linear chain of the capsular polysaccharide (S3) from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 is described. Oxidation of allyl 2,3,6,2',3',4'-hexa-O-acetyl-beta-cellobioside with chromic acid and saponification of the product gave 8. The synthesis of 20 involved glycosylation of methyl 5-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranuronate or its 3-O-trityl derivative and subsequent furanose----pyranose transformation. The derivatives 8 and 20 were each copolymerised with acrylamide. In serological tests (enzyme immunoassay and passive hemagglutination), the resulting antigens exhibited the specificity of S3. It was concluded that fragment A was a much stronger immunodeterminant than fragment B.","Two synthetic antigens related to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide Abs: The synthesis of the allyl beta-glycosides (8 and 20, respectively) of beta-D-GlcpA-(1----4)-D-Glcp and beta-D-Glcp-(1----3)-D-GlcpA (overlapping disaccharide fragments A and B) in the linear chain of the capsular polysaccharide (S3) from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 is described. Oxidation of allyl 2,3,6,2',3',4'-hexa-O-acetyl-beta-cellobioside with chromic acid and saponification of the product gave 8. The synthesis of 20 involved glycosylation of methyl 5-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranuronate or its 3-O-trityl derivative and subsequent furanose----pyranose transformation. The derivatives 8 and 20 were each copolymerised with acrylamide. In serological tests (enzyme immunoassay and passive hemagglutination), the resulting antigens exhibited the specificity of S3. It was concluded that fragment A was a much stronger immunodeterminant than fragment B.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786345,Hseu and  Iizuka 2013,Pedogeochemical characteristics of chromite in a paddy soil derived from serpentinites,,Pedogeochemical characteristics of chromite in a paddy soil derived from serpentinites Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510324,Srivastava et al. 1999,Studies on mobilization of chromium with reference to its plant availability - Role of organic acids,,Studies on mobilization of chromium with reference to its plant availability - Role of organic acids Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
529445,Tudor et al. 2006,Seashells: Detoxifying agents for metal-contaminated waters,"Effective treatments of industrial waste streams and toxic spills containing heavy metals depend on the rapid removal of high concentrations of metal ions. Here we describe such a method using minimally-processed waste mollusk and crustacean exoskeletons. The process of metal extraction and immobilization was studied using atomic absorption, SEM/EDAX, and x-ray diffraction to investigate both solution and mineral phases. Compared to calcium carbonates of geologic origin, biomineralized shell materials exhibit extremely rapid sequestration of metal ions: a 10,000 mg L-1 Pb solution for example, can be reduced to less than about 0.5 mg L-1 in five minutes using comminuted shell of clam (M. mercenaria), while at higher initial concentrations, both clam and oyster (C. virginica) shell can extract almost twice their weight of Pb. The uptake mechanism involves the exchange of Ca for Pb in the inorganic fraction of the shell structure. Results highlight the importance of both surface area and the presence of the organic matrix of biominerals in determining the rate and quantity of metal ions abstracted, and the uniquely coherent residues produced in the process.","Seashells: Detoxifying agents for metal-contaminated waters Abs: Effective treatments of industrial waste streams and toxic spills containing heavy metals depend on the rapid removal of high concentrations of metal ions. Here we describe such a method using minimally-processed waste mollusk and crustacean exoskeletons. The process of metal extraction and immobilization was studied using atomic absorption, SEM/EDAX, and x-ray diffraction to investigate both solution and mineral phases. Compared to calcium carbonates of geologic origin, biomineralized shell materials exhibit extremely rapid sequestration of metal ions: a 10,000 mg L-1 Pb solution for example, can be reduced to less than about 0.5 mg L-1 in five minutes using comminuted shell of clam (M. mercenaria), while at higher initial concentrations, both clam and oyster (C. virginica) shell can extract almost twice their weight of Pb. The uptake mechanism involves the exchange of Ca for Pb in the inorganic fraction of the shell structure. Results highlight the importance of both surface area and the presence of the organic matrix of biominerals in determining the rate and quantity of metal ions abstracted, and the uniquely coherent residues produced in the process.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
49290,Wise et al. 1992,Clastogenicity of lead chromate particles in hamster and human cells,"#Several insoluble compounds of chromium, such as lead chromate, are respiratory carcinogens in experimental animals and suspected to be so in humans. Lead chromate induces neoplastic transformation in cultured cells but the mechanism of genotoxicity is unknown. We examined the effect of lead chromate on the integrity of chromosomes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) after a 24-h exposure. At 0.4 microgram/cm2, 0.8 microgram/cm2, 2 microgram/cm2 and 8 microgram/cm2 lead chromate particles reduced survival of CHO cells to 86%, 62%, 2% and less than 1% respectively. These concentrations induced a dose-dependent 4-19-fold increase in the percent metaphases with damage. The HFF cells exhibited higher sensitivity in both cytotoxicity and clastogenicity. The spectrum of damage observed for both cell types was primarily achromatic lesions affecting one or both chromatids. To test for particle dissolution effects, CHO cells were treated for 24 h with either clarified medium that had been incubated for 24 h with lead chromate particles, or clarified medium that had been pre-conditioned by CHO cells treated with lead chromate particles for 24 h. No damage was detected in these cells, indicating that extracellular dissolution into ionic lead and chromate did not contribute to the genotoxicity. This is consistent with a previous study in which scanning electron micrographs illustrated internalization of the particles. These results suggest that clastogenesis may be a mechanism for lead chromate induced carcinogenesis.","Clastogenicity of lead chromate particles in hamster and human cells Abs: #Several insoluble compounds of chromium, such as lead chromate, are respiratory carcinogens in experimental animals and suspected to be so in humans. Lead chromate induces neoplastic transformation in cultured cells but the mechanism of genotoxicity is unknown. We examined the effect of lead chromate on the integrity of chromosomes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) after a 24-h exposure. At 0.4 microgram/cm2, 0.8 microgram/cm2, 2 microgram/cm2 and 8 microgram/cm2 lead chromate particles reduced survival of CHO cells to 86%, 62%, 2% and less than 1% respectively. These concentrations induced a dose-dependent 4-19-fold increase in the percent metaphases with damage. The HFF cells exhibited higher sensitivity in both cytotoxicity and clastogenicity. The spectrum of damage observed for both cell types was primarily achromatic lesions affecting one or both chromatids. To test for particle dissolution effects, CHO cells were treated for 24 h with either clarified medium that had been incubated for 24 h with lead chromate particles, or clarified medium that had been pre-conditioned by CHO cells treated with lead chromate particles for 24 h. No damage was detected in these cells, indicating that extracellular dissolution into ionic lead and chromate did not contribute to the genotoxicity. This is consistent with a previous study in which scanning electron micrographs illustrated internalization of the particles. These results suggest that clastogenesis may be a mechanism for lead chromate induced carcinogenesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509948,Nandi et al. 2012,Ecotoxicological impact of sunlight assisted photoreduction of hexavalent chromium present in wastewater with zinc oxide nanoparticles on common Anabaena flos-aquae,"Hexavalent chromium is more toxic and carcinogenic compared to its trivalent counterpart. Hexavalent chromium can be photocatalytically reduced to trivalent one using zinc oxide semiconductor and solar or UV radiation as light source. But an important ecological aspect is whether the net toxicity decreases after the photocatalytic process. In the present work, we have selected Anabaena flos-aquae as the model organism and examined whether the net toxicity to which it has been exposed in water decreases after photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium using ZnO semiconductor as photocatalyst. We have studied the cumulative toxicities of both chromium (before and after treatment) and ZnO (both nano and micro) separately and as a suspension of ZnO in chromium. Quantitative cell surface roughness analysis was conducted using AFM to confirm the changes in cell surface properties.","Ecotoxicological impact of sunlight assisted photoreduction of hexavalent chromium present in wastewater with zinc oxide nanoparticles on common Anabaena flos-aquae Abs: Hexavalent chromium is more toxic and carcinogenic compared to its trivalent counterpart. Hexavalent chromium can be photocatalytically reduced to trivalent one using zinc oxide semiconductor and solar or UV radiation as light source. But an important ecological aspect is whether the net toxicity decreases after the photocatalytic process. In the present work, we have selected Anabaena flos-aquae as the model organism and examined whether the net toxicity to which it has been exposed in water decreases after photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium using ZnO semiconductor as photocatalyst. We have studied the cumulative toxicities of both chromium (before and after treatment) and ZnO (both nano and micro) separately and as a suspension of ZnO in chromium. Quantitative cell surface roughness analysis was conducted using AFM to confirm the changes in cell surface properties.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237849,Roy and  Mukherji 1982,"Regulation of enzyme activity in mung bean, Phaseolus aureus, seedlings by chromium","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of toxic concentrations of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and Cr2S3O12 on the growth and germination of mung bean P. aureus L. seedlings are reported. These effects included inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and fresh and dry weight increase in the presence of Cr salts, dichromate being relatively more toxic than Cr2S3O12. The activity of catalase, peroxidase, IAA-oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase and dehydrogenase increased in response to Cr addition. This stimulation of enzyme activity was synchronized with a similar increase in soluble protein formation.","Regulation of enzyme activity in mung bean, Phaseolus aureus, seedlings by chromium Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effects of toxic concentrations of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and Cr2S3O12 on the growth and germination of mung bean P. aureus L. seedlings are reported. These effects included inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and fresh and dry weight increase in the presence of Cr salts, dichromate being relatively more toxic than Cr2S3O12. The activity of catalase, peroxidase, IAA-oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase and dehydrogenase increased in response to Cr addition. This stimulation of enzyme activity was synchronized with a similar increase in soluble protein formation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509829,Malarvizhi et al. 2010,Studies on removal of chromium (VI) from water using chitosan coated Cyperus pangorei,"Environmental contamination by toxic heavy metals is a significant universal problem. The main objective of the study is to use a biodegradable materials like Cyperus pangorei and Chitosan as a composite biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from water. The newly prepared biosorbent is characterized and the capacity of Cr(VI) removal of the biosorbent is carried out systematically by batch mode operations. The adsorption capacity of the biosorbent is examined by changing the parameters like biosorbent dose, varying the initial contact time, varying initial concentration of metal ion and pH of the metal ion solution to know the actual mechanism taking place during the initial sorption process. The experimental data obtained were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models and the pseudo first order and the pseudo second order kinetic models. Equilibrium data were fitted very well to the Langmuir Isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model. Desorption of the metal ion is also carried out using different concentration of NaOH.","Studies on removal of chromium (VI) from water using chitosan coated Cyperus pangorei Abs: Environmental contamination by toxic heavy metals is a significant universal problem. The main objective of the study is to use a biodegradable materials like Cyperus pangorei and Chitosan as a composite biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from water. The newly prepared biosorbent is characterized and the capacity of Cr(VI) removal of the biosorbent is carried out systematically by batch mode operations. The adsorption capacity of the biosorbent is examined by changing the parameters like biosorbent dose, varying the initial contact time, varying initial concentration of metal ion and pH of the metal ion solution to know the actual mechanism taking place during the initial sorption process. The experimental data obtained were fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models and the pseudo first order and the pseudo second order kinetic models. Equilibrium data were fitted very well to the Langmuir Isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetic model. Desorption of the metal ion is also carried out using different concentration of NaOH.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510371,Sag and  Aktay 2001,Application of equilibrium and mass transfer models to dynamic removal of Cr(VI) ions by Chitin in packed column reactor,,Application of equilibrium and mass transfer models to dynamic removal of Cr(VI) ions by Chitin in packed column reactor Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236544,Wiernikowski et al. 1971,[Case of acute potassium bichromate poisoning with acute renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis],"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Case history of a female adolescent who attempted suicide by means of ingestion of potassium bichromate with her food was presented. Violent gastro-intestinal reaction took place within 15 min. and continued for some time. On the 4th day, symptoms of renal insufficiency developed. Peritoneal dialysis treatment was then initiated to deal with both the renal-urinary aspects of the patient's condition and to effect removal of the chrome compound. Employment of this method should begin immediately after diagnosis.","[Case of acute potassium bichromate poisoning with acute renal failure treated with peritoneal dialysis] Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Case history of a female adolescent who attempted suicide by means of ingestion of potassium bichromate with her food was presented. Violent gastro-intestinal reaction took place within 15 min. and continued for some time. On the 4th day, symptoms of renal insufficiency developed. Peritoneal dialysis treatment was then initiated to deal with both the renal-urinary aspects of the patient's condition and to effect removal of the chrome compound. Employment of this method should begin immediately after diagnosis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290283,Acharya et al. 2004,Status of antioxidant defense system in chromium-induced Swiss mice tissues,"Based on epidemiological studies, chromium(VI) compounds are considered as more toxic and carcinogenic than chromium(III) compounds. The deleterious effects of chromium(VI) compounds are diversified affecting almost all the organ systems in a wide variety of animals. The present study, describes the cytotoxic effects of chromium trioxide, a well-known chromium(VI) compound in three tissues (liver, kidney, lungs) of male Swiss mice during post-treatment phase (5th-8th week after treatment). Lipid peroxidation, an index of oxidative stress, was determined as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-Rs) in mice tissues dosed with a single intraperitoneal injection of chromium trioxide (1mg/kg body weight). Tissue specific and statistically significant increases in TBA-Rs was observed in chromium-treated mice groups compared to controls in all the weeks of post-treatment. Endogenous ascorbic acid (vit-C) content of tissues which happens to be one of the stable antioxidants, declined significantly due to chromium-induction. Activity of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CT) and peroxidase (PD) was significantly inhibited among chromium-injected mice groups compared to respective controls. Protective role of ascorbic acid and the antioxidative enzymes in chromium-induced cytotoxicity in mice is discussed.","Status of antioxidant defense system in chromium-induced Swiss mice tissues Abs: Based on epidemiological studies, chromium(VI) compounds are considered as more toxic and carcinogenic than chromium(III) compounds. The deleterious effects of chromium(VI) compounds are diversified affecting almost all the organ systems in a wide variety of animals. The present study, describes the cytotoxic effects of chromium trioxide, a well-known chromium(VI) compound in three tissues (liver, kidney, lungs) of male Swiss mice during post-treatment phase (5th-8th week after treatment). Lipid peroxidation, an index of oxidative stress, was determined as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-Rs) in mice tissues dosed with a single intraperitoneal injection of chromium trioxide (1mg/kg body weight). Tissue specific and statistically significant increases in TBA-Rs was observed in chromium-treated mice groups compared to controls in all the weeks of post-treatment. Endogenous ascorbic acid (vit-C) content of tissues which happens to be one of the stable antioxidants, declined significantly due to chromium-induction. Activity of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CT) and peroxidase (PD) was significantly inhibited among chromium-injected mice groups compared to respective controls. Protective role of ascorbic acid and the antioxidative enzymes in chromium-induced cytotoxicity in mice is discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1010240,Kolb 1993,TERATOGENIC CHEMICALS IN UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES,TERATOGENIC CHEMICALS IN UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509865,Yonar et al. ,Antioxidant effect of propolis against exposure to chromium in Cyprinus carpio,"The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of propolis against the toxic effects of chromium (VI) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defence system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of chromium. Propolis was simultaneously administered to chromium-exposed fish. Treatment was continued for 28 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, spleen, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. The levels of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, increased in blood and tissues. Antioxidant enzyme activities in blood and tissues were modified in chromium groups compared to controls. Simultaneous administration of propolis ameliorated these parameters. The present results suggest that administration of propolis might alleviate chromium-induced oxidative stress. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.","Antioxidant effect of propolis against exposure to chromium in Cyprinus carpio Abs: The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of propolis against the toxic effects of chromium (VI) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defence system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of chromium. Propolis was simultaneously administered to chromium-exposed fish. Treatment was continued for 28 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, spleen, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. The levels of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, increased in blood and tissues. Antioxidant enzyme activities in blood and tissues were modified in chromium groups compared to controls. Simultaneous administration of propolis ameliorated these parameters. The present results suggest that administration of propolis might alleviate chromium-induced oxidative stress. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509760,Anthemidis et al. 2002,Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of chromium(VI) by on-line preconcentration system using a PTFE packed column,"A new, sensitive and robust time-based flow injection (FI) method for on-line preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of chromium(VI) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been elaborated. The sample is initially mixed on-line with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and the Cr(VI)-PDC chelate is absorbed quantitatively on a mini-column packed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) turnings at a pH range 0.8-1.4. The complex is subsequently eluted with isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) and introduced directly into the nebulizer-burner system. The optimized system offered improved performance characteristics, with unlimited lifetime of the proposed column. The enhancement factor was 80, for a 3-min preconcentration time and the sample frequency was 18 h(-1). The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 1-40 mug l(-1) with a detection limit of c(L)=0.8 mug l(-1) and a relative standard deviation of s(r)=3.2%, at the 20 mug l(-1) level. The proposed method was evaluated by analyzing samples of certified and spiked water, and it was applied to the analysis of natural water samples and sediments.","Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of chromium(VI) by on-line preconcentration system using a PTFE packed column Abs: A new, sensitive and robust time-based flow injection (FI) method for on-line preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of chromium(VI) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has been elaborated. The sample is initially mixed on-line with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and the Cr(VI)-PDC chelate is absorbed quantitatively on a mini-column packed with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) turnings at a pH range 0.8-1.4. The complex is subsequently eluted with isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) and introduced directly into the nebulizer-burner system. The optimized system offered improved performance characteristics, with unlimited lifetime of the proposed column. The enhancement factor was 80, for a 3-min preconcentration time and the sample frequency was 18 h(-1). The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 1-40 mug l(-1) with a detection limit of c(L)=0.8 mug l(-1) and a relative standard deviation of s(r)=3.2%, at the 20 mug l(-1) level. The proposed method was evaluated by analyzing samples of certified and spiked water, and it was applied to the analysis of natural water samples and sediments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786376,Narayani and  Shetty 2013,Chromium-Resistant Bacteria and Their Environmental Condition for Hexavalent Chromium Removal: A Review,,Chromium-Resistant Bacteria and Their Environmental Condition for Hexavalent Chromium Removal: A Review Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231950,Asatiani et al. 2004,Effect of chromium(VI) action on Arthrobacter oxydans,"Arthrobacter species is of interest because of its high potential for bioremediation. Bacteria can detoxify chromium, by either reduction or accumulation inside the bacteria and/or absorption of chromium(VI) (CrVI) on their surface, and efflux pump. The possible pathway of Cr(VI) reduction by Arthrobacter oxydans isolated from Columbia basalt rocks at a US DOE highly contaminated site (USA) has been considered in the present study. FTIR absorption spectroscopy showed that these bacteria reduce Cr(VI). In the present study the threshold Cr(VI) nontoxic concentration (35 microg/mL) for A. oxydans growing in liquid medium was estimated. Complete uptake of this concentration was achieved in about 10 days after chromium addition into the medium. At this concentration an increase in the protein isolated from the cell wall of A. oxydans was observed. This increased protein predominated independently of the growth phase at which Cr(VI) was added. Thermal analysis was used to identify any influence of Cr(VI) on the DNP complex of A. oxydans. According to the data obtained it can be supposed that Cr(VI) reduction predominantly occurs on the bacterial surface and that cell wall represents a permeable barrier for these bacteria at the non-toxic chromium action.","Effect of chromium(VI) action on Arthrobacter oxydans Abs: Arthrobacter species is of interest because of its high potential for bioremediation. Bacteria can detoxify chromium, by either reduction or accumulation inside the bacteria and/or absorption of chromium(VI) (CrVI) on their surface, and efflux pump. The possible pathway of Cr(VI) reduction by Arthrobacter oxydans isolated from Columbia basalt rocks at a US DOE highly contaminated site (USA) has been considered in the present study. FTIR absorption spectroscopy showed that these bacteria reduce Cr(VI). In the present study the threshold Cr(VI) nontoxic concentration (35 microg/mL) for A. oxydans growing in liquid medium was estimated. Complete uptake of this concentration was achieved in about 10 days after chromium addition into the medium. At this concentration an increase in the protein isolated from the cell wall of A. oxydans was observed. This increased protein predominated independently of the growth phase at which Cr(VI) was added. Thermal analysis was used to identify any influence of Cr(VI) on the DNP complex of A. oxydans. According to the data obtained it can be supposed that Cr(VI) reduction predominantly occurs on the bacterial surface and that cell wall represents a permeable barrier for these bacteria at the non-toxic chromium action.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
49025,Essington and  Mattigod 1991,Trace element solid-phase associations in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A scheme involving the use of particle size, density, and magnetic susceptibility was applied to sewage sludge and sewage-sludge-amended soil to isolate trace-element-bearing soils for identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM). The heavy-density (> 2.96 Mg m-3) fractions of the sludge and amended soil contained barite, celestite, lead silicate, lead phosphate, chromium oxide or oxyhydroxide, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Vanadium was associated with Ti, Ca, Si, and Fe in amended soil particles, suggesting its occurrence in titanite. The heavy-density fractions also contained trace-element-bearing particles of industrial origin, including Sb, Cr-Fe, Cr-Ni-Fe, Zn-Sn, Cr-Zn-Fe, Sn-Fe-Cu-Zn, Pb-Cr, Pb-Sn, W-Se, and Co-Cr elemental associations. Trace-element-bearing particles contained in the light-density (2.10 Mg m-3) fractions of the sludge and sludge-amended soil were similar to those identif","Trace element solid-phase associations in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A scheme involving the use of particle size, density, and magnetic susceptibility was applied to sewage sludge and sewage-sludge-amended soil to isolate trace-element-bearing soils for identification by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM). The heavy-density (> 2.96 Mg m-3) fractions of the sludge and amended soil contained barite, celestite, lead silicate, lead phosphate, chromium oxide or oxyhydroxide, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Vanadium was associated with Ti, Ca, Si, and Fe in amended soil particles, suggesting its occurrence in titanite. The heavy-density fractions also contained trace-element-bearing particles of industrial origin, including Sb, Cr-Fe, Cr-Ni-Fe, Zn-Sn, Cr-Zn-Fe, Sn-Fe-Cu-Zn, Pb-Cr, Pb-Sn, W-Se, and Co-Cr elemental associations. Trace-element-bearing particles contained in the light-density (2.10 Mg m-3) fractions of the sludge and sludge-amended soil were similar to those identif",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509907,Kushwaha et al. 2012,A spectroscopic study for understanding the speciation of Cr on palm shell based adsorbents and their application for the remediation of chrome plating effluents,Palm shell based adsorbents prepared under five different thermochemical conditions have been shown to be quite effective for removal of chromium (III and VI) from aqueous solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to determine information about the speciation and binding of chromium on the adsorbents under study. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate that oxidation of lignin moieties takes place concurrently to Cr(VI) reduction and leads to the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl functions. The maximum adsorption capacity for hexavalent chromium was found to be about 313 mg/g in an acidic medium using PAPSP. This is comparable to other natural substrates and ordinary adsorbents. The efficacy of the adsorbents under study to remove chromium from plating waste water has been demonstrated.,A spectroscopic study for understanding the speciation of Cr on palm shell based adsorbents and their application for the remediation of chrome plating effluents Abs: Palm shell based adsorbents prepared under five different thermochemical conditions have been shown to be quite effective for removal of chromium (III and VI) from aqueous solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to determine information about the speciation and binding of chromium on the adsorbents under study. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicate that oxidation of lignin moieties takes place concurrently to Cr(VI) reduction and leads to the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl functions. The maximum adsorption capacity for hexavalent chromium was found to be about 313 mg/g in an acidic medium using PAPSP. This is comparable to other natural substrates and ordinary adsorbents. The efficacy of the adsorbents under study to remove chromium from plating waste water has been demonstrated.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
14029,Kiilunen et al. 1983,Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust,"The excretion of chromium in the urine of workers exposed to chromium lignosulfonate was studied. The chromium in the dust was in the trivalent (III) oxidation state, and 30% of the particles were less than 5 micron in diameter. Chromium (III) lignosulfonate dust was rapidly absorbed, and a peak of urinary excretion was seen immediately after exposure. No appreciable accumulation of chromium occurred over 3 d, as evaluated by comparison with preshift urinary chromium concentrations. The addition of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate to the urine of exposed persons greatly enhanced the capacity of chromium to traverse a dialysis membrane; the same effect was seen with chromium (III) chloride. It is concluded that chromium (III) lignosulfonate yields chromium (III), which acts pharmacokinetically like water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds.","Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust Abs: The excretion of chromium in the urine of workers exposed to chromium lignosulfonate was studied. The chromium in the dust was in the trivalent (III) oxidation state, and 30% of the particles were less than 5 micron in diameter. Chromium (III) lignosulfonate dust was rapidly absorbed, and a peak of urinary excretion was seen immediately after exposure. No appreciable accumulation of chromium occurred over 3 d, as evaluated by comparison with preshift urinary chromium concentrations. The addition of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate to the urine of exposed persons greatly enhanced the capacity of chromium to traverse a dialysis membrane; the same effect was seen with chromium (III) chloride. It is concluded that chromium (III) lignosulfonate yields chromium (III), which acts pharmacokinetically like water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510359,Maitra et al. 2001,Differential effects of mitomycin D and doxorubicin on P-glycoprotein expression,,Differential effects of mitomycin D and doxorubicin on P-glycoprotein expression Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577752,Souriau et al. 2008,Characterization of Threading Dislocations in Thin Germanium Layers by Defect Etching: Toward Chromium and HF-Free Solution,,Characterization of Threading Dislocations in Thin Germanium Layers by Defect Etching: Toward Chromium and HF-Free Solution Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576692,Boge et al. 1988,EFFECTS OF NON LETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON INTESTINAL ENZYMOLOGY OF SALMO-GAIRDNERI AND DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX (PISCES),,EFFECTS OF NON LETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON INTESTINAL ENZYMOLOGY OF SALMO-GAIRDNERI AND DICENTRARCHUS-LABRAX (PISCES) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231478,Contreras et al. 2011,"Biological Cr(VI) removal coupled with biomass growth, biomass decay, and multiple substrate limitation","In this work, a mathematical model for the biological reduction of Cr(VI), carbon and nitrogen sources consumption, and biomass growth under fully aerobic conditions was developed. The model comprises three types of aerobic heterotrophic cells (non-growing cells, growing cells with chromate reductase activity, and growing cells that have lost the chromate reductase activity), and five soluble compounds (organic substrate, ammonia nitrogen, non-metabolizable soluble products, dissolved oxygen, and hexavalent chromium). Two processes are considered responsible for the reduction of Cr(VI). The first one is the reduction of Cr(VI) coupled with growth, the second process is coupled with the endogenous decay of the biomass. The model was calibrated using the results obtained in batch cultures in the absence of carbon and nitrogen sources, using different initial Cr(VI) concentrations (0-100 mgCr L(-1)), two carbon sources (cheese whey and lactose), and different initial nitrogen to carbon ratio (0-50 mgN gCOD(-1)). The calibrated model was used to calculate steady-state values of TSS, soluble COD, TAN and Cr(VI) in continuous systems, obtaining a good agreement with the experimental data. The model also accurately predicted the transient concentration of Cr(VI) as a function of time in response to step changes of the inlet Cr(VI) concentration in continuous systems.","Biological Cr(VI) removal coupled with biomass growth, biomass decay, and multiple substrate limitation Abs: In this work, a mathematical model for the biological reduction of Cr(VI), carbon and nitrogen sources consumption, and biomass growth under fully aerobic conditions was developed. The model comprises three types of aerobic heterotrophic cells (non-growing cells, growing cells with chromate reductase activity, and growing cells that have lost the chromate reductase activity), and five soluble compounds (organic substrate, ammonia nitrogen, non-metabolizable soluble products, dissolved oxygen, and hexavalent chromium). Two processes are considered responsible for the reduction of Cr(VI). The first one is the reduction of Cr(VI) coupled with growth, the second process is coupled with the endogenous decay of the biomass. The model was calibrated using the results obtained in batch cultures in the absence of carbon and nitrogen sources, using different initial Cr(VI) concentrations (0-100 mgCr L(-1)), two carbon sources (cheese whey and lactose), and different initial nitrogen to carbon ratio (0-50 mgN gCOD(-1)). The calibrated model was used to calculate steady-state values of TSS, soluble COD, TAN and Cr(VI) in continuous systems, obtaining a good agreement with the experimental data. The model also accurately predicted the transient concentration of Cr(VI) as a function of time in response to step changes of the inlet Cr(VI) concentration in continuous systems.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233768,Luque-García and  Luque de Castro 2002,Continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction of hexavalent chromium from soil with or without on-line preconcentration prior to photometric monitoring,"A continuous ultrasound-assisted extractor was coupled to a photometric detector in order to obtain a fully automated approach for the determination of CrVI in soil. The use of a flow injection (FI) manifold as interface between the extractor and the photometric detector allowed the monitoring of CrVI after extraction in a continuous manner. The coloured complex formed between 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and CrVI was used as recommended in EPA method 7196A because it is one of the most sensitive and selective reactions for CrVI determination. A preconcentration minicolumn packed with a strong anion-exchange resin was placed between the extractor and the detector, providing a more sensitive method. The linear dynamic ranges were 1-10 and 0.25-7.5 mg l-1 for the methods without (method A) and with preconcentration (method B), respectively. The limits of detection were 4.52 ng for method A and 1.23 ng for method B. Both methods were applied to a natural contaminated soil and the results obtained agreed well with those obtained by the reference EPA method 3060A. The influence of different amounts of CrIII in the samples was also studied and the results showed that the proposed methods did not disturb the original species distribution.","Continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction of hexavalent chromium from soil with or without on-line preconcentration prior to photometric monitoring Abs: A continuous ultrasound-assisted extractor was coupled to a photometric detector in order to obtain a fully automated approach for the determination of CrVI in soil. The use of a flow injection (FI) manifold as interface between the extractor and the photometric detector allowed the monitoring of CrVI after extraction in a continuous manner. The coloured complex formed between 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and CrVI was used as recommended in EPA method 7196A because it is one of the most sensitive and selective reactions for CrVI determination. A preconcentration minicolumn packed with a strong anion-exchange resin was placed between the extractor and the detector, providing a more sensitive method. The linear dynamic ranges were 1-10 and 0.25-7.5 mg l-1 for the methods without (method A) and with preconcentration (method B), respectively. The limits of detection were 4.52 ng for method A and 1.23 ng for method B. Both methods were applied to a natural contaminated soil and the results obtained agreed well with those obtained by the reference EPA method 3060A. The influence of different amounts of CrIII in the samples was also studied and the results showed that the proposed methods did not disturb the original species distribution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510617,Blake et al. 1993,CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF TOXIC METALS BY A PSEUDOMONAS STRAIN FROM A TOXIC-WASTE SITE,,CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF TOXIC METALS BY A PSEUDOMONAS STRAIN FROM A TOXIC-WASTE SITE Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
897463,Shifu et al. 2008,Preparation and activity evaluation of p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2,"p-n Junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC4H9)4] as the raw materials. The p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 was characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflection spectrum, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-) and photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B. The results show that, for photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-), the optimum percentage of doped-NiO is 0.5% (mole ratio of Ni/Ti). The photocatalytic activity of the p-n junction NiO/TiO2 is much higher than that of TiO2 on the photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-). However, the photocatalytic activity of the p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 is much lower than that of TiO2 on the photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B. Namely, the p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 has higher photocatalytic reduction activity, but lower photocatalytic oxidation activity. Effects of heat treatment on the photocatalytic activity of p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 were investigated. The mechanisms of influence on the photocatalytic activity were also discussed by the p-n junction principle.","Preparation and activity evaluation of p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 Abs: p-n Junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC4H9)4] as the raw materials. The p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 was characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflection spectrum, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was evaluated by photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-) and photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B. The results show that, for photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-), the optimum percentage of doped-NiO is 0.5% (mole ratio of Ni/Ti). The photocatalytic activity of the p-n junction NiO/TiO2 is much higher than that of TiO2 on the photocatalytic reduction of Cr2O7(2-). However, the photocatalytic activity of the p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 is much lower than that of TiO2 on the photocatalytic oxidation of rhodamine B. Namely, the p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 has higher photocatalytic reduction activity, but lower photocatalytic oxidation activity. Effects of heat treatment on the photocatalytic activity of p-n junction photocatalyst NiO/TiO2 were investigated. The mechanisms of influence on the photocatalytic activity were also discussed by the p-n junction principle.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786438,Xie et al. 2013,Comparative study of chromium biosorption by Mesorhizobium amorphae strain CCNWGS0123 in single and binary mixtures,"The appearance of chromium in the aqueous effluent is a major concern for the modern industry. In this work, Mesorhizobium amorphae strain CCNWGS0123 was investigated as a biosorbent to remove chromium from aqueous solutions. The optimum pH for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) biosorption were 4 and 2, respectively. This isolate showed an experimental maximum Cr(III) adsorption capacity of 53.52 mg?L(-1), while the result was 47.67 mg?L(-1) for Cr(VI), with an initial 100 mg?L(-1) Cr ions and 1.0 g?L(-1) biomass. In terms of time equilibrium, Cr(III) ion was more readily adsorbed than Cr(VI) by this isolate. The biosorption data of both ions fit the Langmuir isotherm better than that of Freundlich model. Meanwhile, this organism exhibited a good capability to release Cr ions, with desorption efficiency of 70 % for Cr(III) and 76 % for Cr(VI). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that -OH, -COO, -NH, amide I, and C=O were involved in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding. The biosorbent was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, which indicated an accumulation of chromium on the cellular level. In the binary mixtures, the removal ratio of total Cr and Cr(III) increased from pH?2 to 4. The highest removal ratio of the total Cr was observed in the 25/25 mg?L(-1) mixture at pH?4. In addition, the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was closely influenced by Cr(III) in the mixture, decreasing to 23.57 mg?g(-1) in the 100/100 mg?L(-1) mixture system, due to the competition of Cr(III). The potential usage of the chromium-resistant rhizobium for the remediation of chromium-contaminated effluents has been demonstrated based on the above results.","Comparative study of chromium biosorption by Mesorhizobium amorphae strain CCNWGS0123 in single and binary mixtures Abs: The appearance of chromium in the aqueous effluent is a major concern for the modern industry. In this work, Mesorhizobium amorphae strain CCNWGS0123 was investigated as a biosorbent to remove chromium from aqueous solutions. The optimum pH for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) biosorption were 4 and 2, respectively. This isolate showed an experimental maximum Cr(III) adsorption capacity of 53.52 mg?L(-1), while the result was 47.67 mg?L(-1) for Cr(VI), with an initial 100 mg?L(-1) Cr ions and 1.0 g?L(-1) biomass. In terms of time equilibrium, Cr(III) ion was more readily adsorbed than Cr(VI) by this isolate. The biosorption data of both ions fit the Langmuir isotherm better than that of Freundlich model. Meanwhile, this organism exhibited a good capability to release Cr ions, with desorption efficiency of 70 % for Cr(III) and 76 % for Cr(VI). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that -OH, -COO, -NH, amide I, and C=O were involved in Cr(III) and Cr(VI) binding. The biosorbent was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, which indicated an accumulation of chromium on the cellular level. In the binary mixtures, the removal ratio of total Cr and Cr(III) increased from pH?2 to 4. The highest removal ratio of the total Cr was observed in the 25/25 mg?L(-1) mixture at pH?4. In addition, the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) was closely influenced by Cr(III) in the mixture, decreasing to 23.57 mg?g(-1) in the 100/100 mg?L(-1) mixture system, due to the competition of Cr(III). The potential usage of the chromium-resistant rhizobium for the remediation of chromium-contaminated effluents has been demonstrated based on the above results.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786223,Liao et al. ,Physicochemical and biological quality of soil in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils as affected by chemical and microbial remediation,"Chemical and microbial methods are the main remediation technologies for chromium-contaminated soil. These technologies have progressed rapidly in recent years; however, there is still a lack of methods for evaluating the chemical and biological quality of soil after different remediation technologies have been applied. In this paper, microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria and chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate were used for the remediation of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels (80 and 1,276 mg kg(-1)) through a column leaching experiment. After microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, the average concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the soils was reduced to less than 5.0 mg kg(-1). Soil quality was evaluated based on 11 soil properties and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, including fuzzy mathematics and correlative analysis. The chemical fertility quality index was improved by one grade using microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, and the biological fertility quality index increased by at least a factor of 6. Chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate, however, resulted in lower levels of available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The result showed that microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria was more effective for remedying Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with high pH value than chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate. In addition, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality change in chromium-contaminated soils.","Physicochemical and biological quality of soil in hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils as affected by chemical and microbial remediation Abs: Chemical and microbial methods are the main remediation technologies for chromium-contaminated soil. These technologies have progressed rapidly in recent years; however, there is still a lack of methods for evaluating the chemical and biological quality of soil after different remediation technologies have been applied. In this paper, microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria and chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate were used for the remediation of soils contaminated with Cr(VI) at two levels (80 and 1,276 mg kg(-1)) through a column leaching experiment. After microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, the average concentration of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the soils was reduced to less than 5.0 mg kg(-1). Soil quality was evaluated based on 11 soil properties and the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, including fuzzy mathematics and correlative analysis. The chemical fertility quality index was improved by one grade using microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria, and the biological fertility quality index increased by at least a factor of 6. Chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate, however, resulted in lower levels of available phosphorus, dehydrogenase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The result showed that microbial remediation with indigenous bacteria was more effective for remedying Cr(VI)-contaminated soils with high pH value than chemical remediation with ferrous sulphate. In addition, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality change in chromium-contaminated soils.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231679,Samaras et al. 2009,Effect of hexavalent chromium on the activated sludge process and on the sludge protozoan community,"The objectives of this study were the determination of chromium effects to the performance of an activated sludge unit and the investigation of the response of the activated sludge protozoan community to Cr(VI). Two bench scale activated sludge reactors were supplied with synthetic sewage containing Cr(VI), at concentrations from 1 up to 50 mg L(-1). Protozoan species were identified and were related to the system efficiency. Variations in the abundance and diversity of the protozoan species were observed under various chromium concentrations. High removal rates of organics and nutrients were observed after the acclimatization of the activated sludge, which were related to the initial chromium(VI) concentration. Chromium(VI) removal efficiency was high in all cases. The protistan community was affected by the influent chromium content. Dominance of sessile species was observed in the reactor receiving 5 mg L(-1) influent chromium, whereas co-dominance of sessile and carnivorous species was observed in the reactors receiving higher chromium concentrations.","Effect of hexavalent chromium on the activated sludge process and on the sludge protozoan community Abs: The objectives of this study were the determination of chromium effects to the performance of an activated sludge unit and the investigation of the response of the activated sludge protozoan community to Cr(VI). Two bench scale activated sludge reactors were supplied with synthetic sewage containing Cr(VI), at concentrations from 1 up to 50 mg L(-1). Protozoan species were identified and were related to the system efficiency. Variations in the abundance and diversity of the protozoan species were observed under various chromium concentrations. High removal rates of organics and nutrients were observed after the acclimatization of the activated sludge, which were related to the initial chromium(VI) concentration. Chromium(VI) removal efficiency was high in all cases. The protistan community was affected by the influent chromium content. Dominance of sessile species was observed in the reactor receiving 5 mg L(-1) influent chromium, whereas co-dominance of sessile and carnivorous species was observed in the reactors receiving higher chromium concentrations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234153,Brändli et al. 2009,Quantification of activated carbon contents in soils and sediments using chemothermal and wet oxidation methods,"Activated carbon (AC) strongly sorbs organic pollutants and can be used for remediation of soils and sediments. A method for AC quantification is essential to monitor AC (re)distribution. Since AC is black carbon (BC), two methods for BC quantification were tested for AC mixed in different soils and sediments: i) chemothermal oxidation (CTO) at a range of temperatures and ii) wet-chemical oxidation with a potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution. For three soils, the amount of AC was accurately determined by CTO at 375 degrees C. For two sediments, however, much of the AC disappeared during combustion at 375 degrees C, which could probably be explained by catalytic effects by sediment constituents. CTO at lower temperatures (325-350 degrees C) was a feasible alternative for one of the sediments. Wet oxidation effectively functioned for AC quantification in sediments, with almost complete AC recovery (81-92%) and low remaining amounts of native organic carbon (5-16%).","Quantification of activated carbon contents in soils and sediments using chemothermal and wet oxidation methods Abs: Activated carbon (AC) strongly sorbs organic pollutants and can be used for remediation of soils and sediments. A method for AC quantification is essential to monitor AC (re)distribution. Since AC is black carbon (BC), two methods for BC quantification were tested for AC mixed in different soils and sediments: i) chemothermal oxidation (CTO) at a range of temperatures and ii) wet-chemical oxidation with a potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution. For three soils, the amount of AC was accurately determined by CTO at 375 degrees C. For two sediments, however, much of the AC disappeared during combustion at 375 degrees C, which could probably be explained by catalytic effects by sediment constituents. CTO at lower temperatures (325-350 degrees C) was a feasible alternative for one of the sediments. Wet oxidation effectively functioned for AC quantification in sediments, with almost complete AC recovery (81-92%) and low remaining amounts of native organic carbon (5-16%).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510535,Saravanan et al. 2011,Synthesis and Photophysics of Some Novel Imidazole Derivatives Used as Sensitive Fluorescent Chemisensors,,Synthesis and Photophysics of Some Novel Imidazole Derivatives Used as Sensitive Fluorescent Chemisensors Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577809,Rawson et al. 2010,Voltammetric Behavior of DNA and Its Derivatives Using Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes and Its Possible Application in Genotoxicity Screening,,Voltammetric Behavior of DNA and Its Derivatives Using Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes and Its Possible Application in Genotoxicity Screening Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510204,Pope and  Watt 2004,"Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Pennsauken Township and Vicinity, New Jersey","Scientific investigations rept. ed in cooperation with Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. tomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system is one of the primary sources of potable water in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, particularly in heavily developed areas along the Delaware River. In Pennsauken Township, Camden County, local drinking-water supplies from this aquifer system have been contaminated by hexavalent chromium at concentrations that exceed the New Jersey maximum contaminant level. In particular, ground water at the Puchack well field has been adversely affected to the point where, since 1984, water is no longer withdrawn from this well field for public supply. The area that contains the Puchack well field was added to the National Priorities List in 1998 as a Superfund site. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a reconnaissance study from 1996 to 1998 during which hydrogeologic and water-quality data were collected and a ground-water-flow model was developed to describe the conditions in the aquifer system in the Pennsauken Township area. The current investigation by the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is an extension of the previous study. Results of the current study can be applied to a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study conducted at the Puchack well field Superfund site.","Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Pennsauken Township and Vicinity, New Jersey Abs: Scientific investigations rept. ed in cooperation with Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. tomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system is one of the primary sources of potable water in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, particularly in heavily developed areas along the Delaware River. In Pennsauken Township, Camden County, local drinking-water supplies from this aquifer system have been contaminated by hexavalent chromium at concentrations that exceed the New Jersey maximum contaminant level. In particular, ground water at the Puchack well field has been adversely affected to the point where, since 1984, water is no longer withdrawn from this well field for public supply. The area that contains the Puchack well field was added to the National Priorities List in 1998 as a Superfund site. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a reconnaissance study from 1996 to 1998 during which hydrogeologic and water-quality data were collected and a ground-water-flow model was developed to describe the conditions in the aquifer system in the Pennsauken Township area. The current investigation by the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is an extension of the previous study. Results of the current study can be applied to a Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study conducted at the Puchack well field Superfund site.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232155,Lehmann et al. 2001,Modelling the sorption of metals from aqueous solutions on goethite fixed-beds,"The research on separation methods of toxic metals from wastewater streams is continuous and intensive and, among them, sorption processes are considered of particular importance, mainly due to their effectiveness. The sorption of chromate anions and zinc cations from dilute aqueous solutions using a packed-bed (column configuration) of synthesised granulated goethite was investigated in the present study. The examined parameters during this investigation were the following: (1) the initial pH value of metal-laden aqueous solution (two representative values at acidic pH, 3.5 and 5.0, were tested); (2) the quantity of sorbent in the column, corresponding to bed height; and (3) the influence of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) addition, a common, strong chelating agent. The Bed Depth-Service Time model has been applied to the sorption results in order to model the column operation. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) anions by the sorptive column was found to be higher than that of Zn(II) cations. The presence of EDTA caused a certain decrease of removal efficiency for the case of hexavalent chromium, due to competition for the same sorption sites, while the removal of divalent zinc was increased, due to variation of cation speciation.","Modelling the sorption of metals from aqueous solutions on goethite fixed-beds Abs: The research on separation methods of toxic metals from wastewater streams is continuous and intensive and, among them, sorption processes are considered of particular importance, mainly due to their effectiveness. The sorption of chromate anions and zinc cations from dilute aqueous solutions using a packed-bed (column configuration) of synthesised granulated goethite was investigated in the present study. The examined parameters during this investigation were the following: (1) the initial pH value of metal-laden aqueous solution (two representative values at acidic pH, 3.5 and 5.0, were tested); (2) the quantity of sorbent in the column, corresponding to bed height; and (3) the influence of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) addition, a common, strong chelating agent. The Bed Depth-Service Time model has been applied to the sorption results in order to model the column operation. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) anions by the sorptive column was found to be higher than that of Zn(II) cations. The presence of EDTA caused a certain decrease of removal efficiency for the case of hexavalent chromium, due to competition for the same sorption sites, while the removal of divalent zinc was increased, due to variation of cation speciation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1290211,Levina et al. 2001,Disproportionation of a model chromium(V) complex causes extensive chromium(III)-DNA binding in vitro,"The first direct evidence for the role of Cr(V) complexes in the formation of potentially mutagenic Cr(III)-DNA adducts has been obtained. A model complex for the stabilized Cr(V) species formed in Cr(VI)-treated cells, [Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)]-[ehba = 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoato(2-)], rapidly disproportionates in HEPES buffers at pH 7.4 [3 Cr(V) --&gt; 2 Cr(VI) + Cr(III)], and the formed Cr(III) species undergo efficient ionic binding to DNA, followed by slower covalent binding. The extent of Cr(III)-DNA binding significantly exceeds that caused by [Cr(III)(OH(2))(6)](3+) or by the Cr(III) products of Cr(VI) reductions under similar conditions. The Cr(III)-DNA binding can be dramatically reduced by the ability of the reaction medium (e.g., phosphate buffer) to form complexes with Cr(III) during and after the disproportionation reaction. A mechanism of Cr(III)-DNA binding caused by Cr(V) disproportionation has been proposed on the basis of stoichiometric and kinetic studies.","Disproportionation of a model chromium(V) complex causes extensive chromium(III)-DNA binding in vitro Abs: The first direct evidence for the role of Cr(V) complexes in the formation of potentially mutagenic Cr(III)-DNA adducts has been obtained. A model complex for the stabilized Cr(V) species formed in Cr(VI)-treated cells, [Cr(V)O(ehba)(2)]-[ehba = 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoato(2-)], rapidly disproportionates in HEPES buffers at pH 7.4 [3 Cr(V) --&gt; 2 Cr(VI) + Cr(III)], and the formed Cr(III) species undergo efficient ionic binding to DNA, followed by slower covalent binding. The extent of Cr(III)-DNA binding significantly exceeds that caused by [Cr(III)(OH(2))(6)](3+) or by the Cr(III) products of Cr(VI) reductions under similar conditions. The Cr(III)-DNA binding can be dramatically reduced by the ability of the reaction medium (e.g., phosphate buffer) to form complexes with Cr(III) during and after the disproportionation reaction. A mechanism of Cr(III)-DNA binding caused by Cr(V) disproportionation has been proposed on the basis of stoichiometric and kinetic studies.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578043,Liu et al. 2007,Microcalorimetry as a tool for Cr(VI) toxicity evaluation of human dermal fibroblasts,,Microcalorimetry as a tool for Cr(VI) toxicity evaluation of human dermal fibroblasts Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225414,Yuan et al. 2013,Chemical Mechanical Polishing Slurries for Chemically Vapor-Deposited Diamond Films,,Chemical Mechanical Polishing Slurries for Chemically Vapor-Deposited Diamond Films Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577819,Perikamana et al. 2013,Investigation onto feasibility of an adsorbent for chromium abatement with its extended application for real mine drainage water,"The feasibilities of the adsorbents ferrous modified calcined bauxite (FEMCB) and ferric modified calcined bauxite (FRMCB) in the abatement of Cr(VI) was investigated in the present study. The adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), electro diffraction spectra (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Parameter optimization of both adsorbents was done and performance efficiencies in the removal of Cr(VI) were compared. Although pH and temperature seemed to have no significant role in the removal efficiency of FEMCB, sorption by FRMCB was found to be depending on both. The optimum pH and temperature was found to be 5 ± 0.2, and 30°C, respectively. At optimum conditions, both adsorbents demonstrated removal efficiencies of &gt;99% for a concentration of 5 mg L(-1). Sorption of Cr(VI) by FEMCB followed Freundlich isotherm model, while that of FRMCB fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. The isotherm parameters were optimized by minimizing the error functions. The kinetics of sorption by FEMCB followed a pseudo-second-order model confirming chemisorptive mechanism, while FRMCB followed pseudo-first-order. Thermodynamic study revealed that sorption process was spontaneous and that the rate limiting step was governed by film diffusion. Both the adsorbents showed removal efficiencies of &gt;99% in removing Cr(VI) from real sample of mine drainage water of concentration 1.86 mg L(-1) at optimum conditions.","Investigation onto feasibility of an adsorbent for chromium abatement with its extended application for real mine drainage water Abs: The feasibilities of the adsorbents ferrous modified calcined bauxite (FEMCB) and ferric modified calcined bauxite (FRMCB) in the abatement of Cr(VI) was investigated in the present study. The adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron micrographs (SEM), electro diffraction spectra (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Parameter optimization of both adsorbents was done and performance efficiencies in the removal of Cr(VI) were compared. Although pH and temperature seemed to have no significant role in the removal efficiency of FEMCB, sorption by FRMCB was found to be depending on both. The optimum pH and temperature was found to be 5 ± 0.2, and 30°C, respectively. At optimum conditions, both adsorbents demonstrated removal efficiencies of &gt;99% for a concentration of 5 mg L(-1). Sorption of Cr(VI) by FEMCB followed Freundlich isotherm model, while that of FRMCB fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. The isotherm parameters were optimized by minimizing the error functions. The kinetics of sorption by FEMCB followed a pseudo-second-order model confirming chemisorptive mechanism, while FRMCB followed pseudo-first-order. Thermodynamic study revealed that sorption process was spontaneous and that the rate limiting step was governed by film diffusion. Both the adsorbents showed removal efficiencies of &gt;99% in removing Cr(VI) from real sample of mine drainage water of concentration 1.86 mg L(-1) at optimum conditions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231057,Bowes et al. 1981,Ultrastructural localisation of lactoferrin and glycoprotein in human bronchial glands,"The distribution of lactoferrin and glycoprotein in human bronchial glands has been studied by electron microscopy using an immunoperoxidase method to stain the former and a periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine sequence for the latter, each applied to ultrathin Epon sections. The distribution of lactoferrin corresponds to that of lysozyme. Lactoferrin and lysozyme are both confined to serous acini where the granules show a variable pattern of staining. Some serous granules are filled uniformly with lactoferrin, some lack lactoferrin in a small central core or a thin peripheral rim, and some are completely devoid of lactoferrin. Glycoprotein is present in all mucous granules but only certain serous granules. The latter may be filled uniformly with glycoprotein or glycoprotein may form a thin peripheral coat about centrally located lactoferrin and lysozyme. An electron-dense central core found in some serous granules contains neither glycoprotein, lactoferrin, nor lysozyme.","Ultrastructural localisation of lactoferrin and glycoprotein in human bronchial glands Abs: The distribution of lactoferrin and glycoprotein in human bronchial glands has been studied by electron microscopy using an immunoperoxidase method to stain the former and a periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine sequence for the latter, each applied to ultrathin Epon sections. The distribution of lactoferrin corresponds to that of lysozyme. Lactoferrin and lysozyme are both confined to serous acini where the granules show a variable pattern of staining. Some serous granules are filled uniformly with lactoferrin, some lack lactoferrin in a small central core or a thin peripheral rim, and some are completely devoid of lactoferrin. Glycoprotein is present in all mucous granules but only certain serous granules. The latter may be filled uniformly with glycoprotein or glycoprotein may form a thin peripheral coat about centrally located lactoferrin and lysozyme. An electron-dense central core found in some serous granules contains neither glycoprotein, lactoferrin, nor lysozyme.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516417,Sharma and  Forster 1994,A preliminary examination into the adsorption of hexavalent chromium using low-cost adsorbents,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Four organic wastes were tested as potential adsorbents for hexavalent chromium. The results showed that this type of material could certainly be considered for this purpose with the best results being achieved at pH vales of 1.5-3.0. The results also showed that cellulosic materials which had been subjected to some degree of anaerobic biodegradation were better adsorbents than fresh cellulosic material.,A preliminary examination into the adsorption of hexavalent chromium using low-cost adsorbents Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Four organic wastes were tested as potential adsorbents for hexavalent chromium. The results showed that this type of material could certainly be considered for this purpose with the best results being achieved at pH vales of 1.5-3.0. The results also showed that cellulosic materials which had been subjected to some degree of anaerobic biodegradation were better adsorbents than fresh cellulosic material.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1372966,Nygren and  Nilsson 1993,"Determination and speciation of chromium, copper and arsenic in wood and dust from CCA-impregnated timber","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Copper, chromium and arsenic are frequently used in preservatives for impregnantion of timber (CCA preservatives). These contain the more toxic forms, hexavalent chromium and trivalent arsenic. Speciation of these elemental forms is therefore essential for quality control of impregnation and for the safety of the work environment during impregnation of timber and in places where such timber is used. Methods for determination of copper, chromium and arsenic and for speciation of hexalvent chromium, tri- and pentavalent arsenic are presented and examples given of the determination of these compounds in wood and dust from impregnated timber. The level of preservative in wood purchased from ten retailers was 1.5-3%. No trivalent arsenic was found, but up to 20% of the chromium present was hexalvalent. This shows that impregnated timber with improperly fixed preservative is present on the market. Such timber can cause hazardous occupational exposure and may also confer reduce","Determination and speciation of chromium, copper and arsenic in wood and dust from CCA-impregnated timber Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Copper, chromium and arsenic are frequently used in preservatives for impregnantion of timber (CCA preservatives). These contain the more toxic forms, hexavalent chromium and trivalent arsenic. Speciation of these elemental forms is therefore essential for quality control of impregnation and for the safety of the work environment during impregnation of timber and in places where such timber is used. Methods for determination of copper, chromium and arsenic and for speciation of hexalvent chromium, tri- and pentavalent arsenic are presented and examples given of the determination of these compounds in wood and dust from impregnated timber. The level of preservative in wood purchased from ten retailers was 1.5-3%. No trivalent arsenic was found, but up to 20% of the chromium present was hexalvalent. This shows that impregnated timber with improperly fixed preservative is present on the market. Such timber can cause hazardous occupational exposure and may also confer reduce",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1574409,Cherevatyi 1963,[Effect of hexavalent chromium on the microorganism],,[Effect of hexavalent chromium on the microorganism] Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
164534,Vernay et al. 2007,"Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L","Contamination by chromium (Cr) is widespread in agricultural soils and industrial sites. This heavy metal represents a risk to human health. In order to gain fundamental insights into the nature of the adaptation to Cr excess, the characterisation of physiological indices, including responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence along with changes in mineral nutrient contents and water status were studied in ray grass (Lolium perenne L.). Increased concentrations of Cr(VI) (0-500 mu M Cr) in the Coic and Lessaint nutrient solution were applied. The growth of Lolium perenne is decreased by chromium and the leaves have lost their pigments. Chromium accumulation was greater in roots than in leaves and reached 2450 and 210 mu gg super(-) super(1) DW, respectively with 500 mu M Cr(VI) in nutrient medium. The physiological parameters were severely reduced by this heavy metal. Cr induced toxicity arising from 100 mu M Cr(VI) and resulted in a modification of mineral content in roots and leaves, especially for Ca, Mg and Fe. The chromium stress decreased CO sub(2) assimilation rates mainly due to stomatal closure, which reduced water loss by transpiration without decreasing the cellular available CO sub(2). The fluorescence parameters associated with photosystem II (PSII) activity and the photochemical activity are modified by chromium. Non-radiative energy dissipation mechanisms were triggered during stress since non-photochemical quenching was increased and efficiency of excitation capture by open centers was reduced.","Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L Abs: Contamination by chromium (Cr) is widespread in agricultural soils and industrial sites. This heavy metal represents a risk to human health. In order to gain fundamental insights into the nature of the adaptation to Cr excess, the characterisation of physiological indices, including responses of photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence along with changes in mineral nutrient contents and water status were studied in ray grass (Lolium perenne L.). Increased concentrations of Cr(VI) (0-500 mu M Cr) in the Coic and Lessaint nutrient solution were applied. The growth of Lolium perenne is decreased by chromium and the leaves have lost their pigments. Chromium accumulation was greater in roots than in leaves and reached 2450 and 210 mu gg super(-) super(1) DW, respectively with 500 mu M Cr(VI) in nutrient medium. The physiological parameters were severely reduced by this heavy metal. Cr induced toxicity arising from 100 mu M Cr(VI) and resulted in a modification of mineral content in roots and leaves, especially for Ca, Mg and Fe. The chromium stress decreased CO sub(2) assimilation rates mainly due to stomatal closure, which reduced water loss by transpiration without decreasing the cellular available CO sub(2). The fluorescence parameters associated with photosystem II (PSII) activity and the photochemical activity are modified by chromium. Non-radiative energy dissipation mechanisms were triggered during stress since non-photochemical quenching was increased and efficiency of excitation capture by open centers was reduced.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237552,Pantani et al. 1997,COMPARATIVE ACUTE TOXICITY OF SOME PESTICIDES METALS AND SURFACTANTS TO GAMMARUS ITALICUS GOEDM. AND ECHINOGAMMARUS TIBALDII PINK AND STOCK CRUSTACEA AMPHIPODA,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE GAMMARUS-ITALICUS ECHINOGAMMARUS-TIBALDII DAPHNIA-MAGNA PESTICIDES TOXICOLOGY FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS METALS TOXIN SURFACTANTS,COMPARATIVE ACUTE TOXICITY OF SOME PESTICIDES METALS AND SURFACTANTS TO GAMMARUS ITALICUS GOEDM. AND ECHINOGAMMARUS TIBALDII PINK AND STOCK CRUSTACEA AMPHIPODA Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE GAMMARUS-ITALICUS ECHINOGAMMARUS-TIBALDII DAPHNIA-MAGNA PESTICIDES TOXICOLOGY FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS METALS TOXIN SURFACTANTS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225544,Saha et al. 2013,Kinetics of micellar catalysis on oxidation of p-anisaldehyde to p-anisic acid in aqueous medium at room temperature,,Kinetics of micellar catalysis on oxidation of p-anisaldehyde to p-anisic acid in aqueous medium at room temperature Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516415,Shanker et al. 1995,Studies on se-cr interactions in mungbean using radiotracers,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article phaseolus-mungo selenium-chromium contaminant metals uptake hydroponic studies,Studies on se-cr interactions in mungbean using radiotracers Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm research article phaseolus-mungo selenium-chromium contaminant metals uptake hydroponic studies,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237346,Centeno M et al. 1993,INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTION PROCESSING AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF RESTING EGGS OF STREPTOCEPHALUS PROBOSCIDEUS CRUSTACEA BRANCHIOPODA ANOSTRACA ON THE SENSITIVITY OF LARVAE TO SELECTED REFERENCE TOXICANTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE STREPTOCEPHALUS-PROBOSCIDEUS DAPHNIA-MAGNA INVERTEBRATE AQUATIC TOXICITY WATER QUALITY,INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTION PROCESSING AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF RESTING EGGS OF STREPTOCEPHALUS PROBOSCIDEUS CRUSTACEA BRANCHIOPODA ANOSTRACA ON THE SENSITIVITY OF LARVAE TO SELECTED REFERENCE TOXICANTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE STREPTOCEPHALUS-PROBOSCIDEUS DAPHNIA-MAGNA INVERTEBRATE AQUATIC TOXICITY WATER QUALITY,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510106,Connelly 1997,Chromium Plume West of the 100-D/DR Reactors Data Supplement,"Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. the primary focuses of the Hanford Environmental Restoration program has been the protection of human health and the environment. One environmental threat is the chromium contamination in groundwater that is migrating to the Columbia River. In an effort to better characterize the nature and extent of groundwater impacting the Columbia River along the 100 Area shoreline, river substrate pore water samples were taken in November 1995 and analyzed for hexavalent chromium and other relevant parameters that could be screened in the field. One of the most surprising discoveries from this effort was the relatively high levels (approximately 600 Tg/L) in an unexpected location west of and upstream from the 100-D/DR Reactors. This area became known as the 'D-Area Hot Spot.'","Chromium Plume West of the 100-D/DR Reactors Data Supplement Abs: Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. the primary focuses of the Hanford Environmental Restoration program has been the protection of human health and the environment. One environmental threat is the chromium contamination in groundwater that is migrating to the Columbia River. In an effort to better characterize the nature and extent of groundwater impacting the Columbia River along the 100 Area shoreline, river substrate pore water samples were taken in November 1995 and analyzed for hexavalent chromium and other relevant parameters that could be screened in the field. One of the most surprising discoveries from this effort was the relatively high levels (approximately 600 Tg/L) in an unexpected location west of and upstream from the 100-D/DR Reactors. This area became known as the 'D-Area Hot Spot.'",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509734,Rao and  Rao 1973,Hydrazine sulphate as reagent for titrimetric determination of vanadium(V) and chromium(VI),"Conditions have been developed for the direct titration of vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) with hydrazine sulphate, barium diphenylaminesulphonate being used as indicator and osmium tetroxide as catalyst.","Hydrazine sulphate as reagent for titrimetric determination of vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) Abs: Conditions have been developed for the direct titration of vanadium(V) and chromium(VI) with hydrazine sulphate, barium diphenylaminesulphonate being used as indicator and osmium tetroxide as catalyst.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231245,Beaulieu et al. 1980,A comparison of aerosol sampling techniques: Open vs. closed-face filter cassettes,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Accepted practice by most professional industrial hygienists in government and industry is to use closed-face filter cassette techniques as standard sampling procedures for the majority of aerosols. A 2-phase field study was conducted to determine whether a gravimetric bias exists between open- and closed-face sampling methods. Phase I involved an in-depth analysis of the potential gravimetric viability as it applies to an industrial paint spray mist, and Phase II was a series of pilot studies, of small sample base, to determine if this phenomena exists over a range of aerosol types. Dusts of wood, grain, cellulose, Portland cement and perlite, welding fumes and chromic acid mist were sampled in Phase II. Paired breathing zone samples, open- and closed-face, 37 mm, 3-piece filter cassettes were utilized in both phases of the study; open-face concentrations were consistently higher than closed-face concentrations, with the exception of cellulose dust. Based on the concentration for both sampling techniques, the data suggest that closed-face sampling techniques (4.0 mm inlet diameter) might be size selective against large particles. This could lead to an underestimation of a worker's total aerosol exposure.","A comparison of aerosol sampling techniques: Open vs. closed-face filter cassettes Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Accepted practice by most professional industrial hygienists in government and industry is to use closed-face filter cassette techniques as standard sampling procedures for the majority of aerosols. A 2-phase field study was conducted to determine whether a gravimetric bias exists between open- and closed-face sampling methods. Phase I involved an in-depth analysis of the potential gravimetric viability as it applies to an industrial paint spray mist, and Phase II was a series of pilot studies, of small sample base, to determine if this phenomena exists over a range of aerosol types. Dusts of wood, grain, cellulose, Portland cement and perlite, welding fumes and chromic acid mist were sampled in Phase II. Paired breathing zone samples, open- and closed-face, 37 mm, 3-piece filter cassettes were utilized in both phases of the study; open-face concentrations were consistently higher than closed-face concentrations, with the exception of cellulose dust. Based on the concentration for both sampling techniques, the data suggest that closed-face sampling techniques (4.0 mm inlet diameter) might be size selective against large particles. This could lead to an underestimation of a worker's total aerosol exposure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577520,Bulgariu et al. 2008,Distribution and migration of chrome in urban soils - Case study: Iasi city (industrial zone),,Distribution and migration of chrome in urban soils - Case study: Iasi city (industrial zone) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578239,Rafique et al. 2010,Toxic Chromium from Tanneries Pollute Water Resources and Soils of Sialkot (Pakistan),"The present investigation reports the concentrations of total chromium and its species i e chromium (Cr (III) and Cr (VI)) assessed in soil drinking water and effluents of tanneries distributed in ten clusters of Sialkot District Pakistan 120 samples consisting 40 samples each of topsoil drinking water and composite wastewater were collected from the selected tannery clusters The chelation extraction and digestion method followed by atomic absorption spectrometer were used to analyze Cr (VI) and total Cr respectively in soil, wastewater and drinking water at 427 nm and 540 nm respectively The concentration of total chromium Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in wastewater drinking water and soil was found to be in range of (Cr) 16 12-36 83 mg/L 1 0483-3 1824 mg/L and 3 45-11 43 mg/kg (Cr (III) 0 97-13 25 mg/L 0-1 05 and 1 56-9 80 mg/kg and Cr (VI)11 6928 61 ppm 083 596 ppm and 2 12-11 86 ppm respectively The concentrations of chromium contents are above the National Environmental Standard of Pakistan It was found that pH above 6 leads to higher concentration of Cr (VI) in the samples due to oxidation behavior The study recommends the treatment of wastewater before being discharged","Toxic Chromium from Tanneries Pollute Water Resources and Soils of Sialkot (Pakistan) Abs: The present investigation reports the concentrations of total chromium and its species i e chromium (Cr (III) and Cr (VI)) assessed in soil drinking water and effluents of tanneries distributed in ten clusters of Sialkot District Pakistan 120 samples consisting 40 samples each of topsoil drinking water and composite wastewater were collected from the selected tannery clusters The chelation extraction and digestion method followed by atomic absorption spectrometer were used to analyze Cr (VI) and total Cr respectively in soil, wastewater and drinking water at 427 nm and 540 nm respectively The concentration of total chromium Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in wastewater drinking water and soil was found to be in range of (Cr) 16 12-36 83 mg/L 1 0483-3 1824 mg/L and 3 45-11 43 mg/kg (Cr (III) 0 97-13 25 mg/L 0-1 05 and 1 56-9 80 mg/kg and Cr (VI)11 6928 61 ppm 083 596 ppm and 2 12-11 86 ppm respectively The concentrations of chromium contents are above the National Environmental Standard of Pakistan It was found that pH above 6 leads to higher concentration of Cr (VI) in the samples due to oxidation behavior The study recommends the treatment of wastewater before being discharged",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
52159,Barltrop and  Meek 1979,Effect of particle size on lead absorption from the gut,"The relationship between particle size and absorption of lead particles from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat has been investigated. Preparations of metallic lead of particle size between 0 and 250 micron were incorporated in laboratory rat diets and absorption determined by measurement of tissue lead concentrations attined under standard conditions. An inverse relationship was found between particle size and lead absorption; this relationship was most marked in the 0 to 100 micron range. A five-fold enhancement of absorption was observed from the diet with lead particles of mean size 6 micron, compared with 197 micron particle size. Lead absorption from dried pain films containing lead chromate and lead octoate was measured using a similar technique. A marked enhancement of absorption was observed for both paints when particle size was reduced from 500 to 1,000 micron to less than 50 micron.","Effect of particle size on lead absorption from the gut Abs: The relationship between particle size and absorption of lead particles from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat has been investigated. Preparations of metallic lead of particle size between 0 and 250 micron were incorporated in laboratory rat diets and absorption determined by measurement of tissue lead concentrations attined under standard conditions. An inverse relationship was found between particle size and lead absorption; this relationship was most marked in the 0 to 100 micron range. A five-fold enhancement of absorption was observed from the diet with lead particles of mean size 6 micron, compared with 197 micron particle size. Lead absorption from dried pain films containing lead chromate and lead octoate was measured using a similar technique. A marked enhancement of absorption was observed for both paints when particle size was reduced from 500 to 1,000 micron to less than 50 micron.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1576745,Mutti et al. 2012,[New perspectives in biomonitoring of metallic elements: the example of hexavalent chromium],"Plating industry is an important productive sector in all the national territory, because of its contribution to a high number of industrial products and crafts. In the chrome plating sector there is a specific chemical risk due to the exposure to compounds containing hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)]. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used to study both acute and long term exposure to Cr(VI) in chrome plating workers. Cr-EBC correlates with specific oxidative stress biomarkers. Moreover, both total Cr and its hexavalent fraction can be measured in EBC, which therefore is a promising biological fluid to assess the absorbed dose at the target organ level, the pulmonary reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) and in general its local pneumotoxic effects. EBC collection and analysis could give additional information to the traditional measures performed during biomonitoring.","[New perspectives in biomonitoring of metallic elements: the example of hexavalent chromium] Abs: Plating industry is an important productive sector in all the national territory, because of its contribution to a high number of industrial products and crafts. In the chrome plating sector there is a specific chemical risk due to the exposure to compounds containing hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)]. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used to study both acute and long term exposure to Cr(VI) in chrome plating workers. Cr-EBC correlates with specific oxidative stress biomarkers. Moreover, both total Cr and its hexavalent fraction can be measured in EBC, which therefore is a promising biological fluid to assess the absorbed dose at the target organ level, the pulmonary reduction kinetics of Cr(VI) and in general its local pneumotoxic effects. EBC collection and analysis could give additional information to the traditional measures performed during biomonitoring.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1574526,Görlitzer and  Klanck 1999,"[Five-ring analogs of nifedipine. 3. Synthesis and reactions of 1,4-dihydropyridines with 4-(4-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-substituents]","In the Hantzsch pyridine synthesis the 4-nitro-5-imidazolylcarbaldehydes 4 react with methyl 3-aminocrotonate or 3-aminocrotononitrile in acetic acid to yield the 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHP) 5 and 6. The corresponding pyridines 7 and 8 are obtained by oxidation with cerium(IV) or chromium(VI), respectively. Reduction of the nitro group in 7 with iron in acetic acid leads to the lactames 9, while from 8a the imidazolylamine 10 is isolated. Compound 8a reacts with dithionite to yield the cyclic amidine 11. Irradiation of the DHP 5 and 6b with UV-A light affords the 4-nitroso-5-imidazolyl-pyridines 12 and 13. The half wave potentials E1/2 of the DHP 5 were determined by anodic oxidation using difference pulse voltammetry (DPV); nifedipine was used as reference substance. The DHP 5 inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the platelet diffusion test.","[Five-ring analogs of nifedipine. 3. Synthesis and reactions of 1,4-dihydropyridines with 4-(4-nitro-5-imidazolyl)-substituents] Abs: In the Hantzsch pyridine synthesis the 4-nitro-5-imidazolylcarbaldehydes 4 react with methyl 3-aminocrotonate or 3-aminocrotononitrile in acetic acid to yield the 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHP) 5 and 6. The corresponding pyridines 7 and 8 are obtained by oxidation with cerium(IV) or chromium(VI), respectively. Reduction of the nitro group in 7 with iron in acetic acid leads to the lactames 9, while from 8a the imidazolylamine 10 is isolated. Compound 8a reacts with dithionite to yield the cyclic amidine 11. Irradiation of the DHP 5 and 6b with UV-A light affords the 4-nitroso-5-imidazolyl-pyridines 12 and 13. The half wave potentials E1/2 of the DHP 5 were determined by anodic oxidation using difference pulse voltammetry (DPV); nifedipine was used as reference substance. The DHP 5 inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the platelet diffusion test.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516383,Sato et al. 1988,Solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of chromium vi with crystal violet,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental pollution heavy metal degree of absorbance beer's law,Solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of chromium vi with crystal violet Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental pollution heavy metal degree of absorbance beer's law,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509810,Al Hasin et al. 2010,Remediation of chromium(VI) by a methane-oxidizing bacterium,"Methane-oxidizing bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and are globally important in oxidizing the potent greenhouse gas methane. It is also well recognized that they have wide potential for bioremediation of organic and chlorinated organic pollutants, thanks to the wide substrate ranges of the methane monooxygenase enzymes that they produce. Here we have demonstrated that the well characterized model methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is able to bioremediate chromium(VI) pollution over a wide range of concentrations (1.4-1000 mg L(-1) of Cr(6+)), thus extending the bioremediation potential of this major group of microorganisms to include an important heavy-metal pollutant. The chromium(VI) reduction reaction was dependent on the availability of reducing equivalents from the growth substrate methane and was partially inhibited by the metabolic poison sodium azide. X-ray spectroscopy showed that the cell-associated chromium was predominantly in the +3 oxidation state and associated with cell- or medium-derived moieties that were most likely phosphate groups. The genome sequence of Mc. capsulatus (Bath) suggests at least five candidate genes for the chromium(VI) reductase activity in this organism.","Remediation of chromium(VI) by a methane-oxidizing bacterium Abs: Methane-oxidizing bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and are globally important in oxidizing the potent greenhouse gas methane. It is also well recognized that they have wide potential for bioremediation of organic and chlorinated organic pollutants, thanks to the wide substrate ranges of the methane monooxygenase enzymes that they produce. Here we have demonstrated that the well characterized model methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is able to bioremediate chromium(VI) pollution over a wide range of concentrations (1.4-1000 mg L(-1) of Cr(6+)), thus extending the bioremediation potential of this major group of microorganisms to include an important heavy-metal pollutant. The chromium(VI) reduction reaction was dependent on the availability of reducing equivalents from the growth substrate methane and was partially inhibited by the metabolic poison sodium azide. X-ray spectroscopy showed that the cell-associated chromium was predominantly in the +3 oxidation state and associated with cell- or medium-derived moieties that were most likely phosphate groups. The genome sequence of Mc. capsulatus (Bath) suggests at least five candidate genes for the chromium(VI) reductase activity in this organism.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234800,Smith 1988,The use of renal cortical slices from the Fischer 344 rat as an in vitro model to evaluate nephrotoxicity,"The toxicity of several classical acute nephrotoxicants was evaluated in an in vitro system using renal cortical slices prepared from adult male Fischer 344 rats. Gentamicin, cephaloridine, 4-ipomeanol, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) were preincubated with slices for 2 hr at 37 degrees C at concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-1) M. Following preincubation, slices were removed, rinsed in medium lacking the nephrotoxicant, and subsequently incubated for 90 min at 25 degrees C for physiological assessment of proximal tubular functions. Using a single preparation, slices were monitored for organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and total glutathione (reduced and oxidized) concentrations. In addition, preincubation and incubation media were assessed for the presence of renal enzymes originating from brush border, cytosol, and lysosomes. The relative degree of toxicity in this model was consistent with nephrotoxic potency in vivo where HgCl2, K2Cr2O7 greater than HCBD greater than CCl4, cephaloridine greater than gentamicin greater than 4-ipomeanol. Effects on organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and glutathione concentrations occurred simultaneously for each toxicant. Toxicants produced different effects on enzyme release and malondialdehyde formation. These results suggest that toxicity produced in vitro is representative of in vivo nephrotoxicity and support the further use of this model to evaluate mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.","The use of renal cortical slices from the Fischer 344 rat as an in vitro model to evaluate nephrotoxicity Abs: The toxicity of several classical acute nephrotoxicants was evaluated in an in vitro system using renal cortical slices prepared from adult male Fischer 344 rats. Gentamicin, cephaloridine, 4-ipomeanol, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), mercuric chloride (HgCl2), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) were preincubated with slices for 2 hr at 37 degrees C at concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-1) M. Following preincubation, slices were removed, rinsed in medium lacking the nephrotoxicant, and subsequently incubated for 90 min at 25 degrees C for physiological assessment of proximal tubular functions. Using a single preparation, slices were monitored for organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and total glutathione (reduced and oxidized) concentrations. In addition, preincubation and incubation media were assessed for the presence of renal enzymes originating from brush border, cytosol, and lysosomes. The relative degree of toxicity in this model was consistent with nephrotoxic potency in vivo where HgCl2, K2Cr2O7 greater than HCBD greater than CCl4, cephaloridine greater than gentamicin greater than 4-ipomeanol. Effects on organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and glutathione concentrations occurred simultaneously for each toxicant. Toxicants produced different effects on enzyme release and malondialdehyde formation. These results suggest that toxicity produced in vitro is representative of in vivo nephrotoxicity and support the further use of this model to evaluate mechanisms of nephrotoxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786398,Saha et al. 2013,Choice of a suitable hetero-aromatic nitrogen base as promoter for chromic acid oxidation of dl-mandelic acid in aqueous media at room temperature,,Choice of a suitable hetero-aromatic nitrogen base as promoter for chromic acid oxidation of dl-mandelic acid in aqueous media at room temperature Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234529,Susa et al. 1998,Protective effect of diethyldithiocarbamate pretreatment on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes,"Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) for 15 min prior to exposure to K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked decrease in dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, pretreatment with DDTC attenuated the suppression of the level of vitamin E attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DDTC pretreatment had no effect on the cellular levels of glutathione or vitamin C or on the activity of the glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake or distribution of chromium was not affected by DDTC. These results indicate that the protective effect of DDTC on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation may be associated with the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin E.","Protective effect of diethyldithiocarbamate pretreatment on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes Abs: Pretreatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) for 15 min prior to exposure to K2Cr2O7 resulted in a marked decrease in dichromate-induced cytotoxicity, as evaluated by the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, and in lipid peroxidation, as monitored by malondialdehyde formation. In addition, pretreatment with DDTC attenuated the suppression of the level of vitamin E attributed to K2Cr2O7. However, DDTC pretreatment had no effect on the cellular levels of glutathione or vitamin C or on the activity of the glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or alkaline phosphatase suppressed by dichromate. Under the same experimental conditions, cellular uptake or distribution of chromium was not affected by DDTC. These results indicate that the protective effect of DDTC on chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation may be associated with the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin E.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235156,Bear and  Strode 1976,The determination of metallic iron in the presence of fayalite,"In a proposed new procedure the sample is treated with bromine, the excess of bromine removed, and the residue extracted with methanol. After filtration the filtrate is evaporated to remove methanol and the bromides are dissolved in hydrochloric acid for determination of metallic iron. The oxide residue from the filtration is fused in sodium peroxide and then dissolved in hydrochloric acid for the determination of iron present either as oxide or silicate. Iron in the hydrochloric acid solutions from the residue and filtrate is determined either by titration with standard potassium dichromate solution or by atomic-absorption spectrometry.","The determination of metallic iron in the presence of fayalite Abs: In a proposed new procedure the sample is treated with bromine, the excess of bromine removed, and the residue extracted with methanol. After filtration the filtrate is evaporated to remove methanol and the bromides are dissolved in hydrochloric acid for determination of metallic iron. The oxide residue from the filtration is fused in sodium peroxide and then dissolved in hydrochloric acid for the determination of iron present either as oxide or silicate. Iron in the hydrochloric acid solutions from the residue and filtrate is determined either by titration with standard potassium dichromate solution or by atomic-absorption spectrometry.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509705,Ouejhani et al. 2008,Application of Doehlert matrix to the study of electrochemical oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in order to recover chromium from wastewater tanning baths,"The aim of this study was to optimize simultaneously the chemical and faradic yields of electrochemical oxidation of chromium(III) to chromium(VI) over a titanium-platinum anode in order to recover trivalent chromium from aqueous and tanning baths effluent. A Doehlert design was used to optimize the significant experimental variables: concentration of chloride ions [Cl(-)] (mol L(-1)); temperature of reactional media T (degrees C); pH of reactional media; intensity of electrolysis current I (A); time of electrolysis t(h). The quadratic models of second degree relate chemical (R(C)) and faradic (R(F)) yields to the different variables affecting the electrochemical reaction were determined by the NEMROD software program. Having to study simultaneously two responses, the Pareto graphic analysis of effects was used. The results obtained in this study have shown that the current intensity and the electrolysis time were the main influent parameters on the removal ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium.","Application of Doehlert matrix to the study of electrochemical oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in order to recover chromium from wastewater tanning baths Abs: The aim of this study was to optimize simultaneously the chemical and faradic yields of electrochemical oxidation of chromium(III) to chromium(VI) over a titanium-platinum anode in order to recover trivalent chromium from aqueous and tanning baths effluent. A Doehlert design was used to optimize the significant experimental variables: concentration of chloride ions [Cl(-)] (mol L(-1)); temperature of reactional media T (degrees C); pH of reactional media; intensity of electrolysis current I (A); time of electrolysis t(h). The quadratic models of second degree relate chemical (R(C)) and faradic (R(F)) yields to the different variables affecting the electrochemical reaction were determined by the NEMROD software program. Having to study simultaneously two responses, the Pareto graphic analysis of effects was used. The results obtained in this study have shown that the current intensity and the electrolysis time were the main influent parameters on the removal ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509692,Carrington et al. 2006,Electrochemical deposition of sol-gel films for enhanced chromium(VI) determination in aqueous solutions,"A pyridine-functionalized sol-gel film has been formed by electrodeposition at a glassy carbon electrode surface. When this protonated film is exposed to a Cr(VI) solution, the Cr(VI) anions are preconcentrated at the electrode surface. Using square wave voltammetry, the Cr(VI) species are reduced to Cr(III), and a peak current corresponding to this reduction is generated at 0.17V. The peak currents can be correlated with the Cr(VI) concentration. The functionalized sol-gel films demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity for Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions, providing a limit of detection at the low ppb level. Interference studies also displayed the high selectivity of the films for Cr(VI), and the system was able to tolerate a large excess of Cr(III) with no adverse affects. The reported electrodeposition method of film formation uses commercially available reagents and yields films quickly and reproducibly. The growth of these sol-gel films was monitored using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and they were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reported work shows the promise of such an electrode for use in Cr(VI) sensing applications.","Electrochemical deposition of sol-gel films for enhanced chromium(VI) determination in aqueous solutions Abs: A pyridine-functionalized sol-gel film has been formed by electrodeposition at a glassy carbon electrode surface. When this protonated film is exposed to a Cr(VI) solution, the Cr(VI) anions are preconcentrated at the electrode surface. Using square wave voltammetry, the Cr(VI) species are reduced to Cr(III), and a peak current corresponding to this reduction is generated at 0.17V. The peak currents can be correlated with the Cr(VI) concentration. The functionalized sol-gel films demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity for Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions, providing a limit of detection at the low ppb level. Interference studies also displayed the high selectivity of the films for Cr(VI), and the system was able to tolerate a large excess of Cr(III) with no adverse affects. The reported electrodeposition method of film formation uses commercially available reagents and yields films quickly and reproducibly. The growth of these sol-gel films was monitored using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and they were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The reported work shows the promise of such an electrode for use in Cr(VI) sensing applications.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235577,Kubota et al. 2000,Effect of hemostatics used during operations for digestive organ on cancer cells present in the peritoneal cavity,"We investigated effects of hemostatics used during operations for digestive organ on cancer cells present in the peritoneal cavity using BALB/c mice inoculated with Meth A tumor cells (fibrosarcoma) intraperitoneally (i.p.) and C3H/He mice inoculated with MH134 tumor cell (hepatic cell carcinoma) i.p. Microfibrillar collagen hemostat (Avitene) or fibrinogen preparation (Beriplast P) did not affect survivals of those tumor-bearing mice. Gelatin sponge (Spongel)prolonged survivals of MH134 tumor-bearing mice. Liquid form gelatin used instead of Spongel displayed in vitro antitumor effect on MH134 tumor cells at the concentration of 15 mg/ml. Radioactive sodium chromate-labeled MH134 and Meth A tumor cells were not lysed when they were incubated with 15 mg/ml of liquid form gelatin for 24 hours. On the other hand, the tritium thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake by MH134 or RL male 1 tumor cells was suppressed when they were incubated with 15 mg/ml of liquid form gelatin for 24 hours. Proliferation of Meth A tumor cells were not affected by the treatment. Effect of liquid form gelatin on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated spleen cells as a benign counter-part of RL male 1 tumor cells (T cell lymphoma) was examined. Liquid form gelatin (15 mg/ml) did not suppress 3H-TdR uptake by PHA-stimulated spleen cells.","Effect of hemostatics used during operations for digestive organ on cancer cells present in the peritoneal cavity Abs: We investigated effects of hemostatics used during operations for digestive organ on cancer cells present in the peritoneal cavity using BALB/c mice inoculated with Meth A tumor cells (fibrosarcoma) intraperitoneally (i.p.) and C3H/He mice inoculated with MH134 tumor cell (hepatic cell carcinoma) i.p. Microfibrillar collagen hemostat (Avitene) or fibrinogen preparation (Beriplast P) did not affect survivals of those tumor-bearing mice. Gelatin sponge (Spongel)prolonged survivals of MH134 tumor-bearing mice. Liquid form gelatin used instead of Spongel displayed in vitro antitumor effect on MH134 tumor cells at the concentration of 15 mg/ml. Radioactive sodium chromate-labeled MH134 and Meth A tumor cells were not lysed when they were incubated with 15 mg/ml of liquid form gelatin for 24 hours. On the other hand, the tritium thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake by MH134 or RL male 1 tumor cells was suppressed when they were incubated with 15 mg/ml of liquid form gelatin for 24 hours. Proliferation of Meth A tumor cells were not affected by the treatment. Effect of liquid form gelatin on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated spleen cells as a benign counter-part of RL male 1 tumor cells (T cell lymphoma) was examined. Liquid form gelatin (15 mg/ml) did not suppress 3H-TdR uptake by PHA-stimulated spleen cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225577,Lei and  IH 2014,"Effect of Phaffia rhodozyma on performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. 92",,"Effect of Phaffia rhodozyma on performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. 92 Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225426,Najafabadi et al. 2013,PRESERVATION OF CAMEL MILK FOR SOMATIC CELL COUNT AND BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION,,PRESERVATION OF CAMEL MILK FOR SOMATIC CELL COUNT AND BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
735964,Losi et al. 1994,Environmental biochemistry of chromium,"Chromium is a d-block transitional element with many industrial uses. It occurs naturally in various crustal materials and is discharged to the environment as industrial waste. Although it can occur in a number of oxidation states, only 3+ and 6+ are found in environmental systems. The environmental behavior of Cr is largely a function of its oxidation state. Hexavalent Cr compounds (mainly chromates and dichromates) are considered toxic to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms and are mobile in soil/water systems, much more so than trivalent Cr compounds. This is largely because of differing chemical properties: Hexavalent Cr compounds are strong oxidizers and highly soluble, while trivalent Cr compounds tend to form relatively inert precipitates at near-neutral pH. The trivalent state is generally considered to be the stable form in equilibrium with most soil/water systems. A diagram of the Cr cycle in soils and water is given in Fig. 6 (Bartlett 1991). This illustration provides a summary of environmentally relevant reactions. Beginning with hexavalent Cr that is released into the environment as industrial waste, there are a number of possible fates, including pollution of soil and surface water and leaching into groundwater, where it may remain stable and, in turn, can be taken up by plants or animals, and adsorption/precipitation, involving soil colloids and/or organic matter. Herein lies much of the environmental concern associated with the hexavalent form. A portion of the Cr(VI) will be reduced to the trivalent form by inorganic electron donors, such as Fe2+ and S2-, or by bioprocesses involving organic matter. Following this conversion, Cr3+ can be expected to precipitate as oxides and hydroxides or to form complexes with numerous ligands. This fraction includes a vast majority of global Cr reserves. Soluble Cr3+ complexes, such as those formed with citrate, can undergo oxidation when they come in contact with manganese dioxide, thus reforming hexavalent Cr. In trace amounts, Cr is an essential component of animal nutrition, functioning mainly in glucose metabolism, and possibly in fat metabolism. While shown to be nonessential for plants, it is required by some microbes, possibly as a cofactor for specific enzyme systems. Bacteria with plasmid-conferred resistance to Cr(VI) have been isolated from water, soil, and sediments, and the resistance mechanisms have been somewhat characterized. One of the chief mechanisms is bioreduction of toxic Cr(VI) to the relatively nontoxic Cr(III). This has been shown to occur directly, by enzymatic processes at the cell membrane, and indirectly, with microbially produced H2S acting as the reductant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","Environmental biochemistry of chromium Abs: Chromium is a d-block transitional element with many industrial uses. It occurs naturally in various crustal materials and is discharged to the environment as industrial waste. Although it can occur in a number of oxidation states, only 3+ and 6+ are found in environmental systems. The environmental behavior of Cr is largely a function of its oxidation state. Hexavalent Cr compounds (mainly chromates and dichromates) are considered toxic to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms and are mobile in soil/water systems, much more so than trivalent Cr compounds. This is largely because of differing chemical properties: Hexavalent Cr compounds are strong oxidizers and highly soluble, while trivalent Cr compounds tend to form relatively inert precipitates at near-neutral pH. The trivalent state is generally considered to be the stable form in equilibrium with most soil/water systems. A diagram of the Cr cycle in soils and water is given in Fig. 6 (Bartlett 1991). This illustration provides a summary of environmentally relevant reactions. Beginning with hexavalent Cr that is released into the environment as industrial waste, there are a number of possible fates, including pollution of soil and surface water and leaching into groundwater, where it may remain stable and, in turn, can be taken up by plants or animals, and adsorption/precipitation, involving soil colloids and/or organic matter. Herein lies much of the environmental concern associated with the hexavalent form. A portion of the Cr(VI) will be reduced to the trivalent form by inorganic electron donors, such as Fe2+ and S2-, or by bioprocesses involving organic matter. Following this conversion, Cr3+ can be expected to precipitate as oxides and hydroxides or to form complexes with numerous ligands. This fraction includes a vast majority of global Cr reserves. Soluble Cr3+ complexes, such as those formed with citrate, can undergo oxidation when they come in contact with manganese dioxide, thus reforming hexavalent Cr. In trace amounts, Cr is an essential component of animal nutrition, functioning mainly in glucose metabolism, and possibly in fat metabolism. While shown to be nonessential for plants, it is required by some microbes, possibly as a cofactor for specific enzyme systems. Bacteria with plasmid-conferred resistance to Cr(VI) have been isolated from water, soil, and sediments, and the resistance mechanisms have been somewhat characterized. One of the chief mechanisms is bioreduction of toxic Cr(VI) to the relatively nontoxic Cr(III). This has been shown to occur directly, by enzymatic processes at the cell membrane, and indirectly, with microbially produced H2S acting as the reductant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577958,Klein 2000,Age as a factor influencing results in the acute daphnid test with Daphnia magna Straus,,Age as a factor influencing results in the acute daphnid test with Daphnia magna Straus Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509684,Pramanik et al. 2007,"A new chelating resin containing azophenolcarboxylate functionality: synthesis, characterization and application to chromium speciation in wastewater","The synthesis of a new stable chelating resin from the polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer is reported. The polystyrene is first functionalized with a phenolic group and then allowed to couple with diazotized anthranilic acid through the --N==N-- bond. The resulting polymer containing azophenolcarboxylate with an ONO chelating environment has been characterized by elemental analysis, hydrogen ion capacity, and water regain value. Its stability towards thermal and different chemical environments has been evaluated. The sorption capacity of the chelating resin for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) as a function of pH has been studied. The interesting point is that chromium(III) is selectively retained at ca. pH 5.0 and chromium(VI) at ca. pH 2.0. When packed in a column, the new material is able to separate Cr(III) from Cr(VI). Five replicate determinations of 10 microg Cr(III) and 10 microg Cr(VI) present in 100 mL solution gave recoveries of 96.9+/-2.9% (for Cr(III)) and 96.2+/-2.1% (for Cr(VI)) at the 95% confidence level. Calibration graph was linear over the concentration range of 0-250 microg L(-1) of chromium species with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99994. The detection limits based on 3sigma criterion were determined to be 0.6 microg L(-1) for Cr(III) and 0.9 microg L(-1) for Cr(VI). The developed method was successfully used for the speciation of chromium in wastewater.","A new chelating resin containing azophenolcarboxylate functionality: synthesis, characterization and application to chromium speciation in wastewater Abs: The synthesis of a new stable chelating resin from the polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer is reported. The polystyrene is first functionalized with a phenolic group and then allowed to couple with diazotized anthranilic acid through the --N==N-- bond. The resulting polymer containing azophenolcarboxylate with an ONO chelating environment has been characterized by elemental analysis, hydrogen ion capacity, and water regain value. Its stability towards thermal and different chemical environments has been evaluated. The sorption capacity of the chelating resin for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) as a function of pH has been studied. The interesting point is that chromium(III) is selectively retained at ca. pH 5.0 and chromium(VI) at ca. pH 2.0. When packed in a column, the new material is able to separate Cr(III) from Cr(VI). Five replicate determinations of 10 microg Cr(III) and 10 microg Cr(VI) present in 100 mL solution gave recoveries of 96.9+/-2.9% (for Cr(III)) and 96.2+/-2.1% (for Cr(VI)) at the 95% confidence level. Calibration graph was linear over the concentration range of 0-250 microg L(-1) of chromium species with correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99994. The detection limits based on 3sigma criterion were determined to be 0.6 microg L(-1) for Cr(III) and 0.9 microg L(-1) for Cr(VI). The developed method was successfully used for the speciation of chromium in wastewater.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238698,Bigaliev et al. 1977,CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE IN VIVO MUTAGENIC PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS,,CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE IN VIVO MUTAGENIC PROPERTIES OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225419,Poret et al. 2013,Versatile Boron Carbide-Based Energetic Time Delay Compositions,,Versatile Boron Carbide-Based Energetic Time Delay Compositions Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225320,Kallarackel et al. 2013,"Thermodynamic Properties of LaCrO4, La2CrO6, and La2Cr3O12, and Subsolidus Phase Relations in the System Lanthanum-Chromium-Oxygen",,"Thermodynamic Properties of LaCrO4, La2CrO6, and La2Cr3O12, and Subsolidus Phase Relations in the System Lanthanum-Chromium-Oxygen Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225021,Baumann et al. 2014,Adaptation of the Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test: miniaturization and prolongation for the testing of nanomaterials,"Manufacturing of nanomaterials (NMs) is often complex and expensive, and their environmental risks are poorly understood or even unknown. An economization of testing NMs is therefore desirable, which can be achieved by miniaturizing test systems. However, the downsizing of test vessels and volumes can enlarge the surface/volume ratio (SVR) which in turn can affect the bioavailable concentration of adsorbing substances like NMs. The present study focused on the miniaturization of the acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna. The adaptations were verified with three reference substances, the non-adsorbing potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and as potentially highly-adsorbing substances silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The miniaturized test was conducted in 24-well microtiter plates (MT) and simultaneously compared to the OECD standard test (ST). Furthermore, the test duration was prolonged from 48 to 96 h since NMs tend to show effects only after extended exposure. The toxicity of K2Cr2O7 and AgNPs continued to increase within the prolonged test span. The test comparisons with K2Cr2O7 did not reveal any significant differences between ST and MT. AgNO3 toxicity was significantly decreased in MT compared to ST due to the enlarged SVR. The toxicity of AgNPs in MT after 24 h was equal to ST. Contrary to our expectations an exposure longer than 24 h resulted in an increase of AgNP toxicity in MT, possibly due to enhanced dissolution of silver. Microtiter plates are appropriate alternative test vessels for the Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test; thus, its miniaturization is feasible. The enlarged SVR has to be taken into account since it can affect the toxicity of potentially adsorbing substances. Furthermore, the standard test duration of 48 h might underestimate the toxicity of many substances, especially of NMs.","Adaptation of the Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test: miniaturization and prolongation for the testing of nanomaterials Abs: Manufacturing of nanomaterials (NMs) is often complex and expensive, and their environmental risks are poorly understood or even unknown. An economization of testing NMs is therefore desirable, which can be achieved by miniaturizing test systems. However, the downsizing of test vessels and volumes can enlarge the surface/volume ratio (SVR) which in turn can affect the bioavailable concentration of adsorbing substances like NMs. The present study focused on the miniaturization of the acute toxicity test with Daphnia magna. The adaptations were verified with three reference substances, the non-adsorbing potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and as potentially highly-adsorbing substances silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The miniaturized test was conducted in 24-well microtiter plates (MT) and simultaneously compared to the OECD standard test (ST). Furthermore, the test duration was prolonged from 48 to 96 h since NMs tend to show effects only after extended exposure. The toxicity of K2Cr2O7 and AgNPs continued to increase within the prolonged test span. The test comparisons with K2Cr2O7 did not reveal any significant differences between ST and MT. AgNO3 toxicity was significantly decreased in MT compared to ST due to the enlarged SVR. The toxicity of AgNPs in MT after 24 h was equal to ST. Contrary to our expectations an exposure longer than 24 h resulted in an increase of AgNP toxicity in MT, possibly due to enhanced dissolution of silver. Microtiter plates are appropriate alternative test vessels for the Daphnia sp. acute toxicity test; thus, its miniaturization is feasible. The enlarged SVR has to be taken into account since it can affect the toxicity of potentially adsorbing substances. Furthermore, the standard test duration of 48 h might underestimate the toxicity of many substances, especially of NMs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1268246,Yuspa and  Shields 1997,ETIOLOGY OF CANCER CHEMICAL FACTORS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN ANIMAL PATIENT MODEL TUMOR BIOLOGY ETIOLOGY CANCER CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS DNA TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY POPULATION-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS INTERNAL DOSIMETRY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM LIVER CANCER AFLATOXIN NEOPLASTIC DISEASE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE,ETIOLOGY OF CANCER CHEMICAL FACTORS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN ANIMAL PATIENT MODEL TUMOR BIOLOGY ETIOLOGY CANCER CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS DNA TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY POPULATION-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS INTERNAL DOSIMETRY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM LIVER CANCER AFLATOXIN NEOPLASTIC DISEASE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577917,Stam et al. 2011,Chromium speciation in coal and biomass co-combustion products,"Chromium speciation is vital for the toxicity of products resulting from co-combustion of coal and biomass. Therefore, understanding of formation processes has been studied using a combination of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The influence of cofiring on Cr speciation is very dependent on the type of fuel. Cr(VI) contents in the investigated fly ash samples from coal and cofiring average around 7% of the total chromium. An exception is cofiring 7-28% wood for which ashes exhibited Cr(VI) concentrations of 12-16% of the total chromium. Measurements are in line with thermodynamic predictions: RE factors of Cr around 1 are in line with volatile Cr only above 1400 °C; lower Cr(VI) concentrations with lower oxygen content and Cr(III) dissolved in aluminosilicate glass. Stability of Cr(VI) below 700 °C does not correlate with Cr(VI) concentrations found in the combustion products. It is indicated that Cr(VI) formation is a high-temperature process dependent on Cr evaporation (mode of occurrence in fuel, promoted by organic association), oxidation (local oxygen content), and formation of solid chromates (promoted by presence of free lime (CaO) in the ash). CaCrO(4)(s) is a probable chemical form but, given different leachable fractions (varying from 25 to 100%), different forms of Cr(VI) must be present. Clay-bound Cr is likely to dissolve in the aluminosilicate glass phase during melting of the clay.","Chromium speciation in coal and biomass co-combustion products Abs: Chromium speciation is vital for the toxicity of products resulting from co-combustion of coal and biomass. Therefore, understanding of formation processes has been studied using a combination of X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The influence of cofiring on Cr speciation is very dependent on the type of fuel. Cr(VI) contents in the investigated fly ash samples from coal and cofiring average around 7% of the total chromium. An exception is cofiring 7-28% wood for which ashes exhibited Cr(VI) concentrations of 12-16% of the total chromium. Measurements are in line with thermodynamic predictions: RE factors of Cr around 1 are in line with volatile Cr only above 1400 °C; lower Cr(VI) concentrations with lower oxygen content and Cr(III) dissolved in aluminosilicate glass. Stability of Cr(VI) below 700 °C does not correlate with Cr(VI) concentrations found in the combustion products. It is indicated that Cr(VI) formation is a high-temperature process dependent on Cr evaporation (mode of occurrence in fuel, promoted by organic association), oxidation (local oxygen content), and formation of solid chromates (promoted by presence of free lime (CaO) in the ash). CaCrO(4)(s) is a probable chemical form but, given different leachable fractions (varying from 25 to 100%), different forms of Cr(VI) must be present. Clay-bound Cr is likely to dissolve in the aluminosilicate glass phase during melting of the clay.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578035,Sicilia et al. 1994,Micellar effects on reaction kinetics,,Micellar effects on reaction kinetics Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234505,Hamdan et al. 1999,Nickel subsulfide is similar to potassium dichromate in protecting normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide,"The cellular response to multiple carcinogen treatment has not been extensively studied, even though the effect of individual carcinogens is, in many cases, well known. We have previously shown that potassium dichromate can protect normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE), and that this effect may be via an oxidative stress mechanism [Tesfai et al. (1998) Mutat Res 416:159-168]. Here, we extend our previous work by showing that nickel subsulfide can produce the some effect. Normal human fibroblasts, preincubated with nickel subsulfide for 46 hr followed by a coincubation of nickel subsulfide and BPDE for 2 hr, showed a dramatic reduction in the mutant frequency of the hypoxanthine (guanine)phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) gene when compared to cells treated only with BPDE. The preincubation period with nickel subsulfide was necessary to see the antagonistic effect, since it was not observed if the cells were simply incubated with both carcinogens for 2 hr. The extent of the antagonistic effect was nickel subsulfide dose-dependent and also appeared to be species-specific, since the effect was not observed when Chinese hamster fibroblasts were tested. Finally, the antagonistic effect of the nickel subsulfide was eliminated by vitamin E, suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species by the nickel may be required. This data, along with our previous work, suggest that the antagonistic effect we observe is not chromium-specific, and that it could be species-specific.","Nickel subsulfide is similar to potassium dichromate in protecting normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide Abs: The cellular response to multiple carcinogen treatment has not been extensively studied, even though the effect of individual carcinogens is, in many cases, well known. We have previously shown that potassium dichromate can protect normal human fibroblasts from the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE), and that this effect may be via an oxidative stress mechanism [Tesfai et al. (1998) Mutat Res 416:159-168]. Here, we extend our previous work by showing that nickel subsulfide can produce the some effect. Normal human fibroblasts, preincubated with nickel subsulfide for 46 hr followed by a coincubation of nickel subsulfide and BPDE for 2 hr, showed a dramatic reduction in the mutant frequency of the hypoxanthine (guanine)phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) gene when compared to cells treated only with BPDE. The preincubation period with nickel subsulfide was necessary to see the antagonistic effect, since it was not observed if the cells were simply incubated with both carcinogens for 2 hr. The extent of the antagonistic effect was nickel subsulfide dose-dependent and also appeared to be species-specific, since the effect was not observed when Chinese hamster fibroblasts were tested. Finally, the antagonistic effect of the nickel subsulfide was eliminated by vitamin E, suggesting that production of reactive oxygen species by the nickel may be required. This data, along with our previous work, suggest that the antagonistic effect we observe is not chromium-specific, and that it could be species-specific.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516058,Lewandowski 1986,Biological reactor resistance to inhibition,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm chromium denitrification wastewater treatment,Biological reactor resistance to inhibition Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm chromium denitrification wastewater treatment,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1260383,Edling et al. 1986,CANCER MORTALITY AMONG LEATHER TANNERS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN STOMACH PANCREATIC CANCER SCANDINAVIA,CANCER MORTALITY AMONG LEATHER TANNERS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN STOMACH PANCREATIC CANCER SCANDINAVIA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
94801,Kooijman 1987,A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm water pollution model lc-50,A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm water pollution model lc-50,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238196,Dubes and  Mack 1988,Asbestos-Mediated Transfection of Mammalian Cell Cultures,"The ability of asbestos (1332214) to mediate transfection was studied in-vitro. Thirteen asbestos samples including amosite (12172735), anthophyllite (17068789), chrysotile (12001295), and crocidolite (12001284) were incubated with cell lines including epithelial cells from chimpanzee liver (CLI), epithelial cells from normal rhesus-monkey kidneys, KB-human carcinoma cells, and NIH-3T3-mouse embryo fibroblasts that were inoculated with RNA from poliovirus-1, poliovirus-2, echovirus-7, or encephalomyocarditis virus. Asbestos concentrations ranged up to 10 milligrams per milliliter. The asbestos samples were premixed with the RNA or added before or after the RNA. Some cultures contained double stranded DNA from salmon sperm. The extent of transfection was determined by assaying the cultures for plaque formation. All asbestos samples mediated transfection. The extent of transfection was proportional to asbestos concentrations. Asbestos premixed with viral RNA induced a greater degree of transfection than when it was added before or after the RNA. Salmon sperm DNA added to the cultures decreased the extent of transfection when used as part of the inoculum but not when added before or after RNA inoculation. Additionally, CLI cells were treated with chrysotile or crocidolite which were compared with the ability of bentonite (1302789), calcium-phosphate (7758874), chromic-oxide (1308389), ferric-oxide (1309371), kaolin (1332587), and talc (14807966) to mediate transfection after inoculation with poliovirus-1 RNA. The ability of asbestos to promote transfection was less than that of talc, kaolin, and chromic-oxide, but greater than that of bentonite, calcium-phosphate, and ferric-oxide. The authors conclude that asbestos mediates transfection of mammalian cells with viral RNA. The ability to mediate transfection may be one of several factors involved in asbestos carcinogenesis.","Asbestos-Mediated Transfection of Mammalian Cell Cultures Abs: The ability of asbestos (1332214) to mediate transfection was studied in-vitro. Thirteen asbestos samples including amosite (12172735), anthophyllite (17068789), chrysotile (12001295), and crocidolite (12001284) were incubated with cell lines including epithelial cells from chimpanzee liver (CLI), epithelial cells from normal rhesus-monkey kidneys, KB-human carcinoma cells, and NIH-3T3-mouse embryo fibroblasts that were inoculated with RNA from poliovirus-1, poliovirus-2, echovirus-7, or encephalomyocarditis virus. Asbestos concentrations ranged up to 10 milligrams per milliliter. The asbestos samples were premixed with the RNA or added before or after the RNA. Some cultures contained double stranded DNA from salmon sperm. The extent of transfection was determined by assaying the cultures for plaque formation. All asbestos samples mediated transfection. The extent of transfection was proportional to asbestos concentrations. Asbestos premixed with viral RNA induced a greater degree of transfection than when it was added before or after the RNA. Salmon sperm DNA added to the cultures decreased the extent of transfection when used as part of the inoculum but not when added before or after RNA inoculation. Additionally, CLI cells were treated with chrysotile or crocidolite which were compared with the ability of bentonite (1302789), calcium-phosphate (7758874), chromic-oxide (1308389), ferric-oxide (1309371), kaolin (1332587), and talc (14807966) to mediate transfection after inoculation with poliovirus-1 RNA. The ability of asbestos to promote transfection was less than that of talc, kaolin, and chromic-oxide, but greater than that of bentonite, calcium-phosphate, and ferric-oxide. The authors conclude that asbestos mediates transfection of mammalian cells with viral RNA. The ability to mediate transfection may be one of several factors involved in asbestos carcinogenesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238789,Bianchi et al. 1982,SCINTILLOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DNA REPAIR IN HUMAN CELL LINES: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL,,SCINTILLOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DNA REPAIR IN HUMAN CELL LINES: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1510112,Thornton et al. 2000,Identification of a Hanford Waste Site for Initial Deployment of the In Situ Gaseous Reduction Approach,In Situ Gaseous Reduction is a technology currently being developed by DOE for the remediation of soil waste sites contaminated with hexavalent chromium. This document presents the results of recent characterization activities undertaken at several of the soil waste sites at Hanford that contain significant levels of hexavalent chromium contamination. The objective of this study is to select a site for initial deployment of the technology at the Hanford Site.,Identification of a Hanford Waste Site for Initial Deployment of the In Situ Gaseous Reduction Approach Abs: In Situ Gaseous Reduction is a technology currently being developed by DOE for the remediation of soil waste sites contaminated with hexavalent chromium. This document presents the results of recent characterization activities undertaken at several of the soil waste sites at Hanford that contain significant levels of hexavalent chromium contamination. The objective of this study is to select a site for initial deployment of the technology at the Hanford Site.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1786306,Cederkvist et al. 2013,Characterization of chromium species in urban runoff,"Little is known about the presence of the element Cr in its toxic hexavalent form Cr(VI) in stormwater runoff from urban areas. Most studies report only total Cr concentration, i.e., including also the nontoxic Cr(III) molecular form. The objective of this study was to evaluate a field method based on cation-exchange for characterization of Cr species in urban stormwater runoff and soil leachate. We used a 0.05 mol L Na and Ca solution and a soil leachate as matrices and spiked these with Cr(III), Cr(VI), or both in the concentration range of 1 to 100 ?g L. We then filtered the test samples through cation-exchange cartridges. In the Na-Ca salt matrix, the Cr(III) was retained 100% and recovery values of Cr(VI) were 86 to 100%. Furthermore, in such a matrix, each cartridge could be reused at least nine times without a drop in retention of Cr(III) or recovery of Cr(VI). In a soil leachate matrix, the method appeared less applicable. Apparently Cr(III) forms complexes with dissolved organic matter, allowing it to bypass the cartridge, resulting in incomplete Cr(III) retention and thus incomplete speciation. The complexes are formed rapidly after spiking, thus changes in the Cr-species distribution are likely to occur within a few hours when fresh samples are stored. Furthermore, we concluded that Cr(III) at neutral pH in pure solution or complexed with dissolved organic C can sorb irreversibly to polyethylene and polypropylene containers. Our findings show that there is still a need for a method that can be applied to urban runoff in the field. Furthermore, cartridge speciation methods should ideally be tested before being applied on solutions containing organic matter.","Characterization of chromium species in urban runoff Abs: Little is known about the presence of the element Cr in its toxic hexavalent form Cr(VI) in stormwater runoff from urban areas. Most studies report only total Cr concentration, i.e., including also the nontoxic Cr(III) molecular form. The objective of this study was to evaluate a field method based on cation-exchange for characterization of Cr species in urban stormwater runoff and soil leachate. We used a 0.05 mol L Na and Ca solution and a soil leachate as matrices and spiked these with Cr(III), Cr(VI), or both in the concentration range of 1 to 100 ?g L. We then filtered the test samples through cation-exchange cartridges. In the Na-Ca salt matrix, the Cr(III) was retained 100% and recovery values of Cr(VI) were 86 to 100%. Furthermore, in such a matrix, each cartridge could be reused at least nine times without a drop in retention of Cr(III) or recovery of Cr(VI). In a soil leachate matrix, the method appeared less applicable. Apparently Cr(III) forms complexes with dissolved organic matter, allowing it to bypass the cartridge, resulting in incomplete Cr(III) retention and thus incomplete speciation. The complexes are formed rapidly after spiking, thus changes in the Cr-species distribution are likely to occur within a few hours when fresh samples are stored. Furthermore, we concluded that Cr(III) at neutral pH in pure solution or complexed with dissolved organic C can sorb irreversibly to polyethylene and polypropylene containers. Our findings show that there is still a need for a method that can be applied to urban runoff in the field. Furthermore, cartridge speciation methods should ideally be tested before being applied on solutions containing organic matter.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515302,Goh and  Chou 1998,"Bioactivity screening of Singapore gorgonians: Antimicrobial activity, toxicity to Artemia salina and efficacy against Plasmodium berghei","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Nine of ten gorgonian extracts from all four families tested showed antimicrobial activity. Inhibition of Gram positive bacteria was more widespread than that of Gram negative bacteria. Inhibition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confined to (and widespread within) the family Ellisellidae. No antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. was found in all the extracts tested. Acute (6 hr) and chronic (24 hr) extract toxicity towards Artemia salina varied between extracts and showed no taxonomic correlations; compared to potassium dichromate, extract toxicity was low. Chronic exposure to the extracts was more effective in killing A. salina; chronic LD50 values ranged from 3.2 to 125.9 mg/ml. All ten extracts failed to extend survival, lower percentage parasitemia or affect parasite morphology in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.","Bioactivity screening of Singapore gorgonians: Antimicrobial activity, toxicity to Artemia salina and efficacy against Plasmodium berghei Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Nine of ten gorgonian extracts from all four families tested showed antimicrobial activity. Inhibition of Gram positive bacteria was more widespread than that of Gram negative bacteria. Inhibition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confined to (and widespread within) the family Ellisellidae. No antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. was found in all the extracts tested. Acute (6 hr) and chronic (24 hr) extract toxicity towards Artemia salina varied between extracts and showed no taxonomic correlations; compared to potassium dichromate, extract toxicity was low. Chronic exposure to the extracts was more effective in killing A. salina; chronic LD50 values ranged from 3.2 to 125.9 mg/ml. All ten extracts failed to extend survival, lower percentage parasitemia or affect parasite morphology in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231299,Anonymous 1976,Occupation and Disease A Guide for Decision-Making,"This guide presents a general method for assembling and evaluating medical and environmental data to assist in deciding whether a disease condition is of occupational origin. Data are given for 15 specific disease producing agents: antimony (7440360), arsenic (7440382), asbestos (1332214), benzene (71432), beryllium (7440417), carbon-monoxide (630080), chromic-acid (1333820), coke oven emissions, cotton dust, lead (7439921) (inorganic), nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), noise, silica (7631869), sulfur-dioxide (7446095), and toluene-diisocyanate (584849). Detailed considerations are included covering medical, personal, family and occupational histories, clinical evaluation, signs and symptoms of occupational diseases, laboratory tests, epidemiological data, industrial hygiene sampling and evaluation data, and established standards for exposure to occupational disease producing agents. Also included are a discussion of aggravation of preexisting conditions and legal ramifications thereof; guidelines for assessing the qualifications of medical and industrial hygiene personnel who may present testimony; normal values for various biological tests and variables; sample questionnaires for evaluating respiratory symptoms; a listing of occupations with possible exposure to the 15 agents; and references giving toxicological data for these agents. (Contract No. 210-75-0075)","Occupation and Disease A Guide for Decision-Making Abs: This guide presents a general method for assembling and evaluating medical and environmental data to assist in deciding whether a disease condition is of occupational origin. Data are given for 15 specific disease producing agents: antimony (7440360), arsenic (7440382), asbestos (1332214), benzene (71432), beryllium (7440417), carbon-monoxide (630080), chromic-acid (1333820), coke oven emissions, cotton dust, lead (7439921) (inorganic), nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), noise, silica (7631869), sulfur-dioxide (7446095), and toluene-diisocyanate (584849). Detailed considerations are included covering medical, personal, family and occupational histories, clinical evaluation, signs and symptoms of occupational diseases, laboratory tests, epidemiological data, industrial hygiene sampling and evaluation data, and established standards for exposure to occupational disease producing agents. Also included are a discussion of aggravation of preexisting conditions and legal ramifications thereof; guidelines for assessing the qualifications of medical and industrial hygiene personnel who may present testimony; normal values for various biological tests and variables; sample questionnaires for evaluating respiratory symptoms; a listing of occupations with possible exposure to the 15 agents; and references giving toxicological data for these agents. (Contract No. 210-75-0075)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
66689,Johansson et al. 1992,Rabbit lung after combined exposure to soluble cobalt and trivalent chromium,"Eight rabbits were exposed to 0.7 ± 0.4 mg/m3 Co2+ as CoCl2 and 1.2 ± 0.7 mg/m3 Cr3+ as Cr(NO3)3 (group Co + Cr), eight to 0.6 ± 0.5 mg/m3 Co2+ (group Co), and eight to filtered air (control group), for 4 months, 5 days/week, and 6 hr/day. All rabbits in group Co + Cr and group Co showed nodular aggregation of alveolar epithelial type II cells. Volume density of the type II cells was significantly higher in group Co + Cr than in group Co and the control group. There was intraalveolar macrophage accumulation in seven rabbits in group Co + Cr, one in group Co, and one in the control group. In lavage fluid the numbers of macrophages and the percentage of these cells with smooth surface and intracellular surfactant-like inclusions were more increased in group Co + Cr than in group Co as were oxidative metabolic and phagocytic activities of the macrophages. Total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, and especially 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were markedly increased in group Co + Cr whereas only 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was slightly increased in group Co. One mechanism behind the high amount of surfactant phospholipids in group Co + Cr seems to be an enhanced production of surfactant by the type II cells. Another mechanism is probably that Cr3+ reduces the capacity of alveolar macrophages to catabolize surfactant. The results imply that it is important to investigate effects of combinations of cobalt and chromium in the occupational environment.","Rabbit lung after combined exposure to soluble cobalt and trivalent chromium Abs: Eight rabbits were exposed to 0.7 ± 0.4 mg/m3 Co2+ as CoCl2 and 1.2 ± 0.7 mg/m3 Cr3+ as Cr(NO3)3 (group Co + Cr), eight to 0.6 ± 0.5 mg/m3 Co2+ (group Co), and eight to filtered air (control group), for 4 months, 5 days/week, and 6 hr/day. All rabbits in group Co + Cr and group Co showed nodular aggregation of alveolar epithelial type II cells. Volume density of the type II cells was significantly higher in group Co + Cr than in group Co and the control group. There was intraalveolar macrophage accumulation in seven rabbits in group Co + Cr, one in group Co, and one in the control group. In lavage fluid the numbers of macrophages and the percentage of these cells with smooth surface and intracellular surfactant-like inclusions were more increased in group Co + Cr than in group Co as were oxidative metabolic and phagocytic activities of the macrophages. Total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, and especially 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were markedly increased in group Co + Cr whereas only 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was slightly increased in group Co. One mechanism behind the high amount of surfactant phospholipids in group Co + Cr seems to be an enhanced production of surfactant by the type II cells. Another mechanism is probably that Cr3+ reduces the capacity of alveolar macrophages to catabolize surfactant. The results imply that it is important to investigate effects of combinations of cobalt and chromium in the occupational environment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232106,Gorbi et al. 2002,Is Cr(VI) toxicity to Daphnia magna modified by food availability or algal exudates? The hypothesis of a specific chromium/algae/exudates interaction,"The long-term effects of Cr(VI) on life history traits of Daphnia magna Straus were studied in relation to different feeding conditions or to the presence of Scenedesmus acutus exudates, which had proved to reduce chromium toxicity to the alga. In high feeding conditions the concentration of 14 microg Cr(VI)/L had negative effects on survival, growth and fecundity. In low feeding conditions the effects on growth were not evident, but daphnids changed the reproductive strategy normally adopted in case of food shortage and showed a daily rate of newborn production higher than control; however, newborn were of a smaller size and less resistant to starvation. The most relevant effect of Cr was a shortening of the daphnid life span, which was independent of the feeding conditions and occurred also when growth and daily rate of neonate production were not affected. The algal exudates resulted ineffective in reducing Cr toxicity to daphnids, but caused a strong decrease in daphnid fecundity. Further experiments on S. acutus demonstrated that the detoxifying effect observed in the algae might involve a specific Cr/algae/exudates interaction, which occurs only when the algae are previously subjected to a short-time stress by chromium.","Is Cr(VI) toxicity to Daphnia magna modified by food availability or algal exudates? The hypothesis of a specific chromium/algae/exudates interaction Abs: The long-term effects of Cr(VI) on life history traits of Daphnia magna Straus were studied in relation to different feeding conditions or to the presence of Scenedesmus acutus exudates, which had proved to reduce chromium toxicity to the alga. In high feeding conditions the concentration of 14 microg Cr(VI)/L had negative effects on survival, growth and fecundity. In low feeding conditions the effects on growth were not evident, but daphnids changed the reproductive strategy normally adopted in case of food shortage and showed a daily rate of newborn production higher than control; however, newborn were of a smaller size and less resistant to starvation. The most relevant effect of Cr was a shortening of the daphnid life span, which was independent of the feeding conditions and occurred also when growth and daily rate of neonate production were not affected. The algal exudates resulted ineffective in reducing Cr toxicity to daphnids, but caused a strong decrease in daphnid fecundity. Further experiments on S. acutus demonstrated that the detoxifying effect observed in the algae might involve a specific Cr/algae/exudates interaction, which occurs only when the algae are previously subjected to a short-time stress by chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1233788,Mclean et al. 2000,Isolation and characterization of a chromium-reducing bacterium from a chromated copper arsenate-contaminated site,"A Gram-negative bacterium (CRB5) was isolated from a chromium-contaminated site that was capable of reducing hexavalent chromium to an insoluble precipitate, thereby removing this toxic chromium species from solution. Analysis of the 16S rRNA from the isolate revealed that it was a pseudomonad with high similarity to Pseudomaonas synxantha. CRB5 was tolerant to high concentrations of chromate (500 mg l(-1)) and can reduce Cr(VI) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It also exhibited a broad range of reduction efficiencies under minimal nutrient conditions at temperatures between 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C and at pH levels from 4 to 9. As reduction increased, so did total cellular protein, indicating that cell growth was a requirement for reduction. Under low nutrient conditions with CRB5 or when using non-sterile contaminated groundwater from the site, reduction of Cr(VI) was followed by a increase in solution turbidity as a result of the formation of fine-grained Cr(III) precipitates, most probably chromium hydroxide mineral phases such as Cr(OH)3. Chromium adsorption and precipitation, as observed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDS), revealed that the surfaces of the cells were uniformly stained with bound Cr(III) and amorphous precipitates (as determined by selected area electron diffraction; SAED). A mass balance of chromium in a batch bioreactor revealed that up to 30% of the total Cr was as settable precipitates or bound to cells.","Isolation and characterization of a chromium-reducing bacterium from a chromated copper arsenate-contaminated site Abs: A Gram-negative bacterium (CRB5) was isolated from a chromium-contaminated site that was capable of reducing hexavalent chromium to an insoluble precipitate, thereby removing this toxic chromium species from solution. Analysis of the 16S rRNA from the isolate revealed that it was a pseudomonad with high similarity to Pseudomaonas synxantha. CRB5 was tolerant to high concentrations of chromate (500 mg l(-1)) and can reduce Cr(VI) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It also exhibited a broad range of reduction efficiencies under minimal nutrient conditions at temperatures between 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C and at pH levels from 4 to 9. As reduction increased, so did total cellular protein, indicating that cell growth was a requirement for reduction. Under low nutrient conditions with CRB5 or when using non-sterile contaminated groundwater from the site, reduction of Cr(VI) was followed by a increase in solution turbidity as a result of the formation of fine-grained Cr(III) precipitates, most probably chromium hydroxide mineral phases such as Cr(OH)3. Chromium adsorption and precipitation, as observed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDS), revealed that the surfaces of the cells were uniformly stained with bound Cr(III) and amorphous precipitates (as determined by selected area electron diffraction; SAED). A mass balance of chromium in a batch bioreactor revealed that up to 30% of the total Cr was as settable precipitates or bound to cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234041,Eisler and  Hennekey 1977,"Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna","Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, a fish. Concentrations (mg/L metal) fatal to 50% of the organisms in 168 hr ranged from 0.004 (clam) to 0.8 (mummichog) for mercury; 0.7 (clam, worm, crab and starfish) to 40.0 (mummichog) for cadimium; 0.2 (crab) to 52.0 (mummichog) for zinc; 0.7 (sandworm) to 44.0 (mummichog) for hexavalent chromium; and 13.0 (starfish) to 150.0 (mummichog) for nickel. Biocidal action was restricted to a relatively narrow range for all species-metals combinations tested: i.e., mean LC-75/LC-25 rations for individual metals at 168 hr ranged between 2.82 (Zn) and 6.02 (Cd); for individual species this ratio extended from 2.76 (fish) to 4.46 (clam). It appears that acute toxicity evaluation of potentially hazardous metals in saline environments requires utilization of at least several representative species from divergent taxonomic and ecological niches.","Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna Abs: Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, a fish. Concentrations (mg/L metal) fatal to 50% of the organisms in 168 hr ranged from 0.004 (clam) to 0.8 (mummichog) for mercury; 0.7 (clam, worm, crab and starfish) to 40.0 (mummichog) for cadimium; 0.2 (crab) to 52.0 (mummichog) for zinc; 0.7 (sandworm) to 44.0 (mummichog) for hexavalent chromium; and 13.0 (starfish) to 150.0 (mummichog) for nickel. Biocidal action was restricted to a relatively narrow range for all species-metals combinations tested: i.e., mean LC-75/LC-25 rations for individual metals at 168 hr ranged between 2.82 (Zn) and 6.02 (Cd); for individual species this ratio extended from 2.76 (fish) to 4.46 (clam). It appears that acute toxicity evaluation of potentially hazardous metals in saline environments requires utilization of at least several representative species from divergent taxonomic and ecological niches.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231441,Li et al. 2011,Stabilization of Fe(0) nanoparticles with silica fume for enhanced transport and remediation of hexavalent chromium in water and soil,"Effective in situ remediation of Cr(VI) in groundwater requires the successful delivery of reactive iron particles to the subsurface. Fe(0) nanoparticles (20-110 nm diameter) supported on silica fume were synthesized by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of a support material. The experimental result showed that attachment of Fe(0) nanoparticles on the commercial available sub-micrometer silica fume prevented them from aggregation while maintaining the particle reactivity. When the Fe(0) concentration was 0.4 g/L, 88.00% of 40 mg/L Cr(VI) was removed by silica fume-supported Fe(0) nanoparticles (SF-Fe(0) in 120 min, 22.55% higher than unsupported Fe(0). Furthermore, transport experiments confirmed that almost all unsupported Fe(0) was retained, whereas 51.50% and 38.29% of SF-Fe(0) were eluted from the vertical and horizontal sand column, respectively. Additionally, the effect of solution ionic strength on the transport ability of SF-Fe(0) was evaluated. The result showed that increase in the salt concentration led to a decrease in the mobility and also the divalent ion Ca2+ had a greater effect than that of monovalent ion Na+.","Stabilization of Fe(0) nanoparticles with silica fume for enhanced transport and remediation of hexavalent chromium in water and soil Abs: Effective in situ remediation of Cr(VI) in groundwater requires the successful delivery of reactive iron particles to the subsurface. Fe(0) nanoparticles (20-110 nm diameter) supported on silica fume were synthesized by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of a support material. The experimental result showed that attachment of Fe(0) nanoparticles on the commercial available sub-micrometer silica fume prevented them from aggregation while maintaining the particle reactivity. When the Fe(0) concentration was 0.4 g/L, 88.00% of 40 mg/L Cr(VI) was removed by silica fume-supported Fe(0) nanoparticles (SF-Fe(0) in 120 min, 22.55% higher than unsupported Fe(0). Furthermore, transport experiments confirmed that almost all unsupported Fe(0) was retained, whereas 51.50% and 38.29% of SF-Fe(0) were eluted from the vertical and horizontal sand column, respectively. Additionally, the effect of solution ionic strength on the transport ability of SF-Fe(0) was evaluated. The result showed that increase in the salt concentration led to a decrease in the mobility and also the divalent ion Ca2+ had a greater effect than that of monovalent ion Na+.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1238495,Anonymous 1989,Zinc Chromate,"There are no inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of zinc chromate by this route, which is the main route of human exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrapleural, intrabronchial, intramuscular) in rats, various forms of zinc chromate produce malignant or unspecified tumours at the site of application. Zinc chromate is mutagenic to bacteria. In cultured mammalian cells it is DNA damaging, mutagenic, clastogenic and it increases the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and induces cell transformations. Epidemiological studies show that exposure of workers to zinc chromate, mainly by inhalation, induces lung cancer.","Zinc Chromate Abs: There are no inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of zinc chromate by this route, which is the main route of human exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrapleural, intrabronchial, intramuscular) in rats, various forms of zinc chromate produce malignant or unspecified tumours at the site of application. Zinc chromate is mutagenic to bacteria. In cultured mammalian cells it is DNA damaging, mutagenic, clastogenic and it increases the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and induces cell transformations. Epidemiological studies show that exposure of workers to zinc chromate, mainly by inhalation, induces lung cancer.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577133,Kawamoto et al. 1999,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 96-0016-2777, Eagle-Picher Industries, Joplin, Missouri","See also PB-269 142 and PB-270 947. ober 20, 1995, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., in Joplin, Missouri. The request was submitted by a representative of the United Steelworkers of America Rubber/Plastic Industry Conference, in Akron, Ohio. The request concerned potential employee exposures to a number of chemical hazards, particularly lithium, mercury, and lead chromate, in various operations at the facility. Following a walkthrough survey at the plant on December 12-13, 1995, the NIOSH investigators focused on lithium exposures in the process room, pill room, and dry room 108; mercury exposures in the pit and pasting room; identifying an orange substance on the walls in the potting area; and investigating the cause of eye irritation in the solder room. NIOSH investigators returned to the plant on April 17, 1996, and conducted another walkthrough survey to plan for two full days of industrial hygiene and biological monitoring of employee exposures to lithium and mercury, which took place on April 18-19, 1996.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 96-0016-2777, Eagle-Picher Industries, Joplin, Missouri Abs: See also PB-269 142 and PB-270 947. ober 20, 1995, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., in Joplin, Missouri. The request was submitted by a representative of the United Steelworkers of America Rubber/Plastic Industry Conference, in Akron, Ohio. The request concerned potential employee exposures to a number of chemical hazards, particularly lithium, mercury, and lead chromate, in various operations at the facility. Following a walkthrough survey at the plant on December 12-13, 1995, the NIOSH investigators focused on lithium exposures in the process room, pill room, and dry room 108; mercury exposures in the pit and pasting room; identifying an orange substance on the walls in the potting area; and investigating the cause of eye irritation in the solder room. NIOSH investigators returned to the plant on April 17, 1996, and conducted another walkthrough survey to plan for two full days of industrial hygiene and biological monitoring of employee exposures to lithium and mercury, which took place on April 18-19, 1996.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516274,Paustenbach et al. 1990,Potential impact on standards for toxic air contaminants,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental surveillance risk assessment health hazard government regulation risk management,Potential impact on standards for toxic air contaminants Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm environmental surveillance risk assessment health hazard government regulation risk management,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509896,Takami et al. 2012,"The interplay between thiol-compounds against chromium (VI) in the freshwater green alga Monoraphidium convolutum: toxicology, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress at a glance","In this paper, the multifaceted Cr(VI) toxicity over the freshwater green alga Monoraphidium convolutum was assessed by concomitantly monitoring thiol-dependent redox balances, photosynthesis activity and growth-survival scores. Control group showed exponential growth rate at (5.78±0.29) division/day until 8th day with linear increasing chlorophyll a/protein ratios (CHLa/PROT) throughout the period. Cultures of M. convolutum were exposed for 5 days to Cr(VI) concentrations from 0 up to 100mg/L showing that CHLa/PROT ratios were sensibly affected, in agreement to the calculated LC(50,48 h) (5.38±0.72) mg/L from the concentration-response curve of cell mortality after 48 h. Regarding photosynthesis effects, Cr(VI) concentrations &gt;1.0 mg/L showed significant increases in short-term (after 2 h) electron transfer rates (ETR) and quantum yields of photosystem II (?(PSII)), followed by subsequent decline of both parameters after 48 and 72 h. Biochemical analyses showed that maximal GSH concentrations in algal cultures were observed upon 1mg Cr(VI)/L and higher dichromate concentrations dramatically increased the activity of antioxidant GSH-dependent enzymes ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. However, no variation was observed in the cellular GSH levels, whereas GSSG and lipid peroxidation indexes abruptly increased upon 10 mg Cr(VI)/L exposure. Altogether, plant physiology, photosynthesis and biochemical data suggest that the GSH-dependent antioxidant system is capable to sustain M. convolutum viability through efficient photosynthesis activity and adequate antioxidant responses up to Cr(VI) concentrations of 1.0mg/L, when redox unbalances were first evidenced.","The interplay between thiol-compounds against chromium (VI) in the freshwater green alga Monoraphidium convolutum: toxicology, photosynthesis, and oxidative stress at a glance Abs: In this paper, the multifaceted Cr(VI) toxicity over the freshwater green alga Monoraphidium convolutum was assessed by concomitantly monitoring thiol-dependent redox balances, photosynthesis activity and growth-survival scores. Control group showed exponential growth rate at (5.78±0.29) division/day until 8th day with linear increasing chlorophyll a/protein ratios (CHLa/PROT) throughout the period. Cultures of M. convolutum were exposed for 5 days to Cr(VI) concentrations from 0 up to 100mg/L showing that CHLa/PROT ratios were sensibly affected, in agreement to the calculated LC(50,48 h) (5.38±0.72) mg/L from the concentration-response curve of cell mortality after 48 h. Regarding photosynthesis effects, Cr(VI) concentrations &gt;1.0 mg/L showed significant increases in short-term (after 2 h) electron transfer rates (ETR) and quantum yields of photosystem II (?(PSII)), followed by subsequent decline of both parameters after 48 and 72 h. Biochemical analyses showed that maximal GSH concentrations in algal cultures were observed upon 1mg Cr(VI)/L and higher dichromate concentrations dramatically increased the activity of antioxidant GSH-dependent enzymes ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. However, no variation was observed in the cellular GSH levels, whereas GSSG and lipid peroxidation indexes abruptly increased upon 10 mg Cr(VI)/L exposure. Altogether, plant physiology, photosynthesis and biochemical data suggest that the GSH-dependent antioxidant system is capable to sustain M. convolutum viability through efficient photosynthesis activity and adequate antioxidant responses up to Cr(VI) concentrations of 1.0mg/L, when redox unbalances were first evidenced.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509608,Noroozifar and  Khorasani-Motlagh 2003,Specific extraction of chromium as tetrabutylammonium-chromate and spectrophotometric determination by diphenylcarbazide: speciation of chromium in effluent streams,"A very specific, selective, simple, and inexpensive procedure was developed for the speciation of CrVI and CrIII. This method is based on the quantitative extraction of chromate and CrIII (previously oxidized to CrVI) as a tetrabutylammonium-chromate ion-pair in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and then back extraction and preconcentration with an acidic diphenylcarbazide (DPC) solution. Back extraction was applied to achieve further preconcentration by a final factor of 20. The CrVI-DPC complex was determined in back-extract by a spectrophotometer at 548 nm. Under these extraction conditions, most of the probable concomitant cations and anions remained in the first inorganic phase. The calibration curve was linear up to 0.14 microg L(-1) of CrVI with a detection limit of 2.22 ng L(-1). The developed procedure was found to be suitable for the determination of the CrVI and CrIII species in various natural water samples with a relative standard deviation of better than 1.6%. The method was successfully applied to the speciation of chromium in spiked natural water samples, and also samples of effluent from a leather treatment plant.","Specific extraction of chromium as tetrabutylammonium-chromate and spectrophotometric determination by diphenylcarbazide: speciation of chromium in effluent streams Abs: A very specific, selective, simple, and inexpensive procedure was developed for the speciation of CrVI and CrIII. This method is based on the quantitative extraction of chromate and CrIII (previously oxidized to CrVI) as a tetrabutylammonium-chromate ion-pair in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and then back extraction and preconcentration with an acidic diphenylcarbazide (DPC) solution. Back extraction was applied to achieve further preconcentration by a final factor of 20. The CrVI-DPC complex was determined in back-extract by a spectrophotometer at 548 nm. Under these extraction conditions, most of the probable concomitant cations and anions remained in the first inorganic phase. The calibration curve was linear up to 0.14 microg L(-1) of CrVI with a detection limit of 2.22 ng L(-1). The developed procedure was found to be suitable for the determination of the CrVI and CrIII species in various natural water samples with a relative standard deviation of better than 1.6%. The method was successfully applied to the speciation of chromium in spiked natural water samples, and also samples of effluent from a leather treatment plant.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
730668,Bashar et al. 1997,The teratogenic effects of mercury disulfate and dichromate on pregnant female Wysoto mice,"The treatment of one-hundred pregnant mice with mercury disulfate and dichromate solutions has yielded some interesting results. The embryos inside these mice were at the sixth week of birth development at the time of exposure. After an exposure period of ten to twenty consecutive days, the embryos were shown to develop irregular heart beats and show irregular movement. Once the time for the actual birth of these embryos had arrived, it was discovered that they developed defective limbs, noses, and eyes as a result of being exposed to these two teratogenic heavy metal solutions. Further analysis showed that the Nervous systems of these embryos appeared to be damaged by the exposure to the mercury solution in that they exhibited constant twiching and random responses to stimuli that were not even present. A few of the embryos exposed to the dichromate solution showed a malformation of sex organs and in some cases a change in the normal white coloring.","The teratogenic effects of mercury disulfate and dichromate on pregnant female Wysoto mice Abs: The treatment of one-hundred pregnant mice with mercury disulfate and dichromate solutions has yielded some interesting results. The embryos inside these mice were at the sixth week of birth development at the time of exposure. After an exposure period of ten to twenty consecutive days, the embryos were shown to develop irregular heart beats and show irregular movement. Once the time for the actual birth of these embryos had arrived, it was discovered that they developed defective limbs, noses, and eyes as a result of being exposed to these two teratogenic heavy metal solutions. Further analysis showed that the Nervous systems of these embryos appeared to be damaged by the exposure to the mercury solution in that they exhibited constant twiching and random responses to stimuli that were not even present. A few of the embryos exposed to the dichromate solution showed a malformation of sex organs and in some cases a change in the normal white coloring.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235695,Shi et al. 1994,"Chromate-mediated free radical generation from cysteine, penicillamine, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid hydroperoxides","The Cr(VI)-mediated free radical generation from cysteine, penicillamine, hydrogen peroxide, and model lipid hydroperoxides was investigated utilizing the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping technique. Incubation of Cr(VI) with cysteine (Cys) generated cysteinyl radical. Radical yield depended on the relative concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cys. The radical generation became detectable at a cysteine:Cr(VI) ratio of about 5, reached its highest level at a ratio of 30, and declined thereafter. Cr(VI) or Cys alone did not generate a detectable amount of free radicals. Similar results were obtained with penicillamine. Incubation of Cr(VI), Cys or penicillamine and H2O2 led to hydroxyl (.OH) radical generation, which was verified by quantitative competition experiments utilizing ethanol. The mechanism for .OH radical generation is considered to be a Cr(VI)-mediated Fenton-like reaction. When model lipid hydroperoxides such as t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide were used in place of H2O2, hydroperoxide-derived free radicals were produced. Since thiols, such as Cys, exist in cellular systems at relatively high concentrations, Cr(VI)-mediated free radical generation in the presence of thiols may participate in the mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis.","Chromate-mediated free radical generation from cysteine, penicillamine, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid hydroperoxides Abs: The Cr(VI)-mediated free radical generation from cysteine, penicillamine, hydrogen peroxide, and model lipid hydroperoxides was investigated utilizing the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping technique. Incubation of Cr(VI) with cysteine (Cys) generated cysteinyl radical. Radical yield depended on the relative concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cys. The radical generation became detectable at a cysteine:Cr(VI) ratio of about 5, reached its highest level at a ratio of 30, and declined thereafter. Cr(VI) or Cys alone did not generate a detectable amount of free radicals. Similar results were obtained with penicillamine. Incubation of Cr(VI), Cys or penicillamine and H2O2 led to hydroxyl (.OH) radical generation, which was verified by quantitative competition experiments utilizing ethanol. The mechanism for .OH radical generation is considered to be a Cr(VI)-mediated Fenton-like reaction. When model lipid hydroperoxides such as t-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide were used in place of H2O2, hydroperoxide-derived free radicals were produced. Since thiols, such as Cys, exist in cellular systems at relatively high concentrations, Cr(VI)-mediated free radical generation in the presence of thiols may participate in the mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1236254,Mayron and  Kaplan 1978,The use of chromium-51 sodium chromate for the detection of food and chemical sensitivities,"Both antibody mediated lysis of human RBC's and toxic hemolysis were found to occur with chemicals used as coloring agents for foods, drugs and cosmetics. Because of the strong chromaticity of these dyes, chromium-51 sodium chromate was bound to the hemoglobin of target human RBC's and its efflux was used as an indicator of lysis instead of spectrophotometry, which had been used with food antigens. The major antibody effect was noted when treatment of the target RBC's with antiIgG resulted in a marked inhibition of lysis, indicating that IgG is a lysis-promoting factor (LPF) in this system. Weaker effects were noted by treatment of the target RBC's with monospecific antisera for the other four classes of immunoglobulin and for alpha2-macroglobulin. No neutralizing effects were observed by pre-incubation of the dyes with autologous serum prior to the addition of RBC's.","The use of chromium-51 sodium chromate for the detection of food and chemical sensitivities Abs: Both antibody mediated lysis of human RBC's and toxic hemolysis were found to occur with chemicals used as coloring agents for foods, drugs and cosmetics. Because of the strong chromaticity of these dyes, chromium-51 sodium chromate was bound to the hemoglobin of target human RBC's and its efflux was used as an indicator of lysis instead of spectrophotometry, which had been used with food antigens. The major antibody effect was noted when treatment of the target RBC's with antiIgG resulted in a marked inhibition of lysis, indicating that IgG is a lysis-promoting factor (LPF) in this system. Weaker effects were noted by treatment of the target RBC's with monospecific antisera for the other four classes of immunoglobulin and for alpha2-macroglobulin. No neutralizing effects were observed by pre-incubation of the dyes with autologous serum prior to the addition of RBC's.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
81899,Celotti et al. 1987,Interactions of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) with Cr(VI) compounds in the induction of gene mutations in cultured mammalian cells,"We used the V79 Chinese hamster cell line to detect the induction by NTA of 6-thioguanine resistance, due to mutation at the HGPRT locus, with direct and indirect mutagens as positive controls. NTA was tested within the 10(-4)-1.5 X 10(-2) M concentration range: although it was cytotoxic above the 10(-2) M dose, it did not increase the frequency of mutations at any of the tested concentrations, independently of metabolic activation (rat-liver S9 fraction). NTA is known to dissolve heavy metals and therefore to increase their genotoxicity. We found that an insoluble Cr(VI) compound, lead chromate (PbCrO4), was not cytotoxic nor mutagenic on V79 cells, probably because it is taken up by the cells very slowly, whereas the presence of NTA (2.5 X 10(-3) M in water) elicited a direct cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, which was dose-dependent from 5 X 10(-5) M to 10(-4) M PbCrO4. This effect was due to solubilization of the chromate anion by NTA, as determined by comparing spectrophotometric determinations of Cr(VI) in PbCrO4 treatment solutions with a mutagenicity titration curve obtained with a completely soluble Cr(VI) salt (potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7).","Interactions of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) with Cr(VI) compounds in the induction of gene mutations in cultured mammalian cells Abs: We used the V79 Chinese hamster cell line to detect the induction by NTA of 6-thioguanine resistance, due to mutation at the HGPRT locus, with direct and indirect mutagens as positive controls. NTA was tested within the 10(-4)-1.5 X 10(-2) M concentration range: although it was cytotoxic above the 10(-2) M dose, it did not increase the frequency of mutations at any of the tested concentrations, independently of metabolic activation (rat-liver S9 fraction). NTA is known to dissolve heavy metals and therefore to increase their genotoxicity. We found that an insoluble Cr(VI) compound, lead chromate (PbCrO4), was not cytotoxic nor mutagenic on V79 cells, probably because it is taken up by the cells very slowly, whereas the presence of NTA (2.5 X 10(-3) M in water) elicited a direct cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, which was dose-dependent from 5 X 10(-5) M to 10(-4) M PbCrO4. This effect was due to solubilization of the chromate anion by NTA, as determined by comparing spectrophotometric determinations of Cr(VI) in PbCrO4 treatment solutions with a mutagenicity titration curve obtained with a completely soluble Cr(VI) salt (potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516442,Simon et al. 1987,Modifications of physical and chemical soil properties by application of treated petrochemical effluent,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm tree grass shrub metals cadmium root phytotoxicity soil pollution environmental surveillance waste management waste disposal industrial waste petrochemicals industry,Modifications of physical and chemical soil properties by application of treated petrochemical effluent Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm tree grass shrub metals cadmium root phytotoxicity soil pollution environmental surveillance waste management waste disposal industrial waste petrochemicals industry,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234912,Baran 1984,Oxide compounds on Ni-Cr alloys,"Five Ni-Cr alloys were studied in order to identify the compounds formed on the alloy surface during oxidation under conditions similar to those encountered during dental laboratory procedures prior to application of porcelain. After the alloys were oxidized, the films covering the surfaces were removed with the aid of a Br-methanol solution. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the compounds formed. Oxides of nearly all elements contained by the alloys were found after low-temperature (650 degrees C) oxidation, while NiO and particularly Cr2O3 were predominant after oxidation at high temperatures (1000 degrees C).","Oxide compounds on Ni-Cr alloys Abs: Five Ni-Cr alloys were studied in order to identify the compounds formed on the alloy surface during oxidation under conditions similar to those encountered during dental laboratory procedures prior to application of porcelain. After the alloys were oxidized, the films covering the surfaces were removed with the aid of a Br-methanol solution. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the compounds formed. Oxides of nearly all elements contained by the alloys were found after low-temperature (650 degrees C) oxidation, while NiO and particularly Cr2O3 were predominant after oxidation at high temperatures (1000 degrees C).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
30865,Karlsen et al. 1992,Chemical composition and morphology of welding fume particles and grinding dusts,"Elemental composition and morphology of pure manual metal arc (MMA) welding fumes, pure grinding dust, and combined fume/dust air samples were collected and determined separately under semilaboratory conditions. The base material was stainless steel. The purpose of the present study was to create a &quot;synthetic&quot; work situation under semilaboratory conditions by combining one grinding period and two MMA welding periods and comparing these results with results during welding in a workshop. The duty cycles of pure welding and of pure grinding were also observed. A comparison was also made between metal inert gas (MIG) and MMA welding on stainless steel as well as a nickel-rich alloy under regular conditions. The amount of collected material was determined by weighing the membrane filters before and after exposure, and the element contents were determined by atomic spectroscopy. Other transmission electron microscopy (TEM) filters were used for TEM and computer-image analysis, in which the amount of collected material and its morphological characteristics were observed. The arcing time and the consumption of filler material were estimated for different kinds of electrodes. Chemical analysis showed that the contents of manganese and total chromium were lower in grinding dust than in welding fumes. The contents of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in grinding dust were undetectable. Samples collected in welding shops where concomitant grinding was performed contained about 30% less Cr(VI) than those collected under laboratory conditions during welding only. The sizes and shapes of the particles depend on the welding process and distance of collection from the plume of the fume. To compare laboratory experiments with regular welding situations, the experiment must resemble industrial welding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Chemical composition and morphology of welding fume particles and grinding dusts Abs: Elemental composition and morphology of pure manual metal arc (MMA) welding fumes, pure grinding dust, and combined fume/dust air samples were collected and determined separately under semilaboratory conditions. The base material was stainless steel. The purpose of the present study was to create a &quot;synthetic&quot; work situation under semilaboratory conditions by combining one grinding period and two MMA welding periods and comparing these results with results during welding in a workshop. The duty cycles of pure welding and of pure grinding were also observed. A comparison was also made between metal inert gas (MIG) and MMA welding on stainless steel as well as a nickel-rich alloy under regular conditions. The amount of collected material was determined by weighing the membrane filters before and after exposure, and the element contents were determined by atomic spectroscopy. Other transmission electron microscopy (TEM) filters were used for TEM and computer-image analysis, in which the amount of collected material and its morphological characteristics were observed. The arcing time and the consumption of filler material were estimated for different kinds of electrodes. Chemical analysis showed that the contents of manganese and total chromium were lower in grinding dust than in welding fumes. The contents of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), in grinding dust were undetectable. Samples collected in welding shops where concomitant grinding was performed contained about 30% less Cr(VI) than those collected under laboratory conditions during welding only. The sizes and shapes of the particles depend on the welding process and distance of collection from the plume of the fume. To compare laboratory experiments with regular welding situations, the experiment must resemble industrial welding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1237041,Friberg et al. 1986,HANDBOOK ON THE TOXICOLOGY OF METALS SECOND EDITION VOL. I. GENERAL ASPECTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK HUMAN ANIMAL,HANDBOOK ON THE TOXICOLOGY OF METALS SECOND EDITION VOL. I. GENERAL ASPECTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK HUMAN ANIMAL,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1515202,Fuoco and  Papoff 1975,"Individual detection and determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) together with Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn in tap water at ppb level","HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The poisoning effect of Cr depends upon its valence state in the sample. To detect Cr(VI) and CR(III) in trace quantities in tap water, the behavior of these ions was investigated by differential pulse polarography and differential anodic stripping polarography in ammonia buffer solutions at very low Cr concentration. In the concentration range used (up to 10-5 M) Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(O) via Cr(III) and Cr(II). In 0.1 M NH4OH and 0.05 M NH4Cl, the peak potentials related to the 3 steps are -0.30, -1.40 and -1.59 V, respectively. The concentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in the sample can be calculated by the height of the 1st and 3rd peaks. By considering that the electrochemical production of Cr(II) on the electrode should give rise to a precipitate of Cr(OH)2 in situ, differential anodic stripping experiments were performed. If the pre-electrolysis potential is properly chosen, then an anodic peak for Cr(II) oxidation to Cr(III) is obtained. The corresponding peak height vs. concentration plot is linear down to 6.6 The values of the minimum detectable concentration of the other metal ions which can be determined together with Cr, with or without interference, are reported.","Individual detection and determination of chromium(VI) and chromium(III) together with Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn in tap water at ppb level Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The poisoning effect of Cr depends upon its valence state in the sample. To detect Cr(VI) and CR(III) in trace quantities in tap water, the behavior of these ions was investigated by differential pulse polarography and differential anodic stripping polarography in ammonia buffer solutions at very low Cr concentration. In the concentration range used (up to 10-5 M) Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(O) via Cr(III) and Cr(II). In 0.1 M NH4OH and 0.05 M NH4Cl, the peak potentials related to the 3 steps are -0.30, -1.40 and -1.59 V, respectively. The concentration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in the sample can be calculated by the height of the 1st and 3rd peaks. By considering that the electrochemical production of Cr(II) on the electrode should give rise to a precipitate of Cr(OH)2 in situ, differential anodic stripping experiments were performed. If the pre-electrolysis potential is properly chosen, then an anodic peak for Cr(II) oxidation to Cr(III) is obtained. The corresponding peak height vs. concentration plot is linear down to 6.6 The values of the minimum detectable concentration of the other metal ions which can be determined together with Cr, with or without interference, are reported.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1235815,Jones et al. 1955,Decreased red cell survival associated with liver disease; use of radioactive sodium chromate in measurement of red cell survival,,Decreased red cell survival associated with liver disease; use of radioactive sodium chromate in measurement of red cell survival Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577483,Aksu and  Akpinar 2000,Simultaneous adsorption of phenol and chromium(VI) from binary mixtures onto powdered activated carbon,,Simultaneous adsorption of phenol and chromium(VI) from binary mixtures onto powdered activated carbon Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231726,Costa et al. 2008,Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using DSA electrodes,"In this work we studied the electrochemical treatment of a tannery wastewater using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) containing tin, iridium, ruthenium, and titanium. The electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition of the polymeric precursors. The electrolyses were performed under galvanostatic conditions, at room temperature. Effects of the oxide composition, current density, and effluent conductivity were investigated, and the current efficiency was calculated as a function of the time for the performed electrolyses. Results showed that all the studied electrodes led to a decrease in the content of both total phenolic compounds and total organic carbon (TOC), as well as lower absorbance in the UV-vis region. Toxicity tests using Daphnia similis demonstrated that the electrochemical treatment reduced the wastewater toxicity. The use of DSA type electrodes in the electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater proved to be useful since it can promote a decrease in total phenolic compounds, TOC, absorbance, and toxicity.","Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using DSA electrodes Abs: In this work we studied the electrochemical treatment of a tannery wastewater using dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) containing tin, iridium, ruthenium, and titanium. The electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition of the polymeric precursors. The electrolyses were performed under galvanostatic conditions, at room temperature. Effects of the oxide composition, current density, and effluent conductivity were investigated, and the current efficiency was calculated as a function of the time for the performed electrolyses. Results showed that all the studied electrodes led to a decrease in the content of both total phenolic compounds and total organic carbon (TOC), as well as lower absorbance in the UV-vis region. Toxicity tests using Daphnia similis demonstrated that the electrochemical treatment reduced the wastewater toxicity. The use of DSA type electrodes in the electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater proved to be useful since it can promote a decrease in total phenolic compounds, TOC, absorbance, and toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225392,Souza et al. 2013,Evaluation of chromium concentration in cattle feces using different acid digestion and spectrophotometric quantification techniques,,Evaluation of chromium concentration in cattle feces using different acid digestion and spectrophotometric quantification techniques Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231264,Greenberg and  Lester 1944,A Micromethod for the Determination of Acetone and Ketone Bodies,"A method for the determination of acetone (67641) and ketones in blood and urine was evaluated. The solution to be analyzed along with 2 cubic centimeters (cc) of carbon-tetrachloride was added to 2cc of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. After shaking, the supernatant drawn off and the remaining contents were read colorimetrically and compared with carbon-tetrachloride readings. To determine ketone in blood and urine, a micro refluxing tube was used to maintain stable concentrations of sulfuric-acid (7664939) and dichromate (13907476) in the solution to extract acetone from the ketones. The amount of acetone-hydrazone (5281209) recovered from carbon-tetrachloride was less than that formed from the acetone hydrazine reaction. In blood and urine, the concentration of acetone obtained did not represent all ketone bodies, since only 86 percent of hydroxybutyric-acid formed from the dichromic-acid was oxidized to acetone. The authors conclude that the method is rapid, sensitive, and accurate for determining acetone content and determining ketone bodies.","A Micromethod for the Determination of Acetone and Ketone Bodies Abs: A method for the determination of acetone (67641) and ketones in blood and urine was evaluated. The solution to be analyzed along with 2 cubic centimeters (cc) of carbon-tetrachloride was added to 2cc of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. After shaking, the supernatant drawn off and the remaining contents were read colorimetrically and compared with carbon-tetrachloride readings. To determine ketone in blood and urine, a micro refluxing tube was used to maintain stable concentrations of sulfuric-acid (7664939) and dichromate (13907476) in the solution to extract acetone from the ketones. The amount of acetone-hydrazone (5281209) recovered from carbon-tetrachloride was less than that formed from the acetone hydrazine reaction. In blood and urine, the concentration of acetone obtained did not represent all ketone bodies, since only 86 percent of hydroxybutyric-acid formed from the dichromic-acid was oxidized to acetone. The authors conclude that the method is rapid, sensitive, and accurate for determining acetone content and determining ketone bodies.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1578218,Neuhauser et al. 1999,On-line monitoring of chromium aerosols in industrial exhaust streams by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS),BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ultrafine heavy metal aerosols can have severe toxic and carcinogenic effects when inhaled in higher concentrations. The objective of this work was to develop a mobile continuous emission monitor (CEM) based on laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) for an on-line analysis of chromium aerosols. The LIPS emission sensor was installed in an electroplating facility for a fast monitoring of particulate emissions to provide instantaneous feedback for process control. The prototype was tested in coo independent reference analysis.,On-line monitoring of chromium aerosols in industrial exhaust streams by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Ultrafine heavy metal aerosols can have severe toxic and carcinogenic effects when inhaled in higher concentrations. The objective of this work was to develop a mobile continuous emission monitor (CEM) based on laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) for an on-line analysis of chromium aerosols. The LIPS emission sensor was installed in an electroplating facility for a fast monitoring of particulate emissions to provide instantaneous feedback for process control. The prototype was tested in coo independent reference analysis.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509651,Memon et al. 2005,Preconcentration and separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using sawdust as a sorbent,"A simple, inexpensive method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) on sawdust from Cedrus deodera has been developed for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental water samples. Because different exchange capacities were observed for the two forms of chromium at different pH-Cr(III) was selectively retained at pH 3 to 4 whereas Cr(VI) was retained at pH 1-complete separation of the two forms of chromium is possible. Retained species were eluted with 2.5 mL 0.1 mol L(-1) HCl and 0.1 mol L(-1) NaOH. Detection limits of 0.05 and 0.04 microg mL(-1) were achieved for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively, with enrichment factors of 100 and 80. Recovery was quantitative using 250 mL sample volume for Cr(III) and 200 mL for Cr(VI). Different kinetic and thermodynamic properties that affect sorption of the chromium species on the sawdust were also determined. Metal ion concentration was measured as the Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide complex by UV-visible spectroscopy. The method was successfully applied for speciation of chromium in environmental and industrial water samples.","Preconcentration and separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using sawdust as a sorbent Abs: A simple, inexpensive method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) on sawdust from Cedrus deodera has been developed for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in environmental water samples. Because different exchange capacities were observed for the two forms of chromium at different pH-Cr(III) was selectively retained at pH 3 to 4 whereas Cr(VI) was retained at pH 1-complete separation of the two forms of chromium is possible. Retained species were eluted with 2.5 mL 0.1 mol L(-1) HCl and 0.1 mol L(-1) NaOH. Detection limits of 0.05 and 0.04 microg mL(-1) were achieved for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively, with enrichment factors of 100 and 80. Recovery was quantitative using 250 mL sample volume for Cr(III) and 200 mL for Cr(VI). Different kinetic and thermodynamic properties that affect sorption of the chromium species on the sawdust were also determined. Metal ion concentration was measured as the Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide complex by UV-visible spectroscopy. The method was successfully applied for speciation of chromium in environmental and industrial water samples.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231758,Chang and  Kim 2007,Effect of sulfate reduction activity on biological treatment of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contaminated electroplating wastewater under sulfate-rich condition,"Electroplating wastewater (EW) containing heavy metals was treated by a two-stage packed-bed reactor system. The EW was highly contaminated with hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals as well as sulfate because sulfuric acid had been mainly used to polish the surface of metals to be electroplated. This acidic EW was effectively neutralized in an alkaline reactor where limestone had been packed. The neutralized wastewater together with organic wastewater from a starch-processing factory (SPW) was fed to a bioreactor packed with waste biomass. The SPW was used to supplement the electron donor in the sulfidogenic bioreactor. During the whole operation, we investigated the stoichiometry of electron to see what could be a major factor to remove Cr in the wastewater. The removal rates of sulfate and Cr(VI) were dependent on the consumption rate of organic materials in the wastewater. The stoichiometric studies also showed that about 63% of electrons from oxidation of organic materials were used to reduce sulfate. When the electrons of sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur was at least 1.3 times higher than that of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III), Cr(VI) was completely removed. This result suggests that Cr(VI) reduction can be expected to take place under sulfate-rich anaerobic conditions, and sulfide produced by sulfate reducing bacteria could be used to immobilize soluble chromium through Cr(VI) reduction.","Effect of sulfate reduction activity on biological treatment of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contaminated electroplating wastewater under sulfate-rich condition Abs: Electroplating wastewater (EW) containing heavy metals was treated by a two-stage packed-bed reactor system. The EW was highly contaminated with hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals as well as sulfate because sulfuric acid had been mainly used to polish the surface of metals to be electroplated. This acidic EW was effectively neutralized in an alkaline reactor where limestone had been packed. The neutralized wastewater together with organic wastewater from a starch-processing factory (SPW) was fed to a bioreactor packed with waste biomass. The SPW was used to supplement the electron donor in the sulfidogenic bioreactor. During the whole operation, we investigated the stoichiometry of electron to see what could be a major factor to remove Cr in the wastewater. The removal rates of sulfate and Cr(VI) were dependent on the consumption rate of organic materials in the wastewater. The stoichiometric studies also showed that about 63% of electrons from oxidation of organic materials were used to reduce sulfate. When the electrons of sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur was at least 1.3 times higher than that of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III), Cr(VI) was completely removed. This result suggests that Cr(VI) reduction can be expected to take place under sulfate-rich anaerobic conditions, and sulfide produced by sulfate reducing bacteria could be used to immobilize soluble chromium through Cr(VI) reduction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1577492,Alpaydin et al. 2011,Kinetic study on removal of toxic metal Cr(VI) through a bulk liquid membrane containing p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivative,,Kinetic study on removal of toxic metal Cr(VI) through a bulk liquid membrane containing p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivative Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1516235,Nusko and  Heumann 1997,Cr(III)r(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method, using the formation of positive thermal ions, was developed for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) spike species, enriched in 53Cr, were applied for the isotope dilution step. After leaching of filter collected aerosol samples by an alkaline solution at pH 13, species separation was carried out by extraction with a liquid anion exchanger in methyl isobutyl ketone. Cr(VI) in the organic phase was re-extracted into an ammoniacal solution and chromium was then isolated from both fractions of species by electrodeposition. Detection limits of 30 pg/m3 for Cr(III) and of 8 pg/m3 for Cr(VI) were achieved in atmospheric aerosols for volumes of air samples of about 120 m3. These low detection limits allowed the determination of chromium species in continental aerosol particles in dependence on different seasons. The Cr(III) r(VI) ratio was always found to be about 0.3 whereas dust from soi","Cr(III)r(VI) speciation in aerosol particles by extractive separation and thermal ionization isotope dilution mass spectrometry Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. An isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) method, using the formation of positive thermal ions, was developed for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) speciation in aerosol particles. Cr(III) and Cr(VI) spike species, enriched in 53Cr, were applied for the isotope dilution step. After leaching of filter collected aerosol samples by an alkaline solution at pH 13, species separation was carried out by extraction with a liquid anion exchanger in methyl isobutyl ketone. Cr(VI) in the organic phase was re-extracted into an ammoniacal solution and chromium was then isolated from both fractions of species by electrodeposition. Detection limits of 30 pg/m3 for Cr(III) and of 8 pg/m3 for Cr(VI) were achieved in atmospheric aerosols for volumes of air samples of about 120 m3. These low detection limits allowed the determination of chromium species in continental aerosol particles in dependence on different seasons. The Cr(III) r(VI) ratio was always found to be about 0.3 whereas dust from soi",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232117,Singh and  Singh 2002,Cr(VI) removal in acidic aqueous solution using iron-bearing industrial solid wastes and their stabilisation with cement,"In this study, iron-bearing industrial solid wastes iron filings, ETP sludge of steel and red mud of aluminium industries; were used for Cr(VI) removal at pH 3. A complete removal of Cr(VI) was found for initial 10 mg 1(-1) of 100 ml solutions in the presence of 2.5 g iron filings, 8 g ETP sludge and 10 g red mud for up to one hour of shaking at room temperature. After Cr(VI) removal, inclusion of chromium on the reacted iron filing surface was demonstrated by EDAX analysis. Leachability of chromium and iron from the reacted wastes was determined by using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP). This test showed a very low level of leachability of chromium as Cr(III) and iron from the reacted wastes. To minimise their leachability further, Cr(VI)-reacted solid wastes were stabilised with Portland cement in their 3:1 ratio. Leachability tests of stabilised wastes by TCLP indicated a considerable decrease in leachability of chromium and iron compared with the that of reacted wastes alone. To explore the possibility of utilisation in building materials, bricks of cement-mixed Cr(VI)-reacted wastes were made and their comprehensive strength, durability and leachability under immersion conditions were measured.","Cr(VI) removal in acidic aqueous solution using iron-bearing industrial solid wastes and their stabilisation with cement Abs: In this study, iron-bearing industrial solid wastes iron filings, ETP sludge of steel and red mud of aluminium industries; were used for Cr(VI) removal at pH 3. A complete removal of Cr(VI) was found for initial 10 mg 1(-1) of 100 ml solutions in the presence of 2.5 g iron filings, 8 g ETP sludge and 10 g red mud for up to one hour of shaking at room temperature. After Cr(VI) removal, inclusion of chromium on the reacted iron filing surface was demonstrated by EDAX analysis. Leachability of chromium and iron from the reacted wastes was determined by using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP). This test showed a very low level of leachability of chromium as Cr(III) and iron from the reacted wastes. To minimise their leachability further, Cr(VI)-reacted solid wastes were stabilised with Portland cement in their 3:1 ratio. Leachability tests of stabilised wastes by TCLP indicated a considerable decrease in leachability of chromium and iron compared with the that of reacted wastes alone. To explore the possibility of utilisation in building materials, bricks of cement-mixed Cr(VI)-reacted wastes were made and their comprehensive strength, durability and leachability under immersion conditions were measured.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1509520,Lautner et al. 1978,Measurement of chromium VI and chromium III in stainless steel welding fumes with electrom spectroscopy for chemical analysis and neutron activation analysis,Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was explored as a means of studying the oxidation state of chromium in SMAC (coated electrode) stainless steel welding fume collected on Nucleopore filters in the laboratory. Chromuim VI and III (as a percent of the total chromium) obtained from ESCA analysis was applied to results from Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) to yield an average of 69 microgram chromium VI per sample. Diphenylcarbazide/atomic absorption (DPC/AA) results are reported for samples submitted to an industrial laboratory. Possible chemical species and solubility of chromium VI in stainless steel fumes is discussed in light of analogy between the SMAC process and the manufacturing process for chromates.,Measurement of chromium VI and chromium III in stainless steel welding fumes with electrom spectroscopy for chemical analysis and neutron activation analysis Abs: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was explored as a means of studying the oxidation state of chromium in SMAC (coated electrode) stainless steel welding fume collected on Nucleopore filters in the laboratory. Chromuim VI and III (as a percent of the total chromium) obtained from ESCA analysis was applied to results from Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) to yield an average of 69 microgram chromium VI per sample. Diphenylcarbazide/atomic absorption (DPC/AA) results are reported for samples submitted to an industrial laboratory. Possible chemical species and solubility of chromium VI in stainless steel fumes is discussed in light of analogy between the SMAC process and the manufacturing process for chromates.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1232079,Viti et al. 2003,Characterization of Cr(VI)-resistant bacteria isolated from chromium-contaminated soil by tannery activity,"Bacterial strains, previously isolated from a chromium-polluted soil, were identified on the basis of Gram reaction and biochemical characteristics (Biolog system). Moreover, chromate MICs, chromate reduction capability, multiple heavy metal tolerance, and antibiotic susceptibility were tested for each isolate. All strains but one were Gram-positive and resistant to high concentrations of chromate. The most Cr(VI)-resistant isolate (22m M) was identified as Corynebacterium hoagii. All Cr(VI)-resistant strains except the isolate ChrC20 were capable of catalyzing the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), a less toxic and less water-soluble form of chromium. The only isolate Cr(VI)-sensitive, attributed to the Pseudomonas genus, also exhibited Cr(VI)-reduction. Isolates were also screened for the presence of plasmid DNA. The strains ChrC20 and ChrB20 harbored one and two plasmids of high molecular mass, respectively. This approach permitted selection of some bacterial strains, which could be used for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted environments.","Characterization of Cr(VI)-resistant bacteria isolated from chromium-contaminated soil by tannery activity Abs: Bacterial strains, previously isolated from a chromium-polluted soil, were identified on the basis of Gram reaction and biochemical characteristics (Biolog system). Moreover, chromate MICs, chromate reduction capability, multiple heavy metal tolerance, and antibiotic susceptibility were tested for each isolate. All strains but one were Gram-positive and resistant to high concentrations of chromate. The most Cr(VI)-resistant isolate (22m M) was identified as Corynebacterium hoagii. All Cr(VI)-resistant strains except the isolate ChrC20 were capable of catalyzing the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), a less toxic and less water-soluble form of chromium. The only isolate Cr(VI)-sensitive, attributed to the Pseudomonas genus, also exhibited Cr(VI)-reduction. Isolates were also screened for the presence of plasmid DNA. The strains ChrC20 and ChrB20 harbored one and two plasmids of high molecular mass, respectively. This approach permitted selection of some bacterial strains, which could be used for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted environments.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231578,Fiúza et al. 2010,Heterogeneous kinetics of the reduction of chromium (VI) by elemental iron,"Zero valent iron (ZVI) has been extensively used as a reactive medium for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in reactive permeable barriers. The kinetic rate depends strongly on the superficial oxidation of the iron particles used and the preliminary washing of ZVI increases the rate. The reaction has been primarily modelled using a pseudo-first-order kinetics which is inappropriate for a heterogeneous reaction. We assumed a shrinking particle type model where the kinetic rate is proportional to the available iron surface area, to the initial volume of solution and to the chromium concentration raised to a power alpha which is the order of the chemical reaction occurring at surface. We assumed alpha=2/3 based on the likeness to the shrinking particle models with spherical symmetry. Kinetics studies were performed in order to evaluate the suitability of this approach. The influence of the following parameters was experimentally studied: initial available surface area, chromium concentration, temperature and pH. The assumed order for the reaction was confirmed. In addition, the rate constant was calculated from data obtained in different operating conditions. Digital pictures of iron balls were periodically taken and the image treatment allowed for establishing the time evolution of their size distribution.","Heterogeneous kinetics of the reduction of chromium (VI) by elemental iron Abs: Zero valent iron (ZVI) has been extensively used as a reactive medium for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in reactive permeable barriers. The kinetic rate depends strongly on the superficial oxidation of the iron particles used and the preliminary washing of ZVI increases the rate. The reaction has been primarily modelled using a pseudo-first-order kinetics which is inappropriate for a heterogeneous reaction. We assumed a shrinking particle type model where the kinetic rate is proportional to the available iron surface area, to the initial volume of solution and to the chromium concentration raised to a power alpha which is the order of the chemical reaction occurring at surface. We assumed alpha=2/3 based on the likeness to the shrinking particle models with spherical symmetry. Kinetics studies were performed in order to evaluate the suitability of this approach. The influence of the following parameters was experimentally studied: initial available surface area, chromium concentration, temperature and pH. The assumed order for the reaction was confirmed. In addition, the rate constant was calculated from data obtained in different operating conditions. Digital pictures of iron balls were periodically taken and the image treatment allowed for establishing the time evolution of their size distribution.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
2225482,Ozcan et al. 2013,Synthesis of a novel calix[4]azacrown ionophore and its extraction ability toward Cr(VI),,Synthesis of a novel calix[4]azacrown ionophore and its extraction ability toward Cr(VI) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1231173,Waters 1946,A study of the mechanism of oxidation with chromic acid,,A study of the mechanism of oxidation with chromic acid Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1234877,Baggett and  Berndt 1986,Renal function in the rat after treatment with mercuric chloride plus potassium dichromate,"The treatment of rats with single subcutaneous (sc) doses of mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg) plus potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg) resulted in greater effects on water consumption, urine volume, body weight, and urinary electrolyte excretion than produced by mercuric chloride alone. The dose of potassium dichromate alone had no effects on renal function. Urine volume at 6 hr was increased twofold over mercuric chloride alone. Similarly, potassium excretion by these animals at 6 hr was significantly decreased compared to controls. These animals were oliguric by 24 hr after the injection. Urine osmolality of rats receiving the combination of the metals remained lower than controls throughout the 4-day experimental period. Measurement of renal arterial blood flow by electromagnetic flow probe after subcutaneous injection of saline, mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg), potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg), or the combination, produced no change over a 2.5-hr period, at 24 hr, and at 48 hr, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of these rats was not affected over the same period of time.","Renal function in the rat after treatment with mercuric chloride plus potassium dichromate Abs: The treatment of rats with single subcutaneous (sc) doses of mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg) plus potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg) resulted in greater effects on water consumption, urine volume, body weight, and urinary electrolyte excretion than produced by mercuric chloride alone. The dose of potassium dichromate alone had no effects on renal function. Urine volume at 6 hr was increased twofold over mercuric chloride alone. Similarly, potassium excretion by these animals at 6 hr was significantly decreased compared to controls. These animals were oliguric by 24 hr after the injection. Urine osmolality of rats receiving the combination of the metals remained lower than controls throughout the 4-day experimental period. Measurement of renal arterial blood flow by electromagnetic flow probe after subcutaneous injection of saline, mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg), potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg), or the combination, produced no change over a 2.5-hr period, at 24 hr, and at 48 hr, and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of these rats was not affected over the same period of time.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
14619,Saryan and  Reedy 1988,Chromium determinations in a case of chromic acid ingestion,A fatal case of acute chromic acid ingestion is reported. The case history and biological fluid concentrations of chromium are presented and discussed. Previous cases of acute chromium intoxication are reviewed and recommendations for the management of such patients are presented.,Chromium determinations in a case of chromic acid ingestion Abs: A fatal case of acute chromic acid ingestion is reported. The case history and biological fluid concentrations of chromium are presented and discussed. Previous cases of acute chromium intoxication are reviewed and recommendations for the management of such patients are presented.,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231463,Thompson et al. 2011,Investigation of the mode of action underlying the tumorigenic response induced in B6C3F1 mice exposed orally to hexavalent chromium,"Chronic ingestion of high concentrations of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in drinking water induces intestinal tumors in mice. To investigate the mode of action (MOA) underlying these tumors, a 90-day drinking water study was conducted using similar exposure conditions as in a previous cancer bioassay, as well as lower (heretofore unexamined) drinking water concentrations. Tissue samples were collected in mice exposed for 7 or 90 days and subjected to histopathological, biochemical, toxicogenomic, and toxicokinetic analyses. Described herein are the results of toxicokinetic, biochemical, and pathological findings. Following 90 days of exposure to 0.3-520 mg/l of sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), total chromium concentrations in the duodenum were significantly elevated at ? 14 mg/l. At these concentrations, significant decreases in the reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were observed. Beginning at 60 mg/l, intestinal lesions were observed including villous cytoplasmic vacuolization. Atrophy, apoptosis, and crypt hyperplasia were evident at ? 170 mg/l. Protein carbonyls were elevated at concentrations ? 4 mg/l SDD, whereas oxidative DNA damage, as assessed by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, was not increased in any treatment group. Significant decreases in the GSH/GSSG ratio and similar histopathological lesions as observed in the duodenum were also observed in the jejunum following 90 days of exposure. Cytokine levels (e.g., interleukin-1?) were generally depressed or unaltered at the termination of the study. Overall, the data suggest that Cr(VI) in drinking water can induce oxidative stress, villous cytotoxicity, and crypt hyperplasia in the mouse intestine and may underlie the MOA of intestinal carcinogenesis in mice.","Investigation of the mode of action underlying the tumorigenic response induced in B6C3F1 mice exposed orally to hexavalent chromium Abs: Chronic ingestion of high concentrations of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in drinking water induces intestinal tumors in mice. To investigate the mode of action (MOA) underlying these tumors, a 90-day drinking water study was conducted using similar exposure conditions as in a previous cancer bioassay, as well as lower (heretofore unexamined) drinking water concentrations. Tissue samples were collected in mice exposed for 7 or 90 days and subjected to histopathological, biochemical, toxicogenomic, and toxicokinetic analyses. Described herein are the results of toxicokinetic, biochemical, and pathological findings. Following 90 days of exposure to 0.3-520 mg/l of sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), total chromium concentrations in the duodenum were significantly elevated at ? 14 mg/l. At these concentrations, significant decreases in the reduced-to-oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) were observed. Beginning at 60 mg/l, intestinal lesions were observed including villous cytoplasmic vacuolization. Atrophy, apoptosis, and crypt hyperplasia were evident at ? 170 mg/l. Protein carbonyls were elevated at concentrations ? 4 mg/l SDD, whereas oxidative DNA damage, as assessed by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, was not increased in any treatment group. Significant decreases in the GSH/GSSG ratio and similar histopathological lesions as observed in the duodenum were also observed in the jejunum following 90 days of exposure. Cytokine levels (e.g., interleukin-1?) were generally depressed or unaltered at the termination of the study. Overall, the data suggest that Cr(VI) in drinking water can induce oxidative stress, villous cytotoxicity, and crypt hyperplasia in the mouse intestine and may underlie the MOA of intestinal carcinogenesis in mice.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
758633,Li et al. 2001,Effect of Cr(VI) exposure on sperm quality: human and animal studies,"The semen status of male workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium(VI) was investigated. Sperm counts from exposed workers were 47.05+/-2.13 x 10(6)/ml and those from control group 88.96+/-3.40 x 10(6)/ml. Sperm motility decreased from 81.92+/-0.41% for the control group to 69.71+/-0.93% for the exposed workers. The levels of zinc, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate dehydrogenase C4 isoenzyme (LDH-x) in seminal plasma for the exposed workers were 1.48+/-0.07 micromol/ml, 1.05+/-0.02 x 10(3) U, and 0.47+/-0.01 x 10(3) U, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of 5.72+/-0.15 micromol/ml, 1.49+/-0.02 x 10(3) U, and 0.78+/-0.15 x 10(3) U for the control group, respectively. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (7.34+/-0.34 x 10(-3) IU/ml) in serum from the exposed workers was significantly higher than that (2.41+/-0.08 x 10(-3) IU/ml) from the control group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in semen volume, semen liquefaction time, luteinizing hormone (LH) level in serum, and Cr concentration in both serum and seminal plasma between the exposed workers and the control group. Feeding Cr(VI) to rats significantly reduced the epididymal sperm counts from 87.40+/-3.85 x 10(6)/g epididymis in control group to 21.40+/-1.20 x 10(6)/g epididymis at a CrO(3) dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and to 17.48+/-1.04 x 10(6)/g epididymis at a CrO(3) dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Exposure of rats to Cr(VI) also significantly increased the sperm abnormality from 2.75+/-0.06% in the control group to 6.68+/-0.32% in the exposed group at a CrO(3) dose of 10 mg/kg body and to 7.6+/-0.15% at a CrO(3) dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. In exposed rats, there was visible disruption in germ cell arrangement near the walls of the seminiferous tubules. The diameters of seminiferous tubules in exposed rats were smaller. These results suggest that occupational exposure to chromium(VI) leads to alteration of semen status and may affect the reproductive success of exposed workers.","Effect of Cr(VI) exposure on sperm quality: human and animal studies Abs: The semen status of male workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium(VI) was investigated. Sperm counts from exposed workers were 47.05+/-2.13 x 10(6)/ml and those from control group 88.96+/-3.40 x 10(6)/ml. Sperm motility decreased from 81.92+/-0.41% for the control group to 69.71+/-0.93% for the exposed workers. The levels of zinc, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate dehydrogenase C4 isoenzyme (LDH-x) in seminal plasma for the exposed workers were 1.48+/-0.07 micromol/ml, 1.05+/-0.02 x 10(3) U, and 0.47+/-0.01 x 10(3) U, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of 5.72+/-0.15 micromol/ml, 1.49+/-0.02 x 10(3) U, and 0.78+/-0.15 x 10(3) U for the control group, respectively. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (7.34+/-0.34 x 10(-3) IU/ml) in serum from the exposed workers was significantly higher than that (2.41+/-0.08 x 10(-3) IU/ml) from the control group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in semen volume, semen liquefaction time, luteinizing hormone (LH) level in serum, and Cr concentration in both serum and seminal plasma between the exposed workers and the control group. Feeding Cr(VI) to rats significantly reduced the epididymal sperm counts from 87.40+/-3.85 x 10(6)/g epididymis in control group to 21.40+/-1.20 x 10(6)/g epididymis at a CrO(3) dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and to 17.48+/-1.04 x 10(6)/g epididymis at a CrO(3) dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Exposure of rats to Cr(VI) also significantly increased the sperm abnormality from 2.75+/-0.06% in the control group to 6.68+/-0.32% in the exposed group at a CrO(3) dose of 10 mg/kg body and to 7.6+/-0.15% at a CrO(3) dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. In exposed rats, there was visible disruption in germ cell arrangement near the walls of the seminiferous tubules. The diameters of seminiferous tubules in exposed rats were smaller. These results suggest that occupational exposure to chromium(VI) leads to alteration of semen status and may affect the reproductive success of exposed workers.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231025,Harry et al. 1984,[Acute renal failure following skin burns by chromic acid (chromium VI)],,[Acute renal failure following skin burns by chromic acid (chromium VI)] Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1786216,Krim et al. 2013,Protective effect of ginger against toxicity induced by chromate in rats,"The evaluation of the effect of ginger on the modulation of toxic effects induced by chromate is the objective of our study. 50 male rats Albinos Wistar were divided to five groups as follow: group I (T) is served as control, received a mineral water by gavage (per os); group II (G) received an experimental diet with 2% of ginger; group III (Cr) received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg) and normal diet; group IV (CrG): received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg) and an experimental diet containing 2% ginger; and group V (Cr(+)G) received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (25 mg/kg) and an experimental diet with 2% of ginger. The results of this study indicate that the chromate provoked a haematoxic effect (anemia), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and also a perturbation in lipids profile. In addition, chromate has a pro-oxidant effect, which was indicated by decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in different tissues. However, the administration of ginger revealed a reduction of the intensity of oxidative stress induced by the chromate resulting in the decrease of the majority of the previous parameters concentrations. In conclusion we demonstrated that ginger has potent antioxidants activity, revealed by the amelioration of chromate's toxic effects. We can say that ginger has a protective effect towards damages induced by the chromate.","Protective effect of ginger against toxicity induced by chromate in rats Abs: The evaluation of the effect of ginger on the modulation of toxic effects induced by chromate is the objective of our study. 50 male rats Albinos Wistar were divided to five groups as follow: group I (T) is served as control, received a mineral water by gavage (per os); group II (G) received an experimental diet with 2% of ginger; group III (Cr) received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg) and normal diet; group IV (CrG): received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg) and an experimental diet containing 2% ginger; and group V (Cr(+)G) received an oral dose of potassium dichromate (25 mg/kg) and an experimental diet with 2% of ginger. The results of this study indicate that the chromate provoked a haematoxic effect (anemia), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and also a perturbation in lipids profile. In addition, chromate has a pro-oxidant effect, which was indicated by decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in different tissues. However, the administration of ginger revealed a reduction of the intensity of oxidative stress induced by the chromate resulting in the decrease of the majority of the previous parameters concentrations. In conclusion we demonstrated that ginger has potent antioxidants activity, revealed by the amelioration of chromate's toxic effects. We can say that ginger has a protective effect towards damages induced by the chromate.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1236311,Zemliano? et al. 1976,[Radioisotope method of diagnosis of internal hemorrhage],The authors have developed experimentally and employed clinically a new method of diagnosing a localization of the source of intermittent internal hemorrhage. The method consists in determination of blood congestion sites by radioactive changes measured by external recordings after injection of 2.5 muc per Kg weight of radioactive chromium-51 in sodium chromate in the circulating blood.,[Radioisotope method of diagnosis of internal hemorrhage] Abs: The authors have developed experimentally and employed clinically a new method of diagnosing a localization of the source of intermittent internal hemorrhage. The method consists in determination of blood congestion sites by radioactive changes measured by external recordings after injection of 2.5 muc per Kg weight of radioactive chromium-51 in sodium chromate in the circulating blood.,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
14401,Hunter and  Roberts 1933,Experimental study of the effects of potassium bichromate on the monkey's kidney,"Monkeys treated repeatedly with 2-6 milliliters of a 2 percent potassium-bichromate (7778509) solution, injected subcutaneously, developed diffuse injury of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli of the kidney resembling the lesions induced by uranium-nitrate and mercuric-chloride (7487947). Chronic kidney lesions were obtained in only one of the 6 monkeys tested.","Experimental study of the effects of potassium bichromate on the monkey's kidney Abs: Monkeys treated repeatedly with 2-6 milliliters of a 2 percent potassium-bichromate (7778509) solution, injected subcutaneously, developed diffuse injury of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli of the kidney resembling the lesions induced by uranium-nitrate and mercuric-chloride (7487947). Chronic kidney lesions were obtained in only one of the 6 monkeys tested.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1576508,Borzelleca et al. 1989,SHORT-TERM TOXICITY (ONE-DAY AND 10-DAY GAVAGE) OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS,,SHORT-TERM TOXICITY (ONE-DAY AND 10-DAY GAVAGE) OF POTASSIUM DICHROMATE IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1235854,Kim and  Na 1991,Nephrotoxicity of sodium dichromate depending on the route of administration,"A comparison of the effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration of sodium dichromate on nephrotoxicity in rats was studied. Dichromate when injected subcutaneously (SC group) produced a higher degree of nephrotoxicity than when administered intraperitoneally (IP group). It caused severe progressive proteinuria followed by polyuria and glucosuria, reaching maximum levels at 3 days after treatment in the SC group, whereas it produced mild proteinuria without glucosuria in the IP group. The dose-dependent increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, shown in the SC group, were not observed in the IP group. However, between the two groups, there were no great differences in either the urinary excretion rate of chromium or the electrophoretic patterns of urinary protein in the day 1 urine specimens. Pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) had no remarkable effect on the dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, it potentiated dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity, the indices of which were the elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic lipid peroxide formation. These results suggest that the dependence of dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity on the route of administration is related to the chemical forms of chromium reaching the kidney, and the necrotizing property of dichromate results from its metabolic fate in vivo.","Nephrotoxicity of sodium dichromate depending on the route of administration Abs: A comparison of the effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration of sodium dichromate on nephrotoxicity in rats was studied. Dichromate when injected subcutaneously (SC group) produced a higher degree of nephrotoxicity than when administered intraperitoneally (IP group). It caused severe progressive proteinuria followed by polyuria and glucosuria, reaching maximum levels at 3 days after treatment in the SC group, whereas it produced mild proteinuria without glucosuria in the IP group. The dose-dependent increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations, shown in the SC group, were not observed in the IP group. However, between the two groups, there were no great differences in either the urinary excretion rate of chromium or the electrophoretic patterns of urinary protein in the day 1 urine specimens. Pretreatment of phenobarbital (PB) had no remarkable effect on the dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, it potentiated dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity, the indices of which were the elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic lipid peroxide formation. These results suggest that the dependence of dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity on the route of administration is related to the chemical forms of chromium reaching the kidney, and the necrotizing property of dichromate results from its metabolic fate in vivo.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1233834,Elbetieha and  Al-Hamood 1997,Long-term exposure of male and female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds: effect on fertility,"Sexually mature male and female mice at 50 days of age were exposed to trivalent (Chromium chloride) or hexavalent (potassium dichromate) chromium compounds in drinking water for 12 weeks. The effects of the direct chromium exposure on fertility was assessed at day 140 of age. Fertility was significantly reduced in males exposed to the trivalent chromium compound. The number of implantation sites and the number of viable fetuses was significantly reduced in females impregnated by males exposed to the hexavalent chromium compound. The number of resorptions and dead fetuses was increased in females impregnated by males exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds. The exposure of female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds significantly reduced the number of implantation sites and the number of viable fetuses. The number of females with resorptions was significantly increased in hexavalent chromium exposed females. The number of resorptions was increased in trivalent and hexavalent exposed females. Body, seminal vesicles and preputial gland weights were significantly reduced in males exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium, whereas testes weight was significantly increased in males exposed to these compounds. Furthermore, ovarian weight was significantly increased in females exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium, whereas uterine weight was significantly decreased in trivalent chromium exposed females. In conclusion, the ingestion of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds by adult male and female mice would cause adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.","Long-term exposure of male and female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds: effect on fertility Abs: Sexually mature male and female mice at 50 days of age were exposed to trivalent (Chromium chloride) or hexavalent (potassium dichromate) chromium compounds in drinking water for 12 weeks. The effects of the direct chromium exposure on fertility was assessed at day 140 of age. Fertility was significantly reduced in males exposed to the trivalent chromium compound. The number of implantation sites and the number of viable fetuses was significantly reduced in females impregnated by males exposed to the hexavalent chromium compound. The number of resorptions and dead fetuses was increased in females impregnated by males exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds. The exposure of female mice to trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds significantly reduced the number of implantation sites and the number of viable fetuses. The number of females with resorptions was significantly increased in hexavalent chromium exposed females. The number of resorptions was increased in trivalent and hexavalent exposed females. Body, seminal vesicles and preputial gland weights were significantly reduced in males exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium, whereas testes weight was significantly increased in males exposed to these compounds. Furthermore, ovarian weight was significantly increased in females exposed to trivalent and hexavalent chromium, whereas uterine weight was significantly decreased in trivalent chromium exposed females. In conclusion, the ingestion of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds by adult male and female mice would cause adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231074,Pedersen and  Mørch 1979,[Peroral chromic acid poisoning treated with emergency hemodialysis],,[Peroral chromic acid poisoning treated with emergency hemodialysis] Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1233555,Ray and  Sarkar 2012,Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on chromium-induced anemia in a murine model,"Blood hemoglobin level, hematocrit value and erythrocyte count were reduced by 17.5, 17.4 and 15.9%, respectively, as compared to the controls, in Swiss mice treated intraperitoneally with hexavalent chromium (4 mg of potassium dichromate per Kg for 5 day per week) for 2 weeks. Echinocytic transformation of 33.8% erythrocytes, as revealed by both light and scanning electron microscopy, indicated the anemia to be hemolytic in nature. Leucopenia was apparent after 2 weeks (mean leucocyte count: 4.91 thousand c mm(-1)), but not 1 week of treatment (mean count: 6.43 thousand c mm(-1)), However, cytochemical studies indicated that chromium did not interfere with iron utilization for hemoglobin synthesis and also, did not cause denaturation of already synthesized hemoglobin. The study hints to the necessity of periodic monitoring of blood in workers of chromium-dependent tanneries of Kolkata, India.","Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on chromium-induced anemia in a murine model Abs: Blood hemoglobin level, hematocrit value and erythrocyte count were reduced by 17.5, 17.4 and 15.9%, respectively, as compared to the controls, in Swiss mice treated intraperitoneally with hexavalent chromium (4 mg of potassium dichromate per Kg for 5 day per week) for 2 weeks. Echinocytic transformation of 33.8% erythrocytes, as revealed by both light and scanning electron microscopy, indicated the anemia to be hemolytic in nature. Leucopenia was apparent after 2 weeks (mean leucocyte count: 4.91 thousand c mm(-1)), but not 1 week of treatment (mean count: 6.43 thousand c mm(-1)), However, cytochemical studies indicated that chromium did not interfere with iron utilization for hemoglobin synthesis and also, did not cause denaturation of already synthesized hemoglobin. The study hints to the necessity of periodic monitoring of blood in workers of chromium-dependent tanneries of Kolkata, India.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231164,Meyers 1950,Acute pulmonary complications following inhalation of chromic acid mist: Preliminary observations of 2 patients who inhaled massive amounts of chromic acid,,Acute pulmonary complications following inhalation of chromic acid mist: Preliminary observations of 2 patients who inhaled massive amounts of chromic acid Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
2225016,Chapman et al. 2013,A man with severe leg burns,"A 52-year-old Hispanic male was transported to the emergency department after sustaining severe bilateral lower extremity burns in an electroplating factory. His examination revealed circumferential burns to the lower extremities with spotting in the perineum. The epidermis was stained green and sloughed off with gentle pressure. The underlying dermis was white and non-blanching, consistent with a full thickness burn. His feet were partially protected by his work boots where he had small areas of pink, blanchable, partial thickness burns (Fig. 1). Pertinent initial studies included a lactic acid level of 3.1 mmol/L and a creatinine of 1.02 mg/dL.","A man with severe leg burns Abs: A 52-year-old Hispanic male was transported to the emergency department after sustaining severe bilateral lower extremity burns in an electroplating factory. His examination revealed circumferential burns to the lower extremities with spotting in the perineum. The epidermis was stained green and sloughed off with gentle pressure. The underlying dermis was white and non-blanching, consistent with a full thickness burn. His feet were partially protected by his work boots where he had small areas of pink, blanchable, partial thickness burns (Fig. 1). Pertinent initial studies included a lactic acid level of 3.1 mmol/L and a creatinine of 1.02 mg/dL.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234489,Ko?aci?ski et al. 1999,Acute potassium dichromate poisoning: a toxicokinetic case study,"CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man drank 150 mL of an aqueous solution containing potassium dichromate 22.5 g in a suicidal attempt and was admitted 7 hours after the ingestion. Hemodialysis was promptly undertaken and chromium concentrations in serum, erythrocytes, and dialysate were determined during the treatment. Chromium elimination in urine was monitored during hemodialysis and the subsequent 400 hours. The total chromium eliminated via hemodialysis and urine was calculated as 36.7 mg or 0.16% of the ingested dose. Spontaneous urinary elimination proceeded according to an open one-compartment model. The elimination half-life was 71.37 hours +/- 17.13 hours (95% CI). Chromium elimination from serum followed an open two-compartment model, with the half-lives of 3.16 hours +/- 2.63 hours for phase 1 and 50 hours +/- 27 hours (95% CI) for phase 2. Calcium-EDTA therapy had no influence on erythrocyte, serum, or urine chromium level. It contributed, however, to a significant increase in chromium elimination rate in the dialysate. Serum zinc was very low at admission and serum zinc, copper, and magnesium were controlled during the initial 30 hours.","Acute potassium dichromate poisoning: a toxicokinetic case study Abs: CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old man drank 150 mL of an aqueous solution containing potassium dichromate 22.5 g in a suicidal attempt and was admitted 7 hours after the ingestion. Hemodialysis was promptly undertaken and chromium concentrations in serum, erythrocytes, and dialysate were determined during the treatment. Chromium elimination in urine was monitored during hemodialysis and the subsequent 400 hours. The total chromium eliminated via hemodialysis and urine was calculated as 36.7 mg or 0.16% of the ingested dose. Spontaneous urinary elimination proceeded according to an open one-compartment model. The elimination half-life was 71.37 hours +/- 17.13 hours (95% CI). Chromium elimination from serum followed an open two-compartment model, with the half-lives of 3.16 hours +/- 2.63 hours for phase 1 and 50 hours +/- 27 hours (95% CI) for phase 2. Calcium-EDTA therapy had no influence on erythrocyte, serum, or urine chromium level. It contributed, however, to a significant increase in chromium elimination rate in the dialysate. Serum zinc was very low at admission and serum zinc, copper, and magnesium were controlled during the initial 30 hours.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1232201,Tisch and  Maier 1996,[Squamous epithelial carcinoma of the tongue after occupational exposure to chromium VI compounds],"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The major key risk factors of head and neck cancer are chronic alcohol and tobacco consumption. There ist further increasing evidence that exposure to hazardous occupational agents increases the cancer risk substantially.<br /><br /><strong>CASE REPORT: </strong>By means of a case report and an overview of the literature, the role of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds as a risk factor of head and neck cancer is analysed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The mechanisms of chromium carcinogenesis are outlined. Possible interactions of life-style factors and occupational factors which may influence the cancer risk in a synergistic manner are also discussed. Critical analysis of the literature provides evidence of a possible role of occupational exposition to hexavalent chromium compounds as a risk factor for oral squamous cell cancer.","[Squamous epithelial carcinoma of the tongue after occupational exposure to chromium VI compounds] Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The major key risk factors of head and neck cancer are chronic alcohol and tobacco consumption. There ist further increasing evidence that exposure to hazardous occupational agents increases the cancer risk substantially.<br /><br /><strong>CASE REPORT: </strong>By means of a case report and an overview of the literature, the role of occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds as a risk factor of head and neck cancer is analysed.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The mechanisms of chromium carcinogenesis are outlined. Possible interactions of life-style factors and occupational factors which may influence the cancer risk in a synergistic manner are also discussed. Critical analysis of the literature provides evidence of a possible role of occupational exposition to hexavalent chromium compounds as a risk factor for oral squamous cell cancer.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234826,Haberman et al. 1987,The effect of chromate on citrinin-induced renal dysfunction in the rat,"Previous studies in this laboratory revealed an effect of chromate to potentiate the nephrotoxic effects of mercuric ion. Citrinin, an organic anion, is a known nephrotoxin. The present study was undertaken to assess the possible interaction of chromate and citrinin on renal function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in metabolism cages and injected with citrinin (35 mg/kg), chromate (10 mg/kg) or the combination. The combination of nephrotoxicants caused an increased excretion of urine greater than the sum of the individual responses. A similar response was observed with urinary glucose concentrations and glucose excretion without changes in blood glucose levels. These data indicate that chromate can potentiate the nephrotoxic action of citrinin in the rat.","The effect of chromate on citrinin-induced renal dysfunction in the rat Abs: Previous studies in this laboratory revealed an effect of chromate to potentiate the nephrotoxic effects of mercuric ion. Citrinin, an organic anion, is a known nephrotoxin. The present study was undertaken to assess the possible interaction of chromate and citrinin on renal function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed in metabolism cages and injected with citrinin (35 mg/kg), chromate (10 mg/kg) or the combination. The combination of nephrotoxicants caused an increased excretion of urine greater than the sum of the individual responses. A similar response was observed with urinary glucose concentrations and glucose excretion without changes in blood glucose levels. These data indicate that chromate can potentiate the nephrotoxic action of citrinin in the rat.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234078,Hashkes and  Sagi 2011,[Tefillin-related contact dermatitis],"We describe a 14 year-old male with a background of atopic dermatitis who developed a contact dermatitis reaction on the left arm to the leather straps of tefillin (phylacteries), a religious article worn by observant Jewish men from the age 13 years during most morning prayer services. Patch testing revealed contact allergy to potassium dichromate, a chemical involved in leather tanning. Placing the leather straps over clothing and later switching to potassium dichromate-free leather straps resolved the condition. It is important to recognize this uncommon phenomena in a population in which a large proportion regularly use this religious article.","[Tefillin-related contact dermatitis] Abs: We describe a 14 year-old male with a background of atopic dermatitis who developed a contact dermatitis reaction on the left arm to the leather straps of tefillin (phylacteries), a religious article worn by observant Jewish men from the age 13 years during most morning prayer services. Patch testing revealed contact allergy to potassium dichromate, a chemical involved in leather tanning. Placing the leather straps over clothing and later switching to potassium dichromate-free leather straps resolved the condition. It is important to recognize this uncommon phenomena in a population in which a large proportion regularly use this religious article.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
2225049,Sadek ,Chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract against chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rats,"This study was conducted to determine the mechanism underlying the chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLEE) against chromium-induced impairments of rat testes using biochemical methods. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), group II injected potassium dichromate (8 mg kg(-1) ) i.p., group III gastrogavaged MOLEE (500 mg kg(-1) ) p.o. and group IV received (potassium dichromate plus MOLEE) by the same doses for 60 days. After the blood samples were collected, the animals were sacrificed to determine the testicular antioxidant status and sperm parameters. The chromium-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in testicular antioxidant enzymatic activities, local immunity and sperm parameters as well as an increase in inflammatory markers when compared with the control and MOLEE-treated group. However, concurrent administration of chromium and MOLEE significantly ameliorated the chromium effects on the sperm parameters, local immunity, inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymatic activities compared with rats exposed to chromium alone. This study concludes that chronic exposure to chromium produces clear testicular toxicity, which can either be prevented or at least decreased by concomitant administration of MOLEE. Interestingly, the metal ion chelation could attribute partly the antioxidant activities of MOLEE.","Chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract against chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rats Abs: This study was conducted to determine the mechanism underlying the chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLEE) against chromium-induced impairments of rat testes using biochemical methods. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), group II injected potassium dichromate (8 mg kg(-1) ) i.p., group III gastrogavaged MOLEE (500 mg kg(-1) ) p.o. and group IV received (potassium dichromate plus MOLEE) by the same doses for 60 days. After the blood samples were collected, the animals were sacrificed to determine the testicular antioxidant status and sperm parameters. The chromium-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in testicular antioxidant enzymatic activities, local immunity and sperm parameters as well as an increase in inflammatory markers when compared with the control and MOLEE-treated group. However, concurrent administration of chromium and MOLEE significantly ameliorated the chromium effects on the sperm parameters, local immunity, inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymatic activities compared with rats exposed to chromium alone. This study concludes that chronic exposure to chromium produces clear testicular toxicity, which can either be prevented or at least decreased by concomitant administration of MOLEE. Interestingly, the metal ion chelation could attribute partly the antioxidant activities of MOLEE.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1247497,Zahid et al. 1990,Comparative effects of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on spermatogenesis of the mouse,,Comparative effects of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on spermatogenesis of the mouse Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
63728,Taylor 1966,The relationship of mortality and duration of employment as reflected by a cohort of chromate workers,"A study of chromate workers is reported in which the group was followed over a period of 24 years, using records of Old Age and Survivors Disability Insurance. Mortality data were obtained through death certificates. The findings reported are consonant with previous studies on the relationship between health and employment in the chromate industry. Questions are raised concerning the value of the kind of record used in this study and the possibility of assessing the validity of the method in other areas.","The relationship of mortality and duration of employment as reflected by a cohort of chromate workers Abs: A study of chromate workers is reported in which the group was followed over a period of 24 years, using records of Old Age and Survivors Disability Insurance. Mortality data were obtained through death certificates. The findings reported are consonant with previous studies on the relationship between health and employment in the chromate industry. Questions are raised concerning the value of the kind of record used in this study and the possibility of assessing the validity of the method in other areas.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231109,Taylor 1975,Sudden deafness following chromic acid application to a perforation of the tympanic membrane,"It is current practice in the treatment of many ear diseases to instil locally into the ear potentially ototoxic agents. It is now becoming increasingly clear that some of these agents may pass from the middle to the inner ear despite the presence of intact labyrinthine windows and hence produce deafness. This paper reports a case of severe sensorineural deafness which developed following the application of chromic acid to a perforation of the tympanic membrane--a hitherto unrecognized complication. Therefore, the risks outlined above should be carefully considered prior to local therapy with any such agents and they should be applied with extreme caution.","Sudden deafness following chromic acid application to a perforation of the tympanic membrane Abs: It is current practice in the treatment of many ear diseases to instil locally into the ear potentially ototoxic agents. It is now becoming increasingly clear that some of these agents may pass from the middle to the inner ear despite the presence of intact labyrinthine windows and hence produce deafness. This paper reports a case of severe sensorineural deafness which developed following the application of chromic acid to a perforation of the tympanic membrane--a hitherto unrecognized complication. Therefore, the risks outlined above should be carefully considered prior to local therapy with any such agents and they should be applied with extreme caution.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234710,Dunn et al. 1991,Colonic complications after toxic tribal enemas,"Tribal enemas obtained from traditional healers are used widely in Southern Africa for a variety of indications. Inclusion of injurious substances such as potassium dichromate may cause serious colonic and renal complications. Nine such patients, in seven of whom chromate use was confirmed, presented after a mean delay of 7.3 days. All patients had bloody diarrhoea and vomiting and three underwent major colonic resection, requiring a total of ten procedures. One patient suffered mechanical perforation of the rectum, with subsequent necrotizing fasciitis, necessitating rectal excision. Eight patients had acute renal failure and seven required dialysis. One patient died. At follow-up one patient has chronic renal failure and only three are completely well. Although local medical practitioners are aware of the problem, the challenge of preventing harmful cultural practices remains.","Colonic complications after toxic tribal enemas Abs: Tribal enemas obtained from traditional healers are used widely in Southern Africa for a variety of indications. Inclusion of injurious substances such as potassium dichromate may cause serious colonic and renal complications. Nine such patients, in seven of whom chromate use was confirmed, presented after a mean delay of 7.3 days. All patients had bloody diarrhoea and vomiting and three underwent major colonic resection, requiring a total of ten procedures. One patient suffered mechanical perforation of the rectum, with subsequent necrotizing fasciitis, necessitating rectal excision. Eight patients had acute renal failure and seven required dialysis. One patient died. At follow-up one patient has chronic renal failure and only three are completely well. Although local medical practitioners are aware of the problem, the challenge of preventing harmful cultural practices remains.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1235011,Rivolta et al. 1982,[Case study of lung cancer due to chromates diagnosed through cytologic examination of the sputum without x-rays evidence (author's transl)],"Epidermoid tumoral cells were found in the sputum of a 54 year old male who had workerd for 20 years in a varnish and enamel factory and was exposed to coloured pigments containing zinc and lead chromates. No radiologically or endoscopically visible lesions were found. The patient underwent ablation of the right inferior lobe in which the tumoral cells were localised. 14 months after surgery, repeated x-rays and sputum control were negative. This case exemplifies early diagnosis of occupational lung cancer using cytologic examination of the sputum.","[Case study of lung cancer due to chromates diagnosed through cytologic examination of the sputum without x-rays evidence (author's transl)] Abs: Epidermoid tumoral cells were found in the sputum of a 54 year old male who had workerd for 20 years in a varnish and enamel factory and was exposed to coloured pigments containing zinc and lead chromates. No radiologically or endoscopically visible lesions were found. The patient underwent ablation of the right inferior lobe in which the tumoral cells were localised. 14 months after surgery, repeated x-rays and sputum control were negative. This case exemplifies early diagnosis of occupational lung cancer using cytologic examination of the sputum.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1786276,Yang et al. 2013,Outline of occupational chromium poisoning in China,"The present study analyzed the feature of occupational chromium poisoning in China since the 1980s. The collected data were acquired from 18 previous surveys of chromium poisoning in 14 cities of China. The method of risk assessment was applied to calculate the relative risk and 95 % CI, p < 0.05 was considered as a significant risk. The results showed that nasal disease was the most common sign of occupational chromium poisoning, and the prevalence rate of nasal disease was 17.83 % in total population of 6,998. Further, the risk analysis showed that occupational chromium poisoning led to an increased risk of lung or liver cancer in male workers due to the definite carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. Significantly, an increased risk of spontaneous or threatened abortion was also found in female workers. In conclusion, these studies suggest that early detection of impaired reproductive function or impaired lung or liver function in female or male workers is essential for controlling occupational chromium poisoning in China.","Outline of occupational chromium poisoning in China Abs: The present study analyzed the feature of occupational chromium poisoning in China since the 1980s. The collected data were acquired from 18 previous surveys of chromium poisoning in 14 cities of China. The method of risk assessment was applied to calculate the relative risk and 95 % CI, p < 0.05 was considered as a significant risk. The results showed that nasal disease was the most common sign of occupational chromium poisoning, and the prevalence rate of nasal disease was 17.83 % in total population of 6,998. Further, the risk analysis showed that occupational chromium poisoning led to an increased risk of lung or liver cancer in male workers due to the definite carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. Significantly, an increased risk of spontaneous or threatened abortion was also found in female workers. In conclusion, these studies suggest that early detection of impaired reproductive function or impaired lung or liver function in female or male workers is essential for controlling occupational chromium poisoning in China.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1230964,Lin 1992,[Chronic chromate intoxication with renal tubular damage--report of a case],"A 46-year-old male chromium plating worker visited our hospital due to rhinorrhea, sneezing and cough with blood-tinged sputum for more than 10 years. He also had skin ulceration and chronic dermatitis on both hands Medical therapy was inefficient. Physical examinations revealed nasal septum perforation, severe inflammation of the nasopharynx cavity, and eczema of both hands. Laboratory investigations showed significant tubule proteinuria, enzymuria, hypercalciuria, etc. It is evident that renal tube damage was present in this patient. The blood chromium level was 25 ng/mL, and the 24-hour urine chromium excretion level was 2.8 mg/day. A pulmonary function test showed reduced functional residual capacity (FRC), which may be due to either long-term smoking or chromate acid exposure. To our knowledge this is the first case of renal tubal damage induced by chronic chromate intoxication Taiwan. Further evaluation of the occupational safety and health of chromium plating workers is needed on this island.","[Chronic chromate intoxication with renal tubular damage--report of a case] Abs: A 46-year-old male chromium plating worker visited our hospital due to rhinorrhea, sneezing and cough with blood-tinged sputum for more than 10 years. He also had skin ulceration and chronic dermatitis on both hands Medical therapy was inefficient. Physical examinations revealed nasal septum perforation, severe inflammation of the nasopharynx cavity, and eczema of both hands. Laboratory investigations showed significant tubule proteinuria, enzymuria, hypercalciuria, etc. It is evident that renal tube damage was present in this patient. The blood chromium level was 25 ng/mL, and the 24-hour urine chromium excretion level was 2.8 mg/day. A pulmonary function test showed reduced functional residual capacity (FRC), which may be due to either long-term smoking or chromate acid exposure. To our knowledge this is the first case of renal tubal damage induced by chronic chromate intoxication Taiwan. Further evaluation of the occupational safety and health of chromium plating workers is needed on this island.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1576510,OxyChem 1992,Acute Toxicity,ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS HIGH CONCERN WITH AN LD50 OF 50 MG/KG. THE TEST AL WAS CORROSIVE TO THE GI TRACT. ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS HIGH N WITH AN LD50 OF 55 MG/KG. SEVERE SKIN IRRITATION AND KIDNEY EFFECTS OTED.,Acute Toxicity Abs: ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS HIGH CONCERN WITH AN LD50 OF 50 MG/KG. THE TEST AL WAS CORROSIVE TO THE GI TRACT. ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS HIGH N WITH AN LD50 OF 55 MG/KG. SEVERE SKIN IRRITATION AND KIDNEY EFFECTS OTED.,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1260386,JP et al. 1992,Adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy with reference to paternal welding exposure,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Welding may deteriorate spermatogenesis and increase reproductive failures. This study examines reproductive end points in a Danish cohort of 10 059 metalworkers who fathered 3569 children in 1973 through 1986. Occupational histories were gathered by postal questionnaires. Information on pregnancy outcomes and offspring was obtained by record linkage to medical registers. The occurrence of reduced birthweight, preterm delivery, infant mortality, and congenital malformation was not increased among children at risks from paternal welding exposure in comparison with children not at risk. The overall incidence of childhood malignancies among 23 264 children born in 1968 through 1986 with a total of 259 113 person-years of follow-up was equal to national rates (relative risk 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.63-1.42). However, pregnancies preceding a birth at risk from paternal exposure to stainless steeless welding were more often terminated by spontaneous abortion (odds rati","Adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy with reference to paternal welding exposure Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Welding may deteriorate spermatogenesis and increase reproductive failures. This study examines reproductive end points in a Danish cohort of 10 059 metalworkers who fathered 3569 children in 1973 through 1986. Occupational histories were gathered by postal questionnaires. Information on pregnancy outcomes and offspring was obtained by record linkage to medical registers. The occurrence of reduced birthweight, preterm delivery, infant mortality, and congenital malformation was not increased among children at risks from paternal welding exposure in comparison with children not at risk. The overall incidence of childhood malignancies among 23 264 children born in 1968 through 1986 with a total of 259 113 person-years of follow-up was equal to national rates (relative risk 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.63-1.42). However, pregnancies preceding a birth at risk from paternal exposure to stainless steeless welding were more often terminated by spontaneous abortion (odds rati",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234617,Veien et al. 1994,Stomatitis or systemically-induced contact dermatitis from metal wire in orthodontic materials,"5 patients with dermatitis or stomatitis related to the use of orthodontic appliances are described. All the patients were patch tested with the European standard series. One had a ++ reaction to potassium dichromate, one a ++ reaction to nickel, and the remaining 3 no positive patch tests. 3 of the patients had recurrent vesicular hand eczema, which flared after oral challenge with 1 of the metals used in their orthodontic appliances. 2 of these 3 patients had negative patch tests. The dermatitis of 4 of the 5 patients cleared completely upon the removal of their metal orthodontic appliances or their replacement with appliances made of acrylics.","Stomatitis or systemically-induced contact dermatitis from metal wire in orthodontic materials Abs: 5 patients with dermatitis or stomatitis related to the use of orthodontic appliances are described. All the patients were patch tested with the European standard series. One had a ++ reaction to potassium dichromate, one a ++ reaction to nickel, and the remaining 3 no positive patch tests. 3 of the patients had recurrent vesicular hand eczema, which flared after oral challenge with 1 of the metals used in their orthodontic appliances. 2 of these 3 patients had negative patch tests. The dermatitis of 4 of the 5 patients cleared completely upon the removal of their metal orthodontic appliances or their replacement with appliances made of acrylics.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1232227,Ernst and  Bonde 1992,Sex hormones and epididymal sperm parameters in rats following sub-chronic treatment with hexavalent chromium,"Testicular atrophy and reduced epididymal sperm count are known to occur after i.p. administration of high doses of hexavalent chromium to rats. The effect of 0.5 mg kg-1 hexavalent chromium injected i.p. 5 d a week for 8 weeks was investigated in male Wistar rats. A significant reduction in epididymal sperm motility was found at the end of the exposure period. The reduction was reversed after an unexposed period of a further 8 weeks. In addition, a decrease in serum testosterone and an increase in FSH were found at the end of the exposure period. The results indicate that a number of mechanisms may be involved in the deleterious effects of chromate on male fecundity.","Sex hormones and epididymal sperm parameters in rats following sub-chronic treatment with hexavalent chromium Abs: Testicular atrophy and reduced epididymal sperm count are known to occur after i.p. administration of high doses of hexavalent chromium to rats. The effect of 0.5 mg kg-1 hexavalent chromium injected i.p. 5 d a week for 8 weeks was investigated in male Wistar rats. A significant reduction in epididymal sperm motility was found at the end of the exposure period. The reduction was reversed after an unexposed period of a further 8 weeks. In addition, a decrease in serum testosterone and an increase in FSH were found at the end of the exposure period. The results indicate that a number of mechanisms may be involved in the deleterious effects of chromate on male fecundity.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1233617,De Lucca et al. 2009,Effect of different doses of hexavalent chromium on mandibular growth and tooth eruption in juvenile Wistar rats,"Not only workers employed at industrial plants are exposed to intoxication with the element they manipulate, the population at large is also at risk of suffering health problems caused by contaminating wastes inadequately treated for their safe disposal. As a result certain toxic substances, such as hexavalent chromium,has reached the general population including children. The present study sought to evaluate the effect of intoxication with hexavalent chromium on body and mandibular growth and tooth eruption in suckling Wistar rats. Potassium dichromate was administered by gavage in a dose of 6.25 or 12.5mg/kg body weight (b.w.) to one of the two groups of 4-day-old Wistar rats during 10 days. Our results showed that the effects of chromium are dose-dependent. Morphometric studies of body growth showed lower body weight in both experimental groups and shorter tail length in animals receiving 12.5mg/kg b.w. dose of chromium, compared with controls. All parameters of mandibular growth were lower in the experimental group receiving 12.5mg/kg b.w. of chromium. Differences in tooth eruption were observed at the level of the first molar in animals receiving 12.5mg/kg and of the second molar in those receiving 6.25mg/kg b.w. of chromium. Chromium was found to affect all the studied parameters.","Effect of different doses of hexavalent chromium on mandibular growth and tooth eruption in juvenile Wistar rats Abs: Not only workers employed at industrial plants are exposed to intoxication with the element they manipulate, the population at large is also at risk of suffering health problems caused by contaminating wastes inadequately treated for their safe disposal. As a result certain toxic substances, such as hexavalent chromium,has reached the general population including children. The present study sought to evaluate the effect of intoxication with hexavalent chromium on body and mandibular growth and tooth eruption in suckling Wistar rats. Potassium dichromate was administered by gavage in a dose of 6.25 or 12.5mg/kg body weight (b.w.) to one of the two groups of 4-day-old Wistar rats during 10 days. Our results showed that the effects of chromium are dose-dependent. Morphometric studies of body growth showed lower body weight in both experimental groups and shorter tail length in animals receiving 12.5mg/kg b.w. dose of chromium, compared with controls. All parameters of mandibular growth were lower in the experimental group receiving 12.5mg/kg b.w. of chromium. Differences in tooth eruption were observed at the level of the first molar in animals receiving 12.5mg/kg and of the second molar in those receiving 6.25mg/kg b.w. of chromium. Chromium was found to affect all the studied parameters.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1230892,Zhao et al. 2008,[A case of acute chromic acid poisoning],,[A case of acute chromic acid poisoning] Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1237101,Ueno et al. 1988,The relationship between the development of toxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by chromium compounds in rats,,The relationship between the development of toxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by chromium compounds in rats Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231028,Laitung and  Earley 1984,The role of surgery in chromic acid burns: our experience with two patients,"Two patients with chromic acid burns are described, one having a 10 per cent body surface area (BSA) burn, the other a 70 per cent BSA burn. Hexavalent chromium, being more mobile physiologically, is more toxic than trivalent chromium. Both, however, are readily absorbed through burned skin, and cause renal failure. For this reason, emergency excision of burned areas has been advocated as first line treatment. However, this is not always feasible as, for instance, when the size of the burn is large, and is of uncertain value when patients are referred late.","The role of surgery in chromic acid burns: our experience with two patients Abs: Two patients with chromic acid burns are described, one having a 10 per cent body surface area (BSA) burn, the other a 70 per cent BSA burn. Hexavalent chromium, being more mobile physiologically, is more toxic than trivalent chromium. Both, however, are readily absorbed through burned skin, and cause renal failure. For this reason, emergency excision of burned areas has been advocated as first line treatment. However, this is not always feasible as, for instance, when the size of the burn is large, and is of uncertain value when patients are referred late.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234729,Picaud et al. 1991,Acute renal failure in a child after chewing of match heads,"A few days after ingestion of 40 match heads, a 3-year-old boy was admitted to hospital with oliguric acute renal failure (ARF) requiring peritoneal dialysis during 9 days. A renal biopsy showed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis; the outcome was rapidly favorable and the child recovered normal GFR. It seems to be the first published case of ARF after match poisoning, probably because of the presence of potassium bichromate.","Acute renal failure in a child after chewing of match heads Abs: A few days after ingestion of 40 match heads, a 3-year-old boy was admitted to hospital with oliguric acute renal failure (ARF) requiring peritoneal dialysis during 9 days. A renal biopsy showed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis; the outcome was rapidly favorable and the child recovered normal GFR. It seems to be the first published case of ARF after match poisoning, probably because of the presence of potassium bichromate.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234719,Michie et al. 1991,Poisoning with a traditional remedy containing potassium dichromate,"A fatal case of potassium dichromate ingestion is documented. A retrospective review of serum and organ levels of chromium demonstrates that charcoal haemoperfusion, peritoneal and haemodialysis are ineffective therapies for the toxin. Other treatments for this poisoning are reviewed, the poor prognosis of dichromate ingestion, and the paucity of effective therapy underlined. The application of dichromates in traditional medications is briefly discussed; this is a toxin which may be more prevalent than previously thought. It is proposed that the exposure limits of dichromate be more widely publicised.","Poisoning with a traditional remedy containing potassium dichromate Abs: A fatal case of potassium dichromate ingestion is documented. A retrospective review of serum and organ levels of chromium demonstrates that charcoal haemoperfusion, peritoneal and haemodialysis are ineffective therapies for the toxin. Other treatments for this poisoning are reviewed, the poor prognosis of dichromate ingestion, and the paucity of effective therapy underlined. The application of dichromates in traditional medications is briefly discussed; this is a toxin which may be more prevalent than previously thought. It is proposed that the exposure limits of dichromate be more widely publicised.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
63715,Moller et al. 1986,Delayed anaphylactoid reaction in a worker exposed to chromium,"A 29-year-old male welder reported systemic reactions after exposure to chromium. Inhalation challenge testing to 29 micrograms/m3 of sodium chromate aerosol resulted in late appearing systemic urticaria, angioedema, and severe bronchospasm that occurred at the same time as a threefold rise in plasma histamine. A direct leukocyte inhibitory factor test to 5.5 X 10(-6)mol/L Na2CrO4 was positive. Although the mechanism of this reaction is unknown, the positive leukocyte inhibitory factor and the general acceptance of hexavalent chromium as a contact skin sensitizer suggest that cell-mediated mechanisms could be involved.","Delayed anaphylactoid reaction in a worker exposed to chromium Abs: A 29-year-old male welder reported systemic reactions after exposure to chromium. Inhalation challenge testing to 29 micrograms/m3 of sodium chromate aerosol resulted in late appearing systemic urticaria, angioedema, and severe bronchospasm that occurred at the same time as a threefold rise in plasma histamine. A direct leukocyte inhibitory factor test to 5.5 X 10(-6)mol/L Na2CrO4 was positive. Although the mechanism of this reaction is unknown, the positive leukocyte inhibitory factor and the general acceptance of hexavalent chromium as a contact skin sensitizer suggest that cell-mediated mechanisms could be involved.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234455,Acharya et al. 2001,A subtoxic interactive toxicity study of ethanol and chromium in male Wistar rats,"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interactive toxicity of ethanol with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7-chromium). Young, male Wistar rats (100-120 g) were divided into four groups of five or six animals each and were dosed, through water, with 10% ethanol (vol./vol.) or 25 ppm chromium or were dosed with a combination of ethanol+chromium at the same concentrations for a period of 22 weeks ad libitum and were maintained on normal diet. Control animals were maintained on a normal diet and water for the same period. The serum succinate dehydrogenase and liver total triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in the three treated groups. The serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly reduced in ethanol-treated rats, and there was no significant change in the acid phosphatase activity. Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels in the three treated groups were significantly increased. The liver glycogen significantly decreased in both the ethanol-treated and the chromium-treated rats. There was a significant increase in liver total cholesterol levels in chromium-treated rats. Total glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the livers of ethanol-treated and ethanol+chromium-treated rats. To further substantiate these findings, a histological examination of the liver and kidneys was undertaken. The livers of alcohol-treated animals showed altered hepatic architecture in the centrilobular and periportal areas, with increased sinusoidal space (space of Disse), vacuolation, and necrosis of hepatocytes. Similar changes were observed in a histological examination of the livers of chromium-treated rats, except that the damage to the hepatocytes was more confined to the periportal area. Moreover, histological examination of the livers of ethanol+chromium-treated rats revealed uniform damage in the centrilobular and periportal areas, as was observed in the groups treated either with ethanol or chromium. The histological examination of the kidneys in the three treated groups revealed significant damage to the renal tubules and Bowman's capsule, which showed vacuolation and degeneration of the basement membrane. These findings correlate well with the serum enzyme levels found in the treated groups. It is evident from this study that chronic ethanol consumption sensitizes the liver to the toxic action of agents such as chromium. It leads to impairment of the biochemical functions in the liver, and it causes liver and kidney damage. Long-term simultaneous exposure to ethanol and chromium may cause severe health problems in people who are alcoholics and work in chrome-plating and leather-tanning industries.","A subtoxic interactive toxicity study of ethanol and chromium in male Wistar rats Abs: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interactive toxicity of ethanol with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7-chromium). Young, male Wistar rats (100-120 g) were divided into four groups of five or six animals each and were dosed, through water, with 10% ethanol (vol./vol.) or 25 ppm chromium or were dosed with a combination of ethanol+chromium at the same concentrations for a period of 22 weeks ad libitum and were maintained on normal diet. Control animals were maintained on a normal diet and water for the same period. The serum succinate dehydrogenase and liver total triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in the three treated groups. The serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly reduced in ethanol-treated rats, and there was no significant change in the acid phosphatase activity. Serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels in the three treated groups were significantly increased. The liver glycogen significantly decreased in both the ethanol-treated and the chromium-treated rats. There was a significant increase in liver total cholesterol levels in chromium-treated rats. Total glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the livers of ethanol-treated and ethanol+chromium-treated rats. To further substantiate these findings, a histological examination of the liver and kidneys was undertaken. The livers of alcohol-treated animals showed altered hepatic architecture in the centrilobular and periportal areas, with increased sinusoidal space (space of Disse), vacuolation, and necrosis of hepatocytes. Similar changes were observed in a histological examination of the livers of chromium-treated rats, except that the damage to the hepatocytes was more confined to the periportal area. Moreover, histological examination of the livers of ethanol+chromium-treated rats revealed uniform damage in the centrilobular and periportal areas, as was observed in the groups treated either with ethanol or chromium. The histological examination of the kidneys in the three treated groups revealed significant damage to the renal tubules and Bowman's capsule, which showed vacuolation and degeneration of the basement membrane. These findings correlate well with the serum enzyme levels found in the treated groups. It is evident from this study that chronic ethanol consumption sensitizes the liver to the toxic action of agents such as chromium. It leads to impairment of the biochemical functions in the liver, and it causes liver and kidney damage. Long-term simultaneous exposure to ethanol and chromium may cause severe health problems in people who are alcoholics and work in chrome-plating and leather-tanning industries.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
730623,Cohen et al. 2003,Impact of coexposure to ozone on the carcinogenic potential of inhaled chromium. 1. Effects on retention and on extra- and intracellular distribution,"A health hazard to welders is development of lung cancer. It is believed that this is likely due, in part, to the presence in welding fumes of several hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) species, whose solubility depends primarily on which process (i.e., manual metal arc verus metal-inert gas) is used. However, inhalation of Cr alone is uncommon in this setting. Thus, an examination of potential contributions from other coinhalants in creating or enhancing conditions whereby inhaled fume-associated Cr (primarily the insoluble forms) may initiate cancer is critical to increasing our understanding and preventing this particular occupational disease. One major chemical species formed and released during welding is ozone (O3). Though implications of adverse pulmonary effects from individual exposure to Cr or O3 have been investigated, those from simultaneous exposure are unclear. To begin to address whether the carcinogenic potential of insoluble Cr[VI] agents might be enhanced in hosts inhaling mixtures of Cr and O3 versus Cr alone, analyses of total lung Cr burden, Cr retention in lung epithelium and interstitium, and potential shifts in lung cell distribution of Cr from the cytoplasm to nuclei were undertaken in F-344 rats exposed nose-only (5 h/d, 5 d/wk for up to 48 wk) to an extrapolated occupationally relevant level of Cr (360 micrograms Cr/m3 as calcium chromate) alone and in combination with 0.3 ppm O3. Overall, there was only a nominal effect from O3 on Cr retention or on distribution of Cr particles among extracellular sites and within lung cells. However, there were O3-related effects upon mechanisms for clearing the Cr from the deep lung, specifically at the levels of particle uptake and postphagocytic/endocytic processing by macrophages. This O3 exposure-related shift in normal pulmonary clearance might potentially increase the health risk in workers exposed to other insoluble or poorly soluble carcinogenic Cr compounds.","Impact of coexposure to ozone on the carcinogenic potential of inhaled chromium. 1. Effects on retention and on extra- and intracellular distribution Abs: A health hazard to welders is development of lung cancer. It is believed that this is likely due, in part, to the presence in welding fumes of several hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) species, whose solubility depends primarily on which process (i.e., manual metal arc verus metal-inert gas) is used. However, inhalation of Cr alone is uncommon in this setting. Thus, an examination of potential contributions from other coinhalants in creating or enhancing conditions whereby inhaled fume-associated Cr (primarily the insoluble forms) may initiate cancer is critical to increasing our understanding and preventing this particular occupational disease. One major chemical species formed and released during welding is ozone (O3). Though implications of adverse pulmonary effects from individual exposure to Cr or O3 have been investigated, those from simultaneous exposure are unclear. To begin to address whether the carcinogenic potential of insoluble Cr[VI] agents might be enhanced in hosts inhaling mixtures of Cr and O3 versus Cr alone, analyses of total lung Cr burden, Cr retention in lung epithelium and interstitium, and potential shifts in lung cell distribution of Cr from the cytoplasm to nuclei were undertaken in F-344 rats exposed nose-only (5 h/d, 5 d/wk for up to 48 wk) to an extrapolated occupationally relevant level of Cr (360 micrograms Cr/m3 as calcium chromate) alone and in combination with 0.3 ppm O3. Overall, there was only a nominal effect from O3 on Cr retention or on distribution of Cr particles among extracellular sites and within lung cells. However, there were O3-related effects upon mechanisms for clearing the Cr from the deep lung, specifically at the levels of particle uptake and postphagocytic/endocytic processing by macrophages. This O3 exposure-related shift in normal pulmonary clearance might potentially increase the health risk in workers exposed to other insoluble or poorly soluble carcinogenic Cr compounds.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1576509,Complany 1992,Neurotoxicity,"ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS OF HIGH CONCERN. SINGLE ORAL DOSES OF 10-3200 IN 9 RATS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNS OF NEUROTOXICITY AND MORTALITY TENT WITH AN ORAL LD50 OF 25-50 MG/KG. MORTALITIES OCCURRED FROM 45 S TO 1 DAY FOLLOWING DOSING AND TREATED ANIMALS WERE NOTED TO BE WEAK, , WITH DARK EYES AND/OR WERE OBSERVED TO THROW THEMSELVES AROUND THE","Neurotoxicity Abs: ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY IN RATS IS OF HIGH CONCERN. SINGLE ORAL DOSES OF 10-3200 IN 9 RATS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNS OF NEUROTOXICITY AND MORTALITY TENT WITH AN ORAL LD50 OF 25-50 MG/KG. MORTALITIES OCCURRED FROM 45 S TO 1 DAY FOLLOWING DOSING AND TREATED ANIMALS WERE NOTED TO BE WEAK, , WITH DARK EYES AND/OR WERE OBSERVED TO THROW THEMSELVES AROUND THE",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1510488,Zabulyte et al. 2009,Investigation of combined effect of chromium (VI) and sodium fluoride in experiments on rats,"Chromium [Cr (VI)] is an environmental pollutant and industrial contaminant. Non-occupational sources of exposure to chromium include food, air and water, but the levels are usually lower than those typically encountered in occupational situations. The widespread distribution of sodium fluoride (NaF) in the environment through drinking water and food often results in adverse health effects. Human beings are constantly exposed to mixture of these substances. Aim of the study: To investigate the combined effect of Cr (VI) and NaF on the organism of Wistar rats at the oral route of administration. Material and methods: Tests on general toxicity were conducted on the basis of methodical recommendation 408 of the Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline For Testing of Chemicals: ""Subchronic Oral Toxicity - Rodent: 90-day Study"" [OECD Guideline 1993]. The experiments have been carried out on 32 male Wistar rats. The effects of tested substances were characterized by antagonistic, synergistic, additive and unknown type of combined action of them. Results: According to the blood biochemical indices the following combined effect of tested chemicals was determined: antagonistic, additive and unknown. According to the tested parameters of the rats reproductive system the combined action type of substances was mostly antagonistic. The same effect was observed during the analysis of hematological parameters.","Investigation of combined effect of chromium (VI) and sodium fluoride in experiments on rats Abs: Chromium [Cr (VI)] is an environmental pollutant and industrial contaminant. Non-occupational sources of exposure to chromium include food, air and water, but the levels are usually lower than those typically encountered in occupational situations. The widespread distribution of sodium fluoride (NaF) in the environment through drinking water and food often results in adverse health effects. Human beings are constantly exposed to mixture of these substances. Aim of the study: To investigate the combined effect of Cr (VI) and NaF on the organism of Wistar rats at the oral route of administration. Material and methods: Tests on general toxicity were conducted on the basis of methodical recommendation 408 of the Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline For Testing of Chemicals: ""Subchronic Oral Toxicity - Rodent: 90-day Study"" [OECD Guideline 1993]. The experiments have been carried out on 32 male Wistar rats. The effects of tested substances were characterized by antagonistic, synergistic, additive and unknown type of combined action of them. Results: According to the blood biochemical indices the following combined effect of tested chemicals was determined: antagonistic, additive and unknown. According to the tested parameters of the rats reproductive system the combined action type of substances was mostly antagonistic. The same effect was observed during the analysis of hematological parameters.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1238519,Gowrishankar et al. 1996,Foetotoxic effect of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in Swiss albino mice,"The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of potassium chromate was evaluated by the teratological analysis of mouse foetuses. The test chemical was administered intraperitoneally to laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice of both sexes for 30 days. Teratological scanning of the foetuses born to treated animals revealed a reduction in the number of live implants and litter size. Higher incidence of resorption and dead litter indicated the embryotoxic effect of the test chemical. Malformations, both skeletal and morphological, suggest the possibility of potassium chromate(K2CrO4) being foetotoxic.","Foetotoxic effect of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in Swiss albino mice Abs: The embryotoxic and teratogenic potential of potassium chromate was evaluated by the teratological analysis of mouse foetuses. The test chemical was administered intraperitoneally to laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice of both sexes for 30 days. Teratological scanning of the foetuses born to treated animals revealed a reduction in the number of live implants and litter size. Higher incidence of resorption and dead litter indicated the embryotoxic effect of the test chemical. Malformations, both skeletal and morphological, suggest the possibility of potassium chromate(K2CrO4) being foetotoxic.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
730636,Huvinen et al. 2002,"Nasal cell micronuclei, cytology and clinical symptoms in stainless steel production workers exposed to chromium","The objective of the present study was to determine whether workers in stainless steel production with low exposure to various forms of chromium show an increase in micronucleated nasal cells or an excess of nasal symptoms or disease. Altogether, 48 workers employed in a stainless steel production chain were studied, 29 of them in the steel melting shop with exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)), 14 in the sintering and crushing departments of the ferrochromium plant with exposure to trivalent chromium (Cr(3+)) and five in the mine with exposure to chromite ore (Cr(3+)). Thirty-nine workers from the cold rolling mill, with very low exposure to chromium, served as referents. All the subjects were never smokers with a minimum of 14 years employment in the same department. There were no significant differences between the exposure groups and the referents regarding the mean frequency of centromere-negative or centromere-positive micronuclei (studied by pancentromeric fluorescence in situ hybridization), nasal diseases and symptoms or mucociliary clearance of the nasal cavity. No statistically significant differences in the incidence of cell atypia or inflammatory cells were detected between the exposed workers and the reference group, except for an increase in lymphocytes among the chromite ore workers. Anterior rhinoscopy indicated slight inflammatory changes in nasal mucosa and secretion more often in the Cr(6+) and Cr(3+) groups than in the referents, the Cr(6+)-exposed workers showing more livid or oedemic epithelium. In conclusion, the stainless steel production workers, with low exposure to dusts or fumes containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium, did not show clinical changes in the nasal mucosa or an increase in nasal cell micronuclei or symptoms of nasal diseases, except for slight changes in the nasal epithelium and secretion.","Nasal cell micronuclei, cytology and clinical symptoms in stainless steel production workers exposed to chromium Abs: The objective of the present study was to determine whether workers in stainless steel production with low exposure to various forms of chromium show an increase in micronucleated nasal cells or an excess of nasal symptoms or disease. Altogether, 48 workers employed in a stainless steel production chain were studied, 29 of them in the steel melting shop with exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)), 14 in the sintering and crushing departments of the ferrochromium plant with exposure to trivalent chromium (Cr(3+)) and five in the mine with exposure to chromite ore (Cr(3+)). Thirty-nine workers from the cold rolling mill, with very low exposure to chromium, served as referents. All the subjects were never smokers with a minimum of 14 years employment in the same department. There were no significant differences between the exposure groups and the referents regarding the mean frequency of centromere-negative or centromere-positive micronuclei (studied by pancentromeric fluorescence in situ hybridization), nasal diseases and symptoms or mucociliary clearance of the nasal cavity. No statistically significant differences in the incidence of cell atypia or inflammatory cells were detected between the exposed workers and the reference group, except for an increase in lymphocytes among the chromite ore workers. Anterior rhinoscopy indicated slight inflammatory changes in nasal mucosa and secretion more often in the Cr(6+) and Cr(3+) groups than in the referents, the Cr(6+)-exposed workers showing more livid or oedemic epithelium. In conclusion, the stainless steel production workers, with low exposure to dusts or fumes containing hexavalent or trivalent chromium, did not show clinical changes in the nasal mucosa or an increase in nasal cell micronuclei or symptoms of nasal diseases, except for slight changes in the nasal epithelium and secretion.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234468,Pereira and  Cunha 2000,Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate and 4-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin in a father and daughter,,Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate and 4-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin in a father and daughter Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1516369,Salem and  Katz 1989,"Speciation, Bioavailability, and Systemic Distribution of Chromium from Whetlerite Dust","Exploratory studies were carried out to determine the speciation of chromium (7440473) in Whetlerite, a granular, activated carbon impregnated with compounds of copper, silver, and chromium; to determine the bioavailability of chromium from Whetlerite dust introduced into the respiratory tract of Sprague-Dawley-rats by intratracheal instillation; and to determine the speciation of the bioavailable chromium in the organs and tissues of exposed rats. The speciation and amounts of chromium in the Whetlerite dust prior to instillation were found to be 2.02 percent total chromium, 0.98 percent insoluble hexavalent chromium, 0.30 percent soluble hexavalent chromium, and 0.74 percent insoluble trivalent chromium. Test rats received a 140mg/kg dose of Whetlerite dust; control rats received the same dose of chromium free charcoal dust. Rats from both groups were sacrificed 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours after instillation and the trachea, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, and stomach were assessed for chromium content and speciation. Eighteen of the 28 test rats, but none of the control rats, died unexpectedly within 2 hours of dust instillation. Only trivalent chromium was found in the organs of the Whetlerite exposed rats, and no chromium was found in the control rats. Most of the chromium was found in the lungs and kidneys of the test rats. Twenty five percent of the administered dose of chromium was recovered in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and blood 4 hours after instillation. On post instillation days two and three, 10 percent of the administered chromium dose was retained in the lungs. The copper concentrations in the organs of Whetlerite exposed rats appeared to be above the reported lethal doses by injection of soluble copper compounds to several species of laboratory animals, indicating that the unexpected deaths may have been due to the copper content of the Whetlerite.","Speciation, Bioavailability, and Systemic Distribution of Chromium from Whetlerite Dust Abs: Exploratory studies were carried out to determine the speciation of chromium (7440473) in Whetlerite, a granular, activated carbon impregnated with compounds of copper, silver, and chromium; to determine the bioavailability of chromium from Whetlerite dust introduced into the respiratory tract of Sprague-Dawley-rats by intratracheal instillation; and to determine the speciation of the bioavailable chromium in the organs and tissues of exposed rats. The speciation and amounts of chromium in the Whetlerite dust prior to instillation were found to be 2.02 percent total chromium, 0.98 percent insoluble hexavalent chromium, 0.30 percent soluble hexavalent chromium, and 0.74 percent insoluble trivalent chromium. Test rats received a 140mg/kg dose of Whetlerite dust; control rats received the same dose of chromium free charcoal dust. Rats from both groups were sacrificed 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours after instillation and the trachea, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, and stomach were assessed for chromium content and speciation. Eighteen of the 28 test rats, but none of the control rats, died unexpectedly within 2 hours of dust instillation. Only trivalent chromium was found in the organs of the Whetlerite exposed rats, and no chromium was found in the control rats. Most of the chromium was found in the lungs and kidneys of the test rats. Twenty five percent of the administered dose of chromium was recovered in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and blood 4 hours after instillation. On post instillation days two and three, 10 percent of the administered chromium dose was retained in the lungs. The copper concentrations in the organs of Whetlerite exposed rats appeared to be above the reported lethal doses by injection of soluble copper compounds to several species of laboratory animals, indicating that the unexpected deaths may have been due to the copper content of the Whetlerite.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
2225018,Zhivin et al. 2013,Impact of chemical exposure on cancer mortality in a French cohort of uranium processing workers,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Nuclear workers may be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, in addition to radiation. We examined the effect of chemical exposures on cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers at the AREVA NC Pierrelatte facility.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A cohort of 2,897 uranium processing workers employed for at least 6 months was followed from 1968 through 2006. Exposure to uranium and potentially carcinogenic chemicals was assessed with a plant-specific job-exposure matrix. Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for cancers of the lung, lymphohematopoietic system, kidney and bladder, brain and central nervous system (BCNS), and prostate were estimated for each specific chemical exposure, with Cox regression models stratified for sex and calendar period and adjusted for socioeconomic status. Additional adjustments enabled us to examine the effect of co-exposure to uranium and other chemicals.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Exposure to aromatic solvents was associated with increased risk of BCNS malignancies after adjustment for other chemicals (HR=6.53, 95% CI=1.14-37.41; n=6) and for other chemicals and uranium (HR=7.26, 95% CI=0.90-58.19) in the annual exposure status model. Selected groups of lymphohematopoietic cancers were found associated with solvent exposure. Inconclusive results were found regarding chromium (VI) exposure, since only 2 workers died from lung cancer among 109 exposed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Based on our pilot study, it seemed important to take into account chemical exposures in the analyses of cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers.","Impact of chemical exposure on cancer mortality in a French cohort of uranium processing workers Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Nuclear workers may be exposed to a variety of chemical hazards, in addition to radiation. We examined the effect of chemical exposures on cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers at the AREVA NC Pierrelatte facility.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A cohort of 2,897 uranium processing workers employed for at least 6 months was followed from 1968 through 2006. Exposure to uranium and potentially carcinogenic chemicals was assessed with a plant-specific job-exposure matrix. Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for cancers of the lung, lymphohematopoietic system, kidney and bladder, brain and central nervous system (BCNS), and prostate were estimated for each specific chemical exposure, with Cox regression models stratified for sex and calendar period and adjusted for socioeconomic status. Additional adjustments enabled us to examine the effect of co-exposure to uranium and other chemicals.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Exposure to aromatic solvents was associated with increased risk of BCNS malignancies after adjustment for other chemicals (HR=6.53, 95% CI=1.14-37.41; n=6) and for other chemicals and uranium (HR=7.26, 95% CI=0.90-58.19) in the annual exposure status model. Selected groups of lymphohematopoietic cancers were found associated with solvent exposure. Inconclusive results were found regarding chromium (VI) exposure, since only 2 workers died from lung cancer among 109 exposed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Based on our pilot study, it seemed important to take into account chemical exposures in the analyses of cancer mortality among French uranium processing workers.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231047,Fregert 1982,Rhinorrhea due to chromic acid etching in a chromium sensitive person,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. NOTE ALLERGY DERMATITIS MASON,Rhinorrhea due to chromic acid etching in a chromium sensitive person Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. NOTE ALLERGY DERMATITIS MASON,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234151,Dickel et al. 2009,The strip patch test--indication in occupational dermatology demonstrated with a case history,"In occupational dermatology, repeat patch testing is a frequent occurrence when an expert opinion is required. As a result, discrepancies in test results may affect the legal position in respect of insurance and a reduction in the level of disability. The strip patch test (SPT) supports the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis when a weak sensitization is present or when a weak sensitizer with poor epidermal penetration is involved leading to a false-negative patch test result. We report on a 30-year-old man working as an industrial mechanic from 1995 to 2006. After approval of an occupational disease no. 5101 of the German ordinance on industrial disease in 2007, he went to court claiming compensation. The sensitization with clinical and occupational relevance to potassium dichromate that was decisive for the evaluation for insurance purposes was first confirmed in a patch test in 2005. Succeeding tests in 2006 in the context of an expert opinion and in 2008 in the context of our decisive expert opinion remained negative. We could reconfirm the potassium dichromate sensitization only by the SPT performed in the proposed standardized manner. The potassium dichromate allergy was the determining factor in the assessment for insurance purposes. This resulted in an adjustment in the severity of disability and a pension entitlement. From this case it is obvious that the detection of a SPT-positive and patch test-negative sensitization may have a significant impact on the situation with respect to the legal and insurance position.","The strip patch test--indication in occupational dermatology demonstrated with a case history Abs: In occupational dermatology, repeat patch testing is a frequent occurrence when an expert opinion is required. As a result, discrepancies in test results may affect the legal position in respect of insurance and a reduction in the level of disability. The strip patch test (SPT) supports the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis when a weak sensitization is present or when a weak sensitizer with poor epidermal penetration is involved leading to a false-negative patch test result. We report on a 30-year-old man working as an industrial mechanic from 1995 to 2006. After approval of an occupational disease no. 5101 of the German ordinance on industrial disease in 2007, he went to court claiming compensation. The sensitization with clinical and occupational relevance to potassium dichromate that was decisive for the evaluation for insurance purposes was first confirmed in a patch test in 2005. Succeeding tests in 2006 in the context of an expert opinion and in 2008 in the context of our decisive expert opinion remained negative. We could reconfirm the potassium dichromate sensitization only by the SPT performed in the proposed standardized manner. The potassium dichromate allergy was the determining factor in the assessment for insurance purposes. This resulted in an adjustment in the severity of disability and a pension entitlement. From this case it is obvious that the detection of a SPT-positive and patch test-negative sensitization may have a significant impact on the situation with respect to the legal and insurance position.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
63704,Glaser et al. 1986,Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium (VI/III)oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats,"In inhalation chambers, male Wistar rats of the strain TNO-W74 were continuously exposed to submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate and to a pyrolyzed Cr(VI)/Cr(III) (3:2) oxide mixture. The sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) aerosol had the chromium concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/m3, the chromium oxide mixture (Cr5O12) had the chromium concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. After 18 months of inhalation the rats were held under conventional conditions for a further year. The experimental groups consisted of 20 rats and the control group of 40 rats. More than 90% of the rats in each group reached 2 years. At the end of the study the mortality rates amounted to 35%, 45% and 25% in the 3 sodium dichromate aerosol groups, respectively, and 50% in the chromium oxide mixture aerosol group, which was not significantly different from that of the controls (42.5%), living under the same conditions in filtered fresh air. In all sodium dichromate exposed groups significant effects were neither found clinically nor from hematology and clinical chemistry compared to the controls. In the chromium oxide mixture group, however, there was a number of significant findings. Elevated white and red blood cell counts and serum cholesterol as well as decreased serum total immunoglobulin levels at different stages of the study were observed together with few local lung effects determined histopathologically in this group. We assume that these effects are mainly due to the increased chromium lung burden of the rats. At the end of the study the lung chromium retention was about 10 times higher for the rats exposed to chromium oxide versus sodium dichromate at an aerosol Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3, while the kidney chromium retention was measured to be nearly equal in both groups. Three primary lung tumors (2 adenomas and 1 adenocarcinoma) and 1 malign tumor of the pharynx were found at the highest Cr-concentration (100 micrograms/m3) of the sodium dichromate aerosol, 1 primary adenoma of the lung was in the chromium oxide mixture group exposed also to a Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. No primary lung tumors were observed in the other experimental and control groups. These results indicate a weak carcinogenicity at 100 micrograms/m3 for the rats continuously exposed to submicron Na2Cr2O7 and Cr5O12 aerosols. Thus, there may be a small carcinogenic risk from occupational relevant chromium air levels. However, results have to be confirmed with larger animal populations.","Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium (VI/III)oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats Abs: In inhalation chambers, male Wistar rats of the strain TNO-W74 were continuously exposed to submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate and to a pyrolyzed Cr(VI)/Cr(III) (3:2) oxide mixture. The sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) aerosol had the chromium concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/m3, the chromium oxide mixture (Cr5O12) had the chromium concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. After 18 months of inhalation the rats were held under conventional conditions for a further year. The experimental groups consisted of 20 rats and the control group of 40 rats. More than 90% of the rats in each group reached 2 years. At the end of the study the mortality rates amounted to 35%, 45% and 25% in the 3 sodium dichromate aerosol groups, respectively, and 50% in the chromium oxide mixture aerosol group, which was not significantly different from that of the controls (42.5%), living under the same conditions in filtered fresh air. In all sodium dichromate exposed groups significant effects were neither found clinically nor from hematology and clinical chemistry compared to the controls. In the chromium oxide mixture group, however, there was a number of significant findings. Elevated white and red blood cell counts and serum cholesterol as well as decreased serum total immunoglobulin levels at different stages of the study were observed together with few local lung effects determined histopathologically in this group. We assume that these effects are mainly due to the increased chromium lung burden of the rats. At the end of the study the lung chromium retention was about 10 times higher for the rats exposed to chromium oxide versus sodium dichromate at an aerosol Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3, while the kidney chromium retention was measured to be nearly equal in both groups. Three primary lung tumors (2 adenomas and 1 adenocarcinoma) and 1 malign tumor of the pharynx were found at the highest Cr-concentration (100 micrograms/m3) of the sodium dichromate aerosol, 1 primary adenoma of the lung was in the chromium oxide mixture group exposed also to a Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. No primary lung tumors were observed in the other experimental and control groups. These results indicate a weak carcinogenicity at 100 micrograms/m3 for the rats continuously exposed to submicron Na2Cr2O7 and Cr5O12 aerosols. Thus, there may be a small carcinogenic risk from occupational relevant chromium air levels. However, results have to be confirmed with larger animal populations.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
737520,Lockman 2002,Case report: Allergic contact dermatitis and new-onset asthma. Chromium exposure during leather tanning,,Case report: Allergic contact dermatitis and new-onset asthma. Chromium exposure during leather tanning Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1233958,Berg et al. 1987,Bronchocarcinogenic properties of welding and thermal spraying fumes containing chromium in the rat,"The possible bronchocarcinogenic effects of fumes released during the shielded metal arc welding of stainless steel and the thermal spraying of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) have been studied on the rat. The fume particles were shown to contain tri- and hexavalent chromium in soluble and low soluble forms; they were collected and implanted as pellets in the bronchi of groups of 100 rats by the method of Laskin et al. A negative control group of 100 rats was included, as well as positive controls receiving pellets containing benz(a)pyrene. The experiment was continued for 34 months; no differences of biological significance were noted between the growth rates, survival times, and terminal organ weights of the test and negative control groups. At autopsy, the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the organs in the three groups, including the local reaction to the implanted pellet, were similar. No precancerous changes were observed at the implantation sites; one rat, who received a pellet containing welding fumes, showed squamous cell carcinoma remote from the implantation site and not associated with the bronchus. It had the appearance of a metastasis. All three benz(a)pyrene control rats developed cancer at the implantation site. The occupational health implications of these findings are discussed.","Bronchocarcinogenic properties of welding and thermal spraying fumes containing chromium in the rat Abs: The possible bronchocarcinogenic effects of fumes released during the shielded metal arc welding of stainless steel and the thermal spraying of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) have been studied on the rat. The fume particles were shown to contain tri- and hexavalent chromium in soluble and low soluble forms; they were collected and implanted as pellets in the bronchi of groups of 100 rats by the method of Laskin et al. A negative control group of 100 rats was included, as well as positive controls receiving pellets containing benz(a)pyrene. The experiment was continued for 34 months; no differences of biological significance were noted between the growth rates, survival times, and terminal organ weights of the test and negative control groups. At autopsy, the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the organs in the three groups, including the local reaction to the implanted pellet, were similar. No precancerous changes were observed at the implantation sites; one rat, who received a pellet containing welding fumes, showed squamous cell carcinoma remote from the implantation site and not associated with the bronchus. It had the appearance of a metastasis. All three benz(a)pyrene control rats developed cancer at the implantation site. The occupational health implications of these findings are discussed.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234079,Goullé et al. 2012,Accidental potassium dichromate poisoning. Toxicokinetics of chromium by ICP-MS-CRC in biological fluids and in hair,"Intoxications by chromium (Cr) compounds are very life threatening and often lethal. After oral ingestion of 2 or 3g of hexavalent Cr (Cr(VI)), gastrointestinal injury, but also hepatic and renal failure, often occurs which each leads to a fatal outcome in most patients. Cellular toxicity is associated with mitochondrial and lysosomal injury by biologically Cr(VI) reactive intermediates and reactive oxygen species. After Cr(VI) has been absorbed, there is not much that can be done except to control the main complications as the treatment is only symptomatic. The biotransformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) reduces the toxicity because the trivalent form does not cross cellular membranes as rapidly. In fact, more than 80% of Cr(VI) is cleared in urine as Cr(III). We report the case of a 58-year-old male patient who was admitted to hospital after accidental oral ingestion of a 30 g/L potassium dichromate (the estimated amount of ingested Cr is about 3g). ICP-MS equipped with a collision/reaction cell (CRC) and validated methods were used to monitor plasma (P), red blood cells (RBCs), urine (U) and hair chromium. For urine the results were expressed per gram of creatinine. After 7 days in the intensive care unit, the patient was discharged without renal or liver failure. P, RBC and U were monitored during 49 days. During this period Cr decreased respectively from 2088 ?g/L to 5 ?g/L, 631 ?g/L to 129 ?g/L and 3512 ?g/g to 10 ?g/g. The half-life was much shorter in P than in RBC as the poison was more quickly cleared from the P than from the RBC, suggesting a cellular trapping of the metal. Hair was collected 2 months after the intoxication. We report a very rare case of survival after accidental Cr poisoning which has an extremely poor prognosis and usually leads to rapid death. For the first time, this toxicokinetic study highlights a sequestration of chromium in the RBC and probably in all the cells.","Accidental potassium dichromate poisoning. Toxicokinetics of chromium by ICP-MS-CRC in biological fluids and in hair Abs: Intoxications by chromium (Cr) compounds are very life threatening and often lethal. After oral ingestion of 2 or 3g of hexavalent Cr (Cr(VI)), gastrointestinal injury, but also hepatic and renal failure, often occurs which each leads to a fatal outcome in most patients. Cellular toxicity is associated with mitochondrial and lysosomal injury by biologically Cr(VI) reactive intermediates and reactive oxygen species. After Cr(VI) has been absorbed, there is not much that can be done except to control the main complications as the treatment is only symptomatic. The biotransformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) reduces the toxicity because the trivalent form does not cross cellular membranes as rapidly. In fact, more than 80% of Cr(VI) is cleared in urine as Cr(III). We report the case of a 58-year-old male patient who was admitted to hospital after accidental oral ingestion of a 30 g/L potassium dichromate (the estimated amount of ingested Cr is about 3g). ICP-MS equipped with a collision/reaction cell (CRC) and validated methods were used to monitor plasma (P), red blood cells (RBCs), urine (U) and hair chromium. For urine the results were expressed per gram of creatinine. After 7 days in the intensive care unit, the patient was discharged without renal or liver failure. P, RBC and U were monitored during 49 days. During this period Cr decreased respectively from 2088 ?g/L to 5 ?g/L, 631 ?g/L to 129 ?g/L and 3512 ?g/g to 10 ?g/g. The half-life was much shorter in P than in RBC as the poison was more quickly cleared from the P than from the RBC, suggesting a cellular trapping of the metal. Hair was collected 2 months after the intoxication. We report a very rare case of survival after accidental Cr poisoning which has an extremely poor prognosis and usually leads to rapid death. For the first time, this toxicokinetic study highlights a sequestration of chromium in the RBC and probably in all the cells.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234742,Wood et al. 1990,Acute dichromate poisoning after use of traditional purgatives. A report of 7 cases,"Seven cases of dichromate poisoning after the use of purgative solutions obtained from nyanga (traditional township healers) are reported. The patients all presented in established renal failure requiring dialysis, and all had abnormal liver function tests. One patient who took dichromate orally died from massive gastro-intestinal haemorrhage. Six patients took dichromate solutions as rectal enemas, 2 were left with impaired renal function and 1 required a permanent colostomy as a result of extensive peri-anal necrosis. The clinical presentation of acute renal failure, gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and hepatocellular dysfunction should alert the physician to the possibility of dichromate poisoning. The diagnosis, management and the role of dialysis in dichromate poisoning are reviewed.","Acute dichromate poisoning after use of traditional purgatives. A report of 7 cases Abs: Seven cases of dichromate poisoning after the use of purgative solutions obtained from nyanga (traditional township healers) are reported. The patients all presented in established renal failure requiring dialysis, and all had abnormal liver function tests. One patient who took dichromate orally died from massive gastro-intestinal haemorrhage. Six patients took dichromate solutions as rectal enemas, 2 were left with impaired renal function and 1 required a permanent colostomy as a result of extensive peri-anal necrosis. The clinical presentation of acute renal failure, gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and hepatocellular dysfunction should alert the physician to the possibility of dichromate poisoning. The diagnosis, management and the role of dialysis in dichromate poisoning are reviewed.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1233876,Vyskocil et al. 1992,Lack of renal changes in stainless steel welders exposed to chromium and nickel,"Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 52 male stainless steel welders (manual metal arc welding) exposed to chromium and nickel. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of total proteins, albumin, protein 1, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, or beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a comparison with matched referents. Beta 2-microglobulin was slightly increased in those welders with a urinary chromium concentration of greater than 64.5 nmol.mmol-1 creatinine. The prevalences of abnormal values did not differ from those observed in the reference group. No correlation was found between the concentrations of chromium or nickel in urine and that of proteins or enzymes. No consistent or clinically significant renal impairment was revealed among the stainless steel welders exposed to a chromium air concentration slightly above the current threshold limit value of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds (50 micrograms.m-3).","Lack of renal changes in stainless steel welders exposed to chromium and nickel Abs: Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 52 male stainless steel welders (manual metal arc welding) exposed to chromium and nickel. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of total proteins, albumin, protein 1, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, or beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a comparison with matched referents. Beta 2-microglobulin was slightly increased in those welders with a urinary chromium concentration of greater than 64.5 nmol.mmol-1 creatinine. The prevalences of abnormal values did not differ from those observed in the reference group. No correlation was found between the concentrations of chromium or nickel in urine and that of proteins or enzymes. No consistent or clinically significant renal impairment was revealed among the stainless steel welders exposed to a chromium air concentration slightly above the current threshold limit value of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds (50 micrograms.m-3).",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1235210,Kaufman et al. 1970,Acute potassium dichromate poisoning. Treated by peritoneal dialysis,,Acute potassium dichromate poisoning. Treated by peritoneal dialysis Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234194,Chiusolo et al. 2008,Regucalcin down-regulation in rat kidney tissue after treatment with nephrotoxicants,"Gene expression of regucalcin (Rgn), a calcium-binding protein, was investigated in kidney of male Wistar rats treated with proximal tubule segment-specific nephrotoxicants, namely hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD), specific for S(3) segment (pars recta) and potassium dichromate (chromate) specific for S(1)-S(2) segments (pars convoluta), according to age of animals and dose of chemicals. In the age-dependent study, male Wistar rats were treated with a single injection of HCBD (100mg/kg b.w. i.p.) or chromate (25 mg/kg b.w. s.c.) at 5 weeks or 12 weeks of age; in dose-response study, rats were treated with a single injection of three doses of HCBD (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) or chromate (8, 12.5, and 25mg/kg b.w. s.c.) at 8 weeks of age. Forty-eight hours after treatment, Rgn and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in kidney cortex, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine were measured; light microscopy was performed also. The results show that young rats are less susceptible to chromate (severe necrosis is evident only in adult rats), whereas age does not influence HCBD nephrotoxicity. Rgn is down regulated by HCBD at both age points, but not by chromate at 5 weeks of age. In addition, HCBD causes down-regulation of Rgn from the low dose in 8-week-old rats, whereas chromate causes the same effect at the high dose only. GS activity in kidney cortex shows a similar behavior, even if sensitive to low doses of chromate also, whereas BUN and creatinine increase after the high dose of both chemicals only. Accordingly, light microscopy shows a segment-specific, dose-dependent increase of severity of damage caused by the chemicals. Rgn gene expression appears a sensitive genomic marker to evaluate the renal impairment caused by chemicals and its down-regulation seems to be related to damage, early or already established, to S(3) segment of the proximal tubule.","Regucalcin down-regulation in rat kidney tissue after treatment with nephrotoxicants Abs: Gene expression of regucalcin (Rgn), a calcium-binding protein, was investigated in kidney of male Wistar rats treated with proximal tubule segment-specific nephrotoxicants, namely hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD), specific for S(3) segment (pars recta) and potassium dichromate (chromate) specific for S(1)-S(2) segments (pars convoluta), according to age of animals and dose of chemicals. In the age-dependent study, male Wistar rats were treated with a single injection of HCBD (100mg/kg b.w. i.p.) or chromate (25 mg/kg b.w. s.c.) at 5 weeks or 12 weeks of age; in dose-response study, rats were treated with a single injection of three doses of HCBD (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) or chromate (8, 12.5, and 25mg/kg b.w. s.c.) at 8 weeks of age. Forty-eight hours after treatment, Rgn and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in kidney cortex, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine were measured; light microscopy was performed also. The results show that young rats are less susceptible to chromate (severe necrosis is evident only in adult rats), whereas age does not influence HCBD nephrotoxicity. Rgn is down regulated by HCBD at both age points, but not by chromate at 5 weeks of age. In addition, HCBD causes down-regulation of Rgn from the low dose in 8-week-old rats, whereas chromate causes the same effect at the high dose only. GS activity in kidney cortex shows a similar behavior, even if sensitive to low doses of chromate also, whereas BUN and creatinine increase after the high dose of both chemicals only. Accordingly, light microscopy shows a segment-specific, dose-dependent increase of severity of damage caused by the chemicals. Rgn gene expression appears a sensitive genomic marker to evaluate the renal impairment caused by chemicals and its down-regulation seems to be related to damage, early or already established, to S(3) segment of the proximal tubule.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1258218,Pokrovskaya and  Shabynina 1974,Epidemiological Data on Malignant Neoplasms When Working with Various Chromium Compounds,"An epidemiological study was conducted to examine the death rate from cancer in workers at one of the largest chromium (7440473) (Cr) mines in the Soviet Union. Dust concentrations and Cr concentrations were determined in the air of various workplaces. Death rates from cancer were determined from death certificates and compared with death rates for populations of nearby cities not exposed to carcinogens at work. The death rate from cancer among workers in the mines and Cr compound factory was significantly higher than the death rate among the urban population; death rates were 2.2 times higher in male workers and 1.8 times higher in female workers than in the urban population. In the shops, the death rates from cancer were even higher than in the mine. Hexavalent-chromium concentrations in the workplaces varied from 0.03 to 12.0 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3), compared with a maximum allowable concentration of 0.01mg/m3. The death rate from cancer in all work areas was 3.3 times higher among the workers than among the inhabitants of the city. Lung cancer deaths were 16 times higher and cancer of the esophagus was 7.7 times higher. The authors conclude that carcinogenic hazards exist in areas where Cr is present in either hexavalent or trivalent forms. The high cancer death rate among Cr workers confirms the role of working conditions in the development of disease and the need for rigorous observation of sanitary standards and hygienic requirements in creating safe working conditions. (Russian)","Epidemiological Data on Malignant Neoplasms When Working with Various Chromium Compounds Abs: An epidemiological study was conducted to examine the death rate from cancer in workers at one of the largest chromium (7440473) (Cr) mines in the Soviet Union. Dust concentrations and Cr concentrations were determined in the air of various workplaces. Death rates from cancer were determined from death certificates and compared with death rates for populations of nearby cities not exposed to carcinogens at work. The death rate from cancer among workers in the mines and Cr compound factory was significantly higher than the death rate among the urban population; death rates were 2.2 times higher in male workers and 1.8 times higher in female workers than in the urban population. In the shops, the death rates from cancer were even higher than in the mine. Hexavalent-chromium concentrations in the workplaces varied from 0.03 to 12.0 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3), compared with a maximum allowable concentration of 0.01mg/m3. The death rate from cancer in all work areas was 3.3 times higher among the workers than among the inhabitants of the city. Lung cancer deaths were 16 times higher and cancer of the esophagus was 7.7 times higher. The authors conclude that carcinogenic hazards exist in areas where Cr is present in either hexavalent or trivalent forms. The high cancer death rate among Cr workers confirms the role of working conditions in the development of disease and the need for rigorous observation of sanitary standards and hygienic requirements in creating safe working conditions. (Russian)",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231908,Hantson et al. 2005,Hexavalent chromium ingestion: biological markers of nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity,,Hexavalent chromium ingestion: biological markers of nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1258241,Cole and  Rodu 2005,Epidemiologic studies of chrome and cancer mortality: a series of meta-analyses,"We used 49 epidemiologic studies based on 84 papers published since 1950 to develop an array of meta-analyses relating exposure to chrome-six compounds with 10 causes of death. Most exposures occurred in occupational settings. Studies were assessed for quality, and for control of smoking or economic status if they related to lung or stomach cancer. There was no excess mortality from all causes combined among chrome-exposed persons. A minimal excess of cancer (SMR=112), overall, was due primarily to an excess of lung cancer (SMR=141) but the SMR was 112 among the better-quality, smoking-controlled studies. The overall SMR for stomach cancer was 113 but it was 82 among the studies that were controlled for economic status. Findings were unremarkable for the six other cancers evaluated: prostate, kidney, and central nervous system cancer and leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and other lymphatohematopoietic cancer. This series of meta-analyses indicates that chrome-six is a weak cause of lung cancer and is not a cause of any of the other seven forms of cancer evaluated.","Epidemiologic studies of chrome and cancer mortality: a series of meta-analyses Abs: We used 49 epidemiologic studies based on 84 papers published since 1950 to develop an array of meta-analyses relating exposure to chrome-six compounds with 10 causes of death. Most exposures occurred in occupational settings. Studies were assessed for quality, and for control of smoking or economic status if they related to lung or stomach cancer. There was no excess mortality from all causes combined among chrome-exposed persons. A minimal excess of cancer (SMR=112), overall, was due primarily to an excess of lung cancer (SMR=141) but the SMR was 112 among the better-quality, smoking-controlled studies. The overall SMR for stomach cancer was 113 but it was 82 among the studies that were controlled for economic status. Findings were unremarkable for the six other cancers evaluated: prostate, kidney, and central nervous system cancer and leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and other lymphatohematopoietic cancer. This series of meta-analyses indicates that chrome-six is a weak cause of lung cancer and is not a cause of any of the other seven forms of cancer evaluated.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
345857,Bataineh et al. 2007,Short-term exposure of female rats to industrial metal salts: Effect on implantation and pregnancy,"Aim: The objective of this study was to characterize the adverse effects of industrial metal salts during the early stages of pregnancy. Methods: Successfully mated female rats were exposed to the following metal salts via intragastric intubation; manganese sulfate, lead acetate, aluminum chloride, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride in doses of 50 mg/kg body weight and chromium chloride and potassium dichromate in doses of 25 mg/kg body weight on days l-3 or 4-6 of pregnancy. Female rats were killed on day 20 of gestation and the pregnancy outcome was determined. Results: The administration of manganese sulfate, chromium chloride, potassium dichromate and ferric chloride to female rats on days 1-3 of pregnancy caused pregnancy failure. However, the administration of manganese sulfate and potassium dichromate reduced the number of implantations. The administration of manganese sulfate, potassium dichromate and ferric chloride reduced the number of viable fetuses. The total number of resorptions increased in the lead acetate, aluminum chloride, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride exposed groups. In contrast, the administration of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride and ferric chloride on days 4-6 of pregnancy caused pregnancy failure. However, the administration of ferric chloride reduced the number of implantations. The administration of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride reduced the number of viable fetuses. The total number of resorptions increased in the manganese sulfate, lead acetate, aluminum chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride exposed groups. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the short-term exposure of female rats to industrial metal salts during the early stages of gestation would cause failure of pregnancy and produce fetotoxic or fetal resorptive potentials. (Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6: 179-183)","Short-term exposure of female rats to industrial metal salts: Effect on implantation and pregnancy Abs: Aim: The objective of this study was to characterize the adverse effects of industrial metal salts during the early stages of pregnancy. Methods: Successfully mated female rats were exposed to the following metal salts via intragastric intubation; manganese sulfate, lead acetate, aluminum chloride, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride in doses of 50 mg/kg body weight and chromium chloride and potassium dichromate in doses of 25 mg/kg body weight on days l-3 or 4-6 of pregnancy. Female rats were killed on day 20 of gestation and the pregnancy outcome was determined. Results: The administration of manganese sulfate, chromium chloride, potassium dichromate and ferric chloride to female rats on days 1-3 of pregnancy caused pregnancy failure. However, the administration of manganese sulfate and potassium dichromate reduced the number of implantations. The administration of manganese sulfate, potassium dichromate and ferric chloride reduced the number of viable fetuses. The total number of resorptions increased in the lead acetate, aluminum chloride, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride exposed groups. In contrast, the administration of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride and ferric chloride on days 4-6 of pregnancy caused pregnancy failure. However, the administration of ferric chloride reduced the number of implantations. The administration of manganese sulfate, aluminum chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride reduced the number of viable fetuses. The total number of resorptions increased in the manganese sulfate, lead acetate, aluminum chloride, potassium dichromate, ferrous chloride and ferric chloride exposed groups. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the short-term exposure of female rats to industrial metal salts during the early stages of gestation would cause failure of pregnancy and produce fetotoxic or fetal resorptive potentials. (Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6: 179-183)",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234004,White et al. 1982,Biochemical studies of rat lung following exposure to potassium dichromate or chromium-rich welding fume particles,"Rats were examined for biochemical changes at the lung surface and in lung tissue 1, 4, and 13 weeks after a single instillation of the soluble of insoluble fraction of stainless steel welding particles, or potassium dichromate containing concentrations of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) equivalent to those found in the welding particles. Most of the toxicity of the welding particles 1 week after instillation could be related to the content of soluble CrVI, though the insoluble particles also produced changes at the alveolar surface. The regression of inflammatory changes 4 and 13 weeks after instillation was probably due to the removal of soluble components such as CrVI from the lung.","Biochemical studies of rat lung following exposure to potassium dichromate or chromium-rich welding fume particles Abs: Rats were examined for biochemical changes at the lung surface and in lung tissue 1, 4, and 13 weeks after a single instillation of the soluble of insoluble fraction of stainless steel welding particles, or potassium dichromate containing concentrations of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) equivalent to those found in the welding particles. Most of the toxicity of the welding particles 1 week after instillation could be related to the content of soluble CrVI, though the insoluble particles also produced changes at the alveolar surface. The regression of inflammatory changes 4 and 13 weeks after instillation was probably due to the removal of soluble components such as CrVI from the lung.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1017369,Boffetta et al. 2011,"Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe","<strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To investigate the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Central and Eastern Europe in relation to exposure to known and suspected carcinogenic metals.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>During 1999-2003, the authors conducted a hospital-based study in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Russia, including 1097 cases of RCC and 1476 controls. Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium(III), chromium(VI), lead and nickel was assessed by teams of local industrial hygiene experts, based on detailed occupational questionnaires.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The ORs for RCC were 1.55 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.21) for exposure to lead and 1.40 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.85) for exposure to cadmium. No clear monotonic exposure-response relation was apparent for either duration of exposure or cumulative exposure to either metal, although the OR for the highest category of cumulative exposure to lead was 2.25 (95% CI 1.21 to 4.19). Exposure to other metals did not entail an increased risk of RCC.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>For cadmium, the lack of statistical significance of most results, potential confounding and the absence of clear dose-response relations suggest that an association with RCC is unlikely to be causal. In the case of lead, however, the elevated risk in the category of highest cumulative exposure is noteworthy and justifies further investigation.","Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: a case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To investigate the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Central and Eastern Europe in relation to exposure to known and suspected carcinogenic metals.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>During 1999-2003, the authors conducted a hospital-based study in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania and Russia, including 1097 cases of RCC and 1476 controls. Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium(III), chromium(VI), lead and nickel was assessed by teams of local industrial hygiene experts, based on detailed occupational questionnaires.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The ORs for RCC were 1.55 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.21) for exposure to lead and 1.40 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.85) for exposure to cadmium. No clear monotonic exposure-response relation was apparent for either duration of exposure or cumulative exposure to either metal, although the OR for the highest category of cumulative exposure to lead was 2.25 (95% CI 1.21 to 4.19). Exposure to other metals did not entail an increased risk of RCC.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>For cadmium, the lack of statistical significance of most results, potential confounding and the absence of clear dose-response relations suggest that an association with RCC is unlikely to be causal. In the case of lead, however, the elevated risk in the category of highest cumulative exposure is noteworthy and justifies further investigation.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1234240,Chandra et al. 2007,Chromium induced testicular impairment in relation to adrenocortical activities in adult albino rats,"The present study investigates the testicular and adrenocortical activities under different doses and durations of chromium (Cr) exposure and their interactions. Mature male Sprague Dawley rats were injected daily with three different doses (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg bw) of Cr salt (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) intraperitonealy for 13 and 26 days, respectively. The medium (0.4 mg/kg bw/day) and higher dose (0.6 mg/kg bw/day) of Cr significantly (p&lt;0.05) decrease accessory sex organs weight, testicular Delta(5)3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-HSD activities, epididymal sperm count, effective spermatid degeneration, serum testosterone, LH level, testicular catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities while testicular lipid peroxidation, serum FSH, corticosterone level, adrenal weight and adrenal Delta(5)3beta-HSD activity increased significantly than that of control and lower dose (0.2 mg/kg bw/day) Cr exposed animals. Testicular histoarchitechture shows deterioration after critical dose (0.4 mg/kg bw/day) and duration (26 days) of Cr exposure. Cr induced alterations on testicular and adrenocortical activities are dose and duration dependent. Adrecortical hyperactivity accompanied by testicular oxidative stress might have a crucial role for Cr induced male reproductive impairment.","Chromium induced testicular impairment in relation to adrenocortical activities in adult albino rats Abs: The present study investigates the testicular and adrenocortical activities under different doses and durations of chromium (Cr) exposure and their interactions. Mature male Sprague Dawley rats were injected daily with three different doses (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg bw) of Cr salt (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) intraperitonealy for 13 and 26 days, respectively. The medium (0.4 mg/kg bw/day) and higher dose (0.6 mg/kg bw/day) of Cr significantly (p&lt;0.05) decrease accessory sex organs weight, testicular Delta(5)3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-HSD activities, epididymal sperm count, effective spermatid degeneration, serum testosterone, LH level, testicular catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities while testicular lipid peroxidation, serum FSH, corticosterone level, adrenal weight and adrenal Delta(5)3beta-HSD activity increased significantly than that of control and lower dose (0.2 mg/kg bw/day) Cr exposed animals. Testicular histoarchitechture shows deterioration after critical dose (0.4 mg/kg bw/day) and duration (26 days) of Cr exposure. Cr induced alterations on testicular and adrenocortical activities are dose and duration dependent. Adrecortical hyperactivity accompanied by testicular oxidative stress might have a crucial role for Cr induced male reproductive impairment.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1235178,Huriez et al. 1975,Sensitivity to dichromate in a milk analysis laboratory,,Sensitivity to dichromate in a milk analysis laboratory Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1230889,Baresic et al. 2009,Survival after severe acute chromic acid poisoning complicated with renal and liver failure,"Chromic acid is a strong metal acid and acute poisoning is very rare, but very serious with severe skin injury, renal and liver failure. The majority of published cases were suicide attempts with lethal outcomes. We describe the case of a 55-year-old man who had accidentally taken a sip of 20% chromic acid (estimated chromium intake: 2.3 g). Renal and liver failure were not present at presentation, but appeared later in the course of disease. He was treated with hemodialysis, no chelating agents or other methods for enhancing elimination were used. Liver and renal function improved over the next 30 days and the patient was discharged after 45 days of hospitalization with no need for dialysis. In the follow-up period of eight months his renal function remained depressed, but stable.","Survival after severe acute chromic acid poisoning complicated with renal and liver failure Abs: Chromic acid is a strong metal acid and acute poisoning is very rare, but very serious with severe skin injury, renal and liver failure. The majority of published cases were suicide attempts with lethal outcomes. We describe the case of a 55-year-old man who had accidentally taken a sip of 20% chromic acid (estimated chromium intake: 2.3 g). Renal and liver failure were not present at presentation, but appeared later in the course of disease. He was treated with hemodialysis, no chelating agents or other methods for enhancing elimination were used. Liver and renal function improved over the next 30 days and the patient was discharged after 45 days of hospitalization with no need for dialysis. In the follow-up period of eight months his renal function remained depressed, but stable.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231150,Fristedt et al. 1965,SURVIVAL IN A CASE OF ACUTE ORAL CHROMIC ACID POISONING WITH ACUTE RENAL FAILURE TREATED BY HAEMODIALYSIS,,SURVIVAL IN A CASE OF ACUTE ORAL CHROMIC ACID POISONING WITH ACUTE RENAL FAILURE TREATED BY HAEMODIALYSIS Abs: ,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1231470,Linos et al. 2011,Oral ingestion of hexavalent chromium through drinking water and cancer mortality in an industrial area of Greece--an ecological study,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen when inhaled, but its carcinogenic potential when orally ingested remains controversial. Water contaminated with hexavalent chromium is a worldwide problem, making this a question of significant public health importance.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted an ecological mortality study within the Oinofita region of Greece, where water has been contaminated with hexavalent chromium. We calculated gender, age, and period standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all deaths, cancer deaths, and specific cancer types of Oinofita residents over an 11-year period (1999 - 2009), using the greater prefecture of Voiotia as the standard population.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>A total of 474 deaths were observed. The SMR for all cause mortality was 98 (95% CI 89-107) and for all cancer mortality 114 (95% CI 94-136). The SMR for primary liver cancer was 1104 (95% CI 405-2403, p-value &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, statistically significantly higher SMRs were identified for lung cancer (SMR = 145, 95% CI 100-203, p-value = 0.047) and cancer of the kidney and other genitourinary organs among women (SMR = 368, 95% CI 119-858, p-value = 0.025). Elevated SMRs for several other cancers were also noted (lip, oral cavity and pharynx 344, stomach 121, female breast 134, prostate 128, and leukaemias 168), but these did not reach statistical significance.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Elevated cancer mortality in the Oinofita area of Greece supports the hypothesis of hexavalent chromium carcinogenicity via the oral ingestion pathway of exposure. Further studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal, and to establish preventive guidelines and public health recommendations.","Oral ingestion of hexavalent chromium through drinking water and cancer mortality in an industrial area of Greece--an ecological study Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen when inhaled, but its carcinogenic potential when orally ingested remains controversial. Water contaminated with hexavalent chromium is a worldwide problem, making this a question of significant public health importance.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted an ecological mortality study within the Oinofita region of Greece, where water has been contaminated with hexavalent chromium. We calculated gender, age, and period standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all deaths, cancer deaths, and specific cancer types of Oinofita residents over an 11-year period (1999 - 2009), using the greater prefecture of Voiotia as the standard population.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>A total of 474 deaths were observed. The SMR for all cause mortality was 98 (95% CI 89-107) and for all cancer mortality 114 (95% CI 94-136). The SMR for primary liver cancer was 1104 (95% CI 405-2403, p-value &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, statistically significantly higher SMRs were identified for lung cancer (SMR = 145, 95% CI 100-203, p-value = 0.047) and cancer of the kidney and other genitourinary organs among women (SMR = 368, 95% CI 119-858, p-value = 0.025). Elevated SMRs for several other cancers were also noted (lip, oral cavity and pharynx 344, stomach 121, female breast 134, prostate 128, and leukaemias 168), but these did not reach statistical significance.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Elevated cancer mortality in the Oinofita area of Greece supports the hypothesis of hexavalent chromium carcinogenicity via the oral ingestion pathway of exposure. Further studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal, and to establish preventive guidelines and public health recommendations.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
14213,Steinhoff et al. 1986,Carcinogenicity study with sodium dichromate in rats,"Solutions of sodium dichromate were administered to Sprague Dawley rats by intratracheal instillations over a period of 30 months. Dosage was 0.01, 0.05 or 0.25 mg/kg, five times a week, or 0.05, 0.25 or 1.25 mg/kg once a week. Each group consisted of 40 male and 40 female rats. Groups left untreated or given saline served as negative controls. The highest chromate dose proved to be within the range of the maximum tolerable amount. The main determinant of effect was the concentration of chromate instilled, not the total dose per week. Non-neoplastic pulmonary lesions, which occurred predominantly in the highest dose group, were fibrotic regions containing residual distorted bronchiolar lumens or cellular inflammatory foci containing alveolar macrophages, proliferated epithelium and chronic inflammatory thickening of alveolar septa. Fourteen rats given 1.25 mg/kg sodium dichromate had a total of 20 lung tumours (12 benign, 8 malignant). One rat given 0.25 mg/kg once a week had a malignant tumour. Tumours were generally small and were non-fatal. A comparable solution of calcium chromate, which was tested at the two highest dose levels, had virtually the same effect. The positive controls, benzo(a)pyrene and dimethylcarbamyl chloride, induced a high rate of fatal malignant tumours in the respiratory tract.","Carcinogenicity study with sodium dichromate in rats Abs: Solutions of sodium dichromate were administered to Sprague Dawley rats by intratracheal instillations over a period of 30 months. Dosage was 0.01, 0.05 or 0.25 mg/kg, five times a week, or 0.05, 0.25 or 1.25 mg/kg once a week. Each group consisted of 40 male and 40 female rats. Groups left untreated or given saline served as negative controls. The highest chromate dose proved to be within the range of the maximum tolerable amount. The main determinant of effect was the concentration of chromate instilled, not the total dose per week. Non-neoplastic pulmonary lesions, which occurred predominantly in the highest dose group, were fibrotic regions containing residual distorted bronchiolar lumens or cellular inflammatory foci containing alveolar macrophages, proliferated epithelium and chronic inflammatory thickening of alveolar septa. Fourteen rats given 1.25 mg/kg sodium dichromate had a total of 20 lung tumours (12 benign, 8 malignant). One rat given 0.25 mg/kg once a week had a malignant tumour. Tumours were generally small and were non-fatal. A comparable solution of calcium chromate, which was tested at the two highest dose levels, had virtually the same effect. The positive controls, benzo(a)pyrene and dimethylcarbamyl chloride, induced a high rate of fatal malignant tumours in the respiratory tract.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1258237,Milatou-Smith et al. 1997,Mortality among welders exposed to high and to low levels of hexavalent chromium and followed for more than 20 Years,"Hexavalent chromium particles are generated in the welding of stainless steel. A cohort consisting of 233 welders working on stainless steel and exposed to high levels of chromium was selected. According to an earlier survey, the hexavalent chromium exposures of such welders are often above 20 µg/m(3). Another cohort consisting of 208 railway track welders exposed to low levels of chromium was also selected. The participants of both cohorts had welded for at least five years between 1950 and 1965 and were followed for mortality until December 1992. Among the welders exposed to high levels of chromium, six deaths due to pulmonary tumors occurred. This number is higher than the two deaths that occurred among the welders exposed to low levels of chromium and the corresponding mortality of the general population, but not significantly higher. Thus, exposure to stainless steel welding fumes might increase the incidence of pulmonary tumors.","Mortality among welders exposed to high and to low levels of hexavalent chromium and followed for more than 20 Years Abs: Hexavalent chromium particles are generated in the welding of stainless steel. A cohort consisting of 233 welders working on stainless steel and exposed to high levels of chromium was selected. According to an earlier survey, the hexavalent chromium exposures of such welders are often above 20 µg/m(3). Another cohort consisting of 208 railway track welders exposed to low levels of chromium was also selected. The participants of both cohorts had welded for at least five years between 1950 and 1965 and were followed for mortality until December 1992. Among the welders exposed to high levels of chromium, six deaths due to pulmonary tumors occurred. This number is higher than the two deaths that occurred among the welders exposed to low levels of chromium and the corresponding mortality of the general population, but not significantly higher. Thus, exposure to stainless steel welding fumes might increase the incidence of pulmonary tumors.",1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1
1238882,Rudnykh 1985,In vivo and in vitro DNA-repair synthesis under the influence of chromium compounds in human lymphocytes,,In vivo and in vitro DNA-repair synthesis under the influence of chromium compounds in human lymphocytes Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234583,Ye et al. 1995,Chromium(VI)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation in intact cells via free radical reactions,"Incubation of chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] with cultured Jurkat cells resulted in activation of DNA binding activity of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B. In a combination with glutathione reductase, a Cr(VI) reducing agent, Cr(VI) expressed an enhanced activity in induction of NF-kappa B. This activation of NF-kappa B was decreased by a metal chelator, diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid or catalase, but increased by superoxide dismutase. Addition of Mn2+, which reacts with Cr(IV) and inhibits Cr(IV)-mediated hydroxyl radical (.OH) generation via Fenton-like reaction, attenuated the activation of NF-kappa B. Sodium formate, an .OH radical scavenger, also inhibited the activation. Electron spin resonance measurements showed that the incubation of Cr(VI) with intact Jurkat cells generated reactive Cr(V) intermediate. Glutathione reductase and NADPH enhanced Cr(V) generation. Electron spin resonance spin trapping measurements using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trapping agent provided evidence that the incubation of Cr(VI) with the Jurkat cells in the presence of glutathione reductase generated .OH radicals. H2O2 enhanced .OH radical generation and also enhanced Cr(V) formation, indicating the role of Cr(IV) in .OH radical generation. We conclude that Cr(VI) can activate NF-kappa B in vitro via Cr(IV)-mediated free radical reactions. We hypothesize that Cr(VI)-mediated NF-kappa B activation may be involved in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity.","Chromium(VI)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation in intact cells via free radical reactions Abs: Incubation of chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] with cultured Jurkat cells resulted in activation of DNA binding activity of the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B. In a combination with glutathione reductase, a Cr(VI) reducing agent, Cr(VI) expressed an enhanced activity in induction of NF-kappa B. This activation of NF-kappa B was decreased by a metal chelator, diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid or catalase, but increased by superoxide dismutase. Addition of Mn2+, which reacts with Cr(IV) and inhibits Cr(IV)-mediated hydroxyl radical (.OH) generation via Fenton-like reaction, attenuated the activation of NF-kappa B. Sodium formate, an .OH radical scavenger, also inhibited the activation. Electron spin resonance measurements showed that the incubation of Cr(VI) with intact Jurkat cells generated reactive Cr(V) intermediate. Glutathione reductase and NADPH enhanced Cr(V) generation. Electron spin resonance spin trapping measurements using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) as a spin trapping agent provided evidence that the incubation of Cr(VI) with the Jurkat cells in the presence of glutathione reductase generated .OH radicals. H2O2 enhanced .OH radical generation and also enhanced Cr(V) formation, indicating the role of Cr(IV) in .OH radical generation. We conclude that Cr(VI) can activate NF-kappa B in vitro via Cr(IV)-mediated free radical reactions. We hypothesize that Cr(VI)-mediated NF-kappa B activation may be involved in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238796,Imreh and  Radulescu 1982,Cytogenetic effects of chromium in vivo and in vitro,,Cytogenetic effects of chromium in vivo and in vitro Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237455,Itoh and  Shimada 1996,"Micronucleus induction by chromium and selenium, and suppression by metallothionein inducer","The clastogenic effects of chromium compounds (CrCl3 and K2CrO4) and selenium compounds (H2SeO3 and Na2SeO4) in mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated. K2CrO4 induced significant, dose-related increases in micronuclei. H2SeO3 also showed a significant micronucleus induction at the highest dose. CrCl3 and Na2SeO4 were negative for micronuclei induction in mice. The suppressive effect of Bi(NO3)3, a metallothionein inducer, on the micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3 has been also investigated. Pretreatment with Bi(NO3)3 suppressed the micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3. In addition, the incidence of micronucleus induction seemed to be reduced by double dosing with K2CrO4 and H2SeO3, compared to single dosing. It is generally recognized that a number of metal compounds induce metallothionein synthesis. These results suggest that the mechanism of suppression of micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3 involve possible participation of metallothionein in mouse bone marrow.","Micronucleus induction by chromium and selenium, and suppression by metallothionein inducer Abs: The clastogenic effects of chromium compounds (CrCl3 and K2CrO4) and selenium compounds (H2SeO3 and Na2SeO4) in mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated. K2CrO4 induced significant, dose-related increases in micronuclei. H2SeO3 also showed a significant micronucleus induction at the highest dose. CrCl3 and Na2SeO4 were negative for micronuclei induction in mice. The suppressive effect of Bi(NO3)3, a metallothionein inducer, on the micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3 has been also investigated. Pretreatment with Bi(NO3)3 suppressed the micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3. In addition, the incidence of micronucleus induction seemed to be reduced by double dosing with K2CrO4 and H2SeO3, compared to single dosing. It is generally recognized that a number of metal compounds induce metallothionein synthesis. These results suggest that the mechanism of suppression of micronucleus induction by K2CrO4 and H2SeO3 involve possible participation of metallothionein in mouse bone marrow.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290315,Young et al. 1994,Effect of metals on the development of hyperactivated motility by rabbit sperm cells,"Final rept. Feb-Sep 92. sperm acquire motion patterns mimicking hyperactivated motility upon incubation in medium M. Lead and cadmium, at concentrations present in seminal plasma of men exposed to the metals, prevented development of these motion patterns in a concentration dependent manner. Nonhyperactivated motility was unaffected. Zinc and mercury, at concentrations that did not inhibit motility, decreased the percentage of sperm with motions that mimicked hyperactivated motility over time, but the decrease was independent of concentration. Concentrations of hexavalent chromium twice that found in seminal plasma of exposed men had no significant effect, as a function of time and concentration, on the percent of sperm with motility mimicking hyperactivated motility. As lead and cadmium are reproductive toxicants, the inhibition of motions that mimic hyperactivated motility in medium M may be useful for the identification of metals and other compounds with the potential to adversely affect reproduction.","Effect of metals on the development of hyperactivated motility by rabbit sperm cells Abs: Final rept. Feb-Sep 92. sperm acquire motion patterns mimicking hyperactivated motility upon incubation in medium M. Lead and cadmium, at concentrations present in seminal plasma of men exposed to the metals, prevented development of these motion patterns in a concentration dependent manner. Nonhyperactivated motility was unaffected. Zinc and mercury, at concentrations that did not inhibit motility, decreased the percentage of sperm with motions that mimicked hyperactivated motility over time, but the decrease was independent of concentration. Concentrations of hexavalent chromium twice that found in seminal plasma of exposed men had no significant effect, as a function of time and concentration, on the percent of sperm with motility mimicking hyperactivated motility. As lead and cadmium are reproductive toxicants, the inhibition of motions that mimic hyperactivated motility in medium M may be useful for the identification of metals and other compounds with the potential to adversely affect reproduction.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237793,Majone and  Rensi 1979,"Mitotic alterations, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mammalian cells in vitro","The action of hexavalent chromium (potassium chromate) and trivalent chromium (chromium chloride) on the mitotic cycle and the induction of chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchanges were analyzed in human and Chinese hamster cell lines in vitro. Both Cr6+ and Cr3+ induced mitotic alterations but specific mechanisms of actions, leading to blockages in different mitotic phases, characterized each of the 2 compounds. Chromosome aberrations are almost doubled after treatment with 0.15 mug/ml of Cr6+ and 50 mug/ml of Cr3+; chromatid gaps, breaks and interchanges are the most frequent aberrations induced. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges is significantly increased after exposure to Cr6+, but not to Cr3+.","Mitotic alterations, chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges induced by hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mammalian cells in vitro Abs: The action of hexavalent chromium (potassium chromate) and trivalent chromium (chromium chloride) on the mitotic cycle and the induction of chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchanges were analyzed in human and Chinese hamster cell lines in vitro. Both Cr6+ and Cr3+ induced mitotic alterations but specific mechanisms of actions, leading to blockages in different mitotic phases, characterized each of the 2 compounds. Chromosome aberrations are almost doubled after treatment with 0.15 mug/ml of Cr6+ and 50 mug/ml of Cr3+; chromatid gaps, breaks and interchanges are the most frequent aberrations induced. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges is significantly increased after exposure to Cr6+, but not to Cr3+.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1510309,Kadiiska et al. 1998,Identification of free radical formation and F-2-isoprostanes in vivo by acute Cr(VI) poisoning,,Identification of free radical formation and F-2-isoprostanes in vivo by acute Cr(VI) poisoning Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235681,Tsuzuki et al. 1994,"DNA single-strand breaks and cytotoxicity induced by chromate(VI), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) in hydrogen peroxide-resistant cell lines","The induction of cytotoxicity and DNA single-strand breaks by chromium(VI), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) were compared in H2O2-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO(R)) cells and parental (CHO(P)) cells. Using a colony-forming assay, CHO(R) cells were found to be significantly more resistant than CHO(P) cells to the cytotoxicity caused by CdCl2 and HgCl2, but not to that caused by Na2CrO4. However, the DNA single-strand breaks produced by each of these metals were significantly lower in the CHO(R) cells. With respect to chromium reduction, the level of chromium(V) in CHO(R) cells was decreased. The role of intracellular active oxygen in the heavy metal-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity is discussed.","DNA single-strand breaks and cytotoxicity induced by chromate(VI), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) in hydrogen peroxide-resistant cell lines Abs: The induction of cytotoxicity and DNA single-strand breaks by chromium(VI), cadmium(II), and mercury(II) were compared in H2O2-resistant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO(R)) cells and parental (CHO(P)) cells. Using a colony-forming assay, CHO(R) cells were found to be significantly more resistant than CHO(P) cells to the cytotoxicity caused by CdCl2 and HgCl2, but not to that caused by Na2CrO4. However, the DNA single-strand breaks produced by each of these metals were significantly lower in the CHO(R) cells. With respect to chromium reduction, the level of chromium(V) in CHO(R) cells was decreased. The role of intracellular active oxygen in the heavy metal-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity is discussed.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1510695,Zhitkovich et al. 1996,DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes of individuals exposed to hexavalent chromium compounds,"Abstract DNA-protein crosslinks were measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chrome-platers and controls from Bulgaria in order to evaluate a genotoxic effect of human exposure to carcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds. Chrome-platers and most of the unexposed controls were from the industrial city of Jambol; some additional controls were recruited from the seaside town of Burgas. The chrome-platers had significantly elevated levels of chromium in pre- and post-shift urine, erythrocytes and lymphocytes compared with the control subjects. The largest differences between the two groups were found in erythrocyte chromium concentrations which are considered to be indicative of Cr(VI) exposure. Despite the significant differences in internal chromium doses, levels of DNA-protein crosslinks were not significantly different between the combined controls and exposed workers. Individual DNA-protein crosslinks, however, correlated strongly with chromium in erythrocytes at low and moderate doses but at high exposures, such as among the majority of chrome-platers, these DNA adducts were saturated at maximum levels. The saturation of DNA-protein crosslinks seems to occur at 7-8 ?g I-(1) chromium in erythrocytes whereas a mean erythrocyte chromium among the chrome platers was as high as 22.8 ?g l(-1). Occupationally unexposed subjects exhibited a significant variability with respect to the erythrocyte chromium concentration, however erythrocyte chromium levels correlated closely with DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes. The controls from Jambol had higher chromium concentrations in erythrocytes and elevated levels of DNA-protein crosslinks compared with Burgas controls. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde among furniture factory workers did not change levels of DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes. DNA-protein crosslink measurements showed a low intraindividual variability and their levels among both controls and exposed indivduals were not affected by smoking, age or weight.","DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes of individuals exposed to hexavalent chromium compounds Abs: Abstract DNA-protein crosslinks were measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chrome-platers and controls from Bulgaria in order to evaluate a genotoxic effect of human exposure to carcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds. Chrome-platers and most of the unexposed controls were from the industrial city of Jambol; some additional controls were recruited from the seaside town of Burgas. The chrome-platers had significantly elevated levels of chromium in pre- and post-shift urine, erythrocytes and lymphocytes compared with the control subjects. The largest differences between the two groups were found in erythrocyte chromium concentrations which are considered to be indicative of Cr(VI) exposure. Despite the significant differences in internal chromium doses, levels of DNA-protein crosslinks were not significantly different between the combined controls and exposed workers. Individual DNA-protein crosslinks, however, correlated strongly with chromium in erythrocytes at low and moderate doses but at high exposures, such as among the majority of chrome-platers, these DNA adducts were saturated at maximum levels. The saturation of DNA-protein crosslinks seems to occur at 7-8 ?g I-(1) chromium in erythrocytes whereas a mean erythrocyte chromium among the chrome platers was as high as 22.8 ?g l(-1). Occupationally unexposed subjects exhibited a significant variability with respect to the erythrocyte chromium concentration, however erythrocyte chromium levels correlated closely with DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes. The controls from Jambol had higher chromium concentrations in erythrocytes and elevated levels of DNA-protein crosslinks compared with Burgas controls. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde among furniture factory workers did not change levels of DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes. DNA-protein crosslink measurements showed a low intraindividual variability and their levels among both controls and exposed indivduals were not affected by smoking, age or weight.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
730643,Kuo et al. 2003,Chromium (VI) induced oxidative damage to DNA: increase of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations (8-OHdG) among electroplating workers,"To investigate the concentration of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) among electroplating workers in Taiwan.<br /><br /> Fifty workers were selected from five chromium (Cr) electroplating plants in central Taiwan. The 20 control subjects were office workers with no previous exposure to Cr. Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.<br /><br /> Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations among Cr workers (1149.5 pmol/kg/day) were higher than those in the control group (730.2 pmol/kg/day). There was a positive correlation between urinary 8-OHdG concentrations and urinary Cr concentration (r = 0.447, p < 0.01), and urinary 8-OHdG correlated positively with airborne Cr concentration (r = 0.285). Using multiple regression analysis, the factors that affected urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were alcohol, the common cold, and high urinary Cr concentration. There was a high correlation of urinary 8-OHdG with both smoking and drinking, but multiple regression analysis showed that smoking was not a significant factor. Age and gender were also non-significant factors.<br /><br /> 8-OHdG, which is an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, was a sensitive biomarker for Cr exposure.","Chromium (VI) induced oxidative damage to DNA: increase of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations (8-OHdG) among electroplating workers Abs: To investigate the concentration of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) among electroplating workers in Taiwan.<br /><br /> Fifty workers were selected from five chromium (Cr) electroplating plants in central Taiwan. The 20 control subjects were office workers with no previous exposure to Cr. Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.<br /><br /> Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations among Cr workers (1149.5 pmol/kg/day) were higher than those in the control group (730.2 pmol/kg/day). There was a positive correlation between urinary 8-OHdG concentrations and urinary Cr concentration (r = 0.447, p < 0.01), and urinary 8-OHdG correlated positively with airborne Cr concentration (r = 0.285). Using multiple regression analysis, the factors that affected urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were alcohol, the common cold, and high urinary Cr concentration. There was a high correlation of urinary 8-OHdG with both smoking and drinking, but multiple regression analysis showed that smoking was not a significant factor. Age and gender were also non-significant factors.<br /><br /> 8-OHdG, which is an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, was a sensitive biomarker for Cr exposure.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1510694,Morris et al. 1996,"Chromium picolinate supplementation improves cardiac metabolism, but not myosin isoenzyme distribution in the diabetic heart","Because chromium (Cr) containing compounds are thought to improve glucose homeostasis, we hypothesized that chromium picolinate (CrP) could partially reverse diabetes-induced damage to cardiac tissue. Young, adult female rats were fed either a basal diet (CONT), a basal diet containing no CrP and made diabetic (DIAB-CONT) or a basal diet containing 600 ng/g of CrP (3 times the suggested daily chromium intake) and made diabetic (DIAB-CrP). Diabetes was induced by a single streptozotocin injection, 55 mg/kg i.p. After 8 weeks animals were sacrificed, hearts removed, and spectrophotometrically analyzed for citrate synthase (CS), hexokinase (HK), and beta hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity (HOAD). Cardiac myosin isoenzymes were separated from crude myofibril extracts by PAGE electrophoresis. Diabetes did not alter CS activity relative to the CONT group, but did significantly (P < 0.05) reduce HK and HOAD activity and expression of the high ATPase myosin isoenzyme VI. In contrast, DIAB-CrP animals displayed normal HK activity and greater HOAD activity relative to CONT animals. Surprisingly, the addition of CrP to the diet further reduced expression of the VI myosin isoenzyme. These results demonstrate that dietary CrP supplementation has diverse effects on the subcellular properties of the diabetic heart. The functional impact of these CrP-induced changes remains to be defined.","Chromium picolinate supplementation improves cardiac metabolism, but not myosin isoenzyme distribution in the diabetic heart Abs: Because chromium (Cr) containing compounds are thought to improve glucose homeostasis, we hypothesized that chromium picolinate (CrP) could partially reverse diabetes-induced damage to cardiac tissue. Young, adult female rats were fed either a basal diet (CONT), a basal diet containing no CrP and made diabetic (DIAB-CONT) or a basal diet containing 600 ng/g of CrP (3 times the suggested daily chromium intake) and made diabetic (DIAB-CrP). Diabetes was induced by a single streptozotocin injection, 55 mg/kg i.p. After 8 weeks animals were sacrificed, hearts removed, and spectrophotometrically analyzed for citrate synthase (CS), hexokinase (HK), and beta hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity (HOAD). Cardiac myosin isoenzymes were separated from crude myofibril extracts by PAGE electrophoresis. Diabetes did not alter CS activity relative to the CONT group, but did significantly (P < 0.05) reduce HK and HOAD activity and expression of the high ATPase myosin isoenzyme VI. In contrast, DIAB-CrP animals displayed normal HK activity and greater HOAD activity relative to CONT animals. Surprisingly, the addition of CrP to the diet further reduced expression of the VI myosin isoenzyme. These results demonstrate that dietary CrP supplementation has diverse effects on the subcellular properties of the diabetic heart. The functional impact of these CrP-induced changes remains to be defined.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233806,B?asiak et al. 1999,DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin,"Human population can be considered as a subject of combined exposure to chemicals. Hexavalent chromium is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen. Curcumin, a popular spice and pigment, is reported to have antineoplastic properties. The single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) is a sensitive technique that allows detecting double- and single-strand DNA breaks caused by a broad spectrum of mutagens. In the present work the ability of curcumin to reduce DNA damage induced by chromium in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa (GM) cells was investigated by using the comet assay. Chromium at 500 microM evoked DNA damage measured as significant (P < 0.001), about a two-fold increase in comet tail moment of both lymphocytes and GM cells. Curcumin at 10, 25, and 50 microM also damaged DNA of both types of cells in a dose-dependent manner: the increase in the tail moment reached about twenty times of the control value (P < 0.001). The combined action of chromium at 500 microM and curcumin at 50 microM resulted in the significant (P < 0.001) increase in the comet tail moment of both types of cells. In each case, treated cells were able to recover within 60 min. Our study clearly demonstrates that curcumin does not inhibit DNA damaging action of hexavalent chromium in human lymphocytes and GM cells. Moreover, curcumin itself can damage DNA of these cells and the total effect of chromium and curcumin is additive. Further studies are needed to establish the role of interaction of curcumin with DNA in carcinogenesis.","DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin Abs: Human population can be considered as a subject of combined exposure to chemicals. Hexavalent chromium is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen. Curcumin, a popular spice and pigment, is reported to have antineoplastic properties. The single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) is a sensitive technique that allows detecting double- and single-strand DNA breaks caused by a broad spectrum of mutagens. In the present work the ability of curcumin to reduce DNA damage induced by chromium in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa (GM) cells was investigated by using the comet assay. Chromium at 500 microM evoked DNA damage measured as significant (P < 0.001), about a two-fold increase in comet tail moment of both lymphocytes and GM cells. Curcumin at 10, 25, and 50 microM also damaged DNA of both types of cells in a dose-dependent manner: the increase in the tail moment reached about twenty times of the control value (P < 0.001). The combined action of chromium at 500 microM and curcumin at 50 microM resulted in the significant (P < 0.001) increase in the comet tail moment of both types of cells. In each case, treated cells were able to recover within 60 min. Our study clearly demonstrates that curcumin does not inhibit DNA damaging action of hexavalent chromium in human lymphocytes and GM cells. Moreover, curcumin itself can damage DNA of these cells and the total effect of chromium and curcumin is additive. Further studies are needed to establish the role of interaction of curcumin with DNA in carcinogenesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238752,Knudsen 1980,"Effects of welding fume particles, hexavalent chromium and cyclophosphamide in the mammalian spot test",,"Effects of welding fume particles, hexavalent chromium and cyclophosphamide in the mammalian spot test Abs: ",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237729,Kogan YU 1976,Effect of intervals between doses of potassium bichromate on the state of the renal parenchyma and mortality in albino mice,"The state of the tubular apparatus of the kidney was studied in 360 albino mice receiving frequent subcutaneous injections of potassium bicromate at intervals of 1 day, 1 week, or 1 month. More frequent administration of the toxic agent was shown to give rise to a lower mortality among the animals and to have a milder toxic action on the tubular apparatus.","Effect of intervals between doses of potassium bichromate on the state of the renal parenchyma and mortality in albino mice Abs: The state of the tubular apparatus of the kidney was studied in 360 albino mice receiving frequent subcutaneous injections of potassium bicromate at intervals of 1 day, 1 week, or 1 month. More frequent administration of the toxic agent was shown to give rise to a lower mortality among the animals and to have a milder toxic action on the tubular apparatus.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235309,Marin et al. 2010,Potentially deadly carcinogenic chromium redox cycle involving peroxochromium(IV) and glutathione,"Peroxochromium(IV) complexes are putative DNA-damaging and mutagenic agents in chromium(VI)-mediated carcinogenesis. The reaction between aquaethylenediaminebis(peroxo)chromium(IV) and glutathione at neutral pH exhibits a cyclic redox process displaying a persistent recycling of Cr(IV) and Cr(VI) with the intervention of chromium(V) intermediates. The coordination by a glutathione molecule triggers an autooxidation of the Cr(IV)-peroxo complex to Cr(VI) via an internal electron-transfer process followed by reduction to Cr(IV) via metastable chromium(V) intermediates. The cycle is repeated by the second peroxo species. The Cr(V) and -(IV) intermediates have been characterized as mono- and bisglutathionato complexes with or without a coordinated peroxo moiety. These intermediates are capable of damaging DNA, as evidenced by single strand breaks and DNA oxidation. The implication here is that the potential for a persistent, if not perpetual, deadly chromium carcinogenic cycle exists in the cellular milieu through the assistance of molecular oxygen and glutathione.","Potentially deadly carcinogenic chromium redox cycle involving peroxochromium(IV) and glutathione Abs: Peroxochromium(IV) complexes are putative DNA-damaging and mutagenic agents in chromium(VI)-mediated carcinogenesis. The reaction between aquaethylenediaminebis(peroxo)chromium(IV) and glutathione at neutral pH exhibits a cyclic redox process displaying a persistent recycling of Cr(IV) and Cr(VI) with the intervention of chromium(V) intermediates. The coordination by a glutathione molecule triggers an autooxidation of the Cr(IV)-peroxo complex to Cr(VI) via an internal electron-transfer process followed by reduction to Cr(IV) via metastable chromium(V) intermediates. The cycle is repeated by the second peroxo species. The Cr(V) and -(IV) intermediates have been characterized as mono- and bisglutathionato complexes with or without a coordinated peroxo moiety. These intermediates are capable of damaging DNA, as evidenced by single strand breaks and DNA oxidation. The implication here is that the potential for a persistent, if not perpetual, deadly chromium carcinogenic cycle exists in the cellular milieu through the assistance of molecular oxygen and glutathione.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234778,Susa et al. 1989,Comparative test for cytotoxicity of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in primary cultures of hepatocytes,,Comparative test for cytotoxicity of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in primary cultures of hepatocytes Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1786264,Vaquero et al. 2013,Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR enhances hepatocyte chemoprotection and liver tumor chemoresistance against genotoxic compounds,"The success of pharmacological treatments in primary liver cancers is limited by the marked efficacy of mechanisms of chemoresistance already present in hepatocytes. The role of the nuclear receptor FXR is unclear. Although, in non-treated liver tumors, its expression is reduced, the refractoriness to anticancer drugs is high. Moreover, the treatment with cisplatin up-regulates FXR. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FXR is involved in stimulating chemoprotection/chemoresistance in healthy and tumor liver cells. In human hepatocytes, the activation of FXR with the agonist GW4064 resulted in a significant protection against cisplatin-induced toxicity. In human hepatoma Alexander cells, with negligible endogenous expression of FXR, GW4064 also protected against cisplatin-induced toxicity, but only if they were previously transfected with FXR/RXR. Investigation of 109 genes potentially involved in chemoresistance revealed that only ABCB4, TCEA2, CCL14, CCL15 and KRT13 were up-regulated by FXR activation both in human hepatocytes and FXR/RXR-expressing hepatoma cells. In both models, cisplatin, even in the absence of FXR agonists, such as bile acids and GW4064, was able to up-regulate FXR targets genes, which was due to FXR-mediated trans-activation of response elements in the promoter region. FXR-dependent chemoprotection was also efficient against other DNA-damaging compounds, such as doxorubicin, mitomycin C and potassium dichromate, but not against non-genotoxic drugs, such as colchicine, paclitaxel, acetaminophen, artesunate and sorafenib. In conclusion, ligand-dependent and independent activation of FXR stimulates mechanisms able to enhance the chemoprotection of hepatocytes against genotoxic compounds and to reduce the response of liver tumor cells to certain pharmacological treatments.","Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR enhances hepatocyte chemoprotection and liver tumor chemoresistance against genotoxic compounds Abs: The success of pharmacological treatments in primary liver cancers is limited by the marked efficacy of mechanisms of chemoresistance already present in hepatocytes. The role of the nuclear receptor FXR is unclear. Although, in non-treated liver tumors, its expression is reduced, the refractoriness to anticancer drugs is high. Moreover, the treatment with cisplatin up-regulates FXR. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FXR is involved in stimulating chemoprotection/chemoresistance in healthy and tumor liver cells. In human hepatocytes, the activation of FXR with the agonist GW4064 resulted in a significant protection against cisplatin-induced toxicity. In human hepatoma Alexander cells, with negligible endogenous expression of FXR, GW4064 also protected against cisplatin-induced toxicity, but only if they were previously transfected with FXR/RXR. Investigation of 109 genes potentially involved in chemoresistance revealed that only ABCB4, TCEA2, CCL14, CCL15 and KRT13 were up-regulated by FXR activation both in human hepatocytes and FXR/RXR-expressing hepatoma cells. In both models, cisplatin, even in the absence of FXR agonists, such as bile acids and GW4064, was able to up-regulate FXR targets genes, which was due to FXR-mediated trans-activation of response elements in the promoter region. FXR-dependent chemoprotection was also efficient against other DNA-damaging compounds, such as doxorubicin, mitomycin C and potassium dichromate, but not against non-genotoxic drugs, such as colchicine, paclitaxel, acetaminophen, artesunate and sorafenib. In conclusion, ligand-dependent and independent activation of FXR stimulates mechanisms able to enhance the chemoprotection of hepatocytes against genotoxic compounds and to reduce the response of liver tumor cells to certain pharmacological treatments.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232139,Qian et al. 2001,Cr (VI) increases tyrosine phosphorylation through reactive oxygen species-mediated reactions,"While Cr (VI)-containing compounds are well established carcinogens, the mechanisms of their action remain to be investigated. In this study we show that Cr (VI) causes increased tyrosine phosphorylation in human lung epithelial A549 cells in a time-dependent manner. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a general antioxidant, inhibited Cr (VI)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Catalase, a scavenger of H2O2, sodium formate and aspirin, scavengers of hydroxyl radical (*OH), also inhibited the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by Cr (VI). SOD, an inhibitor of superoxide radical (O2*-), caused less inhibition. ESR study shows that incubation of Cr (VI) with the A549 cells generates *OH radical. The generation of radical was decreased by addition of catalase and sodium formate, while SOD did not have any inhibitory effect. Oxygen consumption measurements show that addition of Cr (VI) to A549 cells resulted in enhanced molecular oxygen consumption. These results indicate that Cr (VI) can induce an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. H2O2 and *OH radicals generated during the process are responsible for the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by Cr (VI).","Cr (VI) increases tyrosine phosphorylation through reactive oxygen species-mediated reactions Abs: While Cr (VI)-containing compounds are well established carcinogens, the mechanisms of their action remain to be investigated. In this study we show that Cr (VI) causes increased tyrosine phosphorylation in human lung epithelial A549 cells in a time-dependent manner. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a general antioxidant, inhibited Cr (VI)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Catalase, a scavenger of H2O2, sodium formate and aspirin, scavengers of hydroxyl radical (*OH), also inhibited the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by Cr (VI). SOD, an inhibitor of superoxide radical (O2*-), caused less inhibition. ESR study shows that incubation of Cr (VI) with the A549 cells generates *OH radical. The generation of radical was decreased by addition of catalase and sodium formate, while SOD did not have any inhibitory effect. Oxygen consumption measurements show that addition of Cr (VI) to A549 cells resulted in enhanced molecular oxygen consumption. These results indicate that Cr (VI) can induce an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. H2O2 and *OH radicals generated during the process are responsible for the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by Cr (VI).",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234012,Pashin et al. 1981,[Complex trial of the genetic activity of the hexavalent chromium ion in vitro and in vivo],HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mutagenic activity of K2Cr2O7 is studied in experiments in vitro on the Chinese hamster V-79 somatic cell culture. In vivo tests showed no significant increase in the number of dominant lethals and chromosome aberrations in the mouse bone marrow cells after a single i.p. injection.,[Complex trial of the genetic activity of the hexavalent chromium ion in vitro and in vivo] Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Mutagenic activity of K2Cr2O7 is studied in experiments in vitro on the Chinese hamster V-79 somatic cell culture. In vivo tests showed no significant increase in the number of dominant lethals and chromosome aberrations in the mouse bone marrow cells after a single i.p. injection.,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237340,Kochhar and  Howard 1993,Effect of different oxidation states of chromium in causing chromosome alterations in cultured CHO cells,"Four chromium salts with different oxidation states were tested for their influence in causing chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cellsin vitro. Cell cultures were treated with CrO3, K2Cr2O7, CrCl2 and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O at concentrations of 10?7, 10?6, 10?5 and 10?4 M for the aberration assay, and 10?8, 10?7, 10?6 and 10?5 M for the sister-chromatid exchange assay. It was noticed that Cr (VI) compounds-CrO3 and K2Cr2O7-considerably enhanced the frequencies of aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges compared to the control cultures. CrCl2 and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O?Cr (II) and Cr (III) respectively-caused a slight increase in sister-chromatid exchange rates, but the frequencies of aberrations were almost unchanged compared to the controls. These investigations indicate a definite link between the metals and changes produced in the mammalian chromosomes, reaffirming the evidence of carcinogenic potential of Cr (VI) observed by other investigators.","Effect of different oxidation states of chromium in causing chromosome alterations in cultured CHO cells Abs: Four chromium salts with different oxidation states were tested for their influence in causing chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cellsin vitro. Cell cultures were treated with CrO3, K2Cr2O7, CrCl2 and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O at concentrations of 10?7, 10?6, 10?5 and 10?4 M for the aberration assay, and 10?8, 10?7, 10?6 and 10?5 M for the sister-chromatid exchange assay. It was noticed that Cr (VI) compounds-CrO3 and K2Cr2O7-considerably enhanced the frequencies of aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges compared to the control cultures. CrCl2 and Cr(NO3)3.9H2O?Cr (II) and Cr (III) respectively-caused a slight increase in sister-chromatid exchange rates, but the frequencies of aberrations were almost unchanged compared to the controls. These investigations indicate a definite link between the metals and changes produced in the mammalian chromosomes, reaffirming the evidence of carcinogenic potential of Cr (VI) observed by other investigators.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231582,Asatiani et al. 2010,Response of antioxidant defense system to chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity in human diploid cells,"The aim of this study is to establish antioxidant indicators of chromium toxicity in fetal human lung fibroblasts (HLF). The results obtained corroborate and develop our earlier observation of low-dose and long-term action of Cr(VI) on human cells in culture. In the case of a nontoxic chromium dose, temporary oxidative stress is overcome by increased activity of the antioxidant system with correlation to cell cycle re-entry. The toxic concentrations misbalance the cell antioxidant defense systems and cause irreversible growth arrest and massive cell death by apoptosis. Sub-toxicity is defined as toxicity stretched in time. The activity of GPx (glutathione peroxidase) is proposed as a biomarker of oxidative stress caused by Cr(VI), and the GR (glutathione reductase) inhibition is considered as a marker of the toxicity developed under the complex Cr(VI) action. In HLF cells the glutathione dependent defense system is the first system destroyed in response to toxic chromium action. Only the balance between SOD (superoxide dismutase) and H(2)O(2) degrading enzymes (catalase and GPx), should play an important role in the fate of a cell, not individual enzymes.","Response of antioxidant defense system to chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity in human diploid cells Abs: The aim of this study is to establish antioxidant indicators of chromium toxicity in fetal human lung fibroblasts (HLF). The results obtained corroborate and develop our earlier observation of low-dose and long-term action of Cr(VI) on human cells in culture. In the case of a nontoxic chromium dose, temporary oxidative stress is overcome by increased activity of the antioxidant system with correlation to cell cycle re-entry. The toxic concentrations misbalance the cell antioxidant defense systems and cause irreversible growth arrest and massive cell death by apoptosis. Sub-toxicity is defined as toxicity stretched in time. The activity of GPx (glutathione peroxidase) is proposed as a biomarker of oxidative stress caused by Cr(VI), and the GR (glutathione reductase) inhibition is considered as a marker of the toxicity developed under the complex Cr(VI) action. In HLF cells the glutathione dependent defense system is the first system destroyed in response to toxic chromium action. Only the balance between SOD (superoxide dismutase) and H(2)O(2) degrading enzymes (catalase and GPx), should play an important role in the fate of a cell, not individual enzymes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232083,Sugden and  Martin 2002,"Guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine-specific oxidation in DNA by chromium(V)","The hexavalent oxidation state of chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-established human carcinogen, although the mechanism of cancer induction is currently unknown. Intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) forms Cr(V), which is thought to play a fundamental role in the mechanism of DNA damage by this carcinogen. Two separate pathways of DNA damage, an oxidative pathway and a metal-binding pathway, have been proposed to account for the lesions observed in cell systems. We have used a model Cr(V) complex, N,N-ethylenebis(salicylidene-animato)oxochromium(V) [Cr(V)-Salen], to investigate the oxidative pathway of DNA damage and to elucidate the lesions generated from this oxidation process. Reaction of Cr(V)-Salen with synthetic oligonucleotides produced guanine-specific lesions that were not 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, based on the inability of iridium(IV) to further oxidize these sites. Oxidation products were identified using a 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-G) containing oligonucleotide to increase the yields of product for identification by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The guanine-based lesions observed by mass spectrometry corresponded to the lesions guanidinohydantoin and spiroiminodihydantoin. The effects of these Cr(V)-Salen-induced lesions on DNA replication fidelity was assayed using a polymerase-based misincorporation assay. These lesions produced G --&gt; T transversion mutations and polymerase stops at levels greater than those observed for 8-oxo-G. These data suggest a model by which chromate can cause DNA damage leading to mutations and cancer.","Guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine-specific oxidation in DNA by chromium(V) Abs: The hexavalent oxidation state of chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-established human carcinogen, although the mechanism of cancer induction is currently unknown. Intracellular reduction of Cr(VI) forms Cr(V), which is thought to play a fundamental role in the mechanism of DNA damage by this carcinogen. Two separate pathways of DNA damage, an oxidative pathway and a metal-binding pathway, have been proposed to account for the lesions observed in cell systems. We have used a model Cr(V) complex, N,N-ethylenebis(salicylidene-animato)oxochromium(V) [Cr(V)-Salen], to investigate the oxidative pathway of DNA damage and to elucidate the lesions generated from this oxidation process. Reaction of Cr(V)-Salen with synthetic oligonucleotides produced guanine-specific lesions that were not 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, based on the inability of iridium(IV) to further oxidize these sites. Oxidation products were identified using a 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-G) containing oligonucleotide to increase the yields of product for identification by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The guanine-based lesions observed by mass spectrometry corresponded to the lesions guanidinohydantoin and spiroiminodihydantoin. The effects of these Cr(V)-Salen-induced lesions on DNA replication fidelity was assayed using a polymerase-based misincorporation assay. These lesions produced G --&gt; T transversion mutations and polymerase stops at levels greater than those observed for 8-oxo-G. These data suggest a model by which chromate can cause DNA damage leading to mutations and cancer.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1035030,Pool-Zobel et al. 1994,Detection of genotoxic effects in human gastric and nasal mucosa cells isolated from biopsy samples,"To assess genotoxic burdens from chemicals, it is necessary to relate observations in experimental animals to humans. The success of this extrapolation would be increased by including data on chemical activities in human tissues. Therefore, we have developed techniques to assess DNA damage in human gastric and nasal mucosa (GM, NM) cells. Biopsy samples were obtained during gastroscopy from macroscopically healthy tissue of the stomach or from healthy nasal epithelia during surgery. The specimens were incubated for 30-45 min at 37 degrees C with a digestive solution. We obtained 1.5-8 x 10(6) GM cells and 5-10 x 10(5) NM cells per donor, both with viabilities of 80-95%. The cells were incubated in vitro for 1 hr at 37 degrees C with the test compounds added in their appropriate solvents. In GM cells, we studied N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7), nickel sulphate (NiSO4), cadmium sulphate (CdSO4), and lindane. In NM cells, lindane was investigated. Each compound was assessed for DNA damaging activity in cells of at least three different human donor samples using the microgel single cell assay. Similar studies were performed with GM and NM cells obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. We have found human GM cells to be more sensitive to the genotoxic activity of MNNG than rat GM cells (low effective concentration [LEC] = 0.16 and 0.625 micrograms/ml for human and rat, respectively). Human cells were also more sensitive to the cytotoxic/genotoxic activity of NiSO4 (LEC = 5 and 19 mumoles/ml for human and rat, respectively). CdSO4 was genotoxic in human GM cells (LEC = 0.03-0.125 mumoles/ml), whereas no dose-related genotoxicity was observed in rat GM at concentrations up to 0.5 mumoles/ml. In contrast, approximately equal responses regarding genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed in rat and human GM for Na2Cr2O7 (0.25-1 mumoles/ml). Lindane, however, was genotoxic in three out of four rat GM but not in human GM cells (0.5-1 mumoles/ml), whereas it was active in both rat and human NM cells. Together with other recently published in vivo findings, our results with lindane can be interpreted according to a parallelogram approach. In view of possible human exposure situations and the sensitivities of the two target tissues from both species, the data imply that lindane will pose a health risk to humans by inhalation but not by ingestion.","Detection of genotoxic effects in human gastric and nasal mucosa cells isolated from biopsy samples Abs: To assess genotoxic burdens from chemicals, it is necessary to relate observations in experimental animals to humans. The success of this extrapolation would be increased by including data on chemical activities in human tissues. Therefore, we have developed techniques to assess DNA damage in human gastric and nasal mucosa (GM, NM) cells. Biopsy samples were obtained during gastroscopy from macroscopically healthy tissue of the stomach or from healthy nasal epithelia during surgery. The specimens were incubated for 30-45 min at 37 degrees C with a digestive solution. We obtained 1.5-8 x 10(6) GM cells and 5-10 x 10(5) NM cells per donor, both with viabilities of 80-95%. The cells were incubated in vitro for 1 hr at 37 degrees C with the test compounds added in their appropriate solvents. In GM cells, we studied N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7), nickel sulphate (NiSO4), cadmium sulphate (CdSO4), and lindane. In NM cells, lindane was investigated. Each compound was assessed for DNA damaging activity in cells of at least three different human donor samples using the microgel single cell assay. Similar studies were performed with GM and NM cells obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. We have found human GM cells to be more sensitive to the genotoxic activity of MNNG than rat GM cells (low effective concentration [LEC] = 0.16 and 0.625 micrograms/ml for human and rat, respectively). Human cells were also more sensitive to the cytotoxic/genotoxic activity of NiSO4 (LEC = 5 and 19 mumoles/ml for human and rat, respectively). CdSO4 was genotoxic in human GM cells (LEC = 0.03-0.125 mumoles/ml), whereas no dose-related genotoxicity was observed in rat GM at concentrations up to 0.5 mumoles/ml. In contrast, approximately equal responses regarding genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed in rat and human GM for Na2Cr2O7 (0.25-1 mumoles/ml). Lindane, however, was genotoxic in three out of four rat GM but not in human GM cells (0.5-1 mumoles/ml), whereas it was active in both rat and human NM cells. Together with other recently published in vivo findings, our results with lindane can be interpreted according to a parallelogram approach. In view of possible human exposure situations and the sensitivities of the two target tissues from both species, the data imply that lindane will pose a health risk to humans by inhalation but not by ingestion.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233717,O'Brien et al. 2005,Hypoxia impedes the formation of chromium DNA-adducts in a cell-free system,"The metabolic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in the presence of DNA generates several lesions which impede DNA replication and gene transcription. However, the relative contribution of molecular oxygen to Cr-induced genetic damage is unclear. To elucidate the role of dioxygen in Cr genotoxicity, we studied the formation of Cr-induced lesions in DNA treated with either Cr(VI) and the physiological reductant, ascorbic acid (Asc), or Cr(III), under ambient and hypoxic (&lt;1% oxygen) conditions. We found that hypoxia did not impede the reduction of Cr(VI) by Asc throughout a 2 h treatment. In contrast, Cr-DNA binding under these conditions was reduced up to 70% by hypoxia, and a 50-90% decrease in the frequency of Cr-induced Taq polymerase-arresting DNA adducts was also observed. In the presence of Cr(VI)/Asc, formation of Cr-DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) under hypoxia was 50% or less of that under ambient conditions. Kinetic studies found that hypoxia reduced the rate at which Cr interacted with DNA, but not the ultimate steady state level of Cr-DNA binding. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia on Cr(VI)/Asc genotoxicity could not be explained solely by alterations in the reactivity of intermediate Cr(V) species because Cr(III)-DNA binding and Cr(III)-induced ICL formation were also impaired by hypoxia. Moreover, Cr(V) was generated to similar levels in ambient and hypoxic reactions. Hypoxia did not affect ICL formation by the inorganic chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, suggesting that these effects were specific for Cr(III). Taken together, these results support a role for dioxygen in facilitating the formation of Cr-DNA coordination complexes.","Hypoxia impedes the formation of chromium DNA-adducts in a cell-free system Abs: The metabolic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in the presence of DNA generates several lesions which impede DNA replication and gene transcription. However, the relative contribution of molecular oxygen to Cr-induced genetic damage is unclear. To elucidate the role of dioxygen in Cr genotoxicity, we studied the formation of Cr-induced lesions in DNA treated with either Cr(VI) and the physiological reductant, ascorbic acid (Asc), or Cr(III), under ambient and hypoxic (&lt;1% oxygen) conditions. We found that hypoxia did not impede the reduction of Cr(VI) by Asc throughout a 2 h treatment. In contrast, Cr-DNA binding under these conditions was reduced up to 70% by hypoxia, and a 50-90% decrease in the frequency of Cr-induced Taq polymerase-arresting DNA adducts was also observed. In the presence of Cr(VI)/Asc, formation of Cr-DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) under hypoxia was 50% or less of that under ambient conditions. Kinetic studies found that hypoxia reduced the rate at which Cr interacted with DNA, but not the ultimate steady state level of Cr-DNA binding. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia on Cr(VI)/Asc genotoxicity could not be explained solely by alterations in the reactivity of intermediate Cr(V) species because Cr(III)-DNA binding and Cr(III)-induced ICL formation were also impaired by hypoxia. Moreover, Cr(V) was generated to similar levels in ambient and hypoxic reactions. Hypoxia did not affect ICL formation by the inorganic chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, suggesting that these effects were specific for Cr(III). Taken together, these results support a role for dioxygen in facilitating the formation of Cr-DNA coordination complexes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233787,Trzeciak et al. 2000,Genotoxicity of chromium in human gastric mucosa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay),"Hexavalent chromium compounds are well-recognized carcinogens. They easily penetrate the cell membrane and are reduced inside the cell to their trivalent form, which is supposed to react directly with DNA. Chromium is present in some workplaces as well as in water resources and food chain, so it can interact with the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. In order to elucidate the genotoxic potency of chromium in human gastric mucosa (GM) cells, the DNA-damaging effect of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was investigated using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Biopsy samples were obtained during gastroscopy from macroscopically healthy tissue of the stomach. Parallel test with human peripheral blood lymphocytes was also performed. Both types of cells were incubated at 37 degrees C with 1.6 mM of K2Cr2O7 for 1 h and after washing, were placed in a chromium-free medium to examine DNA repair. Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was used to assess DNA damage and repair. Chromium introduced a damage to DNA both in the GM cells and lymphocytes. The effect induced by K2Cr2O7 in GM cells was comparable with that caused in the lymphocytes. Treated cells were able to recover within a 60-min incubation in a chromium-free medium at 37 degrees C. The results obtained indicate that hexavalent chromium compounds, which may be found in the diet, can interact directly with DNA of the mucosa of the stomach.","Genotoxicity of chromium in human gastric mucosa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes evaluated by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) Abs: Hexavalent chromium compounds are well-recognized carcinogens. They easily penetrate the cell membrane and are reduced inside the cell to their trivalent form, which is supposed to react directly with DNA. Chromium is present in some workplaces as well as in water resources and food chain, so it can interact with the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. In order to elucidate the genotoxic potency of chromium in human gastric mucosa (GM) cells, the DNA-damaging effect of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was investigated using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Biopsy samples were obtained during gastroscopy from macroscopically healthy tissue of the stomach. Parallel test with human peripheral blood lymphocytes was also performed. Both types of cells were incubated at 37 degrees C with 1.6 mM of K2Cr2O7 for 1 h and after washing, were placed in a chromium-free medium to examine DNA repair. Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) was used to assess DNA damage and repair. Chromium introduced a damage to DNA both in the GM cells and lymphocytes. The effect induced by K2Cr2O7 in GM cells was comparable with that caused in the lymphocytes. Treated cells were able to recover within a 60-min incubation in a chromium-free medium at 37 degrees C. The results obtained indicate that hexavalent chromium compounds, which may be found in the diet, can interact directly with DNA of the mucosa of the stomach.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234313,Budhwar and  Kumar 2005,Prevention of chromate induced oxidative stress by alpha-lipoic acid,"The parenteral administration of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) protected against chromate induced oxidative stress in mouse liver. A shift in Cr induced pro-oxidant state to antioxidant-state by LA was noteworthy. The degree of protection was significant and similar in different LA administration regimens (prior-, co- and post- parenteral Cr exposure) explored. An improved status of the tissue antioxidants by LA appeared to be the mechanism of mitigation. The results are of chemopreventive value and suggest a possible alternative to ascorbic acid for abrogation of Cr toxicity.","Prevention of chromate induced oxidative stress by alpha-lipoic acid Abs: The parenteral administration of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) protected against chromate induced oxidative stress in mouse liver. A shift in Cr induced pro-oxidant state to antioxidant-state by LA was noteworthy. The degree of protection was significant and similar in different LA administration regimens (prior-, co- and post- parenteral Cr exposure) explored. An improved status of the tissue antioxidants by LA appeared to be the mechanism of mitigation. The results are of chemopreventive value and suggest a possible alternative to ascorbic acid for abrogation of Cr toxicity.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238270,Garrison et al. 1990,"Changes in hepatocyte ploidy in response to chromium, analyzed by computer-assisted microscopy","BDF1 mice were given single injections of sodium dichromate (25 mg/kg) on an acute (6 hr to 7 days) or intermediate (2-4 weeks) basis, or multiple injections (12.5 mg/kg) on a chronic (4.5 months) basis. Observed hepatic changes included programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the periportal region with acute exposure and fusion of liver lobes with chronic exposure. Response to chromate exposure was measured by change in hepatocyte nuclear ploidy state (e.g., the proportion of diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid nuclei) based on computer-assisted imaging from histological sections. The computer-assisted imaging system used in this study was superior to traditional methods because it (1) allows rapid ploidy determinations from histological material and (2) can be used to collect regional information. Regional differences in ploidy were seen to occur in a consistent fashion among both control and treated animals. Nuclei adjacent to the portal triad had the lowest ploidy value (highest proportion of diploid nuclei), an intermediate value was found adjacent to the central vein, and the highest ploidy was found in the midzone. These three ploidy-based zones roughly correspond to the three functional zones of A. M. Rappaport (1973, Microvasc. Res. 6, 212-228) and W. H. Lamers et al. W. H. Lamers, A. Hilberts, E. Furt, J. Smith, G. N. Jonges, J. F. Van Noorden, J. W. G. Janzen, R. Charles, and A. F. M. Moorman, 1989, Hepatology, 10, 72-76. Temporal changes in ploidy were seen among control animals (all zones), with young animals (56 days) displaying relatively low ploidy values compared to older animals (184 days). Chromate exposure caused increased ploidy (all zones) among animals treated on an acute basis (the youngest animals). Chromate had no apparent effect on ploidy among animals treated for longer periods of time, probably because of age-related factors.","Changes in hepatocyte ploidy in response to chromium, analyzed by computer-assisted microscopy Abs: BDF1 mice were given single injections of sodium dichromate (25 mg/kg) on an acute (6 hr to 7 days) or intermediate (2-4 weeks) basis, or multiple injections (12.5 mg/kg) on a chronic (4.5 months) basis. Observed hepatic changes included programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the periportal region with acute exposure and fusion of liver lobes with chronic exposure. Response to chromate exposure was measured by change in hepatocyte nuclear ploidy state (e.g., the proportion of diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid nuclei) based on computer-assisted imaging from histological sections. The computer-assisted imaging system used in this study was superior to traditional methods because it (1) allows rapid ploidy determinations from histological material and (2) can be used to collect regional information. Regional differences in ploidy were seen to occur in a consistent fashion among both control and treated animals. Nuclei adjacent to the portal triad had the lowest ploidy value (highest proportion of diploid nuclei), an intermediate value was found adjacent to the central vein, and the highest ploidy was found in the midzone. These three ploidy-based zones roughly correspond to the three functional zones of A. M. Rappaport (1973, Microvasc. Res. 6, 212-228) and W. H. Lamers et al. W. H. Lamers, A. Hilberts, E. Furt, J. Smith, G. N. Jonges, J. F. Van Noorden, J. W. G. Janzen, R. Charles, and A. F. M. Moorman, 1989, Hepatology, 10, 72-76. Temporal changes in ploidy were seen among control animals (all zones), with young animals (56 days) displaying relatively low ploidy values compared to older animals (184 days). Chromate exposure caused increased ploidy (all zones) among animals treated on an acute basis (the youngest animals). Chromate had no apparent effect on ploidy among animals treated for longer periods of time, probably because of age-related factors.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238242,Gava et al. 1989,Induction of gene mutations in Salmonella and Drosophila by soluble Cr(VI) compounds: Synergistic effects of nitrilotriacetic acid,"The interaction between NTA and soluble Cr(VI) (K2Cr2O7) was studied by the Ames test on S. typhimurium and the sex?linked recessive lethal test on D. melanogaster. In both systems a synergistic effect of NTA on Cr(VI) mutagenicity took place at sub?toxic doses of Cr(VI). The synergism could depend on the action of NTA on intracellular Cr(VI) reduction, as more Cr(VI) was reduced in vitro to Cr(III) by Salmonella and Drosophila protein extracts in the presence of NTA. A similar enhancement of soluble Cr(VI) mutagenicity was produced by low doses of EDTA.","Induction of gene mutations in Salmonella and Drosophila by soluble Cr(VI) compounds: Synergistic effects of nitrilotriacetic acid Abs: The interaction between NTA and soluble Cr(VI) (K2Cr2O7) was studied by the Ames test on S. typhimurium and the sex?linked recessive lethal test on D. melanogaster. In both systems a synergistic effect of NTA on Cr(VI) mutagenicity took place at sub?toxic doses of Cr(VI). The synergism could depend on the action of NTA on intracellular Cr(VI) reduction, as more Cr(VI) was reduced in vitro to Cr(III) by Salmonella and Drosophila protein extracts in the presence of NTA. A similar enhancement of soluble Cr(VI) mutagenicity was produced by low doses of EDTA.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234037,Hedenstedt et al. 1977,Mutagenicity of fume particles from stainless steel welding,"Welding fume particles collected from different welding procedures were tested for mutagenicity in Escherichia coli, with the inhibition zone in pol A- as compared to pol A+, and in Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 strain. While no mutagenicity was found with mild steel welding, a mutagenic effect was established with samples from stainless steel welding. This mutagenicity was particularly associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding, and less so with metal inert-gas welding. A decrease in or an elimination of the effect occurred with a liver microsomal metabolizing system (S-9 mix). The MMA samples produced the strongest mutagenic effect. More-detailed investigations on these samples showed that the mutagenic agent(s) is water soluble. An increased mutagenicity, which also revealed the induction of frame shift mutations, was found with TA 98. The same welding fume sample was used for a mutagenicity test (resistance to 6-thioguanine) with V 79 hamster cells. Because of the high toxicity of these welding fume particles on the cells, only very low concentrations could be tested, but the increase of mutations, when compared to the negative control, was significant. It is suggested that hexavalent chromium may be involved in the mutagenic effect of the welding fumes.","Mutagenicity of fume particles from stainless steel welding Abs: Welding fume particles collected from different welding procedures were tested for mutagenicity in Escherichia coli, with the inhibition zone in pol A- as compared to pol A+, and in Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 strain. While no mutagenicity was found with mild steel welding, a mutagenic effect was established with samples from stainless steel welding. This mutagenicity was particularly associated with manual metal arc (MMA) welding, and less so with metal inert-gas welding. A decrease in or an elimination of the effect occurred with a liver microsomal metabolizing system (S-9 mix). The MMA samples produced the strongest mutagenic effect. More-detailed investigations on these samples showed that the mutagenic agent(s) is water soluble. An increased mutagenicity, which also revealed the induction of frame shift mutations, was found with TA 98. The same welding fume sample was used for a mutagenicity test (resistance to 6-thioguanine) with V 79 hamster cells. Because of the high toxicity of these welding fume particles on the cells, only very low concentrations could be tested, but the increase of mutations, when compared to the negative control, was significant. It is suggested that hexavalent chromium may be involved in the mutagenic effect of the welding fumes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234409,Klein et al. 2002,Chromate-induced epimutations in mammalian cells,"Epigenetic gene silencing by aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoter regions is a nonmutagenic but heritable epigenetic mechanism that may mistakenly cause the silencing of important cancer-related tumor suppressor genes. Using a transgenic, V79-derived, mammalian cell line (G12) that contains a bacterial gpt reporter gene in its DNA, we can study carcinogen-induced gene inactivation by mutagenic as well as epigenetic DNA methylation mechanisms. Whereas numerous carcinogens have previously been shown to be mutagenic in these cells, a few carcinogens, including nickel, diethylstilbestrol, and X-rays, are also capable of silencing the G12 cell gpt transgene by aberrant DNA methylation. Here we report for the first time that carcinogenic potassium chromate salts can also induce aberrant DNA methylation in this system. In contrast insoluble barium chromate produced significant level of mutations in these cells but did not cause DNA methylation changes associated with transgene expression.","Chromate-induced epimutations in mammalian cells Abs: Epigenetic gene silencing by aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoter regions is a nonmutagenic but heritable epigenetic mechanism that may mistakenly cause the silencing of important cancer-related tumor suppressor genes. Using a transgenic, V79-derived, mammalian cell line (G12) that contains a bacterial gpt reporter gene in its DNA, we can study carcinogen-induced gene inactivation by mutagenic as well as epigenetic DNA methylation mechanisms. Whereas numerous carcinogens have previously been shown to be mutagenic in these cells, a few carcinogens, including nickel, diethylstilbestrol, and X-rays, are also capable of silencing the G12 cell gpt transgene by aberrant DNA methylation. Here we report for the first time that carcinogenic potassium chromate salts can also induce aberrant DNA methylation in this system. In contrast insoluble barium chromate produced significant level of mutations in these cells but did not cause DNA methylation changes associated with transgene expression.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1509926,Yuan et al. 2012,Cr(VI) induces the decrease of ATP level and the increase of apoptosis rate mediated by ROS or VDAC1 in L-02 hepatocytes,"The present study explored the ability of the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) mRNA and ROS levels to modulate the effects of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and the rate of apoptotic cell death. Cultured L-02 cells were pretreated with 20mM N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) for 24h or transiently transfected with small interfering RNAs targeting VDAC1 (siVDAC1) for 48h; cells that were not pretreated were used as the control. The cells were subsequently treated with 0, 2, 8, or 32?M Cr(VI) for 24h. Then, levels of VDAC1 mRNA, ROS, and ATP and the apoptosis rate were measured by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, fluorometry, a bioluminescence assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that Cr(VI) at 32?M led to increase in the ROS level, VDAC1 mRNA expression, and the apoptosis rate and a decrease in the ATP level; pretreatment with NAC led to the down-regulation in the levels of ROS, VDAC1 mRNA and apoptosis and the significant up-regulation in the ATP levels. Interestingly, after the pretreatment with siVDAC1 to inhibit VDAC1 mRNA expression, the increased apoptosis rates and decreased ATP levels were reversed as well. These results suggested that changes in the ROS or VDAC1 mRNA levels were associated with changes in the ATP level and apoptosis rate. Furthermore, correlation analysis confirmed the association between both the ROS and VDAC1 levels and both the ATP level and the apoptosis rate. In conclusion, Cr(VI) induced ROS- and VDAC1-mediated decreases in ATP levels and increases in the apoptosis rate.","Cr(VI) induces the decrease of ATP level and the increase of apoptosis rate mediated by ROS or VDAC1 in L-02 hepatocytes Abs: The present study explored the ability of the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) mRNA and ROS levels to modulate the effects of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and the rate of apoptotic cell death. Cultured L-02 cells were pretreated with 20mM N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) for 24h or transiently transfected with small interfering RNAs targeting VDAC1 (siVDAC1) for 48h; cells that were not pretreated were used as the control. The cells were subsequently treated with 0, 2, 8, or 32?M Cr(VI) for 24h. Then, levels of VDAC1 mRNA, ROS, and ATP and the apoptosis rate were measured by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, fluorometry, a bioluminescence assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that Cr(VI) at 32?M led to increase in the ROS level, VDAC1 mRNA expression, and the apoptosis rate and a decrease in the ATP level; pretreatment with NAC led to the down-regulation in the levels of ROS, VDAC1 mRNA and apoptosis and the significant up-regulation in the ATP levels. Interestingly, after the pretreatment with siVDAC1 to inhibit VDAC1 mRNA expression, the increased apoptosis rates and decreased ATP levels were reversed as well. These results suggested that changes in the ROS or VDAC1 mRNA levels were associated with changes in the ATP level and apoptosis rate. Furthermore, correlation analysis confirmed the association between both the ROS and VDAC1 levels and both the ATP level and the apoptosis rate. In conclusion, Cr(VI) induced ROS- and VDAC1-mediated decreases in ATP levels and increases in the apoptosis rate.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290386,Dudek and  Wetterhahn 1994,Chromium(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage occur via two distinct pathways: An oxidative pathway and direct chromium-DNA interaction,,Chromium(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage occur via two distinct pathways: An oxidative pathway and direct chromium-DNA interaction Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290134,Borges and  Wetterhahn 1991,Chromium bound to DNA alters cleavage by restriction endonucleases,,Chromium bound to DNA alters cleavage by restriction endonucleases Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238080,Sato et al. 1983,Study on the actions of nephrotoxic chemicals using kidney-derived cells,"The effects of nephrotoxic chemicals on enzyme release were studied in cultured kidney cells. Their effects on short circuit current of epithelial monolayers were studied in cells grown on Millipore filters. Established cell lines LLC-PK1 from pig, JTC-12 from monkey, MDCK from dog, and G-3 from rabbit were cultured and exposed to 0.0000001 to 0.0001 molar (M) concentrations of gentamicin (1403663), cadmium-chloride (10108642), sodium-chromate (7775099), or folic-acid (59303) for 24 hours. Alkaline-phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase and lactate-dehydrogenase activities were determined by standard methods and compared to those of control untreated cells. Exponentially growing MDCK cells were plated on Millipore filters mounted between two chambers. The electrical potential difference between two chambers was measured and short circuit current was measured as current required to clamp the potential difference to 0 milliVolts on both sides of the filter. The release of lactate-dehydrogenase from LLC-PK1 and JTC-12 cells was increased at high concentrations of folic-acid. At very low concentrations release was elevated from MDCK cells as it was again at very high concentrations. Release of alkaline-phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 and JTC-12 cells was not affected at any concentration. Folic-acid increased release of alkaline-phosphatase. At 0.000001M sodium-chromate, lactate-dehydrogenase was released at increased amounts from JTC-12 cells alone. At 0.0000001 to 0.00001M, sodium-chromate caused decreased release of alkaline-phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 cells and MDCK cells. Gentamicin caused increased release of alkaline-phosphatase from LLC-PK1 cells, gamma-glutamyl-transferase from MDCK cells and lactate-dehydrogenase from G-3 cells and reduced release of gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 cells. Cadmium-chloride did not affect release of JTC-12 cells but did increase release of gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells. Short circuit current was significantly and irreversibly decreased by folic-acid. The authors conclude that cultured kidney cells reveal the nephrotoxic effects of chemicals.","Study on the actions of nephrotoxic chemicals using kidney-derived cells Abs: The effects of nephrotoxic chemicals on enzyme release were studied in cultured kidney cells. Their effects on short circuit current of epithelial monolayers were studied in cells grown on Millipore filters. Established cell lines LLC-PK1 from pig, JTC-12 from monkey, MDCK from dog, and G-3 from rabbit were cultured and exposed to 0.0000001 to 0.0001 molar (M) concentrations of gentamicin (1403663), cadmium-chloride (10108642), sodium-chromate (7775099), or folic-acid (59303) for 24 hours. Alkaline-phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase and lactate-dehydrogenase activities were determined by standard methods and compared to those of control untreated cells. Exponentially growing MDCK cells were plated on Millipore filters mounted between two chambers. The electrical potential difference between two chambers was measured and short circuit current was measured as current required to clamp the potential difference to 0 milliVolts on both sides of the filter. The release of lactate-dehydrogenase from LLC-PK1 and JTC-12 cells was increased at high concentrations of folic-acid. At very low concentrations release was elevated from MDCK cells as it was again at very high concentrations. Release of alkaline-phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 and JTC-12 cells was not affected at any concentration. Folic-acid increased release of alkaline-phosphatase. At 0.000001M sodium-chromate, lactate-dehydrogenase was released at increased amounts from JTC-12 cells alone. At 0.0000001 to 0.00001M, sodium-chromate caused decreased release of alkaline-phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 cells and MDCK cells. Gentamicin caused increased release of alkaline-phosphatase from LLC-PK1 cells, gamma-glutamyl-transferase from MDCK cells and lactate-dehydrogenase from G-3 cells and reduced release of gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 cells. Cadmium-chloride did not affect release of JTC-12 cells but did increase release of gamma-glutamyl-transferase from LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells. Short circuit current was significantly and irreversibly decreased by folic-acid. The authors conclude that cultured kidney cells reveal the nephrotoxic effects of chemicals.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234616,Giglio et al. 1994,Erythropoietin production in hypoxemic rats with selective necrotic damage of the different regions of the proximal tubules,,Erythropoietin production in hypoxemic rats with selective necrotic damage of the different regions of the proximal tubules Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234190,Cohen et al. 2006,Pulmonary immunotoxic potentials of metals are governed by select physicochemical properties: chromium agents,"Increasing the understanding of how metal ions/complexes react in situ will allow for the improved specificity and controlled toxicity of novel synthetic metallocompounds that will be used as inhaled diagnostics or therapeutics. Our previous work showed that inhalation of select metals (e.g., chromium, vanadium, nickel, iron) caused alterations in lung immune cell function and in local bacterial resistance. The data also suggested that variations in the degree of immuno-modulation induced were not solely dependent on the amount of metal deposited in the lung, but also on the specific compound. If specificity governs immunomodulatory potential, it follows that physicochemical properties inherent to the metal may have a role in the elicited effects. We hypothesize that major determinants of any metal compound's immunomodulatory potential in situ are its redox behavior, valency, and/or solubility. Using changes in local bacterial resistance as an endpoint, differences in immunotoxic potential in the lungs were quantified for a range of chromium agents (insoluble calcium chromate(VI), and soluble sodium chromate(VI), potassium bis(dipicolinato)chromate(III) and sodium bis(dipicolinato)chromate(II)). Results indicated that among the latter three forms of Cr, strongly oxidizing hexavalent Cr (Cr[VI]) had the greatest impact on resistance, while reducing divalent and fairly unreactive trivalent forms of Cr had no effect at an equal exposure level (i.e., 100 microg Cr/m(3), 5 hr/d, for 5 d). Insoluble Cr(VI) had a greater effect than its soluble form. When data was analyzed in the context of pre-infection lung Cr burdens, it was seen that immunomodulatory potentials for both Cr(VI) agents did not differ significantly; however, complexes with different oxidation states did induce varying responses, suggesting that differences in potential might be attributed to redox behavior. From this it was concluded that for Cr, certain physicochemical properties are likely more important to any in situ pulmonary immunotoxicity than others (i.e., redox behavior is more critical than solubility). Our findings, in part, will help provide a basis for understanding why certain metals could be a greater health risk than others, even when encountered in equal amounts. This, in turn, will help researchers in the design of inhalable diagnostic/therapeutic metallopharmaceuticals by pre-empting the selection of certain metal ions/complexes for potential use in these products.","Pulmonary immunotoxic potentials of metals are governed by select physicochemical properties: chromium agents Abs: Increasing the understanding of how metal ions/complexes react in situ will allow for the improved specificity and controlled toxicity of novel synthetic metallocompounds that will be used as inhaled diagnostics or therapeutics. Our previous work showed that inhalation of select metals (e.g., chromium, vanadium, nickel, iron) caused alterations in lung immune cell function and in local bacterial resistance. The data also suggested that variations in the degree of immuno-modulation induced were not solely dependent on the amount of metal deposited in the lung, but also on the specific compound. If specificity governs immunomodulatory potential, it follows that physicochemical properties inherent to the metal may have a role in the elicited effects. We hypothesize that major determinants of any metal compound's immunomodulatory potential in situ are its redox behavior, valency, and/or solubility. Using changes in local bacterial resistance as an endpoint, differences in immunotoxic potential in the lungs were quantified for a range of chromium agents (insoluble calcium chromate(VI), and soluble sodium chromate(VI), potassium bis(dipicolinato)chromate(III) and sodium bis(dipicolinato)chromate(II)). Results indicated that among the latter three forms of Cr, strongly oxidizing hexavalent Cr (Cr[VI]) had the greatest impact on resistance, while reducing divalent and fairly unreactive trivalent forms of Cr had no effect at an equal exposure level (i.e., 100 microg Cr/m(3), 5 hr/d, for 5 d). Insoluble Cr(VI) had a greater effect than its soluble form. When data was analyzed in the context of pre-infection lung Cr burdens, it was seen that immunomodulatory potentials for both Cr(VI) agents did not differ significantly; however, complexes with different oxidation states did induce varying responses, suggesting that differences in potential might be attributed to redox behavior. From this it was concluded that for Cr, certain physicochemical properties are likely more important to any in situ pulmonary immunotoxicity than others (i.e., redox behavior is more critical than solubility). Our findings, in part, will help provide a basis for understanding why certain metals could be a greater health risk than others, even when encountered in equal amounts. This, in turn, will help researchers in the design of inhalable diagnostic/therapeutic metallopharmaceuticals by pre-empting the selection of certain metal ions/complexes for potential use in these products.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290174,Nasu et al. 1993,Inhibitory effects of hexavalent chromium ions on the contraction in ileal longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig,"1. The high-K (60 mM)-induced ileal tonic tensions were not affected after 5 min with (0.01-1 mM) Cr6+. However, they were inhibited dose-dependently by Cr6+ after 30 min application. 2. Cr6+ inhibited the tonic response to K more strongly than the phasic response. 3. Cr6+ did not displace Ca(2+)-concentration-response curves to the right, although it reduced the Ca2+ response size. 4. The low affinity binding sites of Ca2+ and the tissue ATP concentration during K contraction was not entirely inhibited after 5 min with 0.5 mM Cr6+. However, they were fairly inhibited after 30 min with the Cr6+. 5. We suggest that Cr6+ probably reduced tension by the interference of Ca2+ influx at the cell membrane resulting from the inhibitory action on mitochondria.","Inhibitory effects of hexavalent chromium ions on the contraction in ileal longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig Abs: 1. The high-K (60 mM)-induced ileal tonic tensions were not affected after 5 min with (0.01-1 mM) Cr6+. However, they were inhibited dose-dependently by Cr6+ after 30 min application. 2. Cr6+ inhibited the tonic response to K more strongly than the phasic response. 3. Cr6+ did not displace Ca(2+)-concentration-response curves to the right, although it reduced the Ca2+ response size. 4. The low affinity binding sites of Ca2+ and the tissue ATP concentration during K contraction was not entirely inhibited after 5 min with 0.5 mM Cr6+. However, they were fairly inhibited after 30 min with the Cr6+. 5. We suggest that Cr6+ probably reduced tension by the interference of Ca2+ influx at the cell membrane resulting from the inhibitory action on mitochondria.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1786197,Ding et al. 2013,Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in lung epithelial cells,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an important human carcinogen associated with pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Exposure to Cr(VI) induces DNA damage, cell morphological change and malignant transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, it is also not known if Cr(VI)-induced transformation might accompany with invasive properties to facilitate metastasis. We aimed to study Cr(VI)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells. The results showed that Cr(VI) at low doses represses E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression, enhances mesenchymal marker vimentin expression and transforms the epithelial cell into fibroblastoid morphology. Cr(VI) also increases cell invasion and promotes colony formation. Further studies indicated that Cr(VI) uses multiple mechanisms to repress E-cadherin expression, including activation of E-cadherin repressors such as Slug, ZEB1, KLF8 and enhancement the binding of HDAC1 in E-cadherin gene promoter, but DNA methylation is not responsible for the loss of E-cadherin. Catalase reduces Cr(VI)-induced E-cadherin and vimentin protein expression, attenuates cell invasion in matrigel and colony formation on soft agar. These results demonstrate that exposure to a common human carcinogen, Cr(VI), induces EMT and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells and implicate in cancer metastasis and prevention.","Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during oncogenic transformation induced by hexavalent chromium involves reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism in lung epithelial cells Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an important human carcinogen associated with pulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Exposure to Cr(VI) induces DNA damage, cell morphological change and malignant transformation in human lung epithelial cells. Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive, it is also not known if Cr(VI)-induced transformation might accompany with invasive properties to facilitate metastasis. We aimed to study Cr(VI)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells. The results showed that Cr(VI) at low doses represses E-cadherin mRNA and protein expression, enhances mesenchymal marker vimentin expression and transforms the epithelial cell into fibroblastoid morphology. Cr(VI) also increases cell invasion and promotes colony formation. Further studies indicated that Cr(VI) uses multiple mechanisms to repress E-cadherin expression, including activation of E-cadherin repressors such as Slug, ZEB1, KLF8 and enhancement the binding of HDAC1 in E-cadherin gene promoter, but DNA methylation is not responsible for the loss of E-cadherin. Catalase reduces Cr(VI)-induced E-cadherin and vimentin protein expression, attenuates cell invasion in matrigel and colony formation on soft agar. These results demonstrate that exposure to a common human carcinogen, Cr(VI), induces EMT and invasion during oncogenic transformation in lung epithelial cells and implicate in cancer metastasis and prevention.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233648,Borthiry et al. 2008,Addition of DNA to Cr(VI) and cytochrome b5 containing proteoliposomes leads to generation of DNA strand breaks and Cr(III) complexes,"Chromium (Cr) is a cytotoxic metal that can be associated with a variety of types of DNA damage, including Cr-DNA adducts and strand breaks. Prior studies with purified human cytochrome b(5) and NADPH:P450 reductase in reconstituted proteoliposomes (PLs) demonstrated rapid reduction of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium, as CrO(4)(2-), and the generation of Cr(V), superoxide (O(2)(*-)), and hydroxyl radical (HO(*)). Studies reported here examined the potential for the species produced by this system to interact with DNA. Strand breaks of purified plasmid DNA increased over time aerobically, but were not observed in the absence of O(2). Cr(V) is formed under both conditions, so the breaks are not mediated directly by Cr(V). The aerobic strand breaks were significantly prevented by catalase and EtOH, but not by the metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), suggesting that they are largely due to HO(*) from Cr-mediated redox cycling. EPR was used to assess the formation of Cr-DNA complexes. Following a 10-min incubation of PLs, CrO(4)(2-), and plasmid DNA, intense EPR signals at g=5.7 and g=5.0 were observed. These signals are attributed to specific Cr(III) complexes with large zero field splitting (ZFS). Without DNA, the signals in the g=5 region were weak. The large ZFS signals were not seen, when Cr(III)Cl(3) was incubated with DNA, suggesting that the Cr(III)-DNA interactions are different when generated by the PLs. After 24 h, a broad signal at g=2 is attributed to Cr(III) complexes with a small ZFS. This g=2 signal was observed without DNA, but it was different from that seen with plasmid. It is concluded that EPR can detect specific Cr(III) complexes that depend on the presence of plasmid DNA and the manner in which the Cr(III) is formed.","Addition of DNA to Cr(VI) and cytochrome b5 containing proteoliposomes leads to generation of DNA strand breaks and Cr(III) complexes Abs: Chromium (Cr) is a cytotoxic metal that can be associated with a variety of types of DNA damage, including Cr-DNA adducts and strand breaks. Prior studies with purified human cytochrome b(5) and NADPH:P450 reductase in reconstituted proteoliposomes (PLs) demonstrated rapid reduction of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium, as CrO(4)(2-), and the generation of Cr(V), superoxide (O(2)(*-)), and hydroxyl radical (HO(*)). Studies reported here examined the potential for the species produced by this system to interact with DNA. Strand breaks of purified plasmid DNA increased over time aerobically, but were not observed in the absence of O(2). Cr(V) is formed under both conditions, so the breaks are not mediated directly by Cr(V). The aerobic strand breaks were significantly prevented by catalase and EtOH, but not by the metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), suggesting that they are largely due to HO(*) from Cr-mediated redox cycling. EPR was used to assess the formation of Cr-DNA complexes. Following a 10-min incubation of PLs, CrO(4)(2-), and plasmid DNA, intense EPR signals at g=5.7 and g=5.0 were observed. These signals are attributed to specific Cr(III) complexes with large zero field splitting (ZFS). Without DNA, the signals in the g=5 region were weak. The large ZFS signals were not seen, when Cr(III)Cl(3) was incubated with DNA, suggesting that the Cr(III)-DNA interactions are different when generated by the PLs. After 24 h, a broad signal at g=2 is attributed to Cr(III) complexes with a small ZFS. This g=2 signal was observed without DNA, but it was different from that seen with plasmid. It is concluded that EPR can detect specific Cr(III) complexes that depend on the presence of plasmid DNA and the manner in which the Cr(III) is formed.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238980,Reuzel et al. 1986,Carcinogenicity and in vitro genotoxicity of the particulate fraction of two stainless steel welding fumes,,Carcinogenicity and in vitro genotoxicity of the particulate fraction of two stainless steel welding fumes Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238773,Majone and  Marin 1980,Single-strand sister chromatid exchanges in chromium-treated Chinese hamster cells,,Single-strand sister chromatid exchanges in chromium-treated Chinese hamster cells Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234788,Venier et al. 1989,Induction of SOS response in Escherichia coli strain PQ37 by 16 chemical compounds and human urine extracts,"The SOS Chromotest on Escherichia coli strain PQ37 was used to detect DNA damage induced by 16 chemical compounds and urine samples from smokers and a non-smoking psoriatic patient treated with mineral coal tar. The results confirmed the strong SOS inducing activity of 2-aminoanthracene and benzo[a]pyrene with metabolic activation and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide without metabolic activation. A weaker response in the absence of microsomal enzymes was observed with hydroxyurea (only at high doses) and the soluble Cr(VI) compounds potassium chromate and potassium dichromate. No effect was observed with ampicillin, cadmium chloride, cyclophosphamide, griseofulvin, the insoluble Cr(VI) compound lead chromate, the soluble Cr(III) compounds chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, chromium potassium sulphate, and the chelating agent sodium nitrilotriacetate. Among the Cr(III) compounds only chromium acetate produced a low but significant increase of SOS inducing activity. Solubilization by nitrilotriacetate of genotoxic Cr(VI) from insoluble lead chromate was observed, whereas no interaction occurred between nitrilotriacetate and the soluble Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds. Using urinary XAD-2 extracts, we found the SOS Chromotest poorly sensitive to the mutagens present in urine from tobacco smokers which, on the other hand, were detected by the gene mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test). A urine sample obtained from a psoriatic patient, therapeutically treated with mineral coal tar, had a significant SOS inducing activity with and even without metabolic activation, whereas in the Ames test it was active only in the presence of metabolic activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Induction of SOS response in Escherichia coli strain PQ37 by 16 chemical compounds and human urine extracts Abs: The SOS Chromotest on Escherichia coli strain PQ37 was used to detect DNA damage induced by 16 chemical compounds and urine samples from smokers and a non-smoking psoriatic patient treated with mineral coal tar. The results confirmed the strong SOS inducing activity of 2-aminoanthracene and benzo[a]pyrene with metabolic activation and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide without metabolic activation. A weaker response in the absence of microsomal enzymes was observed with hydroxyurea (only at high doses) and the soluble Cr(VI) compounds potassium chromate and potassium dichromate. No effect was observed with ampicillin, cadmium chloride, cyclophosphamide, griseofulvin, the insoluble Cr(VI) compound lead chromate, the soluble Cr(III) compounds chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, chromium potassium sulphate, and the chelating agent sodium nitrilotriacetate. Among the Cr(III) compounds only chromium acetate produced a low but significant increase of SOS inducing activity. Solubilization by nitrilotriacetate of genotoxic Cr(VI) from insoluble lead chromate was observed, whereas no interaction occurred between nitrilotriacetate and the soluble Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds. Using urinary XAD-2 extracts, we found the SOS Chromotest poorly sensitive to the mutagens present in urine from tobacco smokers which, on the other hand, were detected by the gene mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test). A urine sample obtained from a psoriatic patient, therapeutically treated with mineral coal tar, had a significant SOS inducing activity with and even without metabolic activation, whereas in the Ames test it was active only in the presence of metabolic activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
939934,Kumar et al. 2009,Cytoprotection against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage by alpha-lipoic acid: implications in reducing occupational cancer risk,"Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), the metabolic antioxidant, was evaluated for its potential to protect against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage. Potassium dichromate was administered to Swiss albino mice orally ad libitum at the doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg/kg body weight in drinking water to set DNA damage in cells, which was characterized in mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells using single-cell gel electrophoresis and analyses of generated comets for Tail moment, Tail DNA and Tail length. DNA damage was dose dependent. Cytoprotection by LA was remarkable. LA (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) in pre-, co- and post-toxicant administration schedule abrogated DNA damage substantially in both cell types. Protection by LA was also dose dependent. LA annulled DNA damage by Cr(6+) in plasmid relaxation assay. A negligible DNA damage resulted during interaction of Cr(6+) and LA. Compared to ascorbate, LA emerged as a better antioxidant and least DNA damaging. In conclusion, our study advocated an experimental therapeutic research potential in LA against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage for reduction of occupational cancer risk in humans.","Cytoprotection against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage by alpha-lipoic acid: implications in reducing occupational cancer risk Abs: Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), the metabolic antioxidant, was evaluated for its potential to protect against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage. Potassium dichromate was administered to Swiss albino mice orally ad libitum at the doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg/kg body weight in drinking water to set DNA damage in cells, which was characterized in mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow cells using single-cell gel electrophoresis and analyses of generated comets for Tail moment, Tail DNA and Tail length. DNA damage was dose dependent. Cytoprotection by LA was remarkable. LA (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) in pre-, co- and post-toxicant administration schedule abrogated DNA damage substantially in both cell types. Protection by LA was also dose dependent. LA annulled DNA damage by Cr(6+) in plasmid relaxation assay. A negligible DNA damage resulted during interaction of Cr(6+) and LA. Compared to ascorbate, LA emerged as a better antioxidant and least DNA damaging. In conclusion, our study advocated an experimental therapeutic research potential in LA against Cr(6+)-induced DNA damage for reduction of occupational cancer risk in humans.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290130,Faux et al. 1992,Production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in isolated DNA by chromium(VI) and chromium(V),"Chromium(VI) and Cr(V) compounds increased the concentration of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG) in isolated DNA, whereas no such increase was seen with Cr(III). Furthermore, incubating DNA with H2O2 and Cr(VI) or Cr(V) potentiated the formation of oh8dG above levels observed with either chromium compound alone. In the presence of catalase, the increase in DNA oxidation observed with Cr(VI) was inhibited, the base oxidation observed being equivalent to background levels, and this indicated involvement of H2O2 in the mechanism. Glutathione did not enhance chromium-induced formation of this oxidized base. These results help to explain a mechanism of chromium-induced DNA oxidation involving H2O2 via a Fenton-type reaction.","Production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in isolated DNA by chromium(VI) and chromium(V) Abs: Chromium(VI) and Cr(V) compounds increased the concentration of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG) in isolated DNA, whereas no such increase was seen with Cr(III). Furthermore, incubating DNA with H2O2 and Cr(VI) or Cr(V) potentiated the formation of oh8dG above levels observed with either chromium compound alone. In the presence of catalase, the increase in DNA oxidation observed with Cr(VI) was inhibited, the base oxidation observed being equivalent to background levels, and this indicated involvement of H2O2 in the mechanism. Glutathione did not enhance chromium-induced formation of this oxidized base. These results help to explain a mechanism of chromium-induced DNA oxidation involving H2O2 via a Fenton-type reaction.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235194,Wolman 1975,Oxidation of lipids and membranes I: in vitro formation of peroxidative lipid polymers,"Fluorescent polymers were obtained by oxidizing partly emulsified linolenic acid with different oxidants. The speed of formation of polymers differed for the various oxidants, and the difference was not a simple function of the oxidation potential. The speed of polymerization also depended on the nature of the emulsion. The presence of egg albumen in the emulsion enhanced polymer formation with all oxidants. When the oxidants used are arranged in the order of decreasing speed of polymer formation, the order is different in the presence of albumen from what it is in the absence of albumen. With different oxidation catalysts most antioxidants and amino acids tested enhanced polymerization. In oxidation with ferric ions, with K-dichromate, and without added oxidants the only antioxidants which delayed polymerization were &quot;inhibitors.&quot; &quot;Retarders&quot; enhanced polymerization. With KMnO4 slight delay was caused by some retarders. The findings indicate that not only oxidation catalysts, but also proteins, amino acids, and antioxidants enhance polymerization. The possibility is suggested that in animal cells lipid pigment formation might represent a mechanism for neutralizing free radicals.","Oxidation of lipids and membranes I: in vitro formation of peroxidative lipid polymers Abs: Fluorescent polymers were obtained by oxidizing partly emulsified linolenic acid with different oxidants. The speed of formation of polymers differed for the various oxidants, and the difference was not a simple function of the oxidation potential. The speed of polymerization also depended on the nature of the emulsion. The presence of egg albumen in the emulsion enhanced polymer formation with all oxidants. When the oxidants used are arranged in the order of decreasing speed of polymer formation, the order is different in the presence of albumen from what it is in the absence of albumen. With different oxidation catalysts most antioxidants and amino acids tested enhanced polymerization. In oxidation with ferric ions, with K-dichromate, and without added oxidants the only antioxidants which delayed polymerization were &quot;inhibitors.&quot; &quot;Retarders&quot; enhanced polymerization. With KMnO4 slight delay was caused by some retarders. The findings indicate that not only oxidation catalysts, but also proteins, amino acids, and antioxidants enhance polymerization. The possibility is suggested that in animal cells lipid pigment formation might represent a mechanism for neutralizing free radicals.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231831,Yang et al. 2005,"The stepwise process of chromium-induced DNA breakage: characterization by electrochemistry, atomic force microscopy, and DNA electrophoresis","DNA conformational change and breakage induced by Cr(VI)-GSH interaction were characterized by the integrated tools of electrochemistry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and DNA electrophoresis. While electrochemistry confirmed the formation of the active species generated from Cr(VI)-GSH reduction, which causes the DNA conformational changes, AFM imaging vividly demonstrated the stepwise process of the DNA denaturation and breakage for the first time. Our DNA electrophoresis further validated that the DNA breakage occurs unevenly at both of the single strands of the molecule. A scheme was drawn based on the experimental observations to explain the phenomenon of the Cr-induced DNA cleavage.","The stepwise process of chromium-induced DNA breakage: characterization by electrochemistry, atomic force microscopy, and DNA electrophoresis Abs: DNA conformational change and breakage induced by Cr(VI)-GSH interaction were characterized by the integrated tools of electrochemistry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and DNA electrophoresis. While electrochemistry confirmed the formation of the active species generated from Cr(VI)-GSH reduction, which causes the DNA conformational changes, AFM imaging vividly demonstrated the stepwise process of the DNA denaturation and breakage for the first time. Our DNA electrophoresis further validated that the DNA breakage occurs unevenly at both of the single strands of the molecule. A scheme was drawn based on the experimental observations to explain the phenomenon of the Cr-induced DNA cleavage.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238570,Yang et al. 1992,Mutational specificity of chromium(VI) compounds in the hprt locus of Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells,"Chromium(VI) compounds exert their genotoxicity and mutagenicity by complex metabolic reducing pathways that generate a variety of reactive forms of chromium and free radicals. To investigate the molecular nature of chromium-induced mutations, we characterized the entire coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of 27 independent mutants derived from chromium(VI) oxide (CrO3)-treated Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNA. Among these mutants, 10 consisted of single base substitutions, five contained two base substitutions, one had four base substitutions, six were splicing mutations, and five exhibited single base pair insertions or deletions. All of the base substitutions and most of the frameshift mutations observed were located at A/T-rich sequences. More than 90% of the base substitutions (22/24) occurred in A.T base pairs. Among them, T-- A and T-- G transversions (18/22) predominated. The mutational hotspots for single and double base substitutions were the 3' thymidine of 5'PuT and thymidines of 5'ATTT sequences respectively. This mutational specificity was also observed in CHO-K1 cells treated with two other chromium(VI) compounds, namely K2Cr2O7 and PbCrO4. Strand bias was noticed in chromium mutagenicity, since 77% of T base substitutions occurred on the non-transcribed strand. This highly sequence-specific mutation spectrum suggests that a particular form of chromium may directly interact with DNA at these hotspot sequences.","Mutational specificity of chromium(VI) compounds in the hprt locus of Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells Abs: Chromium(VI) compounds exert their genotoxicity and mutagenicity by complex metabolic reducing pathways that generate a variety of reactive forms of chromium and free radicals. To investigate the molecular nature of chromium-induced mutations, we characterized the entire coding region of the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) gene of 27 independent mutants derived from chromium(VI) oxide (CrO3)-treated Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNA. Among these mutants, 10 consisted of single base substitutions, five contained two base substitutions, one had four base substitutions, six were splicing mutations, and five exhibited single base pair insertions or deletions. All of the base substitutions and most of the frameshift mutations observed were located at A/T-rich sequences. More than 90% of the base substitutions (22/24) occurred in A.T base pairs. Among them, T-- A and T-- G transversions (18/22) predominated. The mutational hotspots for single and double base substitutions were the 3' thymidine of 5'PuT and thymidines of 5'ATTT sequences respectively. This mutational specificity was also observed in CHO-K1 cells treated with two other chromium(VI) compounds, namely K2Cr2O7 and PbCrO4. Strand bias was noticed in chromium mutagenicity, since 77% of T base substitutions occurred on the non-transcribed strand. This highly sequence-specific mutation spectrum suggests that a particular form of chromium may directly interact with DNA at these hotspot sequences.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
450514,Bae et al. 2009,Bypass of hexavalent chromium-induced growth arrest by a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor: Enhanced survival and mutagenesis,"Although the consequences of genotoxic injury include cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, cell survival responses after genotoxic injury can produce intrinsic death-resistance and contribute to the development of a transformed phenotype. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are integral components of key Survival pathways, and are responsible for their inactivation, while PTP inhibition is often associated with enhanced cell proliferation. Our aim Was to elucidate signaling events that modulate cell Survival after genotoxin exposure. Diploid human lung fibroblasts (HLF) were treated with Cr(VI) (as Na2CrO4), the soluble oxyanionic dissolution product of certain particulate chromates, which are well-documented human respiratory carcinogens. In Vitro Soluble Cr(VI) induces a wide spectrum of DNA damage, in both the presence and absence of a broad-range PTP inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate (SOV). Notably, SOV abrogated Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality. The enhanced survival of Cr(VI)-exposed cells after SOV treatment was predominantly due to a bypass of cell cycle arrest, as there was no effect of the PTP inhibitor on Cr-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the SOV effect was not due to decreased Cr uptake as evidenced by unchanged Cr-DNA adduct burden. Additionally, the bypass of Cr-induced growth arrest by SOV was accompanied by a decrease in Cr(VI)-induced expression of cell cycle inhibiting genes, and an increase in Cr(VI)-induced expression of cell cycle promoting genes. Importantly, SOV resulted in an increase in forward Mutations at the HPRT locus, supporting the hypothesis that PTP inhibition in the presence of certain types of DNA damage may lead to increased genomic instability, via bypass of cell cycle checkpoints. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","Bypass of hexavalent chromium-induced growth arrest by a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor: Enhanced survival and mutagenesis Abs: Although the consequences of genotoxic injury include cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, cell survival responses after genotoxic injury can produce intrinsic death-resistance and contribute to the development of a transformed phenotype. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are integral components of key Survival pathways, and are responsible for their inactivation, while PTP inhibition is often associated with enhanced cell proliferation. Our aim Was to elucidate signaling events that modulate cell Survival after genotoxin exposure. Diploid human lung fibroblasts (HLF) were treated with Cr(VI) (as Na2CrO4), the soluble oxyanionic dissolution product of certain particulate chromates, which are well-documented human respiratory carcinogens. In Vitro Soluble Cr(VI) induces a wide spectrum of DNA damage, in both the presence and absence of a broad-range PTP inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate (SOV). Notably, SOV abrogated Cr(VI)-induced clonogenic lethality. The enhanced survival of Cr(VI)-exposed cells after SOV treatment was predominantly due to a bypass of cell cycle arrest, as there was no effect of the PTP inhibitor on Cr-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the SOV effect was not due to decreased Cr uptake as evidenced by unchanged Cr-DNA adduct burden. Additionally, the bypass of Cr-induced growth arrest by SOV was accompanied by a decrease in Cr(VI)-induced expression of cell cycle inhibiting genes, and an increase in Cr(VI)-induced expression of cell cycle promoting genes. Importantly, SOV resulted in an increase in forward Mutations at the HPRT locus, supporting the hypothesis that PTP inhibition in the presence of certain types of DNA damage may lead to increased genomic instability, via bypass of cell cycle checkpoints. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237509,Botta et al. 1996,Genotoxic effects of potassium dichromate in cultural human lymphocytes,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium derivatives are used in the steel industry. The trivalent form is the most common form but the hexavalent forms are of greater industrial importance. An impressive amounts of information is available regarding the genotoxicity of chromium derivatives. The hexavalent form can penetrate the cell whereas the trivalent form produced by metabolically reduction binds with nucleic acids. Chromium derivatives have not been tested in the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMA). The present study compared the results obtained in a chromosome aberration test and in the CBMA. There was a dose-response relationship between chromosome aberrations and potassium dichromate in the range of 0.01-0.1 mug mL-1. Most abnormalities were chromatid gaps and breaks. The micronucleated binucleated cell rates rose significantly from the lower potassium dichromate concentration (0.01 mug mL-1) to the higher (0.25 mug mL-1). These results indicate that potassium dichromate seems to,Genotoxic effects of potassium dichromate in cultural human lymphocytes Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium derivatives are used in the steel industry. The trivalent form is the most common form but the hexavalent forms are of greater industrial importance. An impressive amounts of information is available regarding the genotoxicity of chromium derivatives. The hexavalent form can penetrate the cell whereas the trivalent form produced by metabolically reduction binds with nucleic acids. Chromium derivatives have not been tested in the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMA). The present study compared the results obtained in a chromosome aberration test and in the CBMA. There was a dose-response relationship between chromosome aberrations and potassium dichromate in the range of 0.01-0.1 mug mL-1. Most abnormalities were chromatid gaps and breaks. The micronucleated binucleated cell rates rose significantly from the lower potassium dichromate concentration (0.01 mug mL-1) to the higher (0.25 mug mL-1). These results indicate that potassium dichromate seems to,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
199587,Klein et al. 1991,The role of oxidative processes in metal carcinogenesis,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW TOXICITY GENOTOXICITY MUTAGENICITY CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION DNA REPAIR NICKEL CADMIUM CHROMIUM MERCURY,The role of oxidative processes in metal carcinogenesis Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW TOXICITY GENOTOXICITY MUTAGENICITY CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION DNA REPAIR NICKEL CADMIUM CHROMIUM MERCURY,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233586,Halasova et al. 2010,Lung cancer incidence and survival in chromium exposed individuals with respect to expression of anti-apoptotic protein survivin and tumor suppressor P53 protein,"<strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Workers chronically exposed to hexavalent chromium have elevated risk of lung cancer. Our study investigates the incidence of lung cancer types, age at onset of the disease, and survival time among chromium exposed workers with respect to the expression of anti-apoptotic p53 and pro-apoptotic survivin proteins.<br /><br /><strong>MATERIAL AND METHODS: </strong>67 chromium exposed workers and 104 male controls diagnosed with lung cancer were analyzed. The mean exposure time among workers was 16.7 ±10.0(SD) years (range 1- 41 years). To investigate the possible regulation of survivin by p53 we examined the expression of both proteins using immohistochemical visualization.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Chromium exposure significantly decreases the age of onset of the disease by 3.5 years (62.2 ±9.1 in the exposed group vs. 65.7 ±10.5 years in controls; P=0.018). Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) amounted for 25.4% of all cases in chromium exposed workers and for 16.3% in non-exposed individuals. The mean survival time in the exposed group was 9.0 ±12.7 vs. 12.1 ±21.9 months in controls, but this difference was not significant. Survivin was predominantly expressed in both cell nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas p53 was expressed in the nucleus. There was a negative correlation between survivin and p53 expression. A decreased intensity of expression and fewer cells positive for survivin was detected in SCLC compared with other types of lung cancer. p53 was expressed in 94.1% and survivin in 79.6% of the samples analyzed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The study calls attention to decreased expression of survivin, as opposed to p53, in small cell lung carcinoma.","Lung cancer incidence and survival in chromium exposed individuals with respect to expression of anti-apoptotic protein survivin and tumor suppressor P53 protein Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Workers chronically exposed to hexavalent chromium have elevated risk of lung cancer. Our study investigates the incidence of lung cancer types, age at onset of the disease, and survival time among chromium exposed workers with respect to the expression of anti-apoptotic p53 and pro-apoptotic survivin proteins.<br /><br /><strong>MATERIAL AND METHODS: </strong>67 chromium exposed workers and 104 male controls diagnosed with lung cancer were analyzed. The mean exposure time among workers was 16.7 ±10.0(SD) years (range 1- 41 years). To investigate the possible regulation of survivin by p53 we examined the expression of both proteins using immohistochemical visualization.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Chromium exposure significantly decreases the age of onset of the disease by 3.5 years (62.2 ±9.1 in the exposed group vs. 65.7 ±10.5 years in controls; P=0.018). Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) amounted for 25.4% of all cases in chromium exposed workers and for 16.3% in non-exposed individuals. The mean survival time in the exposed group was 9.0 ±12.7 vs. 12.1 ±21.9 months in controls, but this difference was not significant. Survivin was predominantly expressed in both cell nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas p53 was expressed in the nucleus. There was a negative correlation between survivin and p53 expression. A decreased intensity of expression and fewer cells positive for survivin was detected in SCLC compared with other types of lung cancer. p53 was expressed in 94.1% and survivin in 79.6% of the samples analyzed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The study calls attention to decreased expression of survivin, as opposed to p53, in small cell lung carcinoma.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238812,Majone et al. 1981,Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in mouse lymphocytes: Interactions between leukemogenic viruses and chemical carcinogens,,Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in mouse lymphocytes: Interactions between leukemogenic viruses and chemical carcinogens Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1786190,Brocato and  Costa 2013,Basic mechanics of DNA methylation and the unique landscape of the DNA methylome in metal-induced carcinogenesis,"Abstract DNA methylation plays an intricate role in the regulation of gene expression and events that compromise the integrity of the methylome may potentially contribute to disease development. DNA methylation is a reversible and regulatory modification that elicits a cascade of events leading to chromatin condensation and gene silencing. In general, normal cells are characterized by gene-specific hypomethylation and global hypermethylation, while cancer cells portray a reverse profile to this norm. The unique methylome displayed in cancer cells is induced after exposure to carcinogenic metals such as nickel, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium (VI). These metals alter the DNA methylation profile by provoking both hyper- and hypo-methylation events. The metal-stimulated deviations to the methylome are possible mechanisms for metal-induced carcinogenesis and may provide potential biomarkers for cancer detection. Development of therapies based on the cancer methylome requires further research including human studies that supply results with larger impact and higher human relevance.","Basic mechanics of DNA methylation and the unique landscape of the DNA methylome in metal-induced carcinogenesis Abs: Abstract DNA methylation plays an intricate role in the regulation of gene expression and events that compromise the integrity of the methylome may potentially contribute to disease development. DNA methylation is a reversible and regulatory modification that elicits a cascade of events leading to chromatin condensation and gene silencing. In general, normal cells are characterized by gene-specific hypomethylation and global hypermethylation, while cancer cells portray a reverse profile to this norm. The unique methylome displayed in cancer cells is induced after exposure to carcinogenic metals such as nickel, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium (VI). These metals alter the DNA methylation profile by provoking both hyper- and hypo-methylation events. The metal-stimulated deviations to the methylome are possible mechanisms for metal-induced carcinogenesis and may provide potential biomarkers for cancer detection. Development of therapies based on the cancer methylome requires further research including human studies that supply results with larger impact and higher human relevance.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
732558,Aiyar et al. 1991,Reaction of chromium(VI) with glutathione or with hydrogen peroxide: identification of reactive intermediates and their role in chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage,"The types of reactive intermediates generated upon reduction of chromium(VI) by glutathione or hydrogen peroxide and the resulting DNA damage have been determined. In vitro, reaction of chromium(VI) with glutathione led to formation of two chromium(V) complexes and the glutathione thiyl radical. When chromium(VI) was reacted with DNA in the presence of glutathione, chromium-DNA adducts were obtained, with no DNA strand breakage. The level of chromium-DNA adduct formation correlated with chromium(V) formation. Reaction of chromium(VI) with hydrogen peroxide led to formation of hydroxyl radical. No chromium(V) was detectable at 24 degrees C (297 K); however, low levels of the tetraperoxochromium(V) complex were detected at 77 K. Reaction of chromium(VI) with DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide produced significant DNA strand breakage and the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine adduct, whose formation correlated with hydroxyl radical production. No significant chromium-DNA adduct formation was detected. Thus, the nature of chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage appears to be dependent on the reactive intermediates, i.e. chromium(V) or hydroxyl radical, produced during the reduction of chromium(VI).","Reaction of chromium(VI) with glutathione or with hydrogen peroxide: identification of reactive intermediates and their role in chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage Abs: The types of reactive intermediates generated upon reduction of chromium(VI) by glutathione or hydrogen peroxide and the resulting DNA damage have been determined. In vitro, reaction of chromium(VI) with glutathione led to formation of two chromium(V) complexes and the glutathione thiyl radical. When chromium(VI) was reacted with DNA in the presence of glutathione, chromium-DNA adducts were obtained, with no DNA strand breakage. The level of chromium-DNA adduct formation correlated with chromium(V) formation. Reaction of chromium(VI) with hydrogen peroxide led to formation of hydroxyl radical. No chromium(V) was detectable at 24 degrees C (297 K); however, low levels of the tetraperoxochromium(V) complex were detected at 77 K. Reaction of chromium(VI) with DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide produced significant DNA strand breakage and the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine adduct, whose formation correlated with hydroxyl radical production. No significant chromium-DNA adduct formation was detected. Thus, the nature of chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage appears to be dependent on the reactive intermediates, i.e. chromium(V) or hydroxyl radical, produced during the reduction of chromium(VI).",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
730640,Kim et al. 1999,Exposure to hexavalent chromium does not increase 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in Korean chromate pigment workers,"This study was performed to determine whether chromium exposure increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in respiratory epithelial and white blood cells of chromate pigment workers. The subjects of this study were 22 chromium pigment workers and 16 controls in a chromate pigments factory. To estimate the level of exposure, hexavalent chromium concentrations in the factory air were measured. Chrominum concentrations of venous blood and spot urine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA extracted from sputum and white blood cells were determined. Correlation coefficients were calculated between them and their statistical significance was tested. Hexavalent chromium concentration in the factory air ranged from below limit of detection to 0.5150 mg/m3. Chromium levels in blood and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA extracted from venous blood and sputum were not statistically different between the two groups. Urine chromium level was significantly higher among workers. Among the correlation coefficients between blood chromium concentration, urine chromium concentration, blood 8-OH-dG level, and sputum 8-OH-dG level, none was statistically significant for workers, controls, and total subjects. Duration of employment did not show any significant correlation with those four variables, either. These results suggest that neither the hydroxyl radical nor 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is formed by the reduction of hexavalent chromium, or that one or both of these is formed and then effectively removed by oxygen free radical scavengers or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine repair enzymes. Since increased exposure to hexavalent chromium did not result in increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels, it is unlikely that hexavalent chromium induces lung cancer through 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation.","Exposure to hexavalent chromium does not increase 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in Korean chromate pigment workers Abs: This study was performed to determine whether chromium exposure increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in respiratory epithelial and white blood cells of chromate pigment workers. The subjects of this study were 22 chromium pigment workers and 16 controls in a chromate pigments factory. To estimate the level of exposure, hexavalent chromium concentrations in the factory air were measured. Chrominum concentrations of venous blood and spot urine, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA extracted from sputum and white blood cells were determined. Correlation coefficients were calculated between them and their statistical significance was tested. Hexavalent chromium concentration in the factory air ranged from below limit of detection to 0.5150 mg/m3. Chromium levels in blood and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA extracted from venous blood and sputum were not statistically different between the two groups. Urine chromium level was significantly higher among workers. Among the correlation coefficients between blood chromium concentration, urine chromium concentration, blood 8-OH-dG level, and sputum 8-OH-dG level, none was statistically significant for workers, controls, and total subjects. Duration of employment did not show any significant correlation with those four variables, either. These results suggest that neither the hydroxyl radical nor 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is formed by the reduction of hexavalent chromium, or that one or both of these is formed and then effectively removed by oxygen free radical scavengers or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine repair enzymes. Since increased exposure to hexavalent chromium did not result in increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels, it is unlikely that hexavalent chromium induces lung cancer through 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234639,Cohen et al. 1993,Induction of type 2 cystatin in rat submandibular glands by systemically administered agents,"An inducible type 2 cystatin has earlier been characterized in submandibular glands and kidneys of rats treated with isoproterenol, as well as in kidneys of rats with experimental renal disease. The purpose now was to determine whether giving agents that have systemic toxicity could also be associated with induction of cystatin in rat salivary glands. Female Wistar rats (200-250 g) were given isoproterenol, cyclocytidine, potassium dichromate or turpentine oil. After autopsy, the organs were sectioned, fixed in 10% formalin, and processed routinely. Paraffin sections were processed for both the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical methods. The submandibular glands of rats given cyclocytidine had generalized, strong staining of acinar cells, as well as occasional weak staining within granular convoluted tubules. Animals given either potassium dichromate or turpentine oil exhibited moderate staining for cystatin in submandibular acini. Rats given isoproterenol as a positive control exhibited strong acinar staining throughout the submandibular gland, while the glands of untreated rats were unreactive. Inducible type 2 cystatin could not be detected in the parotid or sublingual glands, or in trachea, lung, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, liver and pancreas, after treatment with any of the systemic agents evaluated. The results indicate that elaboration of type 2 cystatin can be induced by a variety of systemically administered agents other than isoproterenol, and suggest that elaboration of type 2 cystatin may represent a more generalized response to tissue injury.","Induction of type 2 cystatin in rat submandibular glands by systemically administered agents Abs: An inducible type 2 cystatin has earlier been characterized in submandibular glands and kidneys of rats treated with isoproterenol, as well as in kidneys of rats with experimental renal disease. The purpose now was to determine whether giving agents that have systemic toxicity could also be associated with induction of cystatin in rat salivary glands. Female Wistar rats (200-250 g) were given isoproterenol, cyclocytidine, potassium dichromate or turpentine oil. After autopsy, the organs were sectioned, fixed in 10% formalin, and processed routinely. Paraffin sections were processed for both the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical methods. The submandibular glands of rats given cyclocytidine had generalized, strong staining of acinar cells, as well as occasional weak staining within granular convoluted tubules. Animals given either potassium dichromate or turpentine oil exhibited moderate staining for cystatin in submandibular acini. Rats given isoproterenol as a positive control exhibited strong acinar staining throughout the submandibular gland, while the glands of untreated rats were unreactive. Inducible type 2 cystatin could not be detected in the parotid or sublingual glands, or in trachea, lung, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, liver and pancreas, after treatment with any of the systemic agents evaluated. The results indicate that elaboration of type 2 cystatin can be induced by a variety of systemically administered agents other than isoproterenol, and suggest that elaboration of type 2 cystatin may represent a more generalized response to tissue injury.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1030183,Kim and  Na 1991,Effect of sodium dichromate on carbohydrate metabolism,"Subcutaneous injection of sodium dichromate into male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately produced a variety of metabolic changes in a dose-dependent manner. Serum lactate and glucose were significantly increased after dichromate treatment, reaching maximum levels at 15 and 30 min, respectively. Then, the toxicity progressively diminished. In contrast, a steady increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was caused by dichromate, reaching maximum levels at 60 min after the administration; elevated BUN levels were sustained for several hours thereafter. Unlike KCN (5 mg/kg, ip) and As2O3 (5 mg/kg, ip), dichromate rapidly decreased serum insulin within 15 min after intoxication in doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg; hypoinsulinemia lasted 60 min. However, insulin levels returned to the normal range at 120 min after treatment. Dichromate-induced metabolic disturbance was also observed in the 24 hr-fasted rats, the response of which was similar to normal rats except for later hyperglycemia. In both cases, the duration time was short (30 to 60 min). Adrenalectomy and insulin pretreatment had no effect on dichromate-induced hyperglycemia. These results suggest that dichromate-induced metabolic disturbance results from the concomitant effects of a sudden decrease in serum insulin level and its direct inhibitory effect on carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the characteristic biphasic pattern of metabolic disturbance might be related to metabolic fate of dichromate in vivo.","Effect of sodium dichromate on carbohydrate metabolism Abs: Subcutaneous injection of sodium dichromate into male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately produced a variety of metabolic changes in a dose-dependent manner. Serum lactate and glucose were significantly increased after dichromate treatment, reaching maximum levels at 15 and 30 min, respectively. Then, the toxicity progressively diminished. In contrast, a steady increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was caused by dichromate, reaching maximum levels at 60 min after the administration; elevated BUN levels were sustained for several hours thereafter. Unlike KCN (5 mg/kg, ip) and As2O3 (5 mg/kg, ip), dichromate rapidly decreased serum insulin within 15 min after intoxication in doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg; hypoinsulinemia lasted 60 min. However, insulin levels returned to the normal range at 120 min after treatment. Dichromate-induced metabolic disturbance was also observed in the 24 hr-fasted rats, the response of which was similar to normal rats except for later hyperglycemia. In both cases, the duration time was short (30 to 60 min). Adrenalectomy and insulin pretreatment had no effect on dichromate-induced hyperglycemia. These results suggest that dichromate-induced metabolic disturbance results from the concomitant effects of a sudden decrease in serum insulin level and its direct inhibitory effect on carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the characteristic biphasic pattern of metabolic disturbance might be related to metabolic fate of dichromate in vivo.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
2225510,Wise et al. 2013,Hexavalent chromium impairs DNA repair resulting in mitotic disruption and chromosome instability,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a human lung carcinogen of global concern. One leading hypothesis for the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) posits that it causes a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair deficiency which leads to mitotic disruption, chromosome instability, and neoplastic transformation. To determine if these phenotypes could be induced and remain as permanent phenotypic changes, we exposed human lung cells to lead chromate for three sequential 24 h periods, each separated by a month. After treatment, cells were seeded at colony forming density, cloned, expanded, and retreated. Each generation of clones was tested for chromosome instability, DNA repair capacity, and soft agar growth. After the first treatment, lead chromate-treated cells exhibited a normal chromosome complement, though a few clones showed a repair deficient phenotype. After the second exposure, more than half of the clones acquired an abnormal karyotype including numerical and structural alterations and many showed deficient DNA DSB repair. The third treatment resulted in more abnormal clones, previously abnormal clones acquiring additional abnormalities, and most clones were repair deficient. Further investigation revealed that some clones exhibited centrosome amplification, abnormal mitotic figures, and aberrant Mad1 kinetochore localization, indicating that they have underlying permanent phenotypic defects in mitotic regulation. Additionally, several were unable to form radiation-induced Rad51 foci, suggesting a defect in the homologous recombination repair pathway. Clones from the third generation were able to form colonies in soft agar suggesting neoplastic transformation. This work was supported by NIEHS grant ES016893 (J.P.W.) and the Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health.","Hexavalent chromium impairs DNA repair resulting in mitotic disruption and chromosome instability Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a human lung carcinogen of global concern. One leading hypothesis for the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) posits that it causes a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair deficiency which leads to mitotic disruption, chromosome instability, and neoplastic transformation. To determine if these phenotypes could be induced and remain as permanent phenotypic changes, we exposed human lung cells to lead chromate for three sequential 24 h periods, each separated by a month. After treatment, cells were seeded at colony forming density, cloned, expanded, and retreated. Each generation of clones was tested for chromosome instability, DNA repair capacity, and soft agar growth. After the first treatment, lead chromate-treated cells exhibited a normal chromosome complement, though a few clones showed a repair deficient phenotype. After the second exposure, more than half of the clones acquired an abnormal karyotype including numerical and structural alterations and many showed deficient DNA DSB repair. The third treatment resulted in more abnormal clones, previously abnormal clones acquiring additional abnormalities, and most clones were repair deficient. Further investigation revealed that some clones exhibited centrosome amplification, abnormal mitotic figures, and aberrant Mad1 kinetochore localization, indicating that they have underlying permanent phenotypic defects in mitotic regulation. Additionally, several were unable to form radiation-induced Rad51 foci, suggesting a defect in the homologous recombination repair pathway. Clones from the third generation were able to form colonies in soft agar suggesting neoplastic transformation. This work was supported by NIEHS grant ES016893 (J.P.W.) and the Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
2225409,Urbano et al. 2013,Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] decreases the expression of heat shock protein 90 alpha (Hsp90 alpha) and attenuates the transient growth arrest induced by an acute cold shock,,Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] decreases the expression of heat shock protein 90 alpha (Hsp90 alpha) and attenuates the transient growth arrest induced by an acute cold shock Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235077,Berndt 1979,Effects of toxic chemicals on renal transport processes,,Effects of toxic chemicals on renal transport processes Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290284,Tagliari et al. 2004,Oxidative stress damage in the liver of fish and rats receiving an intraperitoneal injection of hexavalent chromium as evaluated by chemiluminescence,"The livers fractions of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and Wistar rats taken from treated animals to single intraperitoneal doses of hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), were analyzed for tert butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL), lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and the quantification of cytochromes P450 and b5. The CL time course curve was significantly higher in O. niloticus treated with Cr(VI) at all times studied. The maximum CL was observed after 24h of exposure. The CL mean ratio treated/control was 4.6 and the initial velocity (V(0)) increased 7.4 times at 24h of intoxication. The TBARS levels however increased only 24h after intoxication. The CL time course curve was significantly higher in rats treated with Cr(VI) as early as 3h after intoxication. The maximum CL occurred 24h after exposure. The CL mean ratio treated/control was 2.1 and the V(0) increased 3.8 times at 24h of intoxication. On the contrary, was not observed any increase in TBARS in this study. Compared to the controls, in fish, SOD activity increased significantly only 24h after of exposure. In rats, there was a significant increase in SOD activity after 3 and 24h of intoxication. There was no catalase activity, nor cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 variation in both species studied. Through CL approach, it was possible to detect oxidative stress as early as 15min in fish and 3h in rats. Also a marked oxidative stress was revealed by the increased CL parameters that at 24h of intoxication was accompanied by arose SOD activity in liver of O. niloticus and Wistar rats and increased TBARS in O. niloticus. In addition, it was possible to show higher levels of oxidative stress in fish compared to the rat in spite of the dose to be four times smaller. Furthermore, CL provide a sensitive method for possible use to detect earlier biological impact in contaminated environments.","Oxidative stress damage in the liver of fish and rats receiving an intraperitoneal injection of hexavalent chromium as evaluated by chemiluminescence Abs: The livers fractions of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) and Wistar rats taken from treated animals to single intraperitoneal doses of hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), were analyzed for tert butyl hydroperoxide-initiated chemiluminescence (CL), lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, and the quantification of cytochromes P450 and b5. The CL time course curve was significantly higher in O. niloticus treated with Cr(VI) at all times studied. The maximum CL was observed after 24h of exposure. The CL mean ratio treated/control was 4.6 and the initial velocity (V(0)) increased 7.4 times at 24h of intoxication. The TBARS levels however increased only 24h after intoxication. The CL time course curve was significantly higher in rats treated with Cr(VI) as early as 3h after intoxication. The maximum CL occurred 24h after exposure. The CL mean ratio treated/control was 2.1 and the V(0) increased 3.8 times at 24h of intoxication. On the contrary, was not observed any increase in TBARS in this study. Compared to the controls, in fish, SOD activity increased significantly only 24h after of exposure. In rats, there was a significant increase in SOD activity after 3 and 24h of intoxication. There was no catalase activity, nor cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 variation in both species studied. Through CL approach, it was possible to detect oxidative stress as early as 15min in fish and 3h in rats. Also a marked oxidative stress was revealed by the increased CL parameters that at 24h of intoxication was accompanied by arose SOD activity in liver of O. niloticus and Wistar rats and increased TBARS in O. niloticus. In addition, it was possible to show higher levels of oxidative stress in fish compared to the rat in spite of the dose to be four times smaller. Furthermore, CL provide a sensitive method for possible use to detect earlier biological impact in contaminated environments.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238863,Garland et al. 1985,"Comparative mutagenic efficiency of CrVI and CrIII in reverting GC VS AT in the salmonella strains TA97, 100, 102, 103, 104 and 2638",,"Comparative mutagenic efficiency of CrVI and CrIII in reverting GC VS AT in the salmonella strains TA97, 100, 102, 103, 104 and 2638 Abs: ",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233904,Chorvatovicová et al. 1991,Effect of vitamins C and E on toxicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium in rat and guinea pig,"The effect of simultaneous pretreatment with vitamins C and E on the toxicity and mutagenicity of K2Cr2O7 in rats and guinea pigs was evaluated. Dietary pretreatment of Cr(VI)-intoxicated rats with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol normalized vitamin C levels in lungs but not in kidneys. The synergistic preventive effect of both vitamins was confirmed in the production of lipoperoxides in Cr(VI)-intoxicated rats. Simultaneous administration of vitamins C and E in guinea pigs prevented the decrease of vitamin C levels provoked by the oxidative effects of Cr(VI). The results of the micronucleus test in bone marrow showed that it was vitamin C that caused the antimutagenic effect against bichromate, in both rats and guinea pigs. The effect of vitamin E was demonstrated only in an increase of the ratio of NCE to PCE, i.e., in a decrease of the cytotoxic but not the mutagenic effects of hexavalent chromium.","Effect of vitamins C and E on toxicity and mutagenicity of hexavalent chromium in rat and guinea pig Abs: The effect of simultaneous pretreatment with vitamins C and E on the toxicity and mutagenicity of K2Cr2O7 in rats and guinea pigs was evaluated. Dietary pretreatment of Cr(VI)-intoxicated rats with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol normalized vitamin C levels in lungs but not in kidneys. The synergistic preventive effect of both vitamins was confirmed in the production of lipoperoxides in Cr(VI)-intoxicated rats. Simultaneous administration of vitamins C and E in guinea pigs prevented the decrease of vitamin C levels provoked by the oxidative effects of Cr(VI). The results of the micronucleus test in bone marrow showed that it was vitamin C that caused the antimutagenic effect against bichromate, in both rats and guinea pigs. The effect of vitamin E was demonstrated only in an increase of the ratio of NCE to PCE, i.e., in a decrease of the cytotoxic but not the mutagenic effects of hexavalent chromium.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232173,Vaglenov et al. 1999,Genotoxicity and radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to chromium,"A biomonitoring study was carried out to investigate the genetic risk associated to occupational exposure to chromium. The induction of genetic damage was measured by analysing the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition to the 40 electroplater exposed workers who participated in the study, a group constituted by 18 volunteer donors, without exposure to chromium, was analysed as a control group. Measures of chromium levels at working place and in erythrocytes and urine were obtained, as indicators of exposure. The results from this study indicate that the blood from exposed workers contained higher levels of chromium, when compared with those obtained in the control group, and that a significant increase in the frequency of both the total number of MN and the number of binucleated cells carrying MN (BNMN) was detected. Furthermore, a good direct relationship was obtained between the amount of chromium present in air, erythrocytes or urine and the frequency of MN. To determine the existence of radioresistance as consequence of chromium exposure, the response of lymphocytes to the in vitro gamma-radiation was studied. The results of this experiment show a lower induction in the increase of the frequency of MN after challenge irradiation in the lymphocytes of chromium exposed workers, which should be indicative of an adaptive response.","Genotoxicity and radioresistance in electroplating workers exposed to chromium Abs: A biomonitoring study was carried out to investigate the genetic risk associated to occupational exposure to chromium. The induction of genetic damage was measured by analysing the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition to the 40 electroplater exposed workers who participated in the study, a group constituted by 18 volunteer donors, without exposure to chromium, was analysed as a control group. Measures of chromium levels at working place and in erythrocytes and urine were obtained, as indicators of exposure. The results from this study indicate that the blood from exposed workers contained higher levels of chromium, when compared with those obtained in the control group, and that a significant increase in the frequency of both the total number of MN and the number of binucleated cells carrying MN (BNMN) was detected. Furthermore, a good direct relationship was obtained between the amount of chromium present in air, erythrocytes or urine and the frequency of MN. To determine the existence of radioresistance as consequence of chromium exposure, the response of lymphocytes to the in vitro gamma-radiation was studied. The results of this experiment show a lower induction in the increase of the frequency of MN after challenge irradiation in the lymphocytes of chromium exposed workers, which should be indicative of an adaptive response.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233597,Geoffroy-Siraudin et al. 2010,Validation of a rat seminiferous tubule culture model as a suitable system for studying toxicant impact on meiosis effect of hexavalent chromium,"There is evidence that exposure to environmental factors is at least partly responsible for changes in semen quality observed over the past decades. The detection of reproductive toxicants under Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) will impact animal use for regulatory safety testing. We first validated a model of culture of rat seminiferous tubules for toxicological studies on spermatogenesis. Then, using this model of culture, we assessed the deleterious effects of 1, 10, and 100 microg/l hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] on meiotic cells. The prophase I of meiosis was studied in vivo and ex vivo. Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to describe the kinetics of germ cell differentiation. SCP3 labeling allowed to establish the distribution of the stages of the meiotic prophase I and to perform a qualitative study of the pachytene stage in the absence or presence of Cr(VI). The development of the meiotic step of pubertal rats was similar in vivo and ex vivo. The number of total cells appeared not affected by the presence of Cr(VI) irrespective of its concentration. However, the numbers of late spermatocytes and of round spermatids were decreased by Cr(VI) even at the lower concentration. The percentage of synaptonemal complex abnormalities increased slightly with the time of culture and dramatically with Cr(VI) concentrations. This model of culture appears suitable for toxicological studies. This study shows that Cr(VI) is toxic for meiotic cells even at low concentrations, and its toxicity increases in a dose-dependent manner.","Validation of a rat seminiferous tubule culture model as a suitable system for studying toxicant impact on meiosis effect of hexavalent chromium Abs: There is evidence that exposure to environmental factors is at least partly responsible for changes in semen quality observed over the past decades. The detection of reproductive toxicants under Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) will impact animal use for regulatory safety testing. We first validated a model of culture of rat seminiferous tubules for toxicological studies on spermatogenesis. Then, using this model of culture, we assessed the deleterious effects of 1, 10, and 100 microg/l hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] on meiotic cells. The prophase I of meiosis was studied in vivo and ex vivo. Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to describe the kinetics of germ cell differentiation. SCP3 labeling allowed to establish the distribution of the stages of the meiotic prophase I and to perform a qualitative study of the pachytene stage in the absence or presence of Cr(VI). The development of the meiotic step of pubertal rats was similar in vivo and ex vivo. The number of total cells appeared not affected by the presence of Cr(VI) irrespective of its concentration. However, the numbers of late spermatocytes and of round spermatids were decreased by Cr(VI) even at the lower concentration. The percentage of synaptonemal complex abnormalities increased slightly with the time of culture and dramatically with Cr(VI) concentrations. This model of culture appears suitable for toxicological studies. This study shows that Cr(VI) is toxic for meiotic cells even at low concentrations, and its toxicity increases in a dose-dependent manner.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237055,Chorvatovicova 1987,Synergic effects on chromosome aberration frequency of chromium and nickel ions in vivo,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CHINESE HAMSTER BONE MARROW CELLS IN-VIVO MUTAGENICITY GENETIC RISK ADDITIVE COMPOUND EFFECT CARCINOGENICITY,Synergic effects on chromosome aberration frequency of chromium and nickel ions in vivo Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CHINESE HAMSTER BONE MARROW CELLS IN-VIVO MUTAGENICITY GENETIC RISK ADDITIVE COMPOUND EFFECT CARCINOGENICITY,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290404,Koshi 1979,Effects of fume particles from stainless steel welding on sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells,"The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations were examined in cultured Chinese hamster (lung) cells (Don) exposed to 2 (mutagenic) fume particles collected from different procedures of stainless steel welding. It was confirmed that the frequencies of SCE and chromosome aberrations in the cells treated with these fume particles increased with increasing fume doses within the range of the fume concentration tested. The fume particles collected from manual metal arc (MMA) welding were more powerful than those from metal inert gas (MIG) welding. To cause the same increase in SCE frequency the fume particles from MIG welding needed to be about 100me particles from MMA welding showed a higher solubility of Cr than those from MIG welding. The amount of dissolved Cr from the former was about 60m was used as a solvent. Small amounts of Mn, Ni, Fe and Mg were also detected in the supernatants of both fume suspensions. There were no significant differences in the amounts of these metals as was found with Cr when comparing MMA welding with MIG welding. The frequencies of SCE and chromosome aberrations were also increased by the addition of the supernatants of these suspensions. Dissolved hexavalent Cr may be involved in the cytogenetic effect of the fume particles from stainless steel welding.","Effects of fume particles from stainless steel welding on sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells Abs: The frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations were examined in cultured Chinese hamster (lung) cells (Don) exposed to 2 (mutagenic) fume particles collected from different procedures of stainless steel welding. It was confirmed that the frequencies of SCE and chromosome aberrations in the cells treated with these fume particles increased with increasing fume doses within the range of the fume concentration tested. The fume particles collected from manual metal arc (MMA) welding were more powerful than those from metal inert gas (MIG) welding. To cause the same increase in SCE frequency the fume particles from MIG welding needed to be about 100me particles from MMA welding showed a higher solubility of Cr than those from MIG welding. The amount of dissolved Cr from the former was about 60m was used as a solvent. Small amounts of Mn, Ni, Fe and Mg were also detected in the supernatants of both fume suspensions. There were no significant differences in the amounts of these metals as was found with Cr when comparing MMA welding with MIG welding. The frequencies of SCE and chromosome aberrations were also increased by the addition of the supernatants of these suspensions. Dissolved hexavalent Cr may be involved in the cytogenetic effect of the fume particles from stainless steel welding.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1258229,Wang et al. 2012,Oxidative DNA damage and global DNA hypomethylation are related to folate deficiency in chromate manufacturing workers,"Exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] can cause DNA damage, genetic instability and increase the risk of cancer development. Folate deficiency affects DNA methylation and reduces the stability of the genetic material. However, the correlation between folate deficiency and DNA damage has never been clearly elucidated in chromate workers. In this study, we recruited one hundred and fifteen workers from chromate producing facilities as testing subjects and sixty local residents without chromium exposure history served as controls. The results showed an evident accumulation of Cr in peripheral red blood cells accompanied by a significantly decreased serum folate in chromate exposed workers. The decreased serum folate was associated with an increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, DNA strand breaks and global DNA hypomethylation. These findings suggest that chronic occupational chromate exposure could induce folate depletion, which may further promote DNA damages and global DNA hypomethylation. Adequate folate supplement may provide benefit to chromate sufferers in stabilization of genetic material and reduce the risk of cancer development.","Oxidative DNA damage and global DNA hypomethylation are related to folate deficiency in chromate manufacturing workers Abs: Exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] can cause DNA damage, genetic instability and increase the risk of cancer development. Folate deficiency affects DNA methylation and reduces the stability of the genetic material. However, the correlation between folate deficiency and DNA damage has never been clearly elucidated in chromate workers. In this study, we recruited one hundred and fifteen workers from chromate producing facilities as testing subjects and sixty local residents without chromium exposure history served as controls. The results showed an evident accumulation of Cr in peripheral red blood cells accompanied by a significantly decreased serum folate in chromate exposed workers. The decreased serum folate was associated with an increased urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, DNA strand breaks and global DNA hypomethylation. These findings suggest that chronic occupational chromate exposure could induce folate depletion, which may further promote DNA damages and global DNA hypomethylation. Adequate folate supplement may provide benefit to chromate sufferers in stabilization of genetic material and reduce the risk of cancer development.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235845,Jones et al. 1991,Evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals from a chromium(V) intermediate isolated from the reaction of chromate with glutathione,"The formation of hydroxyl radicals from a chromium(V) complex isolated from the reaction of glutathione with chromate has been demonstrated in spin trapping experiments using dimethylsulfoxide and 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulfonate. Mechanisms for the formation of radicals in such systems are discussed. These results help to explain the ability of solutions containing chromate and glutathione to cause strand breaks in DNA.","Evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals from a chromium(V) intermediate isolated from the reaction of chromate with glutathione Abs: The formation of hydroxyl radicals from a chromium(V) complex isolated from the reaction of glutathione with chromate has been demonstrated in spin trapping experiments using dimethylsulfoxide and 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulfonate. Mechanisms for the formation of radicals in such systems are discussed. These results help to explain the ability of solutions containing chromate and glutathione to cause strand breaks in DNA.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
730626,D'Agostini et al. 2002,Induction of apoptosis in the lung but not in the liver of rats receiving intra-tracheal instillations of chromium(VI),"Several studies have shown that hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] induces apoptosis in a variety of in vitro test systems. We instilled intra-tracheally either saline or sodium dichromate (0.25 mg/kg body weight), for three consecutive days, to Sprague-Dawley rats. TUNEL analyses showed a marked increase of the apoptotic index in both bronchial epithelium and lung parenchyma of Cr(VI)-treated rats, but no effect was detected in their liver. In parallel, the expression of 13 out of 18 apoptosis-related genes, evaluated by cDNA array analysis, was significantly enhanced in rat lung. The overexpressed genes included c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 and 3, bcl-x, bcl-2-associated death promoter and bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein, caspases 1, 3 and 6, DNase I precursor, DNA topoisomerases I and II alpha, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The enhancement of p53 expression in the lung was borderline to statistical significance. Expressions of bcl-2, bax-alpha, mdm2 and DNA topoisomerase IIB were not enhanced to a significant extent in lung. No induction of gene expression was observed in rat liver. RT-PCR analyses confirmed that Cr(VI) enhances the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, caspase 6, and DNase I precursor but not that of bcl-2 in lung, while none of these genes was overexpressed in the liver of Cr(VI)-treated rats. The lack of stimulation of apoptosis in the liver parallels the failure of Cr(VI) to produce genotoxic damage, as we previously observed under identical experimental conditions. These negative findings may be ascribed to reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) when traveling from the respiratory tract to the liver. On the other hand, induction of apoptosis in the respiratory tract parallels the occurrence of genotoxic effects and oxidative DNA damage produced by Cr(VI) in the same tissue. As previously shown in another laboratory, Cr(VI) did not induce lung tumors after 30 months of administration of the same daily dose. Therefore, apoptosis is likely to provide a protective mechanism at a post-genotoxic stage of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.","Induction of apoptosis in the lung but not in the liver of rats receiving intra-tracheal instillations of chromium(VI) Abs: Several studies have shown that hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] induces apoptosis in a variety of in vitro test systems. We instilled intra-tracheally either saline or sodium dichromate (0.25 mg/kg body weight), for three consecutive days, to Sprague-Dawley rats. TUNEL analyses showed a marked increase of the apoptotic index in both bronchial epithelium and lung parenchyma of Cr(VI)-treated rats, but no effect was detected in their liver. In parallel, the expression of 13 out of 18 apoptosis-related genes, evaluated by cDNA array analysis, was significantly enhanced in rat lung. The overexpressed genes included c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 and 3, bcl-x, bcl-2-associated death promoter and bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein, caspases 1, 3 and 6, DNase I precursor, DNA topoisomerases I and II alpha, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The enhancement of p53 expression in the lung was borderline to statistical significance. Expressions of bcl-2, bax-alpha, mdm2 and DNA topoisomerase IIB were not enhanced to a significant extent in lung. No induction of gene expression was observed in rat liver. RT-PCR analyses confirmed that Cr(VI) enhances the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, caspase 6, and DNase I precursor but not that of bcl-2 in lung, while none of these genes was overexpressed in the liver of Cr(VI)-treated rats. The lack of stimulation of apoptosis in the liver parallels the failure of Cr(VI) to produce genotoxic damage, as we previously observed under identical experimental conditions. These negative findings may be ascribed to reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) when traveling from the respiratory tract to the liver. On the other hand, induction of apoptosis in the respiratory tract parallels the occurrence of genotoxic effects and oxidative DNA damage produced by Cr(VI) in the same tissue. As previously shown in another laboratory, Cr(VI) did not induce lung tumors after 30 months of administration of the same daily dose. Therefore, apoptosis is likely to provide a protective mechanism at a post-genotoxic stage of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1019148,Tully et al. 2000,"Effects of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead on gene expression regulated by a battery of 13 different promoters in recombinant HepG2 cells","Toxic metals occur naturally at low concentrations throughout the environment, but are found in higher concentrations at many of the hazardous waste sites on the EPA Superfund list. As part of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) mandate to evaluate the toxicity of metals and mixtures, we chose four of the high-priority metal pollutants from ATSDR's HAZDAT list, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, to test in a commercially developed assay system, CAT-Tox(L) (Xenometrix). This assay employs a battery of recombinant HepG2 cell lines to test the transcriptional activation capacity of xenobiotics in any of 13 different signal transduction pathways. Our specific aims were to identify metal-responsive promoters and determine whether the pattern of gene expression changed with a mixture of metals. Humic acid was used in all assays as a carrier to help solubilize the metals and, in all cases, the cells were exposed to the humic acid-metal mixture for 48 h. Humic acid alone, at 50-100 microM, showed moderate activation of the XRE promoter, but little other notable activity. As(V), at doses of 50-250 microM, produced a complex profile of activity showing significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA, GST Ya, HSP70, FOS, XRE, NFkappaBRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE promoters. Pb(II) showed dose-related induction of the GST Ya, XRE, hMTIIA, GRP78, and CYP IA1 promoters at doses in the range of 12-100 microM. Cd(II), at 1.25-15 microM, yielded significant dose-dependent induction of hMTIIA, XRE, CYP IA1, GST Ya, HSP70, NFkappaBRE, and FOS. Whereas Cr(III) yielded small, though significant inductions of the CRE, FOS, GADD153, and XRE promoters only at the highest dose (750 microM), Cr(VI) produced significant dose-related inductions of the p53RE, FOS, NFkappaBRE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters at much lower doses, in the range of 5-10 microM. Assays testing serial dilutions of a mixture comprising 7.5 microM Cd(II), 750 microM Cr(III), and 100 microM Pb(II) (the combination of metals most frequently found at National Priority List sites) showed significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA promoter, but failed to show dose-related induction of any other promoter and showed no evidence of synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in this mixture. Our results thus show metal activation of gene expression through several previously unreported signal transduction pathways, including As(V) induction of GST Ya, FOS, XRE, NFkBRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE; Pb(II) induction of GST Ya, XRE, Cyp IA1, and GADD153; Cd(II) induction of NFkBRE, Cyp IA1, XRE, and GST Ya; and Cr(VI) induction of p53RE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters, and thus suggest new insights into the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity of metals. It is also an important finding that no evidence of synergistic activity was detected with the mixture of Cd(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) tested in these assays.","Effects of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead on gene expression regulated by a battery of 13 different promoters in recombinant HepG2 cells Abs: Toxic metals occur naturally at low concentrations throughout the environment, but are found in higher concentrations at many of the hazardous waste sites on the EPA Superfund list. As part of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) mandate to evaluate the toxicity of metals and mixtures, we chose four of the high-priority metal pollutants from ATSDR's HAZDAT list, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, to test in a commercially developed assay system, CAT-Tox(L) (Xenometrix). This assay employs a battery of recombinant HepG2 cell lines to test the transcriptional activation capacity of xenobiotics in any of 13 different signal transduction pathways. Our specific aims were to identify metal-responsive promoters and determine whether the pattern of gene expression changed with a mixture of metals. Humic acid was used in all assays as a carrier to help solubilize the metals and, in all cases, the cells were exposed to the humic acid-metal mixture for 48 h. Humic acid alone, at 50-100 microM, showed moderate activation of the XRE promoter, but little other notable activity. As(V), at doses of 50-250 microM, produced a complex profile of activity showing significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA, GST Ya, HSP70, FOS, XRE, NFkappaBRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE promoters. Pb(II) showed dose-related induction of the GST Ya, XRE, hMTIIA, GRP78, and CYP IA1 promoters at doses in the range of 12-100 microM. Cd(II), at 1.25-15 microM, yielded significant dose-dependent induction of hMTIIA, XRE, CYP IA1, GST Ya, HSP70, NFkappaBRE, and FOS. Whereas Cr(III) yielded small, though significant inductions of the CRE, FOS, GADD153, and XRE promoters only at the highest dose (750 microM), Cr(VI) produced significant dose-related inductions of the p53RE, FOS, NFkappaBRE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters at much lower doses, in the range of 5-10 microM. Assays testing serial dilutions of a mixture comprising 7.5 microM Cd(II), 750 microM Cr(III), and 100 microM Pb(II) (the combination of metals most frequently found at National Priority List sites) showed significant dose-dependent induction of the hMTIIA promoter, but failed to show dose-related induction of any other promoter and showed no evidence of synergistic activation of gene expression by the metals in this mixture. Our results thus show metal activation of gene expression through several previously unreported signal transduction pathways, including As(V) induction of GST Ya, FOS, XRE, NFkBRE, GADD153, p53RE, and CRE; Pb(II) induction of GST Ya, XRE, Cyp IA1, and GADD153; Cd(II) induction of NFkBRE, Cyp IA1, XRE, and GST Ya; and Cr(VI) induction of p53RE, XRE, GADD45, HSP70, and CRE promoters, and thus suggest new insights into the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity and carcinogenicity of metals. It is also an important finding that no evidence of synergistic activity was detected with the mixture of Cd(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) tested in these assays.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234154,Chen et al. 2009,Distinct contributions of JNK and p38 to chromium cytotoxicity and inhibition of murine embryonic stem cell differentiation,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Potassium dichromate [Cr(VI)] is a widespread environmental toxicant responsible for increased risk of several human diseases. Cr(VI) exposure leads to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2, p38, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>We evaluated the contribution of MAPKs to Cr(VI) toxicity.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Phosphorylation of MAPKs and their downstream effectors was evaluated by Western immunoblotting; reactive oxygen species were measured by DCFDA (5',6'-chloromethyl-2'-7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) labeling and flow cytometry, and glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels were determined by monochrome graphic spectroflurometer. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay and colony formation. Embryoid body (EB) differentiation was evaluated by contracting cardiomyocyte formation, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for cardiomyocyte-specific and stem-cell-specific gene expression.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Acute treatment of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with 50 microM Cr(VI) induced the rapid phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK and their respective downstream transcription factors, c-JUN, activating transcription factor-2, and ELK1. MAPK activation and cytotoxicity induction were partially blocked by pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Ablation of the upstream MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K7) in ES cells prevented JNK activation, whereas ablation of MAP2K4 prevented both JNK and p38 activation. Using specific MAPK inhibitors and MAP2K4- and MAP2K7-deficient ES cells, we showed that JNK reduced acute Cr(VI) cytotoxicity, p38 potentiated it, and ERK had no effect. At low submicromolar concentrations, Cr(VI) caused MAP2K4/7-dependent JNK activation and MAP2K4-dependent p38 activation and strongly inhibited contracting cardiomyocyte development in wild-type ES cells, but much less so in Map2k7((-/-)) cells.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Each MAPK distinctly contributes to chromium toxicity. Whereas JNK prevents and p38 promotes acute cytotoxicity, JNK contributes to optimal inhibition of ES cell differentiation by chromium.","Distinct contributions of JNK and p38 to chromium cytotoxicity and inhibition of murine embryonic stem cell differentiation Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Potassium dichromate [Cr(VI)] is a widespread environmental toxicant responsible for increased risk of several human diseases. Cr(VI) exposure leads to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2, p38, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>We evaluated the contribution of MAPKs to Cr(VI) toxicity.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Phosphorylation of MAPKs and their downstream effectors was evaluated by Western immunoblotting; reactive oxygen species were measured by DCFDA (5',6'-chloromethyl-2'-7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) labeling and flow cytometry, and glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels were determined by monochrome graphic spectroflurometer. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay and colony formation. Embryoid body (EB) differentiation was evaluated by contracting cardiomyocyte formation, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for cardiomyocyte-specific and stem-cell-specific gene expression.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Acute treatment of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with 50 microM Cr(VI) induced the rapid phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK and their respective downstream transcription factors, c-JUN, activating transcription factor-2, and ELK1. MAPK activation and cytotoxicity induction were partially blocked by pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Ablation of the upstream MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K7) in ES cells prevented JNK activation, whereas ablation of MAP2K4 prevented both JNK and p38 activation. Using specific MAPK inhibitors and MAP2K4- and MAP2K7-deficient ES cells, we showed that JNK reduced acute Cr(VI) cytotoxicity, p38 potentiated it, and ERK had no effect. At low submicromolar concentrations, Cr(VI) caused MAP2K4/7-dependent JNK activation and MAP2K4-dependent p38 activation and strongly inhibited contracting cardiomyocyte development in wild-type ES cells, but much less so in Map2k7((-/-)) cells.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Each MAPK distinctly contributes to chromium toxicity. Whereas JNK prevents and p38 promotes acute cytotoxicity, JNK contributes to optimal inhibition of ES cell differentiation by chromium.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231545,Qureshi and  Mahmood 2010,Prospective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in attenuating hexavalent chromium-induced functional and cellular damage in rat thyroid,"Occupational exposure to toxic heavy metals may render industrial workers with thyroid-related problems. Here, we examined the role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) against hexavalent chromium Cr (VI)-induced damage in rat thyroid gland. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and ascorbic acid doses were 60 microg and 120 mg kg(-1) body wt (intraperitoneally [i.p.]) respectively. Treatment regimens were group I rats, saline treated control; group II, only K2Cr2O7; group III, ascorbic acid 1 hour prior K2Cr2O7; group IV, simultaneous doses of ascorbic acid and K2Cr2O7, and group V, a combined premix dose of ascorbic acid and K2 Cr2O7 (2:1 ratio). Blood samples were taken before dosing the animals and 48 hours post exposure to determine the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. Toward end of experiment, rats were sacrificed and thyroid glands were processed to evaluate the extent of cellular insult. Results showed significantly increased TSH and decreased FT3 and FT4 concentrations in groups II, III and IV rats as compared to control levels (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, in group V rats, serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 concentrations neared control concentrations. Histopathologically, protective effect of ascorbic acid was found in group V rats only, where thyroid gland structure neared control thyroid except the follicular size that was decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Follicular density was no different from control. Basal laminae were intact, interfollicular spaces were normal. Colloid retraction and/or reabsorption were reduced maximally. Epithelial cell height was no different from control; epithelial follicular index increased only 1.3 fold, whereas nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio was decreased by 14% only. The study indicates that the ascorbic acid may have the potential to protect thyroid gland from chromium toxicity; however, the study warrants further in-depth experimentation to precisely elucidate this role.","Prospective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in attenuating hexavalent chromium-induced functional and cellular damage in rat thyroid Abs: Occupational exposure to toxic heavy metals may render industrial workers with thyroid-related problems. Here, we examined the role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) against hexavalent chromium Cr (VI)-induced damage in rat thyroid gland. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and ascorbic acid doses were 60 microg and 120 mg kg(-1) body wt (intraperitoneally [i.p.]) respectively. Treatment regimens were group I rats, saline treated control; group II, only K2Cr2O7; group III, ascorbic acid 1 hour prior K2Cr2O7; group IV, simultaneous doses of ascorbic acid and K2Cr2O7, and group V, a combined premix dose of ascorbic acid and K2 Cr2O7 (2:1 ratio). Blood samples were taken before dosing the animals and 48 hours post exposure to determine the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. Toward end of experiment, rats were sacrificed and thyroid glands were processed to evaluate the extent of cellular insult. Results showed significantly increased TSH and decreased FT3 and FT4 concentrations in groups II, III and IV rats as compared to control levels (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, in group V rats, serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 concentrations neared control concentrations. Histopathologically, protective effect of ascorbic acid was found in group V rats only, where thyroid gland structure neared control thyroid except the follicular size that was decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Follicular density was no different from control. Basal laminae were intact, interfollicular spaces were normal. Colloid retraction and/or reabsorption were reduced maximally. Epithelial cell height was no different from control; epithelial follicular index increased only 1.3 fold, whereas nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio was decreased by 14% only. The study indicates that the ascorbic acid may have the potential to protect thyroid gland from chromium toxicity; however, the study warrants further in-depth experimentation to precisely elucidate this role.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
730621,Cheng et al. 2000,Chromium(VI)-induced mutagenesis in the lungs of big blue transgenic mice,"The mutagenic activity of the hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compound potassium dichromate was examined in the Big Blue transgenic mouse lung, the target organ for Cr(VI) carcinogenesis in humans. Mice were exposed to Cr(VI) by intratracheal instillation of a potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution. Analysis of the deposition of Cr in mouse lungs revealed that the procedure reproducibly resulted in about 5% retention of the Cr in the lung. Lower but measurable levels were detected in kidney and liver. We found a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in the mutant frequency in the mouse lung. A significant elevation of the mutant frequency above the spontaneous background was observed two weeks after Cr(VI) intratracheal instillation and at doses above 3 mg/kg. Depletion of tissue glutathione (GSH) levels by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) before Cr(VI) treatment led to a decrease in the Cr(VI)-induced mutant frequency, compared to that in the animals with normal GSH levels, suggesting a role for GSH in the generation of reactive intermediates during the intracellular reduction of Cr(VI). Sequence analysis for the Cr(VI)-induced mutants revealed a similarity to the spontaneous mutational spectrum observed in mouse lungs, consistent with the generation of oxidative-type DNA damage by Cr(VI). These results demonstrate that Cr(VI) is mutagenic in mouse lung, the target organ for human carcinogenesis.","Chromium(VI)-induced mutagenesis in the lungs of big blue transgenic mice Abs: The mutagenic activity of the hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compound potassium dichromate was examined in the Big Blue transgenic mouse lung, the target organ for Cr(VI) carcinogenesis in humans. Mice were exposed to Cr(VI) by intratracheal instillation of a potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution. Analysis of the deposition of Cr in mouse lungs revealed that the procedure reproducibly resulted in about 5% retention of the Cr in the lung. Lower but measurable levels were detected in kidney and liver. We found a dose-dependent and time-dependent increase in the mutant frequency in the mouse lung. A significant elevation of the mutant frequency above the spontaneous background was observed two weeks after Cr(VI) intratracheal instillation and at doses above 3 mg/kg. Depletion of tissue glutathione (GSH) levels by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) before Cr(VI) treatment led to a decrease in the Cr(VI)-induced mutant frequency, compared to that in the animals with normal GSH levels, suggesting a role for GSH in the generation of reactive intermediates during the intracellular reduction of Cr(VI). Sequence analysis for the Cr(VI)-induced mutants revealed a similarity to the spontaneous mutational spectrum observed in mouse lungs, consistent with the generation of oxidative-type DNA damage by Cr(VI). These results demonstrate that Cr(VI) is mutagenic in mouse lung, the target organ for human carcinogenesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231559,Wise et al. 2010,The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in Steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts,"In this study we directly compared soluble and particulate chromate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human (Homo sapiens) and sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) lung fibroblasts. Our results show that hexavalent chromium induces increased cell death and chromosome damage in both human and sea lion cells with increasing intracellular chromium ion levels. The data further indicate that both sodium chromate and lead chromate are less cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea lion cells than human cells, based on an administered dose. Differences in chromium ion uptake explained some but not all of the reduced amounts of sodium chromate-induced cell death. By contrast, uptake differences could explain the differences in sodium chromate-induced chromosome damage and particulate chromate-induced toxicity. Altogether they indicate that while hexavalent chromium induces similar toxic effects in sea lion and human cells, there are different mechanisms underlying the toxic outcomes.","The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in Steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts Abs: In this study we directly compared soluble and particulate chromate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human (Homo sapiens) and sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) lung fibroblasts. Our results show that hexavalent chromium induces increased cell death and chromosome damage in both human and sea lion cells with increasing intracellular chromium ion levels. The data further indicate that both sodium chromate and lead chromate are less cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea lion cells than human cells, based on an administered dose. Differences in chromium ion uptake explained some but not all of the reduced amounts of sodium chromate-induced cell death. By contrast, uptake differences could explain the differences in sodium chromate-induced chromosome damage and particulate chromate-induced toxicity. Altogether they indicate that while hexavalent chromium induces similar toxic effects in sea lion and human cells, there are different mechanisms underlying the toxic outcomes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237039,Olivier and  Marzin 1987,Study of the genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives with the SOS chromotest,"The genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives was studied using the bacterial colorimetric assay: the SOS Chromotest. Some of these compounds are known as carcinogens (As, CR(VI), Cd, Ni) or suspected carcinogens for human beings (Hg, Pb), others are known as non-carcinogens. Among these 48 derivatives, only the two Cr(VI) compounds and the Sn(II) compounds gave positive results.","Study of the genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives with the SOS chromotest Abs: The genotoxic potential of 48 inorganic derivatives was studied using the bacterial colorimetric assay: the SOS Chromotest. Some of these compounds are known as carcinogens (As, CR(VI), Cd, Ni) or suspected carcinogens for human beings (Hg, Pb), others are known as non-carcinogens. Among these 48 derivatives, only the two Cr(VI) compounds and the Sn(II) compounds gave positive results.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231972,Hayashi et al. 2004,Signal transduction of p53-independent apoptotic pathway induced by hexavalent chromium in U937 cells,"It has been reported that the hexavalent chromium compound (Cr(VI)) can induce both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. While a considerable amount of information is available on the p53-dependent pathway, only little is known about the p53-independent pathway. To elucidate the p53-independent mechanism, the roles of the Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways in apoptosis induced by Cr(VI) were investigated. When human lymphoma U937 cells, p53 mutated cells, were treated with 20 microM Cr(VI) for 24 h, nuclear morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were observed. Production of hydroxyl radicals revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin trapping, and increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration monitored by digital imaging were also observed in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA-AM, and calpain inhibitors suppressed the Cr(VI)-induced DNA fragmentation. The number of cells showing low mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), high level of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)), and high activity of caspase-3, which are indicators of mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathway, increased significantly in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), decreased DNA fragmentation and inhibited the changes in MMP, O(2)(-) formation, and activation of caspase-3 induced by Cr(VI). No increase of the expressions of Fas and phosphorylated JNK was observed after Cr(VI) treatment. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the fraction of G2/M phase tended to increase after 24 h of treatment, suggesting that Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis is related to the G2 block. These results indicate that Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways play significant roles in the Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis via the G2 block, which are independent of JNK and Fas activation. The inhibition of apoptosis and all its signal transductions by NAC suggests that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for both pathways in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of U937 cell.","Signal transduction of p53-independent apoptotic pathway induced by hexavalent chromium in U937 cells Abs: It has been reported that the hexavalent chromium compound (Cr(VI)) can induce both p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. While a considerable amount of information is available on the p53-dependent pathway, only little is known about the p53-independent pathway. To elucidate the p53-independent mechanism, the roles of the Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways in apoptosis induced by Cr(VI) were investigated. When human lymphoma U937 cells, p53 mutated cells, were treated with 20 microM Cr(VI) for 24 h, nuclear morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were observed. Production of hydroxyl radicals revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin trapping, and increase of intracellular calcium ion concentration monitored by digital imaging were also observed in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, BAPTA-AM, and calpain inhibitors suppressed the Cr(VI)-induced DNA fragmentation. The number of cells showing low mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), high level of superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)), and high activity of caspase-3, which are indicators of mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathway, increased significantly in Cr(VI)-treated cells. An antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), decreased DNA fragmentation and inhibited the changes in MMP, O(2)(-) formation, and activation of caspase-3 induced by Cr(VI). No increase of the expressions of Fas and phosphorylated JNK was observed after Cr(VI) treatment. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the fraction of G2/M phase tended to increase after 24 h of treatment, suggesting that Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis is related to the G2 block. These results indicate that Ca(2+)-calpain- and mitochondria-caspase-dependent pathways play significant roles in the Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis via the G2 block, which are independent of JNK and Fas activation. The inhibition of apoptosis and all its signal transductions by NAC suggests that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for both pathways in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of U937 cell.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234135,Chiusolo et al. 2010,Kidney injury molecule-1 expression in rat proximal tubule after treatment with segment-specific nephrotoxicants: a tool for early screening of potential kidney toxicity,"Dose-response expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) gene in kidney cortex and its correlation with morphology and traditional biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, BUN) or segment-specific marker of proximal tubule injury (kidney glutamine synthetase, GSK) were studied in male rats treated with proximal tubule segment-specific nephrotoxicants. These included hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD, S(3) segment-specific), potassium dichromate (chromate, S(1)-S(2) segment-specific), and cephaloridine (Cph, S(2) segment-specific). Rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of HCBD 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, subcutaneous (sc) injection of chromate 8, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg; or ip injection of Cph 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg. KIM-1 gene showed a dose-dependent up-regulation induced by all segment-specific nephrotoxicants. Interestingly, magnitude of the up-regulation reflected the severity of microscopic tubular changes (degeneration, necrosis, and regeneration). Even low-severity microscopic observations were evidenced by significant gene expression changes. Furthermore, KIM-1 showed significant up-regulation even in the absence of morphological changes. In contrast, traditional and specific markers demonstrated low sensitivity or specificity. In conclusion, this study suggested KIM-1 as a sensitive molecular marker of different levels of tubular injury, and it is likely to represent a potential tool for early screening of nephrotoxicants.","Kidney injury molecule-1 expression in rat proximal tubule after treatment with segment-specific nephrotoxicants: a tool for early screening of potential kidney toxicity Abs: Dose-response expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) gene in kidney cortex and its correlation with morphology and traditional biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, BUN) or segment-specific marker of proximal tubule injury (kidney glutamine synthetase, GSK) were studied in male rats treated with proximal tubule segment-specific nephrotoxicants. These included hexachloro-1:3-butadiene (HCBD, S(3) segment-specific), potassium dichromate (chromate, S(1)-S(2) segment-specific), and cephaloridine (Cph, S(2) segment-specific). Rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of HCBD 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, subcutaneous (sc) injection of chromate 8, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg; or ip injection of Cph 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg. KIM-1 gene showed a dose-dependent up-regulation induced by all segment-specific nephrotoxicants. Interestingly, magnitude of the up-regulation reflected the severity of microscopic tubular changes (degeneration, necrosis, and regeneration). Even low-severity microscopic observations were evidenced by significant gene expression changes. Furthermore, KIM-1 showed significant up-regulation even in the absence of morphological changes. In contrast, traditional and specific markers demonstrated low sensitivity or specificity. In conclusion, this study suggested KIM-1 as a sensitive molecular marker of different levels of tubular injury, and it is likely to represent a potential tool for early screening of nephrotoxicants.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
606353,Ge et al. 2008,Chromium (VI) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through elevated reactive oxygen species generation,"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to be involved in the development of insulin resistance, although the exact molecular link between ROS and insulin resistance remains to be determined. Chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as an inducer of ROS. Therefore, this study examined whether Cr(VI) could induce insulin resistance. It demonstrated that Cr(VI) treatment significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and attenuated insulin signalling. Moreover, Cr(VI) treatment markedly increased the intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. N-acetylcysteine, superoxide dismutase and catalase can block the ROS generation and alleviate the insulin resistance induced by Cr(VI) treatment. In addition, Cr(VI) treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and JNK activation and these effects were diminished by N-acetylcysteine. These results suggested that ROS generation through Cr(VI) treatment cause ER stress, JNK activation and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Therefore, the oxidative stress could be a potential interventional target for insulin-resistance related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Free Radical Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)","Chromium (VI) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through elevated reactive oxygen species generation Abs: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to be involved in the development of insulin resistance, although the exact molecular link between ROS and insulin resistance remains to be determined. Chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as an inducer of ROS. Therefore, this study examined whether Cr(VI) could induce insulin resistance. It demonstrated that Cr(VI) treatment significantly inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and attenuated insulin signalling. Moreover, Cr(VI) treatment markedly increased the intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. N-acetylcysteine, superoxide dismutase and catalase can block the ROS generation and alleviate the insulin resistance induced by Cr(VI) treatment. In addition, Cr(VI) treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and JNK activation and these effects were diminished by N-acetylcysteine. These results suggested that ROS generation through Cr(VI) treatment cause ER stress, JNK activation and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Therefore, the oxidative stress could be a potential interventional target for insulin-resistance related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Free Radical Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232025,O'Hara et al. 2003,Selective activation of Src family kinases and JNK by low levels of chromium(VI),"Inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes pulmonary disease and lung cancer through poorly defined mechanisms. These mechanisms were studied in A549 lung epithelial cells to investigate the hypothesis that nontoxic Cr(VI) exposures selectively activate cell signaling that shifts the balance of gene transcription. These studies demonstrated that nontoxic doses of Cr(VI) (10 microM) increased reactive oxygen species and selectively activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), relative to ERK or p38 MAP kinase. In contrast, only toxic, nonselective levels of exogenous oxidants stimulated JNK. However, JNK activation in response to Cr(VI) and exogenous H(2)O(2) (1 mM) shared requirements for intracellular thiol oxidation, activation of Src family kinases, and p130(cas) (Cas). Cr(VI) did not mimic H(2)O(2)-mediated stimulation of JNK in fibroblasts containing only Src and did not activate Src or Yes in A549 cells. Instead, Fyn and Lck were activated in A549 cells, indicating activation of specific Src family kinases in response to Cr(VI). Finally, Cr(VI) was demonstrated to directly activate purified Fyn in vitro and the majority of this activation did not require oxidant generation. These data suggest that nontoxic levels of Cr(VI), which can shift patterns of gene transcription, are selective in their activation of cell signaling and that Cr(VI) can directly activate Src family kinases independently of reactive oxygen species generation.","Selective activation of Src family kinases and JNK by low levels of chromium(VI) Abs: Inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes pulmonary disease and lung cancer through poorly defined mechanisms. These mechanisms were studied in A549 lung epithelial cells to investigate the hypothesis that nontoxic Cr(VI) exposures selectively activate cell signaling that shifts the balance of gene transcription. These studies demonstrated that nontoxic doses of Cr(VI) (10 microM) increased reactive oxygen species and selectively activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), relative to ERK or p38 MAP kinase. In contrast, only toxic, nonselective levels of exogenous oxidants stimulated JNK. However, JNK activation in response to Cr(VI) and exogenous H(2)O(2) (1 mM) shared requirements for intracellular thiol oxidation, activation of Src family kinases, and p130(cas) (Cas). Cr(VI) did not mimic H(2)O(2)-mediated stimulation of JNK in fibroblasts containing only Src and did not activate Src or Yes in A549 cells. Instead, Fyn and Lck were activated in A549 cells, indicating activation of specific Src family kinases in response to Cr(VI). Finally, Cr(VI) was demonstrated to directly activate purified Fyn in vitro and the majority of this activation did not require oxidant generation. These data suggest that nontoxic levels of Cr(VI), which can shift patterns of gene transcription, are selective in their activation of cell signaling and that Cr(VI) can directly activate Src family kinases independently of reactive oxygen species generation.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
194249,Kuykendall et al. 1996,Measurement of DNA-protein cross-links in human leukocytes following acute ingestion of chromium in drinking water,"Increased DNA-protein cross-linking (DPX) in circulating leukocytes has been proposed as a potential biomarker for exposure and genotoxic damage caused by inhalation of certain reactive chemicals, such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. This study was designed to determine whether ingestion of a single dose of potassium dichromate alone [Cr(VI)] or potassium dichromate fully reduced to Cr(III) with orange juice (prior to ingestion) causes an increase in DPX of circulating leukocytes in humans. Four adult male volunteers ingested a bolus dose of 5000 micro chromium in a 0.51 volume of water (10 p.p.m.), and blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min afterwards for analysis of DPX formation in circulating leukocytes. Results were compared to each person's own background concentration of DPX in leukocytes. Blood and urine samples were also collected for up to 2 weeks following the dose to examine the pattern of uptake and excretion of chromium. The results showed that there was no significant change in DPX observed following either Cr(VI) or Cr(III) ingestion, even though blood and urine chromium measurements indicated systemic uptake of a substantial fraction of the ingested chromium. Since Cr(III) does not possess DPX-inducing properties while Cr(VI) does, these results suggest that the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) intragastrically prior to absorption or that the amount of Cr(VI) absorbed into the blood was insufficient to produce DPX. These results are consistent with prior research that indicated that DPX would not occur following exposure to Cr(VI) except at very high doses.","Measurement of DNA-protein cross-links in human leukocytes following acute ingestion of chromium in drinking water Abs: Increased DNA-protein cross-linking (DPX) in circulating leukocytes has been proposed as a potential biomarker for exposure and genotoxic damage caused by inhalation of certain reactive chemicals, such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. This study was designed to determine whether ingestion of a single dose of potassium dichromate alone [Cr(VI)] or potassium dichromate fully reduced to Cr(III) with orange juice (prior to ingestion) causes an increase in DPX of circulating leukocytes in humans. Four adult male volunteers ingested a bolus dose of 5000 micro chromium in a 0.51 volume of water (10 p.p.m.), and blood samples were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min afterwards for analysis of DPX formation in circulating leukocytes. Results were compared to each person's own background concentration of DPX in leukocytes. Blood and urine samples were also collected for up to 2 weeks following the dose to examine the pattern of uptake and excretion of chromium. The results showed that there was no significant change in DPX observed following either Cr(VI) or Cr(III) ingestion, even though blood and urine chromium measurements indicated systemic uptake of a substantial fraction of the ingested chromium. Since Cr(III) does not possess DPX-inducing properties while Cr(VI) does, these results suggest that the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) intragastrically prior to absorption or that the amount of Cr(VI) absorbed into the blood was insufficient to produce DPX. These results are consistent with prior research that indicated that DPX would not occur following exposure to Cr(VI) except at very high doses.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233572,Liu et al. 2010,Bioenergetics and DNA alteration of normal human fibroblasts by hexavalent chromium,"The effects of hexavalent chromium on mitochondria of normal human fibroblasts were investigated through the measurement of oxygen consumption, and its genotoxic effect through the analysis of chromium DNA adducts and oxidative DNA lesions. ROS production was also quantified. Chromium diminished oxygen consumption by cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50)=66±8?M). This effect can be attributed to an alteration in mitochondrial functions, leading to defective glucose catabolism. The Comet assay, performed with and without the lesion-specific enzyme formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), highlighted the extent of oxidative DNA base damage. DNA base damage was induced with low concentrations (0.5-3?M) of Cr(VI), whereas bioenergetic disturbance was only observed at higher concentrations (20-500?M).","Bioenergetics and DNA alteration of normal human fibroblasts by hexavalent chromium Abs: The effects of hexavalent chromium on mitochondria of normal human fibroblasts were investigated through the measurement of oxygen consumption, and its genotoxic effect through the analysis of chromium DNA adducts and oxidative DNA lesions. ROS production was also quantified. Chromium diminished oxygen consumption by cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50)=66±8?M). This effect can be attributed to an alteration in mitochondrial functions, leading to defective glucose catabolism. The Comet assay, performed with and without the lesion-specific enzyme formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), highlighted the extent of oxidative DNA base damage. DNA base damage was induced with low concentrations (0.5-3?M) of Cr(VI), whereas bioenergetic disturbance was only observed at higher concentrations (20-500?M).",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1510242,Sobol et al. 2006,Carcinogenic Cr(VI) and the nutritional supplement Cr(III) induce DNA deletions in yeast and mice,"The high levels of Cr(VI) contamination in drinking water across the country has led to concerns as to whether or not Cr(VI) ingestion from drinking water can lead to cancer. An argument against the role of Cr(VI) as an oral carcinogen is that it is reduced to Cr(III) in biological systems. Cr(III) is a popular nutritional supplement. In order to establish effective regulatory measures that protect the general public, the potential of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to cause cancer via ingestion must be examined. There exists a large body of evidence, which confirms that chromosomal rearrangements such as DNA deletions are an important intermediate step in carcinogenesis. In this study, two systems screening for DNA deletions were used to compare the ability of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to induce chromosomal rearrangements in the yeast S. cerevisiae and in vivo in the C57BL/6J pun/un mice. The mice were exposed to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) via drinking water during gestation and 70 kb DNA deletions at the pink-eyed unstable (pun) allele were determined in the resulting offspring.. Induction of DNA deletion in yeast was measured by growth on selective media. Both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) significantly induced DNA deletions in mice and yeast as compared to the spontaneous level of deletions. This result is particularly striking because the ability of either Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to cause DNA deletions, which are directly pertinent to cancer formation, has not been shown before in an in vivo system. Quantification of intracellular concentrations of Cr after exposure of yeast cells to either Cr(III) or Cr(VI) revealed that Cr(III) is more genotoxic than Cr(VI) once it is inside the cell. The quantification of tissue Cr concentration in mice confirms this trend. Therefore, this study concludes that both, the environmental contaminant Cr(VI) and the nutritional supplement Cr(III), when ingested via drinking water, lead to a genotoxic endpoint which is an intermediate in the process of carcinogenesis.","Carcinogenic Cr(VI) and the nutritional supplement Cr(III) induce DNA deletions in yeast and mice Abs: The high levels of Cr(VI) contamination in drinking water across the country has led to concerns as to whether or not Cr(VI) ingestion from drinking water can lead to cancer. An argument against the role of Cr(VI) as an oral carcinogen is that it is reduced to Cr(III) in biological systems. Cr(III) is a popular nutritional supplement. In order to establish effective regulatory measures that protect the general public, the potential of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to cause cancer via ingestion must be examined. There exists a large body of evidence, which confirms that chromosomal rearrangements such as DNA deletions are an important intermediate step in carcinogenesis. In this study, two systems screening for DNA deletions were used to compare the ability of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) to induce chromosomal rearrangements in the yeast S. cerevisiae and in vivo in the C57BL/6J pun/un mice. The mice were exposed to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) via drinking water during gestation and 70 kb DNA deletions at the pink-eyed unstable (pun) allele were determined in the resulting offspring.. Induction of DNA deletion in yeast was measured by growth on selective media. Both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) significantly induced DNA deletions in mice and yeast as compared to the spontaneous level of deletions. This result is particularly striking because the ability of either Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to cause DNA deletions, which are directly pertinent to cancer formation, has not been shown before in an in vivo system. Quantification of intracellular concentrations of Cr after exposure of yeast cells to either Cr(III) or Cr(VI) revealed that Cr(III) is more genotoxic than Cr(VI) once it is inside the cell. The quantification of tissue Cr concentration in mice confirms this trend. Therefore, this study concludes that both, the environmental contaminant Cr(VI) and the nutritional supplement Cr(III), when ingested via drinking water, lead to a genotoxic endpoint which is an intermediate in the process of carcinogenesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238532,Wise et al. 2004,Comparative chromium toxicity in cultured bowhead whale and human lung cells,"Bowhead whales live 150-200 years and yet do not appear to get cancer. This is remarkable given that bowhead whales are routinely exposed to, and bioaccumulate, high levels of metals. We have established bowhead whale lung cell lines to compare their cellular responses to metals to those of human cells. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a metal of particular concern and has long been recognized to cause human lung cancer. Studies have shown that it is the insoluble forms of Cr(VI) that are the most potent carcinogens. In humans, these particles dissolve outside the cell. We found that the particulate form of Cr(VI) was more cytotoxic to bowhead cells than to human cells. For example, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate induced 39, 20, 7 and 0% relative survival in bowhead cells and 90, 71, 43 and 15% relative survival in human cells at the same concentrations. By contrast, we found that the soluble form of Cr(VI) was more cytotoxic to human cells than to bowhead cells. 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 uM sodium chromate (SC) induced 63, 42, 8 and 0% relative survival in human cells and 98, 96, 62 and 3% relative survival in bowhead cells. Human cells treated with SC had intracellular chromium concentrations of 1.81, 3.84, 7.71 and 15.41 uM at treatment concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10uM, while bowhead cells had intracellular concentrations of 3.54, 9.16, 14.99 and 29.25 uM at the same treatment concentrations. By measuring the toxicity of chromium in human and bowhead lung cells we can start to understand the differences in these species biological response to environmental insult. Further research is needed to elucidate the differences in the cellular responses to soluble versus insoluble chromium and to look at the biochemical mechanisms in the responses of both cell types to chromium.","Comparative chromium toxicity in cultured bowhead whale and human lung cells Abs: Bowhead whales live 150-200 years and yet do not appear to get cancer. This is remarkable given that bowhead whales are routinely exposed to, and bioaccumulate, high levels of metals. We have established bowhead whale lung cell lines to compare their cellular responses to metals to those of human cells. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a metal of particular concern and has long been recognized to cause human lung cancer. Studies have shown that it is the insoluble forms of Cr(VI) that are the most potent carcinogens. In humans, these particles dissolve outside the cell. We found that the particulate form of Cr(VI) was more cytotoxic to bowhead cells than to human cells. For example, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate induced 39, 20, 7 and 0% relative survival in bowhead cells and 90, 71, 43 and 15% relative survival in human cells at the same concentrations. By contrast, we found that the soluble form of Cr(VI) was more cytotoxic to human cells than to bowhead cells. 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 uM sodium chromate (SC) induced 63, 42, 8 and 0% relative survival in human cells and 98, 96, 62 and 3% relative survival in bowhead cells. Human cells treated with SC had intracellular chromium concentrations of 1.81, 3.84, 7.71 and 15.41 uM at treatment concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10uM, while bowhead cells had intracellular concentrations of 3.54, 9.16, 14.99 and 29.25 uM at the same treatment concentrations. By measuring the toxicity of chromium in human and bowhead lung cells we can start to understand the differences in these species biological response to environmental insult. Further research is needed to elucidate the differences in the cellular responses to soluble versus insoluble chromium and to look at the biochemical mechanisms in the responses of both cell types to chromium.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
18437,Jenssen and  Ramel 1980,The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the predicition of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested,"To evaluate the usefulness of the micronucleus test as a short-term assay for the detection of carcinogens, the correlation between micronucleus test data for 143 chemicals and corresponding cancer data, has been analyzed. For comparison, analogous data from Ames's test have also been collected for the same chemicals. In a comparison of the micronucleus test and Ames's test it was found that they had about the same specificity (around 80%) and predictive value (around 90%), while there was a significant difference in sensitivity in favor of Ames's test. The difference in sensitivity could be partly explained by differences in metabolizing capacities of these two test systems. It is concluded that a more elaborate test procedure for the micronucleus test would increase that sensitivity of this test. The principal value of the micronucleus test lies in the fact that it is an in vivo method, which may pick up effects at the chromosomal level not covered by bacterial assays. This is emphasized by the finding that the combination of Ames's test and the micronucleus test did increase the sensitivity of the screening procedure for the prediction of carcinogenic effects.","The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the predicition of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested Abs: To evaluate the usefulness of the micronucleus test as a short-term assay for the detection of carcinogens, the correlation between micronucleus test data for 143 chemicals and corresponding cancer data, has been analyzed. For comparison, analogous data from Ames's test have also been collected for the same chemicals. In a comparison of the micronucleus test and Ames's test it was found that they had about the same specificity (around 80%) and predictive value (around 90%), while there was a significant difference in sensitivity in favor of Ames's test. The difference in sensitivity could be partly explained by differences in metabolizing capacities of these two test systems. It is concluded that a more elaborate test procedure for the micronucleus test would increase that sensitivity of this test. The principal value of the micronucleus test lies in the fact that it is an in vivo method, which may pick up effects at the chromosomal level not covered by bacterial assays. This is emphasized by the finding that the combination of Ames's test and the micronucleus test did increase the sensitivity of the screening procedure for the prediction of carcinogenic effects.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1509991,Tikare et al. 2012,Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematology and erythrocyte antioxidant defense system of albino rats exposed to heavy metals (nickel II &amp; chromium VI),"Heavy metals are stable environmental contaminants, causing various alterations in target tissues. Garlic has some beneficial effect in preventing heavy metal induced various alteration. The objective was to investigate the possible protective role of fresh aqueous homogenate of garlic on hematology, erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in male albino rats treated with NiSO4 and K2Cr2O7. Rats were divided into six groups. Group I was untreated control. Group II was given aqueous homogenate of garlic (orally). Group III was administered with nickel sulfate (i.p). Group IV was given NiSO4 and garlic simultaneously. Group V was administered with K2Cr2O7 (i.p). Group VI were treated simultaneously with K2Cr2O7 and garlic. RBC, WBC, platelet count, PCV%, hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly and clotting time increased significantly after nickel treatment. After chromium treatment all the values decreased except clotting time. Increased malondialdehyde and glutathione level after nickel and chromium treatment was observed. Also erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities significantly increased after nickel and chromium treatment. Simultaneous garlic supplementation exhibited protective role to combat nickel toxicity, whereas no such beneficial effects were observed for chromium (VI). Garlic may partially prevent nickel and chromium induced alteration but such ameliorated effects as an antioxidant is only restricted on nickel induced alteration.","Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematology and erythrocyte antioxidant defense system of albino rats exposed to heavy metals (nickel II &amp; chromium VI) Abs: Heavy metals are stable environmental contaminants, causing various alterations in target tissues. Garlic has some beneficial effect in preventing heavy metal induced various alteration. The objective was to investigate the possible protective role of fresh aqueous homogenate of garlic on hematology, erythrocyte antioxidant defense system in male albino rats treated with NiSO4 and K2Cr2O7. Rats were divided into six groups. Group I was untreated control. Group II was given aqueous homogenate of garlic (orally). Group III was administered with nickel sulfate (i.p). Group IV was given NiSO4 and garlic simultaneously. Group V was administered with K2Cr2O7 (i.p). Group VI were treated simultaneously with K2Cr2O7 and garlic. RBC, WBC, platelet count, PCV%, hemoglobin concentration decreased significantly and clotting time increased significantly after nickel treatment. After chromium treatment all the values decreased except clotting time. Increased malondialdehyde and glutathione level after nickel and chromium treatment was observed. Also erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities significantly increased after nickel and chromium treatment. Simultaneous garlic supplementation exhibited protective role to combat nickel toxicity, whereas no such beneficial effects were observed for chromium (VI). Garlic may partially prevent nickel and chromium induced alteration but such ameliorated effects as an antioxidant is only restricted on nickel induced alteration.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234147,Arreola-Mendoza et al. 2009,The protective effect of alpha-tocopherol against dichromate-induced renal tight junction damage is mediated via ERK1/2,"Renal tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in modulating the paracellular pathway. We examined the function, quantity and distribution of TJ proteins: occludin and claudin-2 (cln-2), on proximal tubule in a model of acute renal failure (ARF) associated with oxidative damage. Since ERK1/2-p modulates TJ integrity, we studied their participation in dichromate (Cr(6+)) toxicity. We evaluated whether co-administration of the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC) prevents Cr(6+) toxicity in TJ. Female Wistar rats received potassium dichromate 15 mg/kg, s.c. (5.3 mg/kg of Cr(6+)) single dose, with or without alpha-TOC (125 mg/kg, p.o., daily). Two and 7 days after Cr(6+) treatment, oxidative damage was assessed by renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), proximal function was estimated by sodium and glucose fractional excretions. Occludin, cln-2, and ERK1/2-p were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. ARF induced by Cr(6+) provoked augment in the sodium and glucose urinary looses, increases in occludin quantity (6.6- and 15-fold on days 2 and 7, respectively) and the mislocation of cln-2. Electrophoresis migration showed a higher molecular weight band only in the Cr(6+)-administered groups, suggesting occludin hyperphosphorylation. Alpha-TOC treatment diminished the LPO, improved tubular function, and preserved TJ location and expression. In summary, we show disruption of occludin and cln-2 in ARF induced by Cr(6+)-intoxication. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effect of alpha-TOC on TJ structure and function undergoing oxidative damage, and we suggest the participation of ERK1/2 in the mechanisms leading to protection by the antioxidant.","The protective effect of alpha-tocopherol against dichromate-induced renal tight junction damage is mediated via ERK1/2 Abs: Renal tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in modulating the paracellular pathway. We examined the function, quantity and distribution of TJ proteins: occludin and claudin-2 (cln-2), on proximal tubule in a model of acute renal failure (ARF) associated with oxidative damage. Since ERK1/2-p modulates TJ integrity, we studied their participation in dichromate (Cr(6+)) toxicity. We evaluated whether co-administration of the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC) prevents Cr(6+) toxicity in TJ. Female Wistar rats received potassium dichromate 15 mg/kg, s.c. (5.3 mg/kg of Cr(6+)) single dose, with or without alpha-TOC (125 mg/kg, p.o., daily). Two and 7 days after Cr(6+) treatment, oxidative damage was assessed by renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), proximal function was estimated by sodium and glucose fractional excretions. Occludin, cln-2, and ERK1/2-p were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. ARF induced by Cr(6+) provoked augment in the sodium and glucose urinary looses, increases in occludin quantity (6.6- and 15-fold on days 2 and 7, respectively) and the mislocation of cln-2. Electrophoresis migration showed a higher molecular weight band only in the Cr(6+)-administered groups, suggesting occludin hyperphosphorylation. Alpha-TOC treatment diminished the LPO, improved tubular function, and preserved TJ location and expression. In summary, we show disruption of occludin and cln-2 in ARF induced by Cr(6+)-intoxication. This study provides evidence of the beneficial effect of alpha-TOC on TJ structure and function undergoing oxidative damage, and we suggest the participation of ERK1/2 in the mechanisms leading to protection by the antioxidant.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1509928,Xiao et al. 2012,Hexavalent chromium induces energy metabolism disturbance and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest via reactive oxygen species in L-02 hepatocytes,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has become a non-negligible pollutant in the world. Cr(VI) exposure leads to severe damage to the liver, but the mechanisms involved in Cr(VI)-mediated toxicity in the liver are unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether Cr(VI) induces energy metabolism disturbance and cell cycle arrest in human L-02 hepatocytes. We showed that Cr(VI) inhibited state 3 respiration, respiratory control rate (RCR), and subsequently induced energy metabolism disturbance with decreased ATP production. Interestingly, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry and protein expression analysis by western blotting revealed that low dose of Cr(VI) (4 uM) exposure induced S phase cell cycle arrest with decreased mediator of replication checkpoint 1 (Mrc1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), while higher doses of Cr(VI) (16, 32 uM) exposure resulted in G2/M phase arrest with decreased budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-related 1 (BubR1) and cell division cycle 25 (CDC25). Mechanism study revealed that Cr(VI) decreased the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (MRCC) I and II, thus leading to ROS accumulation. Moreover, inhibiting ROS production by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) rescued Cr(VI)-induced ATP depletion and cell cycle arrest. ROS-mediated p53 activation was found to involve in Cr(VI)-induced cell cycle arrest, and p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-? (PFT-?) rescued Cr(VI)-induced reduction of check point proteins Mrc1 and BubR1, thus inhibiting cell cycle arrest. In summary, the present study provides experimental evidence that Cr(VI) leads to energy metabolism disturbance and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest via ROS in L-02 hepatocytes.","Hexavalent chromium induces energy metabolism disturbance and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest via reactive oxygen species in L-02 hepatocytes Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has become a non-negligible pollutant in the world. Cr(VI) exposure leads to severe damage to the liver, but the mechanisms involved in Cr(VI)-mediated toxicity in the liver are unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether Cr(VI) induces energy metabolism disturbance and cell cycle arrest in human L-02 hepatocytes. We showed that Cr(VI) inhibited state 3 respiration, respiratory control rate (RCR), and subsequently induced energy metabolism disturbance with decreased ATP production. Interestingly, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry and protein expression analysis by western blotting revealed that low dose of Cr(VI) (4 uM) exposure induced S phase cell cycle arrest with decreased mediator of replication checkpoint 1 (Mrc1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), while higher doses of Cr(VI) (16, 32 uM) exposure resulted in G2/M phase arrest with decreased budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-related 1 (BubR1) and cell division cycle 25 (CDC25). Mechanism study revealed that Cr(VI) decreased the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (MRCC) I and II, thus leading to ROS accumulation. Moreover, inhibiting ROS production by antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) rescued Cr(VI)-induced ATP depletion and cell cycle arrest. ROS-mediated p53 activation was found to involve in Cr(VI)-induced cell cycle arrest, and p53 inhibitor Pifithrin-? (PFT-?) rescued Cr(VI)-induced reduction of check point proteins Mrc1 and BubR1, thus inhibiting cell cycle arrest. In summary, the present study provides experimental evidence that Cr(VI) leads to energy metabolism disturbance and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest via ROS in L-02 hepatocytes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231380,De Flora et al. 1981,Mutagenicity and toxicity of chromyl chloride,"Chromyl chloride (CC) (Cl2CrO2) is a liquid volatile Cr6+ compound prepared from CrO3, HCl and H2SO4. Due to its corrosive, explosive and toxic properties, CC is very difficult and dangerous to handle. At sub-lethal concentrations, the liquid phase of CC was mutagenic for S. typhimurium (TA100), both in the spot test and in the plate test. Toxic effects were generally prevailing on mutagenic effects in CC vapours, as tested by a variety of methods. In all cases S9 mix (Aroclor) decreased both toxic and mutagenic effects. On the whole, we have so far tested 18 Cr compounds in our lab. With the exception of Cr carbonyl and Cr yellow (both water-insoluble), all Cr6+ compounds (Na dichromate, chromic acid, Ca chromate, K chromate, NH4 chromate, Cr orange, Mo orange, Zn yellow and CC) were mutagenic in the Ames test. However, their mutagenicity was decreased by S9 mix and other metabolic systems. Conversely, with the exception of chromite (contaminated with Cr6+) all Cr3+ compounds (Cr-K sulfate, Cr nitrate, Cr chloride, Cr acetate, neochromium and Cr alum) were negative. Therefore, the mutagenic activity of Cr appears to depend on availability of Cr6+ ion to bacterial cells.","Mutagenicity and toxicity of chromyl chloride Abs: Chromyl chloride (CC) (Cl2CrO2) is a liquid volatile Cr6+ compound prepared from CrO3, HCl and H2SO4. Due to its corrosive, explosive and toxic properties, CC is very difficult and dangerous to handle. At sub-lethal concentrations, the liquid phase of CC was mutagenic for S. typhimurium (TA100), both in the spot test and in the plate test. Toxic effects were generally prevailing on mutagenic effects in CC vapours, as tested by a variety of methods. In all cases S9 mix (Aroclor) decreased both toxic and mutagenic effects. On the whole, we have so far tested 18 Cr compounds in our lab. With the exception of Cr carbonyl and Cr yellow (both water-insoluble), all Cr6+ compounds (Na dichromate, chromic acid, Ca chromate, K chromate, NH4 chromate, Cr orange, Mo orange, Zn yellow and CC) were mutagenic in the Ames test. However, their mutagenicity was decreased by S9 mix and other metabolic systems. Conversely, with the exception of chromite (contaminated with Cr6+) all Cr3+ compounds (Cr-K sulfate, Cr nitrate, Cr chloride, Cr acetate, neochromium and Cr alum) were negative. Therefore, the mutagenic activity of Cr appears to depend on availability of Cr6+ ion to bacterial cells.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237630,Paschin et al. 1982,Dominant lethals induced in male mice by low dose of potassium dichromate,ANEUPLOIDY FILE/ORNL,Dominant lethals induced in male mice by low dose of potassium dichromate Abs: ANEUPLOIDY FILE/ORNL,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233601,Wang et al. 2010,Apoptotic-related protein changes induced by hexavalent chromium in mice liver,"Although it has been reported that hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) could induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process is still largely unknown. This study was undertaken to determine effects of single oral 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight doses of potassium dichromate on the expression level of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3, which are vital regulators of apoptosis, in mice liver. The results showed that Cr(VI) could upregulate the protein expression of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and downregulate the expression of Bcl-2 in mice liver. All these results suggested that p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 may be involved in the regulation of Cr(VI) induced apoptosis in vivo.","Apoptotic-related protein changes induced by hexavalent chromium in mice liver Abs: Although it has been reported that hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) could induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process is still largely unknown. This study was undertaken to determine effects of single oral 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight doses of potassium dichromate on the expression level of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3, which are vital regulators of apoptosis, in mice liver. The results showed that Cr(VI) could upregulate the protein expression of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 and downregulate the expression of Bcl-2 in mice liver. All these results suggested that p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3 may be involved in the regulation of Cr(VI) induced apoptosis in vivo.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231847,Levina et al. 2006,Binding of chromium(VI) to histones: implications for chromium(VI)-induced genotoxicity,"The first evidence has been obtained for Cr(VI) (chromate) binding to isolated calf thymus (CT) histones under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, Cl(-) concentration 152 mM, 310 K). No significant Cr(VI) binding under the same conditions was observed for other extracellular and intracellular proteins, including albumin, apo-transferrin and G-actin, as well as for CT DNA. The mode of Cr(VI) binding to histones was studied by vibrational, electronic and X-ray absorption (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and X-ray absorption fine structure) spectroscopies and molecular mechanics calculations. A proposed binding mechanism includes electrostatic interactions of CrO(4) (2-) with protonated Lys and Arg residues of histones, as well as the formation of hydrogen bonds with the protein backbone. Similarly, Cr(VI) can bind to nuclear localization signals (typically, Lys- and Arg-rich fragments) of other nuclear proteins. Selective binding of Cr(VI) to newly synthesized nuclear proteins (including histones) in the cytoplasm is likely to be responsible for the active transport of Cr(VI) into the nuclei of living cells.","Binding of chromium(VI) to histones: implications for chromium(VI)-induced genotoxicity Abs: The first evidence has been obtained for Cr(VI) (chromate) binding to isolated calf thymus (CT) histones under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, Cl(-) concentration 152 mM, 310 K). No significant Cr(VI) binding under the same conditions was observed for other extracellular and intracellular proteins, including albumin, apo-transferrin and G-actin, as well as for CT DNA. The mode of Cr(VI) binding to histones was studied by vibrational, electronic and X-ray absorption (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and X-ray absorption fine structure) spectroscopies and molecular mechanics calculations. A proposed binding mechanism includes electrostatic interactions of CrO(4) (2-) with protonated Lys and Arg residues of histones, as well as the formation of hydrogen bonds with the protein backbone. Similarly, Cr(VI) can bind to nuclear localization signals (typically, Lys- and Arg-rich fragments) of other nuclear proteins. Selective binding of Cr(VI) to newly synthesized nuclear proteins (including histones) in the cytoplasm is likely to be responsible for the active transport of Cr(VI) into the nuclei of living cells.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234856,Sugiyama et al. 1986,"Comparison of DNA lesions and cytotoxicity induced by calcium chromate in human, mouse, and hamster cell lines","DNA lesions, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of CaCrO4 were compared in Chinese hamster ovary, in mouse embryo fibroblast C3H10T1/2, and in human osteosarcoma cells. The concentration of CaCrO4 that reduced colony formation by 50% was 2- or 3-fold less in human osteosarcoma cells than in C3H10T1/2 or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Alkaline elution studies showed that CaCrO4 induced DNA single strand breaks in a concentration dependent manner in all three cell lines. However, the human cells exhibited four times more breaks than the hamster cells and two times more than C3H10T1/2 cells when the CaCrO4 exposure conditions were equivalent. Alkaline elution studies also demonstrated the formation of DNA-protein cross-links by CaCrO4 in all three cell lines. In hamster and mouse cells the induction of these DNA-protein cross-links was dependent on concentrations that ranged from 5 to 50 microM for 6 h; however, the cross-links were saturated at 25 microM in human cells and at 50 microM in mouse and hamster cells. The level of cross-links was four times greater in the human cells compared to the mouse cells and was a factor of 2 greater in the hamster cells compared to the mouse cells. The uptake of CaCrO4 was linear with respect to time and concentration. Uptake of CaCrO4 was equivalent in the human and mouse cells, but was a factor of 4 less in the hamster cells. The single strand breaks were almost entirely repaired after an 18-h incubation in metal free medium in all three cell lines, whereas DNA-protein cross-links persisted in these cell lines in proportion to their initial levels. These results demonstrate differences in the sensitivity of human, hamster, and mouse cells to CaCrO4 and suggest that the repair-resistant DNA-protein cross-link may be important in mediating the long term toxic and carcinogenic effects of CaCrO4.","Comparison of DNA lesions and cytotoxicity induced by calcium chromate in human, mouse, and hamster cell lines Abs: DNA lesions, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake of CaCrO4 were compared in Chinese hamster ovary, in mouse embryo fibroblast C3H10T1/2, and in human osteosarcoma cells. The concentration of CaCrO4 that reduced colony formation by 50% was 2- or 3-fold less in human osteosarcoma cells than in C3H10T1/2 or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Alkaline elution studies showed that CaCrO4 induced DNA single strand breaks in a concentration dependent manner in all three cell lines. However, the human cells exhibited four times more breaks than the hamster cells and two times more than C3H10T1/2 cells when the CaCrO4 exposure conditions were equivalent. Alkaline elution studies also demonstrated the formation of DNA-protein cross-links by CaCrO4 in all three cell lines. In hamster and mouse cells the induction of these DNA-protein cross-links was dependent on concentrations that ranged from 5 to 50 microM for 6 h; however, the cross-links were saturated at 25 microM in human cells and at 50 microM in mouse and hamster cells. The level of cross-links was four times greater in the human cells compared to the mouse cells and was a factor of 2 greater in the hamster cells compared to the mouse cells. The uptake of CaCrO4 was linear with respect to time and concentration. Uptake of CaCrO4 was equivalent in the human and mouse cells, but was a factor of 4 less in the hamster cells. The single strand breaks were almost entirely repaired after an 18-h incubation in metal free medium in all three cell lines, whereas DNA-protein cross-links persisted in these cell lines in proportion to their initial levels. These results demonstrate differences in the sensitivity of human, hamster, and mouse cells to CaCrO4 and suggest that the repair-resistant DNA-protein cross-link may be important in mediating the long term toxic and carcinogenic effects of CaCrO4.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1090801,Popper et al. 1993,Cytotoxicity of chromium-III and chromium-VI compounds. I. In vitro studies using different cell culture systems,"The cytotoxic effects of chromium-3 (Cr-3; as chloride, CrCl3) and -6 compounds (chromates as chromium trioxide, CrO3; barium and lead chromates, BaCrO4, PbCrO4; and as potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7) were tested in an in vitro test battery. V79 hamster lung fibroblasts, rat pneumocytes type II (LEC), human adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), and guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM) were incubated with different concentrations of Cr-3 and chromates, respectively. Cr-3 caused no cytotoxic damage to the cells, whereas chromates caused a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Both Cr-3 and chromates were demonstrated by atomic absorption within the cell. Supernatants from AM experiments were shown to contain no fibroblast activating stimuli. It could be assumed that chromates have no fibrogenic properties. In addition, fibroblast growth and cell division were inhibited by chromates but not by Cr-3, as demonstrated by reduced uptake and nuclear incorporation of bromium desoxyuridine (BrDU) into fibroblasts. A prevention of cell cytotoxicity was attempted using superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), dithiothreitol (DTT) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), EDTA, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), desferoxamine, alpha-tocopherol, and Trolox, respectively. Neither SOD, catalase, DMSO, EDTA, nor GSH prevented cell cytotoxicity in V79 or LEC cell cultures. However, DTT, which is intracellularly metabolized to glutathione, was able to reduce chromate-induced cell cytotoxicity, as did the radical scavengers BHT, desferoxamine, and Trolox, a water-soluble alpha-tocopherol derivate. Chromate cytotoxicity was therefore assumed to be mediated via the decrease of the intracellular GSH pool by either an overwhelming oxidation of GSH and/or inhibition of glutathione reductase. However, an additional mechanism or chromate-induced cytotoxicity must be assumed, because antioxidants were not able to inhibit completely toxic injury of the cells.","Cytotoxicity of chromium-III and chromium-VI compounds. I. In vitro studies using different cell culture systems Abs: The cytotoxic effects of chromium-3 (Cr-3; as chloride, CrCl3) and -6 compounds (chromates as chromium trioxide, CrO3; barium and lead chromates, BaCrO4, PbCrO4; and as potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7) were tested in an in vitro test battery. V79 hamster lung fibroblasts, rat pneumocytes type II (LEC), human adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), and guinea pig alveolar macrophages (AM) were incubated with different concentrations of Cr-3 and chromates, respectively. Cr-3 caused no cytotoxic damage to the cells, whereas chromates caused a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Both Cr-3 and chromates were demonstrated by atomic absorption within the cell. Supernatants from AM experiments were shown to contain no fibroblast activating stimuli. It could be assumed that chromates have no fibrogenic properties. In addition, fibroblast growth and cell division were inhibited by chromates but not by Cr-3, as demonstrated by reduced uptake and nuclear incorporation of bromium desoxyuridine (BrDU) into fibroblasts. A prevention of cell cytotoxicity was attempted using superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), dithiothreitol (DTT) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), EDTA, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), desferoxamine, alpha-tocopherol, and Trolox, respectively. Neither SOD, catalase, DMSO, EDTA, nor GSH prevented cell cytotoxicity in V79 or LEC cell cultures. However, DTT, which is intracellularly metabolized to glutathione, was able to reduce chromate-induced cell cytotoxicity, as did the radical scavengers BHT, desferoxamine, and Trolox, a water-soluble alpha-tocopherol derivate. Chromate cytotoxicity was therefore assumed to be mediated via the decrease of the intracellular GSH pool by either an overwhelming oxidation of GSH and/or inhibition of glutathione reductase. However, an additional mechanism or chromate-induced cytotoxicity must be assumed, because antioxidants were not able to inhibit completely toxic injury of the cells.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
790852,Rossman et al. 1991,Performance of 133 compounds in the lambda prophage induction endpoint of the microscreen assay and a comparison with s.typhimurium mutagenicity and rodent carcinogenicity assays,"The Microscreen assay was developed as a means of testing very small samples, as in complex mixture fractionation. It is a multi-endpoint assay which utilizes E. coli WP2s(?). Exposure takes place to serial dilutions of the test compound in microtitre wells (250 ?l) followed by sampling from wells in which growth has occurred (‘non-toxic wells’). Although a number of different endpoints can be measured, only the prophage induction endpoint (the first one developed) has been extensively tested. Results with 133 compounds are presented. These include 111 compounds which have been tested in the S. typhimurium assay and 66 compounds for which both rodent bioassay and S. typhimurium assay data exists. The concordance for the Microscreen assay and the S. typhimurium assay was 71%. For this group of compounds, the sensitivity of the Microscreen assay in detecting carcinogens was 76% compared with 58% for the S. typhimurium assay. However, the S. typhimurium assay was somewhat more specific (69%) compared with the Microscreen (56%). The overall association between carcinogenicity and Microscreen results was statistically significant (p = 0.029), whereas for the S. typhimurium assay the association with carcinogenicity was non-significant (p = 0.086). The Microscreen assay was able to detect halogenated compounds better than the S. typhimurium assay. The Microscreen assay should prove useful in complex mixture fractionation, or in other situations where sample size is limiting.","Performance of 133 compounds in the lambda prophage induction endpoint of the microscreen assay and a comparison with s.typhimurium mutagenicity and rodent carcinogenicity assays Abs: The Microscreen assay was developed as a means of testing very small samples, as in complex mixture fractionation. It is a multi-endpoint assay which utilizes E. coli WP2s(?). Exposure takes place to serial dilutions of the test compound in microtitre wells (250 ?l) followed by sampling from wells in which growth has occurred (‘non-toxic wells’). Although a number of different endpoints can be measured, only the prophage induction endpoint (the first one developed) has been extensively tested. Results with 133 compounds are presented. These include 111 compounds which have been tested in the S. typhimurium assay and 66 compounds for which both rodent bioassay and S. typhimurium assay data exists. The concordance for the Microscreen assay and the S. typhimurium assay was 71%. For this group of compounds, the sensitivity of the Microscreen assay in detecting carcinogens was 76% compared with 58% for the S. typhimurium assay. However, the S. typhimurium assay was somewhat more specific (69%) compared with the Microscreen (56%). The overall association between carcinogenicity and Microscreen results was statistically significant (p = 0.029), whereas for the S. typhimurium assay the association with carcinogenicity was non-significant (p = 0.086). The Microscreen assay was able to detect halogenated compounds better than the S. typhimurium assay. The Microscreen assay should prove useful in complex mixture fractionation, or in other situations where sample size is limiting.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
2225027,Ben Hamida et al. 2013,The protective effect of propylthiouracil against hepatotoxicity induced by chromium in adult mice,"Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is widely recognized as potentially hepatotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. This study focused on the possible protective effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Female mice were divided into four groups (groups I-IV) with seven animals in each group. Group I served as a control, which received tap water; group II received K2Cr2O7 alone (75 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.)) via drinking water; group III received both K2Cr2O7 via drinking water and PTU by intramuscular injection at a dose 2.5 mg/100 g(-1) b.w. twice a week, and group IV received PTU alone twice a week for 30 days. Exposure of mice to Cr promoted oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein product levels. Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, nonprotein thiol, vitamin C levels and enzymatic antioxidant activities such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased, while catalase activity was increased. Biomarkers of liver injury such as aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase activities, bilirubin, albumin, and glucose levels were increased, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. Coadministration of PTU restored the above-mentioned parameters to near-normal values. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.","The protective effect of propylthiouracil against hepatotoxicity induced by chromium in adult mice Abs: Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is widely recognized as potentially hepatotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. This study focused on the possible protective effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Female mice were divided into four groups (groups I-IV) with seven animals in each group. Group I served as a control, which received tap water; group II received K2Cr2O7 alone (75 mg kg(-1) body weight (b.w.)) via drinking water; group III received both K2Cr2O7 via drinking water and PTU by intramuscular injection at a dose 2.5 mg/100 g(-1) b.w. twice a week, and group IV received PTU alone twice a week for 30 days. Exposure of mice to Cr promoted oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein product levels. Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, nonprotein thiol, vitamin C levels and enzymatic antioxidant activities such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased, while catalase activity was increased. Biomarkers of liver injury such as aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase activities, bilirubin, albumin, and glucose levels were increased, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. Coadministration of PTU restored the above-mentioned parameters to near-normal values. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231859,Arakawa et al. 2006,Sequence specificity of Cr(III)-DNA adduct formation in the p53 gene: NGG sequences are preferential adduct-forming sites,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known etiological factor in human lung cancer. Cr(VI) exposure-related lung cancer has a high mutation incidence in the p53 gene. Upon intake in human cells Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III), which is able to conjugate with amino acids and consequently form either binary Cr(III)-DNA or ternary Cr(III)-amino acid-DNA adducts. Both binary and ternary Cr(III)-DNA adducts are mutagenic. We have found that the Escherichia coli nucleotide excision enzyme UvrABC nuclease is able to incise Cr(III)- and Cr(III)-histidine-modified plasmid DNA and the extent of incision is proportional to the amount of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in the plasmid. In order to determine the role of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in the mutagenesis of the p53 gene in human cancer using the UvrABC nuclease incision method, we have mapped the Cr(III)-DNA distribution in PCR DNA fragments amplified from exons 5, 7 and 8 of the p53 gene. We have found that the sequence specificities of Cr(III)-DNA and Cr(III)-histidine-DNA adducts in the p53 gene sequence are identical and that both types of adducts are preferentially formed at -NGG- sequences, including codons 245, 248 and 249, the mutational hotspots in human lung cancer. It has been found that Cr(III)-DNA adducts induce mainly G to T mutations. Therefore, these results suggest that Cr(III)-DNA adduct formation contributes to the p53 gene mutations in lung carcinogenesis.","Sequence specificity of Cr(III)-DNA adduct formation in the p53 gene: NGG sequences are preferential adduct-forming sites Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known etiological factor in human lung cancer. Cr(VI) exposure-related lung cancer has a high mutation incidence in the p53 gene. Upon intake in human cells Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III), which is able to conjugate with amino acids and consequently form either binary Cr(III)-DNA or ternary Cr(III)-amino acid-DNA adducts. Both binary and ternary Cr(III)-DNA adducts are mutagenic. We have found that the Escherichia coli nucleotide excision enzyme UvrABC nuclease is able to incise Cr(III)- and Cr(III)-histidine-modified plasmid DNA and the extent of incision is proportional to the amount of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in the plasmid. In order to determine the role of Cr(III)-DNA adducts in the mutagenesis of the p53 gene in human cancer using the UvrABC nuclease incision method, we have mapped the Cr(III)-DNA distribution in PCR DNA fragments amplified from exons 5, 7 and 8 of the p53 gene. We have found that the sequence specificities of Cr(III)-DNA and Cr(III)-histidine-DNA adducts in the p53 gene sequence are identical and that both types of adducts are preferentially formed at -NGG- sequences, including codons 245, 248 and 249, the mutational hotspots in human lung cancer. It has been found that Cr(III)-DNA adducts induce mainly G to T mutations. Therefore, these results suggest that Cr(III)-DNA adduct formation contributes to the p53 gene mutations in lung carcinogenesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231683,Kimura et al. 2008,Chromium(VI) inhibits mouse metallothionein-I gene transcription by preventing the zinc-dependent formation of an MTF-1-p300 complex,"Mouse MT-I (metallothionein-I) transcription is regulated by MTF-1 (metal-response-element-binding transcription factor-1) which is recruited to the promoter in response to zinc. Cr(VI) [chromium(VI)] pretreatment blocks zinc-activation of the endogenous MT-I gene and attenuates zinc-activation of MT-I-promoter-driven luciferase reporter genes in transient transfection assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Cr(VI) only modestly reduces recruitment of MTF-1 to the MT-I promoter in response to zinc, but drastically reduces the recruitment of RNA polymerase II. These results suggest that Cr(VI) inhibits the ability of MTF-1 to transactivate this gene in response to zinc. Zinc has recently been shown to induce the formation of a co-activator complex containing MTF-1 and the histone acetyltransferase p300 which plays an essential role in the activation of MT-I transcription. In the present study, co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Cr(VI) pretreatment blocks the zinc-induced formation of this co-activator complex. Thus Cr(VI) inhibits mouse MT-I gene expression in response to zinc by interfering with the ability of MTF-1 to form a co-activator complex containing p300 and recruiting RNA polymerase II to the promoter.","Chromium(VI) inhibits mouse metallothionein-I gene transcription by preventing the zinc-dependent formation of an MTF-1-p300 complex Abs: Mouse MT-I (metallothionein-I) transcription is regulated by MTF-1 (metal-response-element-binding transcription factor-1) which is recruited to the promoter in response to zinc. Cr(VI) [chromium(VI)] pretreatment blocks zinc-activation of the endogenous MT-I gene and attenuates zinc-activation of MT-I-promoter-driven luciferase reporter genes in transient transfection assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Cr(VI) only modestly reduces recruitment of MTF-1 to the MT-I promoter in response to zinc, but drastically reduces the recruitment of RNA polymerase II. These results suggest that Cr(VI) inhibits the ability of MTF-1 to transactivate this gene in response to zinc. Zinc has recently been shown to induce the formation of a co-activator complex containing MTF-1 and the histone acetyltransferase p300 which plays an essential role in the activation of MT-I transcription. In the present study, co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Cr(VI) pretreatment blocks the zinc-induced formation of this co-activator complex. Thus Cr(VI) inhibits mouse MT-I gene expression in response to zinc by interfering with the ability of MTF-1 to form a co-activator complex containing p300 and recruiting RNA polymerase II to the promoter.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238547,Savery et al. 2006,Particulate chromium induced DNA-DNA crosslinks lead to chromosome damage,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known human carcinogen. Cr(VI)-induced tumors exhibit chromosome instability (CIN), however the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. Cr(VI) causes DNA-DNA crosslinks and chromosomal aberrations, but it is unknown if these lesions are related. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that Cr-induced DNA-DNA crosslinks lead to chromosome damage. To test this, we used cell lines deficient in genes from the fanc pathway believed to be important in crosslink repair. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) KO40 (FANCG-) and human fibroblast PD20.F (FANCD2-) cells were employed to determine if they were hypersensitive to lead chromate. We found that the relative survival of KO40 cells (FANCG-) treated with lead chromate did not differ from the parental AA8 cells or the FANCG gene restored cells (KO40BP6). Specifically, 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate induced 72, 83 and 81% relative survival for KO40, AA8 and KO40BP6, respectively. Lead chromate did induce higher levels of chromosome damage in KO40 cells compared to AA8 and KO40BP6 cells with 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate inducing 33.5, 19.5 and 16.0 aberrations in 100 metaphases. To ensure the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity data reflected the toxicity of lead chromate and not a difference in metal ion uptake between cell lines, chromium uptake was measured and did not change these results. The relative survival of FANCD2- cells treated with lead chromate also did not differ from FANCD2 gene restored cells with 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate inducing 16 and 9% relative survival, respectively. These data collectively suggest that lead chromate-induced DNA-DNA crosslinks are related to lead chromate-induced chromosome damage, but not to cytotoxicity.","Particulate chromium induced DNA-DNA crosslinks lead to chromosome damage Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known human carcinogen. Cr(VI)-induced tumors exhibit chromosome instability (CIN), however the mechanisms of these effects are unknown. Cr(VI) causes DNA-DNA crosslinks and chromosomal aberrations, but it is unknown if these lesions are related. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that Cr-induced DNA-DNA crosslinks lead to chromosome damage. To test this, we used cell lines deficient in genes from the fanc pathway believed to be important in crosslink repair. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) KO40 (FANCG-) and human fibroblast PD20.F (FANCD2-) cells were employed to determine if they were hypersensitive to lead chromate. We found that the relative survival of KO40 cells (FANCG-) treated with lead chromate did not differ from the parental AA8 cells or the FANCG gene restored cells (KO40BP6). Specifically, 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate induced 72, 83 and 81% relative survival for KO40, AA8 and KO40BP6, respectively. Lead chromate did induce higher levels of chromosome damage in KO40 cells compared to AA8 and KO40BP6 cells with 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate inducing 33.5, 19.5 and 16.0 aberrations in 100 metaphases. To ensure the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity data reflected the toxicity of lead chromate and not a difference in metal ion uptake between cell lines, chromium uptake was measured and did not change these results. The relative survival of FANCD2- cells treated with lead chromate also did not differ from FANCD2 gene restored cells with 5 ug/cm2 lead chromate inducing 16 and 9% relative survival, respectively. These data collectively suggest that lead chromate-induced DNA-DNA crosslinks are related to lead chromate-induced chromosome damage, but not to cytotoxicity.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
616139,Patlolla et al. 2009,"Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Induced by Hexavalent Chromium in Sprague-Dawley Rats","Chromium is a widespread industrial compound. The soluble hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is an environmental contaminant widely recognized as carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen toward humans and animals. The fate of chromium in the environment is dependent on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates leading to oxidative tissue damage and cellular injury. In the present investigation, Potassium dichromate was given intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 5 days with the doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day. Oxidative stress including the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the extent of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both liver and kidney was determined. DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The results indicated that administration of Cr (VI) had caused a significant increase of ROS level in both liver and kidney after 5 days of exposure, accompanied with a dose-dependent increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The malondialdehyde content in liver and kidney was elevated as compared with the control animals. Dose- and time-dependent effects were observed on DNA damage after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. The results obtained from the present study showed that Cr (VI) could induce dose- and time-dependent effects on DNA damage, both liver and kidney show defense against chromium-induced oxidative stress by enhancing their antioxidant enzyme activity. However, liver was found to exhibit more antioxidant defense than the kidney. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 66-73, 2009.","Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity Induced by Hexavalent Chromium in Sprague-Dawley Rats Abs: Chromium is a widespread industrial compound. The soluble hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is an environmental contaminant widely recognized as carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen toward humans and animals. The fate of chromium in the environment is dependent on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates leading to oxidative tissue damage and cellular injury. In the present investigation, Potassium dichromate was given intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 5 days with the doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day. Oxidative stress including the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the extent of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both liver and kidney was determined. DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The results indicated that administration of Cr (VI) had caused a significant increase of ROS level in both liver and kidney after 5 days of exposure, accompanied with a dose-dependent increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The malondialdehyde content in liver and kidney was elevated as compared with the control animals. Dose- and time-dependent effects were observed on DNA damage after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. The results obtained from the present study showed that Cr (VI) could induce dose- and time-dependent effects on DNA damage, both liver and kidney show defense against chromium-induced oxidative stress by enhancing their antioxidant enzyme activity. However, liver was found to exhibit more antioxidant defense than the kidney. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 66-73, 2009.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
8853,Kubinski et al. 1981,DNA-cell-binding (DCB) assay for suspected carcinogens and mutagens,"This report describes a novel technique for screening potential carcinogens and mutagens. The DNA-cell-binding (DCB) assay is based on earlier observations which indicated that DNA and other nucleic acids exposed to active carcinogens strongly react with other macromolecules, producing nucleic acid--nucleic acid and nucleic acid--protein adducts. The latter group of adducts included complexes with proteins present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes. Increased attachment of DNA to the intact bacterial and animal cells was seen in the presence of active carcinogens or carcinogens activated by extracts from mouse and rat livers. We have conducted a survey of almost 280 chemicals including 130 with known carcinogenic potential (i.e., either known carcinogens or known non-carcinogens). The DCB test and animal assays agreed in abut 96% of cases. Thus, as a predictor of potential carcinogenicity, this assay compares favorably with other rapid methods currently in use. In this respect, the DCB assay is also superior to other techniques which measure the formation of macromolecular complexes, such as velocity centrifugation through sucrose gradients, gel electrophoresis, filtration through nitrocellulose filters, chromatography on methyl-esterified albumin, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, etc. In the few cases for which the data were available, combining the results of DCB assays with the results of experiments in which the induction of DNA--protein adducts in living human cells in tissue culture has been measured by cold phenol extraction, the predictability was increased to 100%. We suggest that DCB assay should be used either alone or in combination with other rapid methods of carcinogen detection for screening industrial, environmental and other chemicals and chemical mixtures for their carcinogenic potential. Ways of further improving and simplifying the DCB tests are considered.","DNA-cell-binding (DCB) assay for suspected carcinogens and mutagens Abs: This report describes a novel technique for screening potential carcinogens and mutagens. The DNA-cell-binding (DCB) assay is based on earlier observations which indicated that DNA and other nucleic acids exposed to active carcinogens strongly react with other macromolecules, producing nucleic acid--nucleic acid and nucleic acid--protein adducts. The latter group of adducts included complexes with proteins present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes. Increased attachment of DNA to the intact bacterial and animal cells was seen in the presence of active carcinogens or carcinogens activated by extracts from mouse and rat livers. We have conducted a survey of almost 280 chemicals including 130 with known carcinogenic potential (i.e., either known carcinogens or known non-carcinogens). The DCB test and animal assays agreed in abut 96% of cases. Thus, as a predictor of potential carcinogenicity, this assay compares favorably with other rapid methods currently in use. In this respect, the DCB assay is also superior to other techniques which measure the formation of macromolecular complexes, such as velocity centrifugation through sucrose gradients, gel electrophoresis, filtration through nitrocellulose filters, chromatography on methyl-esterified albumin, equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, etc. In the few cases for which the data were available, combining the results of DCB assays with the results of experiments in which the induction of DNA--protein adducts in living human cells in tissue culture has been measured by cold phenol extraction, the predictability was increased to 100%. We suggest that DCB assay should be used either alone or in combination with other rapid methods of carcinogen detection for screening industrial, environmental and other chemicals and chemical mixtures for their carcinogenic potential. Ways of further improving and simplifying the DCB tests are considered.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234214,Lindemann et al. 2008,Detection of chromium allergy by cellular in vitro methods,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The standard assay for the detection of chromium sensitization, the patch test, does not allow discrimination between patients with and without clinical symptoms of allergy.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The aim of this study was to prove whether cellular in vitro tests are predictive of chromium allergy.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Chromium-sensitized volunteers with and without clinically manifest allergy and non-sensitized healthy controls (n=37, 19, and 26, respectively) were analysed by cellular in vitro methods using tri- and hexavalent chromium (chromium chloride and potassium dichromate) as stimuli. The results were correlated with clinical and anamnestic data.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Sensitized individuals with an allergy displayed significantly higher lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) responses than sensitized volunteers without allergy and controls (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01, respectively). 12.5 microg/mL of chromium chloride and 50 ng/mL of potassium dichromate were found to be optimal to discriminate between sensitized individuals with and without allergy. Combining the results of chromium chloride and potassium dichromate LTT, a positive reaction to at least one of the stimuli was highly predictive of allergy [sensitization with vs. without allergy: Odds ratio (OR)=6.4, P=0.004; sensitization with allergy vs. controls: OR=11.5, P&lt;0.0001]. On the contrary, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 production to the ELISpot, patch test results, sensitization against other metals, and atopy score did not significantly discriminate between sensitization with and without allergy. However, IFN-gamma responses towards chromium chloride were significantly correlated with the strength of patch test reactivity (r=0.49, P=0.002). By IFN-gamma ELISpot, the average precursor cell frequency reactive to trivalent chromium could be defined as 26, 15, and 11 : 10(6) in volunteers with sensitization and allergy, with sensitization without allergy, and controls, respectively.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In contrast to the patch test, the LTT appears to be a method that is predictive of chromium allergy.","Detection of chromium allergy by cellular in vitro methods Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The standard assay for the detection of chromium sensitization, the patch test, does not allow discrimination between patients with and without clinical symptoms of allergy.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The aim of this study was to prove whether cellular in vitro tests are predictive of chromium allergy.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Chromium-sensitized volunteers with and without clinically manifest allergy and non-sensitized healthy controls (n=37, 19, and 26, respectively) were analysed by cellular in vitro methods using tri- and hexavalent chromium (chromium chloride and potassium dichromate) as stimuli. The results were correlated with clinical and anamnestic data.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Sensitized individuals with an allergy displayed significantly higher lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) responses than sensitized volunteers without allergy and controls (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01, respectively). 12.5 microg/mL of chromium chloride and 50 ng/mL of potassium dichromate were found to be optimal to discriminate between sensitized individuals with and without allergy. Combining the results of chromium chloride and potassium dichromate LTT, a positive reaction to at least one of the stimuli was highly predictive of allergy [sensitization with vs. without allergy: Odds ratio (OR)=6.4, P=0.004; sensitization with allergy vs. controls: OR=11.5, P&lt;0.0001]. On the contrary, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 production to the ELISpot, patch test results, sensitization against other metals, and atopy score did not significantly discriminate between sensitization with and without allergy. However, IFN-gamma responses towards chromium chloride were significantly correlated with the strength of patch test reactivity (r=0.49, P=0.002). By IFN-gamma ELISpot, the average precursor cell frequency reactive to trivalent chromium could be defined as 26, 15, and 11 : 10(6) in volunteers with sensitization and allergy, with sensitization without allergy, and controls, respectively.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In contrast to the patch test, the LTT appears to be a method that is predictive of chromium allergy.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231558,Son et al. 2010,Cr(VI) induces mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated p53 activation in JB6 Cl41 cells,"Cr(VI) compounds are known to cause serious toxic and carcinogenic effects. Cr(VI) exposure can lead to a severe damage to the skin, but the mechanisms involved in the Cr(VI)-mediated toxicity in the skin are unclear. The present study examined whether Cr(VI) induces cell death by apoptosis or necrosis using mouse skin epidermal cell line, JB6 Cl41 cells. We also investigated the cellular mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced cell death. This study showed that Cr(VI) induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the appearance of cell shrinkage, the migration of cells into the sub-G1 phase, the increase of Annexin V positively stained cells, and the formation of nuclear DNA ladders. Cr(VI) treatment resulted in the increases of mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspases activation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescence analysis revealed that Cr(VI) increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical in dose-dependent manner. Blockage of p53 by si-RNA transfection suppressed mitochondrial changes of Bcl-2 family composition, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase activation and PARP cleavage, leading to the inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis. Further, catalase treatment prevented p53 phosphorylation stimulated by Cr(VI) with the concomitant inhibition of caspase activation. These results suggest that Cr(VI) induced a mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis in skin epidermal cells through activation of p53, which are mainly mediated by reactive oxidants generated by the chemical.","Cr(VI) induces mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated p53 activation in JB6 Cl41 cells Abs: Cr(VI) compounds are known to cause serious toxic and carcinogenic effects. Cr(VI) exposure can lead to a severe damage to the skin, but the mechanisms involved in the Cr(VI)-mediated toxicity in the skin are unclear. The present study examined whether Cr(VI) induces cell death by apoptosis or necrosis using mouse skin epidermal cell line, JB6 Cl41 cells. We also investigated the cellular mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced cell death. This study showed that Cr(VI) induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the appearance of cell shrinkage, the migration of cells into the sub-G1 phase, the increase of Annexin V positively stained cells, and the formation of nuclear DNA ladders. Cr(VI) treatment resulted in the increases of mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspases activation. Electron spin resonance (ESR) and fluorescence analysis revealed that Cr(VI) increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical in dose-dependent manner. Blockage of p53 by si-RNA transfection suppressed mitochondrial changes of Bcl-2 family composition, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase activation and PARP cleavage, leading to the inhibition of Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis. Further, catalase treatment prevented p53 phosphorylation stimulated by Cr(VI) with the concomitant inhibition of caspase activation. These results suggest that Cr(VI) induced a mitochondrial-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis in skin epidermal cells through activation of p53, which are mainly mediated by reactive oxidants generated by the chemical.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232190,Liu et al. 1997,"Synthesis of Cr(IV)-GSH, its identification and its free hydroxyl radical generation: a model compound for Cr(VI) carcinogenicity","Current models of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis suggest an important role for Cr(IV) as an intermediate, toxic, carcinogenic species, but direct chemical evidence has been lacking. This is because Cr(IV) is a highly reactive oxidation state of Cr and few Cr(IV)-based compounds are known that can be used as a model compound containing a biological ligand. This study reports the isolation of such a stable Cr(IV) complex. The Cr(IV)-GSH complex has been synthesized through the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH. Its electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibits g = 1.9629 and a peak-to-peak line width of 480 G in aqueous medium as well as in the powder form. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compound has a magnetic moment of 2.53 Bohr magneton per Cr, establishing that the Cr ion has two unpaired electrons, hence its identity as Cr(IV). The Cr(IV)-GSH complex is able to generate hydroxyl (.OH) radical in the presence of molecular oxygen in aqueous medium. Catalase inhibited the .OH radical generation while H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the .OH radical was generated via a Fenton-like reaction, H2O2 being generated as an intermediate in the reduction of molecular oxygen. Metal ion chelators, deferoxamine and 1,10-phenanthroline, attenuated the generation of Cr(IV)-mediated .OH radical. In the case of deferoxamine, a deferoxamine-derived free radical was generated as shown by EPR measurements. The results imply that Cr(IV) may play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis and Cr(IV)-GSH can be used as a model compound to study the role of Cr(IV) in this mechanism.","Synthesis of Cr(IV)-GSH, its identification and its free hydroxyl radical generation: a model compound for Cr(VI) carcinogenicity Abs: Current models of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis suggest an important role for Cr(IV) as an intermediate, toxic, carcinogenic species, but direct chemical evidence has been lacking. This is because Cr(IV) is a highly reactive oxidation state of Cr and few Cr(IV)-based compounds are known that can be used as a model compound containing a biological ligand. This study reports the isolation of such a stable Cr(IV) complex. The Cr(IV)-GSH complex has been synthesized through the reaction of Cr(VI) with GSH. Its electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum exhibits g = 1.9629 and a peak-to-peak line width of 480 G in aqueous medium as well as in the powder form. Magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compound has a magnetic moment of 2.53 Bohr magneton per Cr, establishing that the Cr ion has two unpaired electrons, hence its identity as Cr(IV). The Cr(IV)-GSH complex is able to generate hydroxyl (.OH) radical in the presence of molecular oxygen in aqueous medium. Catalase inhibited the .OH radical generation while H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the .OH radical was generated via a Fenton-like reaction, H2O2 being generated as an intermediate in the reduction of molecular oxygen. Metal ion chelators, deferoxamine and 1,10-phenanthroline, attenuated the generation of Cr(IV)-mediated .OH radical. In the case of deferoxamine, a deferoxamine-derived free radical was generated as shown by EPR measurements. The results imply that Cr(IV) may play an important role in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis and Cr(IV)-GSH can be used as a model compound to study the role of Cr(IV) in this mechanism.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234861,LaVelle 1986,Potassium chromate potentiates frameshift mutagenesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium,"Possible comutagenic effects of chromate on frameshift mutagenesis were studied in bacterial assays. In these experiments, cells were treated with potassium chromate and 9-aminoacridine either singly or in combination. Results were analyzed to detect synergistic, additive and antagonistic responses. Data from these investigations show a clear potentiation of 9-aminoacridine-induced mutagenesis in the presence of chromate in S. typhimurium strain TA1537. Results from cell viability assays shows that the effect is not due to a toxicity artifact. Similar results are obtained in E. coli strains 343/358 (repair-proficient parental strain), 343/415 (recA-deficient), and 343/435 (mismatch-repair-deficient). These data indicate the neither induction of recA-protein nor inhibition of mismatch repair is involved in the action of chromate. In E. coli strain 343/447 (DNA polymerase I deficient), the potentiation was observed at lower concentrations of chromate. This finding suggests that polymerase I functions in recovery of cells from 9-aminoacridine-induced DNA damage and that its absence allows some of this damage to be dealt with in a manner which promotes mutagenesis in the presence of chromate. One possible explanation of these findings is that chromate and 9-aminoacridine react chemically to produce a unique mutagen and that damage caused by this mutagen is repaired via some excision process. However, no reaction between chromate and 9-aminoacridine could be detected by TLC under conditions similar to those in the bacterial assays, even at very high concentrations of both agents. Thus, it seems most likely that the potentiation is due to some action of chromate on repair and/or replication at sites of 9-aminoacridine intercalation. Chromate appears, then, to have significant comutagenic actions in bacterial systems.","Potassium chromate potentiates frameshift mutagenesis in E. coli and S. typhimurium Abs: Possible comutagenic effects of chromate on frameshift mutagenesis were studied in bacterial assays. In these experiments, cells were treated with potassium chromate and 9-aminoacridine either singly or in combination. Results were analyzed to detect synergistic, additive and antagonistic responses. Data from these investigations show a clear potentiation of 9-aminoacridine-induced mutagenesis in the presence of chromate in S. typhimurium strain TA1537. Results from cell viability assays shows that the effect is not due to a toxicity artifact. Similar results are obtained in E. coli strains 343/358 (repair-proficient parental strain), 343/415 (recA-deficient), and 343/435 (mismatch-repair-deficient). These data indicate the neither induction of recA-protein nor inhibition of mismatch repair is involved in the action of chromate. In E. coli strain 343/447 (DNA polymerase I deficient), the potentiation was observed at lower concentrations of chromate. This finding suggests that polymerase I functions in recovery of cells from 9-aminoacridine-induced DNA damage and that its absence allows some of this damage to be dealt with in a manner which promotes mutagenesis in the presence of chromate. One possible explanation of these findings is that chromate and 9-aminoacridine react chemically to produce a unique mutagen and that damage caused by this mutagen is repaired via some excision process. However, no reaction between chromate and 9-aminoacridine could be detected by TLC under conditions similar to those in the bacterial assays, even at very high concentrations of both agents. Thus, it seems most likely that the potentiation is due to some action of chromate on repair and/or replication at sites of 9-aminoacridine intercalation. Chromate appears, then, to have significant comutagenic actions in bacterial systems.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1237102,Sakai et al. 1988,Effect of several metal compounds on the mutagenicity and DNA binding of 1 nitropyrene in Salmonella-typhimurium TA100,"The pretreatment of the cells with cobaltous acetate, potassium dichromate or zinc chloride was found to increase reverse mutations induced by 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and binding of 1-NP to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The increase of binding of 1-NP to DNA by metal compounds may contribute to the increased mutagenicity. Under the experimental conditions, the pretreatment of the cells with cadmium acetate, nickelous acetate or chromium (III) nitrate did not increase revertant colonies induced by 1-NP.","Effect of several metal compounds on the mutagenicity and DNA binding of 1 nitropyrene in Salmonella-typhimurium TA100 Abs: The pretreatment of the cells with cobaltous acetate, potassium dichromate or zinc chloride was found to increase reverse mutations induced by 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and binding of 1-NP to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The increase of binding of 1-NP to DNA by metal compounds may contribute to the increased mutagenicity. Under the experimental conditions, the pretreatment of the cells with cadmium acetate, nickelous acetate or chromium (III) nitrate did not increase revertant colonies induced by 1-NP.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
17980,S et al. 1984,Genotoxic activity and potency of 135 compounds in the Ames reversion test and in a bacterial DNA-repair test,"Compounds of various chemical classes were comparatively assayed in the Ames reversion test with his- S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA157 , TA1538, TA98, TA100, and, in part, TA97 , and in a DNA-repair test with trp- E. coli strains WP2 (repair-proficient), WP67 (uvrA- polA-) and CM871 (uvrA- recA- lexA-). A liquid micromethod procedure for the assessment of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test compounds, using the same reagents as the Ames test, was set up and calibrated in its technical details. Other techniques (spot test and treat-and-plate method) were applied to a number of compounds in order to obtain more complete information on their DNA-damaging activity in E. coli. From a qualitative standpoint, the results obtained in the reversion test and in the DNA-repair test (liquid micromethod) were overlapping for 96 (59 positive and 37 negative) out of 135 compounds (71.1%). There was disagreement for 39 compounds (28.9%), 9 of which were positive only in the reversion test (8 requiring metabolic activation and 5 genotoxic in the treat-and-plate method). 30 compounds were positive only in the lethality test, showing a direct DNA-damaging activity, which in half of the cases was completely eliminated by S9 mix. Although the experimental protocol intentionally included several compounds already reported as nonmutagenic carcinogens or as noncarcinogenic mutagens, the overall accuracy was 64.5% for the reversion test and 72.4% for the DNA-repair test, as evaluated for 75 compounds classified according to their carcinogenic activity. Quantitation of results was obtained in the Ames test by relating the net number of revertants to nmoles of compound and in the DNA-repair test by means of a formula relating the difference and ratio of MICs in repair-proficient and -deficient bacteria to nmoles of compound. Following these criteria, the genotoxic potency varied over a 4.5 X 10(7)-fold range among compounds positive in the reversion test and over a 6 X 10(9)-fold range among compounds damaging E. coli DNA. The genotoxic potencies in the two bacterial systems were correlated within the majority of the chemical classes under scrutiny.","Genotoxic activity and potency of 135 compounds in the Ames reversion test and in a bacterial DNA-repair test Abs: Compounds of various chemical classes were comparatively assayed in the Ames reversion test with his- S. typhimurium strains TA1535, TA157 , TA1538, TA98, TA100, and, in part, TA97 , and in a DNA-repair test with trp- E. coli strains WP2 (repair-proficient), WP67 (uvrA- polA-) and CM871 (uvrA- recA- lexA-). A liquid micromethod procedure for the assessment of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test compounds, using the same reagents as the Ames test, was set up and calibrated in its technical details. Other techniques (spot test and treat-and-plate method) were applied to a number of compounds in order to obtain more complete information on their DNA-damaging activity in E. coli. From a qualitative standpoint, the results obtained in the reversion test and in the DNA-repair test (liquid micromethod) were overlapping for 96 (59 positive and 37 negative) out of 135 compounds (71.1%). There was disagreement for 39 compounds (28.9%), 9 of which were positive only in the reversion test (8 requiring metabolic activation and 5 genotoxic in the treat-and-plate method). 30 compounds were positive only in the lethality test, showing a direct DNA-damaging activity, which in half of the cases was completely eliminated by S9 mix. Although the experimental protocol intentionally included several compounds already reported as nonmutagenic carcinogens or as noncarcinogenic mutagens, the overall accuracy was 64.5% for the reversion test and 72.4% for the DNA-repair test, as evaluated for 75 compounds classified according to their carcinogenic activity. Quantitation of results was obtained in the Ames test by relating the net number of revertants to nmoles of compound and in the DNA-repair test by means of a formula relating the difference and ratio of MICs in repair-proficient and -deficient bacteria to nmoles of compound. Following these criteria, the genotoxic potency varied over a 4.5 X 10(7)-fold range among compounds positive in the reversion test and over a 6 X 10(9)-fold range among compounds damaging E. coli DNA. The genotoxic potencies in the two bacterial systems were correlated within the majority of the chemical classes under scrutiny.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290452,O’Hara et al. 2004,Selective signaling pathways for chromium(VI) induced patterns of transcription factor binding in exposed airway epithelial cells,"Inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes pulmonary disease and lung cancer through poorly defined mechanisms. To explore these potential mechanisms, Beas-2B airway epithelial cells were used to investigate the hypothesis that nontoxic Cr(VI) exposures selectively activate cell signaling pathways which lead to changes in the profile of transcription factor binding to specific cis-elements in DNA. These studies demonstrated that non-toxic doses (1-5 µM) of Cr(VI) increased the abundance of tyrosine kinases. Two of these kinases, bone marrow X kinase (Bmx) and focal adhesion kinase (Fak), were detected by western blot analysis, and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) was detected by a Kinetworks™ protein kinase screen. As the levels of Pyk2 increased, so did its association with Fyn, a Src family kinase member. Futher, the kinase activities of both Fyn and Lck increased in response to Cr(VI). The DNA binding of various transcription factors (TF) are responsive to upstream signaling cascades that are altered in response to Cr(VI). Two protein/DNA array systems were used to demonstrate that protein binding to 9 out of a total of 150 targeted cis-elements changed over a 24 h exposure period. Significant increases were seen in both Stat 5 and AP-1 binding, which may be related to activation of tyrosine kinase activity by Cr(VI). The most significant decrease was seen in the level of nuclear protein that binds to the antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE). These findings suggest that airway cell phenotype may be changed as low concentrations of Cr(VI) selectively activate signaling pathways that lead to prolonged changes in transcription factor binding.","Selective signaling pathways for chromium(VI) induced patterns of transcription factor binding in exposed airway epithelial cells Abs: Inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes pulmonary disease and lung cancer through poorly defined mechanisms. To explore these potential mechanisms, Beas-2B airway epithelial cells were used to investigate the hypothesis that nontoxic Cr(VI) exposures selectively activate cell signaling pathways which lead to changes in the profile of transcription factor binding to specific cis-elements in DNA. These studies demonstrated that non-toxic doses (1-5 µM) of Cr(VI) increased the abundance of tyrosine kinases. Two of these kinases, bone marrow X kinase (Bmx) and focal adhesion kinase (Fak), were detected by western blot analysis, and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) was detected by a Kinetworks™ protein kinase screen. As the levels of Pyk2 increased, so did its association with Fyn, a Src family kinase member. Futher, the kinase activities of both Fyn and Lck increased in response to Cr(VI). The DNA binding of various transcription factors (TF) are responsive to upstream signaling cascades that are altered in response to Cr(VI). Two protein/DNA array systems were used to demonstrate that protein binding to 9 out of a total of 150 targeted cis-elements changed over a 24 h exposure period. Significant increases were seen in both Stat 5 and AP-1 binding, which may be related to activation of tyrosine kinase activity by Cr(VI). The most significant decrease was seen in the level of nuclear protein that binds to the antioxidant/electrophile response element (ARE). These findings suggest that airway cell phenotype may be changed as low concentrations of Cr(VI) selectively activate signaling pathways that lead to prolonged changes in transcription factor binding.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290179,McKay et al. 1996,Interactions of orthopaedic metals with an immortalized rat osteoblast cell line,"The toxicity of nickel, chromium (III) and (VI), vanadium and aluminium was compared in an immortalized neonatal rat osteoblast cell line using the MTT assay and a novel index of cytotoxicity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Where toxicity was observed, ALP was a consistently more sensitive detection method than the MTT assay. The toxicity of the metals increased in the order aluminium < chromium (III) < vanadium < nickel < chromium (VI). alpha-Tocopherol partially prevented nickel-induced toxicity (as assessed by ALP activity), whereas ascorbic acid had no protective effect. Chromium (VI) was more toxic than (III), with significant toxicity observed at 0.5 microM. It is thought that Cr (III) cannot readily penetrate the cell membrane and this may account for the lower toxicity. Aluminium had a stimulatory effect on cell growth at low concentrations (0.5 microM). The combination of immortalized rat osteoblasts and the ALP activity test provides a powerful tool for in vitro testing of orthopaedic materials.","Interactions of orthopaedic metals with an immortalized rat osteoblast cell line Abs: The toxicity of nickel, chromium (III) and (VI), vanadium and aluminium was compared in an immortalized neonatal rat osteoblast cell line using the MTT assay and a novel index of cytotoxicity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Where toxicity was observed, ALP was a consistently more sensitive detection method than the MTT assay. The toxicity of the metals increased in the order aluminium < chromium (III) < vanadium < nickel < chromium (VI). alpha-Tocopherol partially prevented nickel-induced toxicity (as assessed by ALP activity), whereas ascorbic acid had no protective effect. Chromium (VI) was more toxic than (III), with significant toxicity observed at 0.5 microM. It is thought that Cr (III) cannot readily penetrate the cell membrane and this may account for the lower toxicity. Aluminium had a stimulatory effect on cell growth at low concentrations (0.5 microM). The combination of immortalized rat osteoblasts and the ALP activity test provides a powerful tool for in vitro testing of orthopaedic materials.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234598,Mattagajasingh and  Misra 1995,Alterations in the prooxidant and antioxidant status of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells treated with potassium chromate,"The involvement of reactive oxygen species in chromate-induced genotoxicity has been postulated. Because intracellular antioxidants help in eliminating the reactive species of oxygen, we have investigated both the prooxidant and antioxidant status of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells exposed to nontoxic levels of chromium(VI) in culture. The cells treated with 0-->200 microM potassium chromate in a salts/glucose medium for 2 h were found to contain significantly lower levels of both small molecular weight and macromolecular antioxidants. In particular, the levels of glutathione and ascorbate were found to decrease with increased doses of chromate exposure in a dose-dependent manner. As little as 10 microM chromate was found to decrease these small molecular weight antioxidants significantly (p < 0.01). The macromolecular antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase were also significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by exposing the cells to as little as 10 microM chromate. Concomitantly, there was a dose-dependent increase in intracellular H2O2 accumulation in cells exposed to chromium(VI). These results indicate that chromate-induced genotoxicity may be due, at least in part, to decreased levels of intracellular antioxidants in conjunction with an increased production of the reactive oxygen species.","Alterations in the prooxidant and antioxidant status of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells treated with potassium chromate Abs: The involvement of reactive oxygen species in chromate-induced genotoxicity has been postulated. Because intracellular antioxidants help in eliminating the reactive species of oxygen, we have investigated both the prooxidant and antioxidant status of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells exposed to nontoxic levels of chromium(VI) in culture. The cells treated with 0-->200 microM potassium chromate in a salts/glucose medium for 2 h were found to contain significantly lower levels of both small molecular weight and macromolecular antioxidants. In particular, the levels of glutathione and ascorbate were found to decrease with increased doses of chromate exposure in a dose-dependent manner. As little as 10 microM chromate was found to decrease these small molecular weight antioxidants significantly (p < 0.01). The macromolecular antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase were also significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by exposing the cells to as little as 10 microM chromate. Concomitantly, there was a dose-dependent increase in intracellular H2O2 accumulation in cells exposed to chromium(VI). These results indicate that chromate-induced genotoxicity may be due, at least in part, to decreased levels of intracellular antioxidants in conjunction with an increased production of the reactive oxygen species.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
14096,Petrilli and  De Flora 1978,Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form,"Soluble trivalent chromium compounds (chromium potassium sulfate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, neochromium and chromium alum) were inactive for Salmonella typhimurium TA100, even at milligram amounts per plate. No effect could be detected either in the absence or in the presence of rat-liver, lung or muscle microsomal fractions, of rat-muscle mitochondria (with or without ATP), of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or of human serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates. Conversely, addition of a strongly oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) resulted in toxic effects in plates incorporating more than 40--80 microgram of compounds and elicited a dose-effect mutagenic response at 10--40 microgram per plate. These effects could be ascribed to oxidation of chromium from the trivalent to the active hexavalent state. Insoluble chromite, as tested in the spot test, was spontaneously mutagenic, owing to contamination of the industrial product with hexavalent chromium. The results obtained may be useful to interpret the findings of carcinogenicity tests and to predict health hazards linked to chromium.","Oxidation of inactive trivalent chromium to the mutagenic hexavalent form Abs: Soluble trivalent chromium compounds (chromium potassium sulfate, chromium nitrate, chromium chloride, neochromium and chromium alum) were inactive for Salmonella typhimurium TA100, even at milligram amounts per plate. No effect could be detected either in the absence or in the presence of rat-liver, lung or muscle microsomal fractions, of rat-muscle mitochondria (with or without ATP), of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or of human serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates. Conversely, addition of a strongly oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate) resulted in toxic effects in plates incorporating more than 40--80 microgram of compounds and elicited a dose-effect mutagenic response at 10--40 microgram per plate. These effects could be ascribed to oxidation of chromium from the trivalent to the active hexavalent state. Insoluble chromite, as tested in the spot test, was spontaneously mutagenic, owing to contamination of the industrial product with hexavalent chromium. The results obtained may be useful to interpret the findings of carcinogenicity tests and to predict health hazards linked to chromium.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232209,Capellmann et al. 1995,Influence of reducing compounds on the formation of DNA-protein cross-links in HL-60 cells induced by hexavalent chromium,"The influence of reducing compounds on the formation of DNA--protein cross-links induced by hexavalent chromium was studied in the human cell line HL-60. Analysis of cytoplasmic concentration of ascorbic acid and glutathione by HPLC in these cells showed that ascorbic acid was not detectable (detection limit: 0.1 nmol). The cellular content of glutathione was low (6 nmol/million cells). It could easily be depleted with diethylmaleate. The effect of glutathione, ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate alone, or glutathione in combination with ascorbyl palmitate was investigated. It could be shown that glutathione increased DNA--protein cross-links in HL-60 cells by chromate significantly in a dose dependent manner, while pre-incubation with L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid-6-hexadecanate (ascorbyl palmitate) did not change the cross-linking activity of chromate significantly. Ascorbyl palmitate counteracted the increasing effect of glutathione on the concentration of DNA--protein cross-links in HL-60 cells after exposure to chromate. As ascorbic acid reacts much faster with hexavalent chromium at physiological pH than glutathione does, this suggests an influence of the reaction velocity of the redox reaction between hexavalent chromium and the reducing compounds on the toxification of Cr(VI) and formation of DNA--protein cross-links.","Influence of reducing compounds on the formation of DNA-protein cross-links in HL-60 cells induced by hexavalent chromium Abs: The influence of reducing compounds on the formation of DNA--protein cross-links induced by hexavalent chromium was studied in the human cell line HL-60. Analysis of cytoplasmic concentration of ascorbic acid and glutathione by HPLC in these cells showed that ascorbic acid was not detectable (detection limit: 0.1 nmol). The cellular content of glutathione was low (6 nmol/million cells). It could easily be depleted with diethylmaleate. The effect of glutathione, ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate alone, or glutathione in combination with ascorbyl palmitate was investigated. It could be shown that glutathione increased DNA--protein cross-links in HL-60 cells by chromate significantly in a dose dependent manner, while pre-incubation with L-ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid-6-hexadecanate (ascorbyl palmitate) did not change the cross-linking activity of chromate significantly. Ascorbyl palmitate counteracted the increasing effect of glutathione on the concentration of DNA--protein cross-links in HL-60 cells after exposure to chromate. As ascorbic acid reacts much faster with hexavalent chromium at physiological pH than glutathione does, this suggests an influence of the reaction velocity of the redox reaction between hexavalent chromium and the reducing compounds on the toxification of Cr(VI) and formation of DNA--protein cross-links.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
888103,Myers et al. 2011,The intracellular redox stress caused by hexavalent chromium is selective for proteins that have key roles in cell survival and thiol redox control,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds (e.g. chromates) are strong oxidants that readily enter cells where they are reduced to reactive Cr intermediates that can directly oxidize some cell components and can promote the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Inhalation is a major route of exposure which directly exposes the bronchial epithelium. Previous studies with non-cancerous human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) demonstrated that Cr(VI) treatment results in the irreversible inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and the oxidation of thioredoxins (Trx) and peroxiredoxins (Prx). The mitochondrial Trx/Prx system is somewhat more sensitive to Cr(VI) than the cytosolic Trx/Prx system, and other redox-sensitive mitochondrial functions are subsequently affected including electron transport complexes I and II. Studies reported here show that Cr(VI) does not cause indiscriminant thiol oxidation, and that the Trx/Prx system is among the most sensitive of cellular protein thiols. Trx/Prx oxidation is not unique to BEAS-2B cells, as it was also observed in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Increasing the intracellular levels of ascorbate, an endogenous Cr(VI) reductant, did not alter the effects on TrxR, Trx, or Prx. The peroxynitrite scavenger MnTBAP did not protect TrxR, Trx, Prx, or the electron transport chain from the effects of Cr(VI), implying that peroxynitrite is not required for these effects. Nitration of tyrosine residues of TrxR was not observed following Cr(VI) treatment, further ruling out peroxynitrite as a significant contributor to the irreversible inhibition of TrxR. Cr(VI) treatments that disrupt the TrxR/Trx/Prx system did not cause detectable mitochondrial DNA damage. Overall, the redox stress that results from Cr(VI) exposure shows selectivity for key proteins which are known to be important for redox signaling, antioxidant defense, and cell survival.","The intracellular redox stress caused by hexavalent chromium is selective for proteins that have key roles in cell survival and thiol redox control Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds (e.g. chromates) are strong oxidants that readily enter cells where they are reduced to reactive Cr intermediates that can directly oxidize some cell components and can promote the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Inhalation is a major route of exposure which directly exposes the bronchial epithelium. Previous studies with non-cancerous human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) demonstrated that Cr(VI) treatment results in the irreversible inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and the oxidation of thioredoxins (Trx) and peroxiredoxins (Prx). The mitochondrial Trx/Prx system is somewhat more sensitive to Cr(VI) than the cytosolic Trx/Prx system, and other redox-sensitive mitochondrial functions are subsequently affected including electron transport complexes I and II. Studies reported here show that Cr(VI) does not cause indiscriminant thiol oxidation, and that the Trx/Prx system is among the most sensitive of cellular protein thiols. Trx/Prx oxidation is not unique to BEAS-2B cells, as it was also observed in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Increasing the intracellular levels of ascorbate, an endogenous Cr(VI) reductant, did not alter the effects on TrxR, Trx, or Prx. The peroxynitrite scavenger MnTBAP did not protect TrxR, Trx, Prx, or the electron transport chain from the effects of Cr(VI), implying that peroxynitrite is not required for these effects. Nitration of tyrosine residues of TrxR was not observed following Cr(VI) treatment, further ruling out peroxynitrite as a significant contributor to the irreversible inhibition of TrxR. Cr(VI) treatments that disrupt the TrxR/Trx/Prx system did not cause detectable mitochondrial DNA damage. Overall, the redox stress that results from Cr(VI) exposure shows selectivity for key proteins which are known to be important for redox signaling, antioxidant defense, and cell survival.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235382,Hantson et al. 2008,"Kinetics and determinants of the changes of CC16, a lung secretory protein in a rat model of toxic lung injury","<strong>PURPOSE: </strong>To investigate the kinetics and the determinants of the changes of the Clara cell 16 kDa protein (CC16) as a marker of lung injury following exposure to different toxicants.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Rats were treated with 4-Ipomeanol (IPO), alpha-naphtylthiourea (ANTU), sodium chromate (Na(2)CrO(4)) or paraquat-(PQ). The changes of CC16, total protein, albumin, and cystatin-C were determined on BALF supernatan, and CC16, cystatin-C and creatinine levels were also determined in serum.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Bronchiolar insult due to IPO or ANTU resulted in an initial transient increase of serum CC16, parallel to that of albumin in BALF, and a subsequent reduction in both BALF and serum. A slight reduction of CC16 in BALF was already apparent one hour following treatment with PQ. In the serum, CC16 increased to 400% of basal value. With PQ and Na(2)CrO(4), the elevation of CC16 was mainly determined by the degree of renal impairment.","Kinetics and determinants of the changes of CC16, a lung secretory protein in a rat model of toxic lung injury Abs: <strong>PURPOSE: </strong>To investigate the kinetics and the determinants of the changes of the Clara cell 16 kDa protein (CC16) as a marker of lung injury following exposure to different toxicants.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Rats were treated with 4-Ipomeanol (IPO), alpha-naphtylthiourea (ANTU), sodium chromate (Na(2)CrO(4)) or paraquat-(PQ). The changes of CC16, total protein, albumin, and cystatin-C were determined on BALF supernatan, and CC16, cystatin-C and creatinine levels were also determined in serum.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Bronchiolar insult due to IPO or ANTU resulted in an initial transient increase of serum CC16, parallel to that of albumin in BALF, and a subsequent reduction in both BALF and serum. A slight reduction of CC16 in BALF was already apparent one hour following treatment with PQ. In the serum, CC16 increased to 400% of basal value. With PQ and Na(2)CrO(4), the elevation of CC16 was mainly determined by the degree of renal impairment.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1510700,Mattagajasingh and  Misra 1997,Carcinogenic chromium(VI) induces oxidative stress in cultured human leukemic T-lymphocytes. 1. Generation of hydrogen peroxide during intracellular reduction of chromate,"Treatment of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells with potassium chromate, a chromium(VI) compound, increased the formation, of the oxidized compound dichlorofluorescein (DCF), a highly fluorescent compound from the parent nonfluorescent compound, 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA). No such increase in DCF formation was observed when cells were treated with Cr(III) compounds. In cell-free systems, dichlorofluorescin diacetate was also oxidized to DCF by strong oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides) in the presence of peroxidase, suggesting that Cr(VI) treatment increased the intracellular level of these peroxides in MOLT4 cells. The rate of generation of peroxides was found to be both dose and time dependent. These results suggest that accumulation of intracellular peroxides may, at least in part, be associated with chromium-induced genotoxicity and add to the emerging concept that these phenomena may, in part, be mediated via oxidative mechanisms.","Carcinogenic chromium(VI) induces oxidative stress in cultured human leukemic T-lymphocytes. 1. Generation of hydrogen peroxide during intracellular reduction of chromate Abs: Treatment of human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells with potassium chromate, a chromium(VI) compound, increased the formation, of the oxidized compound dichlorofluorescein (DCF), a highly fluorescent compound from the parent nonfluorescent compound, 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA). No such increase in DCF formation was observed when cells were treated with Cr(III) compounds. In cell-free systems, dichlorofluorescin diacetate was also oxidized to DCF by strong oxidants (such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroperoxides) in the presence of peroxidase, suggesting that Cr(VI) treatment increased the intracellular level of these peroxides in MOLT4 cells. The rate of generation of peroxides was found to be both dose and time dependent. These results suggest that accumulation of intracellular peroxides may, at least in part, be associated with chromium-induced genotoxicity and add to the emerging concept that these phenomena may, in part, be mediated via oxidative mechanisms.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
626038,Garrett and  Lewtas 1983,Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures: I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine priority pollutants,"Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to 29 toxic chemical substances which were representative of several classes of compounds listed by the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree as priority toxic pollutants. After cell cultures were exposed to the test substance, cell samples were assayed for protein and DNA synthesis, ATP, cell number, and viability. A filter-disk technique employing a batch-washing procedure was used for the determination of protein and DNA synthesis. Dose-response data were obtained for 15 of the more toxic agents including chlorinated aromatics, metallic compounds, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Estimates of the sample concentrations necessary to produce a 50% reduction in response were used to compare cytotoxicity endpoints. ATP and protein synthesis were approximately equally effective as indicators of cellular toxicity. Cadmium chloride, nickel nitrate, arsenic trioxide, and potassium chromate produced a more pronounced effect on DNA synthesis than on ATP or protein synthesis. The dose-response relationship for protein and DNA synthesis was a smooth, continuous function for responses as low as 1 to 2% of the control. On a log-log scale, the dose-response relation yielded a unique pattern for several chemical classes. A ranking of the compounds based on their inhibition of DNA synthesis was compared to a ranking obtained from the literature for whole-animal toxicity. With the exception of the polychlorinated biphenyls, the in vitro results correlated well with animal test data.","Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures: I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine priority pollutants Abs: Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to 29 toxic chemical substances which were representative of several classes of compounds listed by the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree as priority toxic pollutants. After cell cultures were exposed to the test substance, cell samples were assayed for protein and DNA synthesis, ATP, cell number, and viability. A filter-disk technique employing a batch-washing procedure was used for the determination of protein and DNA synthesis. Dose-response data were obtained for 15 of the more toxic agents including chlorinated aromatics, metallic compounds, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Estimates of the sample concentrations necessary to produce a 50% reduction in response were used to compare cytotoxicity endpoints. ATP and protein synthesis were approximately equally effective as indicators of cellular toxicity. Cadmium chloride, nickel nitrate, arsenic trioxide, and potassium chromate produced a more pronounced effect on DNA synthesis than on ATP or protein synthesis. The dose-response relationship for protein and DNA synthesis was a smooth, continuous function for responses as low as 1 to 2% of the control. On a log-log scale, the dose-response relation yielded a unique pattern for several chemical classes. A ranking of the compounds based on their inhibition of DNA synthesis was compared to a ranking obtained from the literature for whole-animal toxicity. With the exception of the polychlorinated biphenyls, the in vitro results correlated well with animal test data.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235028,Levis and  Majone 1981,Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of soluble and insoluble compounds containing hexavalent and trivalent chromium,"Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds of varying solubilities have been tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit cell growth and nucleic acid and protein syntheses in BHK cells, to induce alterations in the mitotic cycle in HEp cells, and to increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in CHO cells. All Cr(VI) compounds, and particularly those containing soluble Cr(VI), such as potassium dichromate and zinc yellow, differentially inhibit macromolecular syntheses in BKH cells, that of DNA being always the most affected. Among Cr(III) compounds, which generally have very low cytotoxicity, chromite is particularly active, and inhibits cell growth and DNA synthesis even more than the poorly soluble Cr(VI) compounds. Preincubation in growth medium, with or without metabolizing cell cultures, solubilizes considerable amounts of Cr(VI) from zinc yellow and chromite, but significant amounts are also obtained from the most insoluble Cr(VI) pigments. When BHK cells are treated with such preincubated solutions, reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by cell metabolites is seen with all Cr(VI) compounds, accompanied by decreased cytotoxicity. The same differences between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds apply to the cytotoxic effects on mitosis of HEp cells and the clastogenic effects on CHO cells. The activity of chromite, the only Cr(III) pigment capable of significantly increasing the frequency of SCE, is due to contamination with soluble Cr(VI). In contrast to the very low cytotoxicity of Cr(III), much higher chromium levels are detected in the cells incubated with soluble Cr(III) than with the same concentrations of soluble Cr(VI). 50% and 75% of chromium accumulated in the cells during treatments with Cr(VI) and Cr(III) respectively remains firmly bound to the cells, even when they are incubated for up to 48 h in normal growth medium. Chromium accumulated in the cells after treatment with Cr(III) is most probably bound to the cell membrane, whereas some of the Cr(VI) is transported through the cell membrane and reduced in the cell nucleus. The results of the present investigation are in agreement with those obtained with the same Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds in mutagenicity assays in bacteria and carcinogenicity tests in rodents. A re-evaluation of the mechanisms of chromium carcinogenisis is proposed.","Cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of soluble and insoluble compounds containing hexavalent and trivalent chromium Abs: Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds of varying solubilities have been tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit cell growth and nucleic acid and protein syntheses in BHK cells, to induce alterations in the mitotic cycle in HEp cells, and to increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in CHO cells. All Cr(VI) compounds, and particularly those containing soluble Cr(VI), such as potassium dichromate and zinc yellow, differentially inhibit macromolecular syntheses in BKH cells, that of DNA being always the most affected. Among Cr(III) compounds, which generally have very low cytotoxicity, chromite is particularly active, and inhibits cell growth and DNA synthesis even more than the poorly soluble Cr(VI) compounds. Preincubation in growth medium, with or without metabolizing cell cultures, solubilizes considerable amounts of Cr(VI) from zinc yellow and chromite, but significant amounts are also obtained from the most insoluble Cr(VI) pigments. When BHK cells are treated with such preincubated solutions, reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by cell metabolites is seen with all Cr(VI) compounds, accompanied by decreased cytotoxicity. The same differences between Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds apply to the cytotoxic effects on mitosis of HEp cells and the clastogenic effects on CHO cells. The activity of chromite, the only Cr(III) pigment capable of significantly increasing the frequency of SCE, is due to contamination with soluble Cr(VI). In contrast to the very low cytotoxicity of Cr(III), much higher chromium levels are detected in the cells incubated with soluble Cr(III) than with the same concentrations of soluble Cr(VI). 50% and 75% of chromium accumulated in the cells during treatments with Cr(VI) and Cr(III) respectively remains firmly bound to the cells, even when they are incubated for up to 48 h in normal growth medium. Chromium accumulated in the cells after treatment with Cr(III) is most probably bound to the cell membrane, whereas some of the Cr(VI) is transported through the cell membrane and reduced in the cell nucleus. The results of the present investigation are in agreement with those obtained with the same Cr(VI) and Cr(III) compounds in mutagenicity assays in bacteria and carcinogenicity tests in rodents. A re-evaluation of the mechanisms of chromium carcinogenisis is proposed.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290342,Sidhu et al. 1990,Induction of morphological transformation anchorage-independent growth and plasminogen activators in non-tumorigenic hos cells by chromium-vi salts,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract human osteosarcoma cells carcinogen urokinase,Induction of morphological transformation anchorage-independent growth and plasminogen activators in non-tumorigenic hos cells by chromium-vi salts Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract human osteosarcoma cells carcinogen urokinase,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238541,Duzevik et al. 2005,Repair of chromate-induced chromosome damage is mediated by XRCC1,"Chromium (VI) compounds are established human carcinogens that induce chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage. The mechanisms by which this damage is repaired is unknown. DNA repair mechanisms include several proteins necessary for the successful repair of DNA damage. XRCC1 is a protein involved in the repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB). In this study we examined the role of XRCC1 in cell survival and repair of chromosomal aberrations induced by particulate and soluble chromium compounds in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Three different cell lines were used: AA8 (parental), EM9 (XRCC1 mutant) and H9T3 (EM9 complemented with human XRCC1 gene). Results show a concentrationdependant decrease in relative survival in all cell lines. Relative survival in AA8 cells treated with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 ?g/cm2 lead chromate (LC) was 103, 98, 98 and 83%, and was 89, 82, 69 and 37% in XRCC1 deficient (EM9) cells, respectively. However, relative survival was not different in EM9 compared to AA8 and H9T3 cells treated with 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ?M sodium chromate (SC). LC was clastogenic inducing 0.25, 0.78 and 0.52 aberrations/cell at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ?g/cm2 respectively in AA8 cells. In EM9 cells, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ?g/cm2 LC caused 0.61, 0.85 and 0.96 aberrations/cell respectively. Recovery experiments show that repair was efficient in the parental cell line and the number of chromosomal aberrations was not increased, while in EM9 cells total damage was dramatically increased, especially at higher concentrations. Results for the H9T3 cells were similar to those for parental cell line. These data indicate that XRCC1 is important for cell survival of particulate chromate treated cells, but not in sodium chromate treated cells. XRCC1 is required for repair of particulate and soluble chromate induced chromosomal aberrations. Future studies will be directed towards further examining the functional role of XRCC1 in repair of chromium(VI)-induced DNA SSB.","Repair of chromate-induced chromosome damage is mediated by XRCC1 Abs: Chromium (VI) compounds are established human carcinogens that induce chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage. The mechanisms by which this damage is repaired is unknown. DNA repair mechanisms include several proteins necessary for the successful repair of DNA damage. XRCC1 is a protein involved in the repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB). In this study we examined the role of XRCC1 in cell survival and repair of chromosomal aberrations induced by particulate and soluble chromium compounds in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Three different cell lines were used: AA8 (parental), EM9 (XRCC1 mutant) and H9T3 (EM9 complemented with human XRCC1 gene). Results show a concentrationdependant decrease in relative survival in all cell lines. Relative survival in AA8 cells treated with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 ?g/cm2 lead chromate (LC) was 103, 98, 98 and 83%, and was 89, 82, 69 and 37% in XRCC1 deficient (EM9) cells, respectively. However, relative survival was not different in EM9 compared to AA8 and H9T3 cells treated with 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ?M sodium chromate (SC). LC was clastogenic inducing 0.25, 0.78 and 0.52 aberrations/cell at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ?g/cm2 respectively in AA8 cells. In EM9 cells, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ?g/cm2 LC caused 0.61, 0.85 and 0.96 aberrations/cell respectively. Recovery experiments show that repair was efficient in the parental cell line and the number of chromosomal aberrations was not increased, while in EM9 cells total damage was dramatically increased, especially at higher concentrations. Results for the H9T3 cells were similar to those for parental cell line. These data indicate that XRCC1 is important for cell survival of particulate chromate treated cells, but not in sodium chromate treated cells. XRCC1 is required for repair of particulate and soluble chromate induced chromosomal aberrations. Future studies will be directed towards further examining the functional role of XRCC1 in repair of chromium(VI)-induced DNA SSB.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233962,Llagostera et al. 1986,Induction of SOS genes of Escherichia coli by chromium compounds,"The induction of several SOS genes of Escherichia coli such as recA, umuC, and sfiA by hexavalent (K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4, and CrO3) and trivalent (CrCl3, Cr(NO3)3, and (CH3COO)3Cr) compounds of chromium was studied. Induction was measured as beta-galactosidase activity, using lacZ gene fusions under the control region of different SOS genes. The hexavalent chromium forms induced the genes responsible for massive synthesis of RecA protein, error-prone repair, and inhibition of cell division. On the other hand, the trivalent chromium compounds were unable to induce any of the SOS genes tested. Individual assay of hexavalent chromium compounds showed that K2Cr2O7 was a stronger inducing agent of those three SOS genes tested than K2CrO4, which, in turn, was stronger than CrO3. All this data led to the conclusion that hexavalent chromium compounds, but not trivalent, are proficient agents of induction of the SOS system and can produce indirect mutagenesis in Escherichia coli.","Induction of SOS genes of Escherichia coli by chromium compounds Abs: The induction of several SOS genes of Escherichia coli such as recA, umuC, and sfiA by hexavalent (K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4, and CrO3) and trivalent (CrCl3, Cr(NO3)3, and (CH3COO)3Cr) compounds of chromium was studied. Induction was measured as beta-galactosidase activity, using lacZ gene fusions under the control region of different SOS genes. The hexavalent chromium forms induced the genes responsible for massive synthesis of RecA protein, error-prone repair, and inhibition of cell division. On the other hand, the trivalent chromium compounds were unable to induce any of the SOS genes tested. Individual assay of hexavalent chromium compounds showed that K2Cr2O7 was a stronger inducing agent of those three SOS genes tested than K2CrO4, which, in turn, was stronger than CrO3. All this data led to the conclusion that hexavalent chromium compounds, but not trivalent, are proficient agents of induction of the SOS system and can produce indirect mutagenesis in Escherichia coli.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231916,Lee et al. 2005,"Interindividual variability in response to sodium dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage: role of the Ser326Cys polymorphism in the DNA-repair protein of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase 1","Although the genotoxic mechanism(s) of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) carcinogenicity remain to be fully elucidated, intracellular reduction of CrVI and concomitant generation of reactive intermediates including reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative damage to DNA is believed to contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. In the current study, substantial interindividual variation (7.19-25.84% and 8.79-34.72% tail DNA as assessed by conventional and FPG-modified comet assay, respectively) in levels of DNA strand breaks after in vitro treatment of WBC with sodium dichromate (100 micromol/L, 1 hour) was shown within a group of healthy adult volunteers (n = 72) as assessed by both comet and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase-modified comet assays. No statistically significant correlation between glutathione S-transferases M1 or T1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (codon 187) and X-ray repair cross complementation factor 1 (codon 194) genotypes and individual levels of DNA damage were observed. However, individuals homozygous for the Cys(326) 8-oxo 7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) polymorphism had a statistically significant elevation of formamidopyrimidine glycosylase-dependent oxidative DNA damage after treatment with sodium dichromate when compared with either Ser(326)/Ser(326) or Ser(326)/Cys(326) individuals (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003, respectively). In contrast, no effect of OGG1 genotype on background levels of oxidative DNA damage was observed. When individuals were divided on the basis of OGG1 genotype, Cys(326)/Cys(326) individuals had a statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test) higher ratio of oxidative DNA damage to plasma antioxidant capacity than either Ser(326)/Ser(326) or Ser(326)/Cys(326) individuals. The results of this study suggest that the Cys(326)/Cys(326) OGG1 genotype may represent a phenotype that is deficient in the repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, but only under conditions of cellular oxidative stress. We hypothesize that this may be due to oxidation of the Cys(326) residue. In conclusion, the homozygous Cys(326) genotype may represent a biomarker of individual susceptibility of lung cancer risk in individuals that are occupationally exposed to CrVI.","Interindividual variability in response to sodium dichromate-induced oxidative DNA damage: role of the Ser326Cys polymorphism in the DNA-repair protein of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA glycosylase 1 Abs: Although the genotoxic mechanism(s) of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) carcinogenicity remain to be fully elucidated, intracellular reduction of CrVI and concomitant generation of reactive intermediates including reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative damage to DNA is believed to contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. In the current study, substantial interindividual variation (7.19-25.84% and 8.79-34.72% tail DNA as assessed by conventional and FPG-modified comet assay, respectively) in levels of DNA strand breaks after in vitro treatment of WBC with sodium dichromate (100 micromol/L, 1 hour) was shown within a group of healthy adult volunteers (n = 72) as assessed by both comet and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase-modified comet assays. No statistically significant correlation between glutathione S-transferases M1 or T1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (codon 187) and X-ray repair cross complementation factor 1 (codon 194) genotypes and individual levels of DNA damage were observed. However, individuals homozygous for the Cys(326) 8-oxo 7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) polymorphism had a statistically significant elevation of formamidopyrimidine glycosylase-dependent oxidative DNA damage after treatment with sodium dichromate when compared with either Ser(326)/Ser(326) or Ser(326)/Cys(326) individuals (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003, respectively). In contrast, no effect of OGG1 genotype on background levels of oxidative DNA damage was observed. When individuals were divided on the basis of OGG1 genotype, Cys(326)/Cys(326) individuals had a statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test) higher ratio of oxidative DNA damage to plasma antioxidant capacity than either Ser(326)/Ser(326) or Ser(326)/Cys(326) individuals. The results of this study suggest that the Cys(326)/Cys(326) OGG1 genotype may represent a phenotype that is deficient in the repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, but only under conditions of cellular oxidative stress. We hypothesize that this may be due to oxidation of the Cys(326) residue. In conclusion, the homozygous Cys(326) genotype may represent a biomarker of individual susceptibility of lung cancer risk in individuals that are occupationally exposed to CrVI.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
81934,Patierno and  Landolph 1989,Soluble vs insoluble hexavalent chromate Relationship of mutation to in vitro transformation and particle uptake,"#Soluble CaCrO4 and insoluble PbCrO4 were tested for induction of mutation to 6-thioguanine (base-substitution, deletion, addition, and frameshift mutations) or ouabain (base-substitution mutations) resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells and morphological transformation in C3H/10(1/2) mouse embryo cells. CaCrO4 induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance, but did not induce mutation to ouabain resistance or morphological transformation. Highly cytotoxic amounts of CaCrO4 induced conversion of 10T1/2 cells to adipocytes, but cell lines derived from such cells were not transformed. PbCrO4 was not mutagenic in either mutation assay but induced a dose-dependent, low frequency of focus formation. Cell lines established from these foci had a 3-5-fold increased saturation density, grew in soft agarose, and were tumorigenic in nude mice. Chronic exposure to CaCrO4 or PbCl2 did not induce transformation, PbCl2 was inactive even at acutely cytotoxic concentrations, and sequential treatments with CaCrO4 and PbCl2 did not induce transformation. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed progressive cytoplasmic engulfment of PbCrO4 particles and extensive vacuolization of cells in contact with the particles. No particles were observed inside of vacuoles. We suggest that internalization of PbCrO4 and the associated cellular stress response may be related to PbCrO4-induced neoplastic transformation of 10T1/2 cells.","Soluble vs insoluble hexavalent chromate Relationship of mutation to in vitro transformation and particle uptake Abs: #Soluble CaCrO4 and insoluble PbCrO4 were tested for induction of mutation to 6-thioguanine (base-substitution, deletion, addition, and frameshift mutations) or ouabain (base-substitution mutations) resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells and morphological transformation in C3H/10(1/2) mouse embryo cells. CaCrO4 induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance, but did not induce mutation to ouabain resistance or morphological transformation. Highly cytotoxic amounts of CaCrO4 induced conversion of 10T1/2 cells to adipocytes, but cell lines derived from such cells were not transformed. PbCrO4 was not mutagenic in either mutation assay but induced a dose-dependent, low frequency of focus formation. Cell lines established from these foci had a 3-5-fold increased saturation density, grew in soft agarose, and were tumorigenic in nude mice. Chronic exposure to CaCrO4 or PbCl2 did not induce transformation, PbCl2 was inactive even at acutely cytotoxic concentrations, and sequential treatments with CaCrO4 and PbCl2 did not induce transformation. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed progressive cytoplasmic engulfment of PbCrO4 particles and extensive vacuolization of cells in contact with the particles. No particles were observed inside of vacuoles. We suggest that internalization of PbCrO4 and the associated cellular stress response may be related to PbCrO4-induced neoplastic transformation of 10T1/2 cells.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233818,Singh and  Snow 1998,Chromium(III) decreases the fidelity of human DNA polymerase beta,"Certain particulate compounds of hexavalent chromium are well-known occupational and environmental human carcinogens. Hexavalent chromium primarily enters the cells and undergoes metabolic reduction; however, the ultimate trivalent oxidation state of chromium, Cr(III), predominates within the cell. DNA-bound Cr(III) has been previously shown to decrease the fidelity of replication in the M13 phage mutation assay. This study was done to understand how Cr(III), in the presence of physiological concentrations of magnesium, affects the kinetic parameters of steady-state DNA synthesis in vitro across site-specific O6-methylguanine (m6dG) residues by DNA polymerase beta (pol beta). Cr(III) binds to the short oligomer templates in a dose-dependent manner and stimulates the activity of pol beta. Cr(III) stimulates the mutagenic incorporation of dTTP opposite m6dG more than the nonmutagenic incorporation of dCTP, and thereby Cr(III) further decreases the fidelity of DNA synthesis across m6dG by pol beta. In contrast, Cr(III) does not affect the fidelity of DNA synthesis across the normal template base, dG. Both the enhanced activity and the mutagenic lesion bypass in the presence of Cr(III) may be associated with Cr(III)-dependent stimulation of pol beta binding to DNA as reported here. This study shows some of the mechanisms by which mutagenic chromium affects DNA synthesis.","Chromium(III) decreases the fidelity of human DNA polymerase beta Abs: Certain particulate compounds of hexavalent chromium are well-known occupational and environmental human carcinogens. Hexavalent chromium primarily enters the cells and undergoes metabolic reduction; however, the ultimate trivalent oxidation state of chromium, Cr(III), predominates within the cell. DNA-bound Cr(III) has been previously shown to decrease the fidelity of replication in the M13 phage mutation assay. This study was done to understand how Cr(III), in the presence of physiological concentrations of magnesium, affects the kinetic parameters of steady-state DNA synthesis in vitro across site-specific O6-methylguanine (m6dG) residues by DNA polymerase beta (pol beta). Cr(III) binds to the short oligomer templates in a dose-dependent manner and stimulates the activity of pol beta. Cr(III) stimulates the mutagenic incorporation of dTTP opposite m6dG more than the nonmutagenic incorporation of dCTP, and thereby Cr(III) further decreases the fidelity of DNA synthesis across m6dG by pol beta. In contrast, Cr(III) does not affect the fidelity of DNA synthesis across the normal template base, dG. Both the enhanced activity and the mutagenic lesion bypass in the presence of Cr(III) may be associated with Cr(III)-dependent stimulation of pol beta binding to DNA as reported here. This study shows some of the mechanisms by which mutagenic chromium affects DNA synthesis.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233870,Gao et al. 1993,Hexavalent chromium produces DNA strand breakage but not unscheduled DNA synthesis at sub-cytotoxic concentrations in hepatocytes,"Rat hepatocytes were used to investigate the possible induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the extent of DNA strand breaks induced by sodium dichromate (a representative chromium(VI) compound) and chromium acetate hydroxide (chromium(III)) in vitro. Cytotoxicity, measured using tetrazolium salt (MTT) reduction assay, was found at a much higher dose of chromium(III), (> 50 microM), compared to that of chromium(VI), (> 2.5 microM), in cultured hepatocytes over 20 h treatment at 37 degrees C. Chromium(VI), but not chromium(III), stimulated minimal UDS in hepatocytes at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. A positive UDS response was only observed at cytotoxic concentration. DNA strand breaks in hepatocytes were induced by chromium(VI) following incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h at doses of 10, 20 and 40 microM sodium dichromate. The subsequent ligation of such strand breaks in hepatocytes treated with 40 microM chromium(VI) for 1 h at 37 degrees C was demonstrated. The majority of strand breaks was repaired within 30 min following removal of the chromate. In conclusion, chromate-induced DNA strand breakage, possibly involving the formation of oxygen radicals and lack of significant UDS have some analogy to those produced by ionizing radiation.","Hexavalent chromium produces DNA strand breakage but not unscheduled DNA synthesis at sub-cytotoxic concentrations in hepatocytes Abs: Rat hepatocytes were used to investigate the possible induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the extent of DNA strand breaks induced by sodium dichromate (a representative chromium(VI) compound) and chromium acetate hydroxide (chromium(III)) in vitro. Cytotoxicity, measured using tetrazolium salt (MTT) reduction assay, was found at a much higher dose of chromium(III), (> 50 microM), compared to that of chromium(VI), (> 2.5 microM), in cultured hepatocytes over 20 h treatment at 37 degrees C. Chromium(VI), but not chromium(III), stimulated minimal UDS in hepatocytes at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. A positive UDS response was only observed at cytotoxic concentration. DNA strand breaks in hepatocytes were induced by chromium(VI) following incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h at doses of 10, 20 and 40 microM sodium dichromate. The subsequent ligation of such strand breaks in hepatocytes treated with 40 microM chromium(VI) for 1 h at 37 degrees C was demonstrated. The majority of strand breaks was repaired within 30 min following removal of the chromate. In conclusion, chromate-induced DNA strand breakage, possibly involving the formation of oxygen radicals and lack of significant UDS have some analogy to those produced by ionizing radiation.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235570,Chen et al. 2000,Participation of MAP kinase p38 and IkappaB kinase in chromium (VI)-induced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation,"Epidemiological studies demonstrate that environmental and occupational exposure of chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] or Cr(VI)-containing particles can cause a number of human diseases, including inflammation and cancer. The biological mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of diseases resulting from exposure to Cr(VI) are not fully understood. The present studies evaluated the ability of Cr(IV) to induce activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, two important transcription factors governing the expression of many early response genes involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. The activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by Cr(IV) was dose dependent. Aspirin, a well-established antioxidant, substantially inhibited Cr(VI)-induced activation of both NF-kappaB and AP-1. SB202190, a specific inhibitor for p38, attenuated AP-1 activation induced by Cr(IV), whereas PD98059, a specific inhibitor for Erk, exhibited no effect on Cr(IV)-induced AP-1 activation. Blockage of NF-kappaB signaling pathway by a transient transfection of a dominant negative expressing vector for IkappaB kinase beta resulted in inhibition of Cr(IV)-induced NF-kappaB, but not AP-1 activation. These data suggest that the activation of AP-1 or NF-kappaB by Cr(IV) is through the involvement of MAP kinase or IKK pathway, respectively.","Participation of MAP kinase p38 and IkappaB kinase in chromium (VI)-induced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation Abs: Epidemiological studies demonstrate that environmental and occupational exposure of chromium(VI) [Cr(VI)] or Cr(VI)-containing particles can cause a number of human diseases, including inflammation and cancer. The biological mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of diseases resulting from exposure to Cr(VI) are not fully understood. The present studies evaluated the ability of Cr(IV) to induce activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, two important transcription factors governing the expression of many early response genes involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. The activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 by Cr(IV) was dose dependent. Aspirin, a well-established antioxidant, substantially inhibited Cr(VI)-induced activation of both NF-kappaB and AP-1. SB202190, a specific inhibitor for p38, attenuated AP-1 activation induced by Cr(IV), whereas PD98059, a specific inhibitor for Erk, exhibited no effect on Cr(IV)-induced AP-1 activation. Blockage of NF-kappaB signaling pathway by a transient transfection of a dominant negative expressing vector for IkappaB kinase beta resulted in inhibition of Cr(IV)-induced NF-kappaB, but not AP-1 activation. These data suggest that the activation of AP-1 or NF-kappaB by Cr(IV) is through the involvement of MAP kinase or IKK pathway, respectively.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231762,Dutta et al. 2006,Anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate in human peripheral lymphocytes challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium,"<strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate (RCUD) in human peripheral lymphocytes (HLC) challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The anticlastogenic activity of redistilled cow's urine distillate was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (HPNLs) and human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium as established genotoxicants and clastogens which could cause induction of DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus. Three different levels of RCUD: 1 microL/mL, 50 microL/mL and 100 microL/mL, were used in the study.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium caused statistically significant DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation, which could be protected by redistilled cow's urine distillate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The redistilled cow's urine distillate posseses strong antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic properties against HPNLs and HLC treated with Cr+6 and MnO2. This property is mainly due to the antioxidants present in RCUD.","Anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate in human peripheral lymphocytes challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium Abs: <strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To study the anticlastogenic effect of redistilled cow's urine distillate (RCUD) in human peripheral lymphocytes (HLC) challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The anticlastogenic activity of redistilled cow's urine distillate was studied in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (HPNLs) and human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro challenged with manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium as established genotoxicants and clastogens which could cause induction of DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus. Three different levels of RCUD: 1 microL/mL, 50 microL/mL and 100 microL/mL, were used in the study.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium caused statistically significant DNA strand break, chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation, which could be protected by redistilled cow's urine distillate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The redistilled cow's urine distillate posseses strong antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic properties against HPNLs and HLC treated with Cr+6 and MnO2. This property is mainly due to the antioxidants present in RCUD.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290348,Xu et al. 1993,Differential formation of chromium VI-induced DNA adducts and DNA-protein crosslinks in functionally distinct chromatin subfractions,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chinese hamster ovary cell toxicodynamics nuclear matrix fraction environmental toxin,Differential formation of chromium VI-induced DNA adducts and DNA-protein crosslinks in functionally distinct chromatin subfractions Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chinese hamster ovary cell toxicodynamics nuclear matrix fraction environmental toxin,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
28947,Haworth et al. 1983,Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals,"This publication is a presentation of Salmonella testing results on 250 coded chemicals, encompassing 370 tests. The majority of these results were previously summarized in issues of the National Toxicology Program Technical Bulletin. However, some interpretations were changed since publication in the NTP Bulletin, based upon a reevaluation of the data. The presentation here is designed both to summarize the results in the text and to present the data so that the reader has the opportunity of performing an independent evaluation of the data. The chemicals tested, their source, and purity (where known) are listed and their structures are given in Appendix 1.","Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals Abs: This publication is a presentation of Salmonella testing results on 250 coded chemicals, encompassing 370 tests. The majority of these results were previously summarized in issues of the National Toxicology Program Technical Bulletin. However, some interpretations were changed since publication in the NTP Bulletin, based upon a reevaluation of the data. The presentation here is designed both to summarize the results in the text and to present the data so that the reader has the opportunity of performing an independent evaluation of the data. The chemicals tested, their source, and purity (where known) are listed and their structures are given in Appendix 1.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238953,Hartwig and  Beyersmann 1989,"Mutagenicity, comutagenicity and inhibition of DNA repair of metal compounds in mammalian cells",,"Mutagenicity, comutagenicity and inhibition of DNA repair of metal compounds in mammalian cells Abs: ",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
730646,Maeng et al. 2003,Changes of 8-OH-dG levels in DNA and its base excision repair activity in rat lungs after inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium,"According to the toxicological and epidemiological studies, hexavalent chromium (Cr) is associated with increase of lung cancer risk. Genotoxic effects, such as chromosomal aberrations, and cellular oxidative DNA damage by reactive oxygen species produced by hexavalent Cr exposure may play an important role in its carcinogenesis. To clarify whether reactive oxygen species are involved in its mechanism, we examined the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OH-dG) and its base excision repair activities in the lung tissues of rats that repeatedly inhaled a sodium chromate solution mist for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The levels of 8-OH-dG increased significantly in the lung tissues of the rats exposed for 1 week at the low concentration (0.18 mg/m(3), P<0.05), as compared with the controls. However, there was no difference in the 8-OH-dG levels at the higher concentration or with more than 2 weeks of exposure. The 8-OH-dG repair activities decreased in a dose-dependent manner during 2 weeks of exposure, on the contrary they recovered at 3 weeks of repeated exposure. These results suggest that the DNA damage caused by hexavalent Cr inhalation is induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species and by inhibition of base excision repair activity during the earlier phase of exposure. However, the 8-OH-dG levels and its repair activities recovered to the level of the controls in the latter inhalation exposure period.","Changes of 8-OH-dG levels in DNA and its base excision repair activity in rat lungs after inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium Abs: According to the toxicological and epidemiological studies, hexavalent chromium (Cr) is associated with increase of lung cancer risk. Genotoxic effects, such as chromosomal aberrations, and cellular oxidative DNA damage by reactive oxygen species produced by hexavalent Cr exposure may play an important role in its carcinogenesis. To clarify whether reactive oxygen species are involved in its mechanism, we examined the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OH-dG) and its base excision repair activities in the lung tissues of rats that repeatedly inhaled a sodium chromate solution mist for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The levels of 8-OH-dG increased significantly in the lung tissues of the rats exposed for 1 week at the low concentration (0.18 mg/m(3), P<0.05), as compared with the controls. However, there was no difference in the 8-OH-dG levels at the higher concentration or with more than 2 weeks of exposure. The 8-OH-dG repair activities decreased in a dose-dependent manner during 2 weeks of exposure, on the contrary they recovered at 3 weeks of repeated exposure. These results suggest that the DNA damage caused by hexavalent Cr inhalation is induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species and by inhibition of base excision repair activity during the earlier phase of exposure. However, the 8-OH-dG levels and its repair activities recovered to the level of the controls in the latter inhalation exposure period.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232176,Mattagajasingh and  Misra 1999,Analysis of EDTA-chelatable proteins from DNA-protein crosslinks induced by a carcinogenic chromium(VI) in cultured intact human cells,"DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) were induced in intact human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells or isolated nuclei by treatment with potassium chromate, chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate or x-rays. The proteins complexed to DNA were analyzed by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A group of identical non-histone proteins was crosslinked to DNA by any of the three treatments, except that a 51 kDa basic protein was additionally complexed to DNA when either potassium chromate or chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate was the crosslinking agent. Treatment of chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslinks with EDTA or thiourea followed by ultracentifugation dissociated the major proteins from the complex indicating that these proteins were crosslinked to DNA by direct participation of a EDTA-chelatable form of chromium such as Cr(III) through sulfur containing amino acid residues. The 51 kDa protein was not seen in the post-EDTA pellet but was present in the post-thiourea pellet, indicating that it was also crosslinked to DNA by Cr(III) through non-sulfur-containing amino acids. Digestion of x-rays-induced DPCs by DNase I also revealed this protein on two-dimensional gels indicating that the same protein was also crosslinked by oxidative mechanisms. The involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the crosslinking process was indicated as the majority of the proteins in chromate-induced DPCs were resistant to EDTA and thiourea treatment, and were found to crosslink to DNA when x-rays were used as the crosslinking agent. These results suggest that the chromate-induced DPCs are formed by the generation of reactive oxygen species during the intracellular chromate reduction as well as by the biologically generated Cr(III). About 19% of DNA-protein crosslinks actually involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to proteins, of which about 14% involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to proteins through non-sulfhydryl containing moieties and about 5% involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to sulfhydryl groups on proteins. The remaining 81% of DNA-protein crosslinks appear to be oxidatively crosslinked out of which about 45% appear to be through sulfhydryl groups and another 36% appear to be through non-sulfhydryl groups.","Analysis of EDTA-chelatable proteins from DNA-protein crosslinks induced by a carcinogenic chromium(VI) in cultured intact human cells Abs: DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) were induced in intact human leukemic T-lymphocyte MOLT4 cells or isolated nuclei by treatment with potassium chromate, chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate or x-rays. The proteins complexed to DNA were analyzed by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A group of identical non-histone proteins was crosslinked to DNA by any of the three treatments, except that a 51 kDa basic protein was additionally complexed to DNA when either potassium chromate or chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate was the crosslinking agent. Treatment of chromate-induced DNA-protein crosslinks with EDTA or thiourea followed by ultracentifugation dissociated the major proteins from the complex indicating that these proteins were crosslinked to DNA by direct participation of a EDTA-chelatable form of chromium such as Cr(III) through sulfur containing amino acid residues. The 51 kDa protein was not seen in the post-EDTA pellet but was present in the post-thiourea pellet, indicating that it was also crosslinked to DNA by Cr(III) through non-sulfur-containing amino acids. Digestion of x-rays-induced DPCs by DNase I also revealed this protein on two-dimensional gels indicating that the same protein was also crosslinked by oxidative mechanisms. The involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the crosslinking process was indicated as the majority of the proteins in chromate-induced DPCs were resistant to EDTA and thiourea treatment, and were found to crosslink to DNA when x-rays were used as the crosslinking agent. These results suggest that the chromate-induced DPCs are formed by the generation of reactive oxygen species during the intracellular chromate reduction as well as by the biologically generated Cr(III). About 19% of DNA-protein crosslinks actually involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to proteins, of which about 14% involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to proteins through non-sulfhydryl containing moieties and about 5% involve Cr(III) crosslinking DNA to sulfhydryl groups on proteins. The remaining 81% of DNA-protein crosslinks appear to be oxidatively crosslinked out of which about 45% appear to be through sulfhydryl groups and another 36% appear to be through non-sulfhydryl groups.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234393,Barrera et al. 2003,HO-1 induction attenuates renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K2Cr2O7,"Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme; its inducible isozyme HO-1 protects against some types of acute tissue injury. The expression and functional role of HO-1 in rats with renal injury induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) was investigated in this work. Rats were studied 24 h after a single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). To address the possible protective effect of HO-1 in this experimental model, this enzyme was induced by an injection of stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) 12 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) administration. The functional role of HO-1 in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2)-treated animals was tested by inhibiting HO activity with an injection of zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) 18 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7). In K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-treated rats: (i) renal HO-1 content, measured by Western blot, increased 2.6-fold; and, (ii) renal nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl content, markers of oxidative stress, increased 3.5- and 1.36-fold, respectively. Renal damage and oxidative stress were ameliorated and HO-1 content was increased in the K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) group. The attenuation of renal injury and oxidative stress was lost by the inhibition of HO activity in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) + ZnPP-treated animals. Our data suggest that HO-1 overexpression induced by SnCl(2) is responsible for the attenuation of renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K(2)Cr(2)O(7).","HO-1 induction attenuates renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K2Cr2O7 Abs: Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme; its inducible isozyme HO-1 protects against some types of acute tissue injury. The expression and functional role of HO-1 in rats with renal injury induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) was investigated in this work. Rats were studied 24 h after a single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). To address the possible protective effect of HO-1 in this experimental model, this enzyme was induced by an injection of stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) 12 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) administration. The functional role of HO-1 in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2)-treated animals was tested by inhibiting HO activity with an injection of zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) 18 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7). In K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-treated rats: (i) renal HO-1 content, measured by Western blot, increased 2.6-fold; and, (ii) renal nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl content, markers of oxidative stress, increased 3.5- and 1.36-fold, respectively. Renal damage and oxidative stress were ameliorated and HO-1 content was increased in the K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) group. The attenuation of renal injury and oxidative stress was lost by the inhibition of HO activity in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) + ZnPP-treated animals. Our data suggest that HO-1 overexpression induced by SnCl(2) is responsible for the attenuation of renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K(2)Cr(2)O(7).",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238939,Myhr and  Caspary 1988,"Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: Intralaboratory results for sixty-three coded chemicals tested at Litton Bionetics, Inc","The reliability of the L5178Y TK+/- forward mutation assay as a rapid screen for genotoxicity was evaluated by testing 63 coded chemicals. Replicate treatments were used, and at least two independent experiments were performed for each test condition. The test conditions consisted of no exogenous activation, activation by Aroclor 1254-induced Fischer 344 rat liver S9 homogenate, and in some cases activation by noninduced Fischer 344 rat liver S9. The results were organized into tables that show the mutant colony counts, mutant frequency, and toxicity for each test chemical treatment, positive control treatment, and solvent negative control cultures. The repeat experiments were highly consistent and yielded contradictory evaluations for only a few of the chemicals studied. Fifty-one of the chemicals (81%) were evaluated as mutagenic under one or both of the test conditions. A range in minimum effective concentrations of almost 10(6)-fold (0.008 to 5,000 micrograms/ml) was observed among the mutagenic chemicals. Nine chemicals (14%) were considered to be nonmutagenic. Three chemicals (progesterone, p-rosaniline HCl, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) gave responses that were not easily evaluated under any test condition: evidence for mutagenesis was obtained in some experiments but not for all repeat studies. Under nonactivation conditions, specifically, the mutagenic activities of 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone, progesterone, and p-rosaniline HCl remained uncertain. With S9 activation, uncertain evidence for mutagenesis was obtained for 2-naphthylamine, progesterone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In some cases, changes in the treatment conditions could lead to different evaluations of the mutagenic activity, and these possibilities are discussed in the descriptive evaluations of each chemical. Comparisons of the observed responses with published results were possible for 29 of the compounds and yielded highly confirmatory evaluations.","Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: Intralaboratory results for sixty-three coded chemicals tested at Litton Bionetics, Inc Abs: The reliability of the L5178Y TK+/- forward mutation assay as a rapid screen for genotoxicity was evaluated by testing 63 coded chemicals. Replicate treatments were used, and at least two independent experiments were performed for each test condition. The test conditions consisted of no exogenous activation, activation by Aroclor 1254-induced Fischer 344 rat liver S9 homogenate, and in some cases activation by noninduced Fischer 344 rat liver S9. The results were organized into tables that show the mutant colony counts, mutant frequency, and toxicity for each test chemical treatment, positive control treatment, and solvent negative control cultures. The repeat experiments were highly consistent and yielded contradictory evaluations for only a few of the chemicals studied. Fifty-one of the chemicals (81%) were evaluated as mutagenic under one or both of the test conditions. A range in minimum effective concentrations of almost 10(6)-fold (0.008 to 5,000 micrograms/ml) was observed among the mutagenic chemicals. Nine chemicals (14%) were considered to be nonmutagenic. Three chemicals (progesterone, p-rosaniline HCl, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) gave responses that were not easily evaluated under any test condition: evidence for mutagenesis was obtained in some experiments but not for all repeat studies. Under nonactivation conditions, specifically, the mutagenic activities of 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone, progesterone, and p-rosaniline HCl remained uncertain. With S9 activation, uncertain evidence for mutagenesis was obtained for 2-naphthylamine, progesterone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. In some cases, changes in the treatment conditions could lead to different evaluations of the mutagenic activity, and these possibilities are discussed in the descriptive evaluations of each chemical. Comparisons of the observed responses with published results were possible for 29 of the compounds and yielded highly confirmatory evaluations.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
925282,Khan et al. 2010,Nephroprotective action of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil against potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7)-induced acute renal injury in rats,"Industrial and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, particularly hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-containing compounds are often known to cause acute renal injury (ARI) in humans and animals. Its nephrotoxicity is associated with an increased formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in renal tissue. Recent studies suggest that antioxidants of the vitamin E family have protective effects against metal toxicity. Tocotrienols are known to have greater antioxidant activity than tocopherols and protect more efficiently against some free radical-related diseases than does tocopherols. In the present study, ARI induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) has been used as a model to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil. Wistar male rats having an average body weight (bw) of 210 g were divided into four groups. The first group was taken as control and injected with vehicle alone while the second group was drug control and ingested with TRF (200mg/kg, bw, orally, once daily for 21 days); the third group served as toxicant and was pre-treated with saline, followed by a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (15 mg/kg bw). The fourth group was pre-treated with TRF and subsequently injected with K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (same dose as for the third group). Renal functions, oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 after treatment with K(2)Cr(2)O(7). The results revealed altered proximal tubular function; decreased glomerular filtration accompanied by oxidative damage 48 h after exposure to dichromate; while in the TRF-treated group proximal reabsorptive function, glomerular function and the cellular redox status were sustained. These results were further supported and confirmed by histological findings. The study suggests that TRF is effective in preventing K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced acute renal injury, but more studies are needed to confirm the effects of TRF as a nephroprotective agent.","Nephroprotective action of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil against potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7)-induced acute renal injury in rats Abs: Industrial and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, particularly hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI))-containing compounds are often known to cause acute renal injury (ARI) in humans and animals. Its nephrotoxicity is associated with an increased formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in renal tissue. Recent studies suggest that antioxidants of the vitamin E family have protective effects against metal toxicity. Tocotrienols are known to have greater antioxidant activity than tocopherols and protect more efficiently against some free radical-related diseases than does tocopherols. In the present study, ARI induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) has been used as a model to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) from palm oil. Wistar male rats having an average body weight (bw) of 210 g were divided into four groups. The first group was taken as control and injected with vehicle alone while the second group was drug control and ingested with TRF (200mg/kg, bw, orally, once daily for 21 days); the third group served as toxicant and was pre-treated with saline, followed by a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (15 mg/kg bw). The fourth group was pre-treated with TRF and subsequently injected with K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (same dose as for the third group). Renal functions, oxidative and nitrosative stress were evaluated on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 after treatment with K(2)Cr(2)O(7). The results revealed altered proximal tubular function; decreased glomerular filtration accompanied by oxidative damage 48 h after exposure to dichromate; while in the TRF-treated group proximal reabsorptive function, glomerular function and the cellular redox status were sustained. These results were further supported and confirmed by histological findings. The study suggests that TRF is effective in preventing K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced acute renal injury, but more studies are needed to confirm the effects of TRF as a nephroprotective agent.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233992,Bennicelli et al. 1983,High sensitivity of Salmonella TA102 in detecting hexavalent chromium mutagenicity and its reversal by liver and lung preparations,"The recently developed strain TA102, particularly suited to the detection of oxidative mutagens (Levin et al., 1983), was the most sensitive out of 9 strains of S. typhimurium his- in revealing the mutagenicity of Cr(VI) compounds (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate and chromium trioxide). The rank of sensitivity was the following: TA102, TA100, TA97, TA92, TA1978, TA98, TA1538 and TA1537, TA1535 being the only insensitive strain. Cr(III) compounds (chromic acetate, chromic nitrate and chromic potassium sulfate) were totally inactive with all strains. The direct mutagenicity of Cr(VI) was markedly decreased, through NADPH-requiring mechanisms, by rat-liver S9 fractions and, to a lower extent, by human lung S12 fractions, which supports the hypothesis of a metabolically regulated threshold in chromium pulmonary carcinogenicity.","High sensitivity of Salmonella TA102 in detecting hexavalent chromium mutagenicity and its reversal by liver and lung preparations Abs: The recently developed strain TA102, particularly suited to the detection of oxidative mutagens (Levin et al., 1983), was the most sensitive out of 9 strains of S. typhimurium his- in revealing the mutagenicity of Cr(VI) compounds (sodium dichromate, calcium chromate and chromium trioxide). The rank of sensitivity was the following: TA102, TA100, TA97, TA92, TA1978, TA98, TA1538 and TA1537, TA1535 being the only insensitive strain. Cr(III) compounds (chromic acetate, chromic nitrate and chromic potassium sulfate) were totally inactive with all strains. The direct mutagenicity of Cr(VI) was markedly decreased, through NADPH-requiring mechanisms, by rat-liver S9 fractions and, to a lower extent, by human lung S12 fractions, which supports the hypothesis of a metabolically regulated threshold in chromium pulmonary carcinogenicity.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1260403,Gao et al. 1994,Use of molecular epidemiological techniques in a pilot study on workers exposed to chromium,"OBJECTIVES: Molecular epidemiological techniques, capable of detecting damage to DNA, were used to see if such damage occurred in the lymphocytes of a group of workers exposed to chromium. The two aims of this pilot study were to see if these new techniques might make useful biological monitoring tools for workers exposed to chromium and also, to help assess whether the current occupational exposure limit for chromium (VI) was sufficiently protective in this specific working situation. METHODS: Volunteer groups of 10 workers exposed to chromium and 10 non-exposed workers provided urine and blood samples towards the end of the working week. Chromium concentrations were measured in whole blood, plasma, lymphocytes, and urine. Lymphocytes were used to examine two forms of DNA damage in the two groups; these were the level of DNA strand breakage and, the production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. RESULTS: Chromium concentration in whole blood, plasma, and urine of workers exposed to chromium was significantly raised (P < 0.01) compared with non-exposed controls, but in isolated lymphocytes, there was only a modest but significant (P < 0.05) increase in chromium in the group exposed to chromium. There was no difference in the levels of DNA strand breaks or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine between the groups. Air monitoring for chromium was not undertaken but current levels for the group exposed to chromium were reported to be around 0.01 mg/m3, which is 20% of the current United Kingdom occupational exposure limit. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to detect any damage in lymphocytic DNA due to exposure to chromium. This may have been due to the low chromium exposure (< 20% of the United Kingdom occupational exposure limit), the ability of plasma to detoxify chromium (VI) to chromium (III) before it reached the lymphocytes, or perhaps the insensitivity of the molecular techniques used. It is now important to test these and other such techniques on groups exposed to levels closer to the United Kingdom occupational exposure limit.","Use of molecular epidemiological techniques in a pilot study on workers exposed to chromium Abs: OBJECTIVES: Molecular epidemiological techniques, capable of detecting damage to DNA, were used to see if such damage occurred in the lymphocytes of a group of workers exposed to chromium. The two aims of this pilot study were to see if these new techniques might make useful biological monitoring tools for workers exposed to chromium and also, to help assess whether the current occupational exposure limit for chromium (VI) was sufficiently protective in this specific working situation. METHODS: Volunteer groups of 10 workers exposed to chromium and 10 non-exposed workers provided urine and blood samples towards the end of the working week. Chromium concentrations were measured in whole blood, plasma, lymphocytes, and urine. Lymphocytes were used to examine two forms of DNA damage in the two groups; these were the level of DNA strand breakage and, the production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. RESULTS: Chromium concentration in whole blood, plasma, and urine of workers exposed to chromium was significantly raised (P < 0.01) compared with non-exposed controls, but in isolated lymphocytes, there was only a modest but significant (P < 0.05) increase in chromium in the group exposed to chromium. There was no difference in the levels of DNA strand breaks or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine between the groups. Air monitoring for chromium was not undertaken but current levels for the group exposed to chromium were reported to be around 0.01 mg/m3, which is 20% of the current United Kingdom occupational exposure limit. CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to detect any damage in lymphocytic DNA due to exposure to chromium. This may have been due to the low chromium exposure (< 20% of the United Kingdom occupational exposure limit), the ability of plasma to detoxify chromium (VI) to chromium (III) before it reached the lymphocytes, or perhaps the insensitivity of the molecular techniques used. It is now important to test these and other such techniques on groups exposed to levels closer to the United Kingdom occupational exposure limit.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231960,Muranaka et al. 2004,Involvement of ceramide in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of CHO cells,"Mitochondria reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(V) with concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby exhibiting cytotoxic effects leading to apoptosis in various types of cells. To clarify the mechanism by which Cr(VI) induces apoptosis, we examined the effect of Cr(VI) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cr(VI) increased cellular levels of ceramide by activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein kinase B (Akt). Cr(VI) also induced cyclosporin A- and trifluoperazine-sensitive depolarization of mitochondria and activated caspase-3, 8 and 9, thereby causing fragmentation of cellular DNA. The presence of desipramine, an inhibitor of ASMase, and membrane permeable pCPT-cAMP suppressed the Cr(VI)-induced activation of caspases and DNA fragmentation. These results suggested that accumulation of ceramide play an important role in the Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of CHO cells through activation of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition.","Involvement of ceramide in the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of CHO cells Abs: Mitochondria reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(V) with concomitant generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby exhibiting cytotoxic effects leading to apoptosis in various types of cells. To clarify the mechanism by which Cr(VI) induces apoptosis, we examined the effect of Cr(VI) on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cr(VI) increased cellular levels of ceramide by activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein kinase B (Akt). Cr(VI) also induced cyclosporin A- and trifluoperazine-sensitive depolarization of mitochondria and activated caspase-3, 8 and 9, thereby causing fragmentation of cellular DNA. The presence of desipramine, an inhibitor of ASMase, and membrane permeable pCPT-cAMP suppressed the Cr(VI)-induced activation of caspases and DNA fragmentation. These results suggested that accumulation of ceramide play an important role in the Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of CHO cells through activation of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1231603,Myers and  Myers 2009,The effects of hexavalent chromium on thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins in human bronchial epithelial cells,"Inhalational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds (e.g., chromates) is of concern in many Cr-related industries and their surrounding environments. The bronchial epithelium is directly exposed to inhaled Cr(VI). Cr(VI) species gain easy access inside cells, where they are reduced to reactive Cr species, which may also contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The thioredoxin (Trx) system promotes cell survival and has a major role in maintaining intracellular thiol redox balance. Previous studies with normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) demonstrated that chromates cause dose- and time-dependent oxidation of Trx1 and Trx2. The Trx's keep many intracellular proteins reduced, including the peroxiredoxins (Prx's). Prx1 (cytosolic) and Prx3 (mitochondrial) were oxidized by Cr(VI) treatments that oxidized all, or nearly all, of the respective Trx's. Prx oxidation is therefore probably the result of a lack of reducing equivalents from Trx. Trx reductases (TrxR's) keep the Trx's largely in the reduced state. Cr(VI) caused pronounced inhibition of TrxR, but the levels of TrxR protein remained unchanged. The inhibition of TrxR was not reversed by removal of residual Cr(VI) or by NADPH, the endogenous electron donor for TrxR. In contrast, the oxidation of Trx1, Trx2, and Prx3 was reversible by disulfide reductants. Prolonged inhibition of TrxR in Cr(VI)-treated cells might contribute to the sustained oxidation of Trx's and Prx's. Reduced Trx binds to an N-terminal domain of apoptosis signaling kinase (ASK1), keeping ASK1 inactive. Cr(VI) treatments that significantly oxidized Trx1 resulted in pronounced dissociation of Trx1 from ASK1. Overall, the effects of Cr(VI) on the redox state and function of the Trx's, Prx's, and TrxR in the bronchial epithelium could have important implications for redox-sensitive cell signaling and tolerance of oxidant insults.","The effects of hexavalent chromium on thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins in human bronchial epithelial cells Abs: Inhalational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds (e.g., chromates) is of concern in many Cr-related industries and their surrounding environments. The bronchial epithelium is directly exposed to inhaled Cr(VI). Cr(VI) species gain easy access inside cells, where they are reduced to reactive Cr species, which may also contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The thioredoxin (Trx) system promotes cell survival and has a major role in maintaining intracellular thiol redox balance. Previous studies with normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) demonstrated that chromates cause dose- and time-dependent oxidation of Trx1 and Trx2. The Trx's keep many intracellular proteins reduced, including the peroxiredoxins (Prx's). Prx1 (cytosolic) and Prx3 (mitochondrial) were oxidized by Cr(VI) treatments that oxidized all, or nearly all, of the respective Trx's. Prx oxidation is therefore probably the result of a lack of reducing equivalents from Trx. Trx reductases (TrxR's) keep the Trx's largely in the reduced state. Cr(VI) caused pronounced inhibition of TrxR, but the levels of TrxR protein remained unchanged. The inhibition of TrxR was not reversed by removal of residual Cr(VI) or by NADPH, the endogenous electron donor for TrxR. In contrast, the oxidation of Trx1, Trx2, and Prx3 was reversible by disulfide reductants. Prolonged inhibition of TrxR in Cr(VI)-treated cells might contribute to the sustained oxidation of Trx's and Prx's. Reduced Trx binds to an N-terminal domain of apoptosis signaling kinase (ASK1), keeping ASK1 inactive. Cr(VI) treatments that significantly oxidized Trx1 resulted in pronounced dissociation of Trx1 from ASK1. Overall, the effects of Cr(VI) on the redox state and function of the Trx's, Prx's, and TrxR in the bronchial epithelium could have important implications for redox-sensitive cell signaling and tolerance of oxidant insults.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1576447,Hamilton and  Wetterhahn 1986,Chromium-induced DNA damage in vivo in the chick embryo,,Chromium-induced DNA damage in vivo in the chick embryo Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233966,Levy and  Venitt 1986,Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: The association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia,"Over the last 40 years, experiments with animals and epidemiology of exposed human populations have established that certain hexavalent chromium-containing compounds are capable of causing cancer whilst trivalent materials are not. More recently, a variety of short-term genotoxicity tests (predictive of carcinogenicity) have clearly demonstrated that Cr[VI] is genotoxic per se, and that all Cr[VI]-containing materials which have been tested are genotoxic. What experiments have failed to demonstrate clearly, however, is which of the myriad of industrially available hexavalent materials are carcinogenic and which are not. In this long-term study we have looked at the incidence of squamous metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium of rats exposed to a range of chromium-containing materials by intrabronchial implantation. Squamous metaplasia is generally considered to be a transformed state from which squamous carcinoma may arise. We have shown that its incidence is increased in all groups exposed to Cr[VI]-materials, and in rats exposed to the reference carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene. Squamous metaplasia was not increased in rats exposed to Cr[III] materials. Of rats exposed to Cr[VI], only those receiving materials of sparing aqueous solubility developed bronchial squamous carcinoma at statistically significant levels. These results strongly support the hypothesis that although Cr[VI] per se is biologically active, producing genotoxic effects and pathological changes which may predispose to the development of cancer, only Cr[VI] materials of sparing aqueous solubility seem to be capable of evoking a carcinogenic response.","Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: The association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia Abs: Over the last 40 years, experiments with animals and epidemiology of exposed human populations have established that certain hexavalent chromium-containing compounds are capable of causing cancer whilst trivalent materials are not. More recently, a variety of short-term genotoxicity tests (predictive of carcinogenicity) have clearly demonstrated that Cr[VI] is genotoxic per se, and that all Cr[VI]-containing materials which have been tested are genotoxic. What experiments have failed to demonstrate clearly, however, is which of the myriad of industrially available hexavalent materials are carcinogenic and which are not. In this long-term study we have looked at the incidence of squamous metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium of rats exposed to a range of chromium-containing materials by intrabronchial implantation. Squamous metaplasia is generally considered to be a transformed state from which squamous carcinoma may arise. We have shown that its incidence is increased in all groups exposed to Cr[VI]-materials, and in rats exposed to the reference carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene. Squamous metaplasia was not increased in rats exposed to Cr[III] materials. Of rats exposed to Cr[VI], only those receiving materials of sparing aqueous solubility developed bronchial squamous carcinoma at statistically significant levels. These results strongly support the hypothesis that although Cr[VI] per se is biologically active, producing genotoxic effects and pathological changes which may predispose to the development of cancer, only Cr[VI] materials of sparing aqueous solubility seem to be capable of evoking a carcinogenic response.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290437,Costa 1993,Molecular targets of nickel and chromium in human and experimental systems,"Water-insoluble nickel compounds tend to be carcinogenic because they enter cells through phagocytosis. Highly water-soluble nickel salts, such as nickel chloride, do not enter cells well and thus are not carcinogenic in vivo. Carcinogenic nickel compounds produce selective damage to heterochromatic regions in Chinese hamster chromosomes, probably because of the high concentration of proteins and amino acids in this highly condensed genetically inactive chromatin region. Bivalent nickel ions are highly affinitive to amino acids as compared with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The interaction with proteins is believed to cause this effect. In addition, when nickel binds to proteins, it can be oxidized, and DNA protein damage ensues. A new method detects DNA-protein cross-links induced by various agents, such as nickel, chromium and cis-platinum. It has demonstrated an increase in DNA-protein cross-links in cultured cells from animals treated with chromate and welders exposed to welding fumes.","Molecular targets of nickel and chromium in human and experimental systems Abs: Water-insoluble nickel compounds tend to be carcinogenic because they enter cells through phagocytosis. Highly water-soluble nickel salts, such as nickel chloride, do not enter cells well and thus are not carcinogenic in vivo. Carcinogenic nickel compounds produce selective damage to heterochromatic regions in Chinese hamster chromosomes, probably because of the high concentration of proteins and amino acids in this highly condensed genetically inactive chromatin region. Bivalent nickel ions are highly affinitive to amino acids as compared with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The interaction with proteins is believed to cause this effect. In addition, when nickel binds to proteins, it can be oxidized, and DNA protein damage ensues. A new method detects DNA-protein cross-links induced by various agents, such as nickel, chromium and cis-platinum. It has demonstrated an increase in DNA-protein cross-links in cultured cells from animals treated with chromate and welders exposed to welding fumes.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235685,Kortenkamp and  O'Brien 1994,The generation of DNA single-strand breaks during the reduction of chromate by ascorbic acid and/or glutathione in vitro,"The potential role of iron and copper and the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the DNA cleavage caused by chromate and glutathione (GSH) has been investigated. We have also studied the ability of chromate, on reaction with ascorbate as well as in mixed solutions of ascorbate and GSH, to cause DNA strand breaks. In both fully demetalated and conventional (i.e., metal contaminated) systems, chromate and GSH induced similar numbers of DNA strand breaks. This observation suggests that traces of iron or copper contaminating the reaction mixtures do not play a major role in the DNA cleavage caused by chromate and GSH. A series of hydroxyl radical scavengers exhibited a protective influence on the induction of DNA strand breaks. However, glucose and sucrose, both strong hydroxyl radical scavengers, showed no concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA cleavage. Competition kinetics studies yielded apparent rate constants that were not consistent with hydroxyl radicals being the species responsible for DNA strand breaks. Ascorbate in combination with chromate was also found to induce strand breaks in DNA; this damage could be attributed to reactive intermediates generated during the reduction. When mixed systems of ascorbate and GSH in the presence of chromate were investigated, there were clearly interactions between the two reductants.","The generation of DNA single-strand breaks during the reduction of chromate by ascorbic acid and/or glutathione in vitro Abs: The potential role of iron and copper and the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the DNA cleavage caused by chromate and glutathione (GSH) has been investigated. We have also studied the ability of chromate, on reaction with ascorbate as well as in mixed solutions of ascorbate and GSH, to cause DNA strand breaks. In both fully demetalated and conventional (i.e., metal contaminated) systems, chromate and GSH induced similar numbers of DNA strand breaks. This observation suggests that traces of iron or copper contaminating the reaction mixtures do not play a major role in the DNA cleavage caused by chromate and GSH. A series of hydroxyl radical scavengers exhibited a protective influence on the induction of DNA strand breaks. However, glucose and sucrose, both strong hydroxyl radical scavengers, showed no concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA cleavage. Competition kinetics studies yielded apparent rate constants that were not consistent with hydroxyl radicals being the species responsible for DNA strand breaks. Ascorbate in combination with chromate was also found to induce strand breaks in DNA; this damage could be attributed to reactive intermediates generated during the reduction. When mixed systems of ascorbate and GSH in the presence of chromate were investigated, there were clearly interactions between the two reductants.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
33288,Figoni and  Treagan 1975,Inhibitory effect of nickel and chromium upon antibody response of rats to immunization with T-1 phage,Nickel and chromium significantly depressed the circulating antibody response of rats immunized with a viral antigen (T-1 phage). Consistent suppression of antibody was observed in all metal-treated animals; the greatest decrease in antibody titers was noted in animals receiving metals two weeks prior to the initial antigen dose.,Inhibitory effect of nickel and chromium upon antibody response of rats to immunization with T-1 phage Abs: Nickel and chromium significantly depressed the circulating antibody response of rats immunized with a viral antigen (T-1 phage). Consistent suppression of antibody was observed in all metal-treated animals; the greatest decrease in antibody titers was noted in animals receiving metals two weeks prior to the initial antigen dose.,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235847,Sugiyama et al. 1991,"Effect of ascorbic acid on DNA damage, cytotoxicity, glutathione reductase, and formation of paramagnetic chromium in Chinese hamster V-79 cells treated with sodium chromate(VI)","The effect of pretreatment with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on chromate-induced DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and enzyme inhibition as well as on the cellular reduction of chromium(VI) was investigated using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Cellular pretreatment with nontoxic levels of 1 mM ascorbic acid for 24 h prior to exposure resulted in a significant increase (1.7-fold) in cellular levels of this vitamin. Alkaline elution assays demonstrated that this pretreatment decreased cellular levels of Na2CrO4-induced alkali-labile sites while the numbers of DNA-protein crosslinks produced by chromate increased. In colony-forming assays, pretreatment with ascorbic acid enhanced the cytotoxicity of chromate. However, the inhibition of glutathione reductase attributed to Na2CrO4 was attenuated by this pretreatment. Under the same experimental condition, the uptake of chromate in pretreated cells was found to increase. ESR studies revealed that cellular pretreatment with ascorbic acid reduced the level of chromium(V) intermediate and increased the level of chromium(III) complex, indicating that cellular reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) was accelerated by this vitamin. These results suggest that ascorbic acid decreases chromate-induced alkali-labile sites and chromium inhibition of glutathione reductase, but it enhances DNA-protein cross-links and cytotoxicity caused by this metal through its ability to directly reduce chromium(VI).","Effect of ascorbic acid on DNA damage, cytotoxicity, glutathione reductase, and formation of paramagnetic chromium in Chinese hamster V-79 cells treated with sodium chromate(VI) Abs: The effect of pretreatment with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on chromate-induced DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and enzyme inhibition as well as on the cellular reduction of chromium(VI) was investigated using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Cellular pretreatment with nontoxic levels of 1 mM ascorbic acid for 24 h prior to exposure resulted in a significant increase (1.7-fold) in cellular levels of this vitamin. Alkaline elution assays demonstrated that this pretreatment decreased cellular levels of Na2CrO4-induced alkali-labile sites while the numbers of DNA-protein crosslinks produced by chromate increased. In colony-forming assays, pretreatment with ascorbic acid enhanced the cytotoxicity of chromate. However, the inhibition of glutathione reductase attributed to Na2CrO4 was attenuated by this pretreatment. Under the same experimental condition, the uptake of chromate in pretreated cells was found to increase. ESR studies revealed that cellular pretreatment with ascorbic acid reduced the level of chromium(V) intermediate and increased the level of chromium(III) complex, indicating that cellular reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) was accelerated by this vitamin. These results suggest that ascorbic acid decreases chromate-induced alkali-labile sites and chromium inhibition of glutathione reductase, but it enhances DNA-protein cross-links and cytotoxicity caused by this metal through its ability to directly reduce chromium(VI).",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
8504,Singh 1983,Induction of reverse mutation and mitotic gene conversion by some metal compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae,,Induction of reverse mutation and mitotic gene conversion by some metal compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290136,Sugiyama 1991,Effects of vitamins on chromium(VI)-induced damage,"The effects of vitamin E and vitamin B2 on DNA damage and cellular reduction of chromium(VI) were investigated using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) resulted in a decrease of DNA single-strand breaks produced by Na2CrO4, while similar treatment with riboflavin (vitamin B2) enhanced levels of DNA breaks. In contrast, levels of DNA-protein crosslinks induced by Na2CrO4 were unaffected by these vitamins. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies showed that incubation of cells with Na2CrO4 resulted in the formation of both chromium(V) and chromium(III) complexes, and cellular pretreatment with vitamin E reduced the level of the chromium(V) complex, whereas pretreatment with vitamin B2 enhanced the level of this intermediate. However, the levels of chromium(III) were unchanged by these vitamins. The uptake of chromate was not affected by vitamin E or vitamin B2, nor were the levels of glutathione or glutathione reductase activity, which are both capable of reducing chromate. ESR studies demonstrated that a chromium(V) species was formed by the reaction of Na2CrO4 with vitamin B2 and that vitamin B2 enhanced the formation of hydroxyl radicals during the reaction of Na2CrO4 and hydrogen peroxide. Treatment cells with Na2CrO4 resulted in a decrease of glutathione reductase activity, and pretreatment with vitamin E restored the enzyme activity suppressed by this metal. However, pretreatment with vitamin B2 enhanced the inhibition of this enzyme by Na2CrO4. Using a colony-forming assay, pretreatment with vitamin E dramatically decreased the cytotoxicity of Na2CrO4, while pretreatment with vitamin B2 was found to result in only a decrease of cell lethality of this metal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)","Effects of vitamins on chromium(VI)-induced damage Abs: The effects of vitamin E and vitamin B2 on DNA damage and cellular reduction of chromium(VI) were investigated using Chinese hamster V-79 cells. Pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin E) resulted in a decrease of DNA single-strand breaks produced by Na2CrO4, while similar treatment with riboflavin (vitamin B2) enhanced levels of DNA breaks. In contrast, levels of DNA-protein crosslinks induced by Na2CrO4 were unaffected by these vitamins. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies showed that incubation of cells with Na2CrO4 resulted in the formation of both chromium(V) and chromium(III) complexes, and cellular pretreatment with vitamin E reduced the level of the chromium(V) complex, whereas pretreatment with vitamin B2 enhanced the level of this intermediate. However, the levels of chromium(III) were unchanged by these vitamins. The uptake of chromate was not affected by vitamin E or vitamin B2, nor were the levels of glutathione or glutathione reductase activity, which are both capable of reducing chromate. ESR studies demonstrated that a chromium(V) species was formed by the reaction of Na2CrO4 with vitamin B2 and that vitamin B2 enhanced the formation of hydroxyl radicals during the reaction of Na2CrO4 and hydrogen peroxide. Treatment cells with Na2CrO4 resulted in a decrease of glutathione reductase activity, and pretreatment with vitamin E restored the enzyme activity suppressed by this metal. However, pretreatment with vitamin B2 enhanced the inhibition of this enzyme by Na2CrO4. Using a colony-forming assay, pretreatment with vitamin E dramatically decreased the cytotoxicity of Na2CrO4, while pretreatment with vitamin B2 was found to result in only a decrease of cell lethality of this metal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1238727,Nishioka 1978,Super-sensitive DNA-repair test-liquid for confirming DNA-damagicity of mutagens,,Super-sensitive DNA-repair test-liquid for confirming DNA-damagicity of mutagens Abs: ,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1235579,Fernandes et al. 2000,"Chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation: influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide","In order to attenuate or to prevent chromate-induced human erythrocytes injury, the influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide on chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation were investigated. It was observed that pretreatment of human erythrocytes with vitamin E (20 microM), vitamin C (1 mM), salicylate (3 mM), and deferoxamine (4 mM) significantly increased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation in a time dependent manner, while it was significantly decreased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM). In contrast, pretreatment of human erythrocytes with deferoxamine (4 mM) immediately inhibited (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation, while it was significantly increased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) during the first 4 h of cells exposition to chromate. For time periods superior to 6 h pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) significantly decreased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation. It was concluded that care must be taken as these drugs are used to prevent against toxicity induced by chromium(VI) compounds.","Chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation: influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide Abs: In order to attenuate or to prevent chromate-induced human erythrocytes injury, the influence of vitamin E, vitamin C, salicylate, deferoxamine, and N-ethylmaleimide on chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation and peroxidation were investigated. It was observed that pretreatment of human erythrocytes with vitamin E (20 microM), vitamin C (1 mM), salicylate (3 mM), and deferoxamine (4 mM) significantly increased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes haemoglobin oxidation in a time dependent manner, while it was significantly decreased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM). In contrast, pretreatment of human erythrocytes with deferoxamine (4 mM) immediately inhibited (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation, while it was significantly increased (P=0.0001) by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) during the first 4 h of cells exposition to chromate. For time periods superior to 6 h pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) significantly decreased (P=0.0001) chromate-induced human erythrocytes peroxidation. It was concluded that care must be taken as these drugs are used to prevent against toxicity induced by chromium(VI) compounds.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1234209,Elbekai and  El-Kadi 2008,"Arsenite and cadmium, but not chromium, induce NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 through transcriptional mechanisms, in spite of post-transcriptional modifications","NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1)-mediated detoxification of quinones plays a critical role in cancer prevention. Metals alter the carcinogenicity of AhR ligands, such as TCDD, by modulating the induction of Nqo1, but the mechanism(s) remain unresolved. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in the alteration of Nqo1, we analyzed the effect of the metals As3+ (5 microM), Cd2+ (5 microM), and Cr6+ (25 microM) on the transcriptional activation of the Nqo1 gene and post-transcriptional modifications, in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Both As3+ and Cd2+ induced Nqo1 mRNA in a time-dependent manner and potentiated TCDD-induced Nqo1 mRNA. Cr6+ on the other hand, completely inhibited the induction of Nqo1 mRNA by TCDD. The induction of Nqo1 mRNA by the metals was completely inhibited with the DNA transcription inhibitor actinomycin-D, indicating a requirement for de novo mRNA synthesis for the induction. Furthermore, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide decreased Nqo1 mRNA induction, suggesting a role for a labile protein in the transcriptional induction of Nqo1 mRNA by metals. Surprisingly, all three metals decreased Nqo1 mRNA stability while having no effect on Nqo1 protein half-life. Meanwhile, As3+ and Cd2+ induced constitutive Nqo1 activity and potentiated the induction by increasing concentrations of TCDD. On the other hand, Cr6+ inhibited inducible Nqo1 activity. It is apparent that metals alter Nqo1 expression at the transcriptional level, through a labile protein-mediated pathway.","Arsenite and cadmium, but not chromium, induce NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 through transcriptional mechanisms, in spite of post-transcriptional modifications Abs: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1)-mediated detoxification of quinones plays a critical role in cancer prevention. Metals alter the carcinogenicity of AhR ligands, such as TCDD, by modulating the induction of Nqo1, but the mechanism(s) remain unresolved. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in the alteration of Nqo1, we analyzed the effect of the metals As3+ (5 microM), Cd2+ (5 microM), and Cr6+ (25 microM) on the transcriptional activation of the Nqo1 gene and post-transcriptional modifications, in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Both As3+ and Cd2+ induced Nqo1 mRNA in a time-dependent manner and potentiated TCDD-induced Nqo1 mRNA. Cr6+ on the other hand, completely inhibited the induction of Nqo1 mRNA by TCDD. The induction of Nqo1 mRNA by the metals was completely inhibited with the DNA transcription inhibitor actinomycin-D, indicating a requirement for de novo mRNA synthesis for the induction. Furthermore, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide decreased Nqo1 mRNA induction, suggesting a role for a labile protein in the transcriptional induction of Nqo1 mRNA by metals. Surprisingly, all three metals decreased Nqo1 mRNA stability while having no effect on Nqo1 protein half-life. Meanwhile, As3+ and Cd2+ induced constitutive Nqo1 activity and potentiated the induction by increasing concentrations of TCDD. On the other hand, Cr6+ inhibited inducible Nqo1 activity. It is apparent that metals alter Nqo1 expression at the transcriptional level, through a labile protein-mediated pathway.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290372,Gasiorowski et al. 1998,Genotoxicity of Cr(VI) can be markedly lowered by complexation of the chromate anion,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We compared mutagenic activity of Cu(II) chromate complexes with 2,2'-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole in the standard bacterial tests. It was noticed that Cu(II) chromate complexes with 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole exhibited the lowest mutagenic activity among ten tested complexes. We regard these results as promising for further syntheses of Cr(VI) - organic ligand complexes in the aspects of chromium mutagenicity quenching.","Genotoxicity of Cr(VI) can be markedly lowered by complexation of the chromate anion Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We compared mutagenic activity of Cu(II) chromate complexes with 2,2'-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole in the standard bacterial tests. It was noticed that Cu(II) chromate complexes with 2-(2'-pyridyl)imidazole exhibited the lowest mutagenic activity among ten tested complexes. We regard these results as promising for further syntheses of Cr(VI) - organic ligand complexes in the aspects of chromium mutagenicity quenching.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232135,Zhang et al. 2001,Cr (VI) induces cell growth arrest through hydrogen peroxide-mediated reactions,"Cr (VI) compounds are widely used in industries and are recognized human carcinogens. The mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with these compounds is not well understood. The present study focused on Cr (VI)-induced cell growth arrest in human lung epithelial A549 cells, using flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. Treatment of the cells with Cr (VI) at 1 microM caused a growth arrest at G2/M phase. An increase in Cr (VI) concentration enhanced the growth arrest. At a concentration of 25 microM, Cr (VI)-induced apoptosis became apparent. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) or sodium formate did not alter the Cr (VI)-induced cell growth arrest. While catalase inhibited growth, indicating H2O2 is an important mediator in Cr (VI)-induced G2/M phase arrest. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping measurements showed that incubation of cells with Cr (VI) generated hydroxyl radical (*OH). Catalase inhibited the *OH radical generation, indicating that H2O2 was generated from cells stimulated by Cr (VI), and that H2O2 functioned as a precursor for *OH radical generation. The formation of H2O2 from Cr (VI)-stimulated cells was also measured by the change in fluorescence of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. The mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation involved the reduction of molecular oxygen as shown by oxygen consumption assay. These results support the following conclusions: (a) Reactive oxygen species are generated in Cr (VI)-stimulated A549 cells through reduction of molecular oxygen, (b) Among the reactive oxygen species generated, H2O2 played a major role in causing G2/M phase arrest in human lung epithelial cells.","Cr (VI) induces cell growth arrest through hydrogen peroxide-mediated reactions Abs: Cr (VI) compounds are widely used in industries and are recognized human carcinogens. The mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with these compounds is not well understood. The present study focused on Cr (VI)-induced cell growth arrest in human lung epithelial A549 cells, using flow cytometric analysis of DNA content. Treatment of the cells with Cr (VI) at 1 microM caused a growth arrest at G2/M phase. An increase in Cr (VI) concentration enhanced the growth arrest. At a concentration of 25 microM, Cr (VI)-induced apoptosis became apparent. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) or sodium formate did not alter the Cr (VI)-induced cell growth arrest. While catalase inhibited growth, indicating H2O2 is an important mediator in Cr (VI)-induced G2/M phase arrest. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping measurements showed that incubation of cells with Cr (VI) generated hydroxyl radical (*OH). Catalase inhibited the *OH radical generation, indicating that H2O2 was generated from cells stimulated by Cr (VI), and that H2O2 functioned as a precursor for *OH radical generation. The formation of H2O2 from Cr (VI)-stimulated cells was also measured by the change in fluorescence of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase. The mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation involved the reduction of molecular oxygen as shown by oxygen consumption assay. These results support the following conclusions: (a) Reactive oxygen species are generated in Cr (VI)-stimulated A549 cells through reduction of molecular oxygen, (b) Among the reactive oxygen species generated, H2O2 played a major role in causing G2/M phase arrest in human lung epithelial cells.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1232169,Blasiak and  Kowalik 2000,A comparison of the in vitro genotoxicity of tri- and hexavalent chromium,"Chromium can be found in the environment in two main valence states: hexavalent (Cr(VI)) and trivalent (Cr(III)). Cr(VI) salts are well known human carcinogens, but the results from in vitro studies are often conflicting. Cr(VI) primarily enters the cells and undergoes metabolic reduction; however, the ultimate product of this reduction, Cr(III) predominates within the cell. In the present work, we compared the effects of tri- and hexavalent chromium on the DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Potassium dichromate induced DNA damage in the lymphocytes, measured as the increase in comet tail moment. The effect was dose-dependent. Treated cells were able to recover within a 120-min incubation. Cr(III) caused greater DNA migration than Cr(VI). The lymphocytes did not show measurable DNA repair. Vitamin C at 50 microM reduced the extent of DNA migration. This was either due to a decrease in DNA strand breaks and/or alkali labile sites induced by Cr(VI) or to the formation of DNA crosslinks by Cr(VI) in the presence of vitamin C. Vitamin C, however, did not modify the effects of Cr(III). Catalase, an enzyme inactivating hydrogen peroxide, decreased the extent of DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) but not the one induced by Cr(III). Lymphocytes exposed to Cr(VI) and treated with endonuclease III, which recognizes oxidized pyrimidines, displayed greater extent of DNA damage than those not treated with the enzyme. Such an effect was not observed when Cr(III) was tested. The results obtained suggest that reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide may be involved in the formation of DNA lesions by hexavalent chromium. The comet assay did not indicate the involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the DNA-damaging activity of trivalent chromium and we speculate that its binding to cellular ligands may play a role in its genotoxicity.","A comparison of the in vitro genotoxicity of tri- and hexavalent chromium Abs: Chromium can be found in the environment in two main valence states: hexavalent (Cr(VI)) and trivalent (Cr(III)). Cr(VI) salts are well known human carcinogens, but the results from in vitro studies are often conflicting. Cr(VI) primarily enters the cells and undergoes metabolic reduction; however, the ultimate product of this reduction, Cr(III) predominates within the cell. In the present work, we compared the effects of tri- and hexavalent chromium on the DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Potassium dichromate induced DNA damage in the lymphocytes, measured as the increase in comet tail moment. The effect was dose-dependent. Treated cells were able to recover within a 120-min incubation. Cr(III) caused greater DNA migration than Cr(VI). The lymphocytes did not show measurable DNA repair. Vitamin C at 50 microM reduced the extent of DNA migration. This was either due to a decrease in DNA strand breaks and/or alkali labile sites induced by Cr(VI) or to the formation of DNA crosslinks by Cr(VI) in the presence of vitamin C. Vitamin C, however, did not modify the effects of Cr(III). Catalase, an enzyme inactivating hydrogen peroxide, decreased the extent of DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) but not the one induced by Cr(III). Lymphocytes exposed to Cr(VI) and treated with endonuclease III, which recognizes oxidized pyrimidines, displayed greater extent of DNA damage than those not treated with the enzyme. Such an effect was not observed when Cr(III) was tested. The results obtained suggest that reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide may be involved in the formation of DNA lesions by hexavalent chromium. The comet assay did not indicate the involvement of oxidative mechanisms in the DNA-damaging activity of trivalent chromium and we speculate that its binding to cellular ligands may play a role in its genotoxicity.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1786215,Kotyzova et al. ,Effect of chromium (VI) exposure on antioxidant defense status and trace element homeostasis in acute experiment in rat,"Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds is of concern in many Cr-related industries and their surrounding environment. Cr(VI) is a proven toxin and carcinogen. The Cr(VI) compounds are easily absorbed, can diffuse across cell membranes, and have strong oxidative potential. Despite intensive studies of Cr(VI) pro-oxidative effects, limited data exist on the influence of Cr(VI) on selenoenzymes thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-important components of antioxidant defense system. This study investigates the effect of Cr(VI) exposure on antioxidant defense status, with focus on these selenoenzymes, and on trace element homeostasis in an acute experiment in rat. Male Wistar rats (130-140g) were assigned to two groups of 8 animals: I. control; and II. Cr(VI) treated. The animals in Cr(VI) group were administered a single dose of K2Cr2O7 (20 mg /kg, intraperitoneally (ip)). The control group received saline solution. After 24 h, the animals were sacrificed and the liver and kidneys were examined for lipid peroxidation (LP; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration), the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of GPx-1, TrxR-1, and glutathione reductase (GR). Samples of tissues were also used to estimate Cr accumulation and alterations in zinc, copper, and iron levels. The acute Cr(VI) exposure caused an increase in both hepatic and renal LP (by 70%, p &lt; 0.01 and by 15%, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), increased hepatic GSH level and GPx-1 activity, and decreased renal GPx-1 activity. The activity of GR was not changed. A significant inhibitory effect of Cr(VI) was found on TrxR-1 activity in both the liver and the kidneys. The ability of Cr(VI) to cause TrxR inhibition could contribute to its cytotoxic effects. Further investigation of oxidative responses in different in vivo models may enable the development of strategies to protect against Cr(VI) oxidative damage.","Effect of chromium (VI) exposure on antioxidant defense status and trace element homeostasis in acute experiment in rat Abs: Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds is of concern in many Cr-related industries and their surrounding environment. Cr(VI) is a proven toxin and carcinogen. The Cr(VI) compounds are easily absorbed, can diffuse across cell membranes, and have strong oxidative potential. Despite intensive studies of Cr(VI) pro-oxidative effects, limited data exist on the influence of Cr(VI) on selenoenzymes thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-important components of antioxidant defense system. This study investigates the effect of Cr(VI) exposure on antioxidant defense status, with focus on these selenoenzymes, and on trace element homeostasis in an acute experiment in rat. Male Wistar rats (130-140g) were assigned to two groups of 8 animals: I. control; and II. Cr(VI) treated. The animals in Cr(VI) group were administered a single dose of K2Cr2O7 (20 mg /kg, intraperitoneally (ip)). The control group received saline solution. After 24 h, the animals were sacrificed and the liver and kidneys were examined for lipid peroxidation (LP; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration), the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of GPx-1, TrxR-1, and glutathione reductase (GR). Samples of tissues were also used to estimate Cr accumulation and alterations in zinc, copper, and iron levels. The acute Cr(VI) exposure caused an increase in both hepatic and renal LP (by 70%, p &lt; 0.01 and by 15%, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), increased hepatic GSH level and GPx-1 activity, and decreased renal GPx-1 activity. The activity of GR was not changed. A significant inhibitory effect of Cr(VI) was found on TrxR-1 activity in both the liver and the kidneys. The ability of Cr(VI) to cause TrxR inhibition could contribute to its cytotoxic effects. Further investigation of oxidative responses in different in vivo models may enable the development of strategies to protect against Cr(VI) oxidative damage.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1230974,Kortenkamp et al. 1990,The DNA cleavage induced by a chromium(V) complex and by chromate and glutathione is mediated by activated oxygen species,"The number of strand breaks induced by the combination of chromate and glutathione (GSH) in PM2 DNA was effectively reduced upon addition of the hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), formate and benzoate. Administration of catalase also led to a depression of DNA degradation whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) had very little influence. Essentially the same results were obtained in experiments employing a chromium(V) complex Na4(GSH)4Cr.8H20, which is an intermediate chromium species isolated from the reduction of chromate by glutathione. DNA cleavage was dependent on the presence of iron (FeCl3). When compared with the number of breaks produced by FeCl3 and GSH alone, chromate stimulated the generation of single-strand breaks. These findings suggest that hydroxyl radicals are one ultimate DNA cleaving agent in both reactions. A reaction scheme for the production of hydroxyl radicals is proposed.","The DNA cleavage induced by a chromium(V) complex and by chromate and glutathione is mediated by activated oxygen species Abs: The number of strand breaks induced by the combination of chromate and glutathione (GSH) in PM2 DNA was effectively reduced upon addition of the hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), formate and benzoate. Administration of catalase also led to a depression of DNA degradation whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) had very little influence. Essentially the same results were obtained in experiments employing a chromium(V) complex Na4(GSH)4Cr.8H20, which is an intermediate chromium species isolated from the reduction of chromate by glutathione. DNA cleavage was dependent on the presence of iron (FeCl3). When compared with the number of breaks produced by FeCl3 and GSH alone, chromate stimulated the generation of single-strand breaks. These findings suggest that hydroxyl radicals are one ultimate DNA cleaving agent in both reactions. A reaction scheme for the production of hydroxyl radicals is proposed.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1233629,Nudler et al. 2009,Chromium VI administration induces oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from male rats,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI)-containing compounds are known carcinogens which are present in industrial settings and in the environment. The major route of chromium exposure for the general population is oral intake. Previously we have observed that Cr VI affects anterior pituitary secretion and causes oxidative stress in vitro. The aim of the present work was to investigate if in vivo Cr VI treatment (100 ppm of Cr VI in drinking water for up 30 days) causes oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from male rats. This treatment produced a 4-fold increase of chromium content in hypothalamus and 10-fold increase in anterior pituitary gland. Lipid peroxidation showed a significant increase in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Cr VI augmented superoxide dismutase activity in anterior pituitary gland and glutathione reductase activity in hypothalamus, but glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities remained unchanged in both tissues. Heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression significantly rose in both tissues. Metallothionein 1 mRNA content increased in anterior pituitary and metallothionein 3 mRNA increased in hypothalamus. These results show, for the first time, that oral chronic administration of Cr VI produces oxidative stress on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland which may affect normal endocrine function.","Chromium VI administration induces oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from male rats Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI)-containing compounds are known carcinogens which are present in industrial settings and in the environment. The major route of chromium exposure for the general population is oral intake. Previously we have observed that Cr VI affects anterior pituitary secretion and causes oxidative stress in vitro. The aim of the present work was to investigate if in vivo Cr VI treatment (100 ppm of Cr VI in drinking water for up 30 days) causes oxidative stress in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from male rats. This treatment produced a 4-fold increase of chromium content in hypothalamus and 10-fold increase in anterior pituitary gland. Lipid peroxidation showed a significant increase in hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Cr VI augmented superoxide dismutase activity in anterior pituitary gland and glutathione reductase activity in hypothalamus, but glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities remained unchanged in both tissues. Heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression significantly rose in both tissues. Metallothionein 1 mRNA content increased in anterior pituitary and metallothionein 3 mRNA increased in hypothalamus. These results show, for the first time, that oral chronic administration of Cr VI produces oxidative stress on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland which may affect normal endocrine function.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290243,Bryant et al. 2006,Homologous recombination is involved in repair of chromium-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells,"Chromium is a potent human carcinogen, probably because of its well-documented genotoxic effects. Chromate (Cr[VI]) causes a wide range of DNA lesions, including DNA crosslinks and strand breaks, presumably due to the direct and indirect effects of DNA oxidation. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is important for error-free repair of lesions occurring at replication forks. Here, we show that HR deficient cell lines irs1SF and V-C8, deficient in XRCC3 and BRCA2, respectively, are hypersensitive to Cr[VI], implicating this repair pathway in repair of Cr[VI] damage. Furthermore, we find that Cr[VI] causes DNA double-strand breaks and triggers both Rad51 foci formation and induction of HRR. Collectively, these data suggest that HRR is important in repair of Cr[VI]-induced DNA damage. In addition, we find that ERCC1, XRCC1 and DNA-PKcs defective cells are hypersensitive to Cr[VI], indicating that several repair pathways cooperate in repairing Cr[VI]-induced DNA damage.","Homologous recombination is involved in repair of chromium-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells Abs: Chromium is a potent human carcinogen, probably because of its well-documented genotoxic effects. Chromate (Cr[VI]) causes a wide range of DNA lesions, including DNA crosslinks and strand breaks, presumably due to the direct and indirect effects of DNA oxidation. Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is important for error-free repair of lesions occurring at replication forks. Here, we show that HR deficient cell lines irs1SF and V-C8, deficient in XRCC3 and BRCA2, respectively, are hypersensitive to Cr[VI], implicating this repair pathway in repair of Cr[VI] damage. Furthermore, we find that Cr[VI] causes DNA double-strand breaks and triggers both Rad51 foci formation and induction of HRR. Collectively, these data suggest that HRR is important in repair of Cr[VI]-induced DNA damage. In addition, we find that ERCC1, XRCC1 and DNA-PKcs defective cells are hypersensitive to Cr[VI], indicating that several repair pathways cooperate in repairing Cr[VI]-induced DNA damage.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
1290270,Ning and  Grant 1999,Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity to osteoblast-derived cells,"Chromium is well recognized as a carcinogen, and there are concerns about local and systemic cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity during the use of chromium-containing alloys for orthopaedic implants. We have investigated the cytotoxicity of Cr VI in immortalized rat osteoblast cells in vitro using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as an index of toxicity. Cr VI caused a concentration-dependent decrease in ALP activity, thought to be mediated by intracellular reduction to Cr III. The role of several antioxidant vitamins, reduced glutathione (GSH) and DT-diaphorase in the reduction of Cr VI was investigated. The toxic response to Cr VI was partially prevented by treating the cells with ascorbic acid. In contrast, riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol did not alter the response. Ascorbic acid is thought to reduce Cr VI to Cr III extracellularly. This protects the cells because they are relatively impermeable to Cr III. Treatment of cells with dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase activity, also decreased the toxicity of Cr VI, suggesting that this enzyme is involved in the intracellular reduction of the metal. GSH was not depleted during the metabolism of Cr VI and this was probably due to the activity of glutathione reductase which acts to recycle oxidized glutathione. However, depletion of intracellular GSH by buthionine sulfoximine increased the toxicity of Cr VI at early time points (after 1.5 and 3hr exposure). GSH and Cr VI therefore interact in the osteoblasts, and this may be through formation of a conjugate and/or by detoxification of reactive intermediates formed during redox cycling of the chromium.","Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity to osteoblast-derived cells Abs: Chromium is well recognized as a carcinogen, and there are concerns about local and systemic cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity during the use of chromium-containing alloys for orthopaedic implants. We have investigated the cytotoxicity of Cr VI in immortalized rat osteoblast cells in vitro using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as an index of toxicity. Cr VI caused a concentration-dependent decrease in ALP activity, thought to be mediated by intracellular reduction to Cr III. The role of several antioxidant vitamins, reduced glutathione (GSH) and DT-diaphorase in the reduction of Cr VI was investigated. The toxic response to Cr VI was partially prevented by treating the cells with ascorbic acid. In contrast, riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol did not alter the response. Ascorbic acid is thought to reduce Cr VI to Cr III extracellularly. This protects the cells because they are relatively impermeable to Cr III. Treatment of cells with dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase activity, also decreased the toxicity of Cr VI, suggesting that this enzyme is involved in the intracellular reduction of the metal. GSH was not depleted during the metabolism of Cr VI and this was probably due to the activity of glutathione reductase which acts to recycle oxidized glutathione. However, depletion of intracellular GSH by buthionine sulfoximine increased the toxicity of Cr VI at early time points (after 1.5 and 3hr exposure). GSH and Cr VI therefore interact in the osteoblasts, and this may be through formation of a conjugate and/or by detoxification of reactive intermediates formed during redox cycling of the chromium.",0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,2
14094,De Flora et al. 1985,Prominent role of DT-diaphorase as a cellular mechanism reducing chromium(VI) and reverting its mutagenicity,"Rat liver postmitochondrial (S-12) fractions accounted for the bulk of the activity of whole cell homogenates in reducing chromium(VI) and accordingly in decreasing its mutagenicity. Both cytosolic (S-105) and microsomal fractions concurred to this process, which in all subcellular preparations tested was selectively induced by phenobarbital and especially by Aroclor 1254, but not by 3-methylcholanthrene. Cytosolic fractions were markedly more efficient in reducing chromium(VI) than microsomal fractions recovered from the same amount of tissue (liver or lung), although the latter preparations had a higher specific activity. The microsomal activity was exclusively NADPH dependent. A minor part of the cytosolic reduction was determined by nonenzymatic components, notably by some electron donors and chiefly by reduced glutathione, which proved to reduce chromium(VI) at physiological concentrations. However, also in cytosolic fractions, the most important contribution to chromium reduction was enzyme catalyzed, as shown by the following properties: thermolability; requirement for exogenous NADH or NADPH [supplied as such or in the form of a NADPH-generating system (S-9 mix)]; and saturation by chromium(VI). The likely involvement of DT-diaphorase in this metabolic process is supported by several findings, including its sharp pH dependence and its partial suppression by known inhibitors of this enzyme protein, such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, L-thyroxine, and dicumarol (which conversely did not counteract the metabolic deactivation of the other direct-acting mutagens 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine 2HCl and epichlorohydrin). Similarly, cytosolic reduction of chromium(VI) was partially inhibited by selective metabolic depletors of both coenzymes of DT-diaphorase, i.e., NADPH and NADH. Pretreatment of rats with enzyme inducers (phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene) stimulated the activity of DT-diaphorase in liver cytosolic fractions. A dramatic stimulation (35 to 40 times over untreated controls) was produced by Aroclor 1254, which also coinduced the liver cytosolic activity of enzymes involved in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent pathway of both nicotinamideadenine-dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione reduction (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase). In the lung cytosol, a slight yet significant stimulation of some of these enzyme activities was determined by the daily intratracheal instillations of high doses of chromium(VI) itself for 4 weeks, a condition which has been found to enhance the pulmonary metabolism of this metal ion.","Prominent role of DT-diaphorase as a cellular mechanism reducing chromium(VI) and reverting its mutagenicity Abs: Rat liver postmitochondrial (S-12) fractions accounted for the bulk of the activity of whole cell homogenates in reducing chromium(VI) and accordingly in decreasing its mutagenicity. Both cytosolic (S-105) and microsomal fractions concurred to this process, which in all subcellular preparations tested was selectively induced by phenobarbital and especially by Aroclor 1254, but not by 3-methylcholanthrene. Cytosolic fractions were markedly more efficient in reducing chromium(VI) than microsomal fractions recovered from the same amount of tissue (liver or lung), although the latter preparations had a higher specific activity. The microsomal activity was exclusively NADPH dependent. A minor part of the cytosolic reduction was determined by nonenzymatic components, notably by some electron donors and chiefly by reduced glutathione, which proved to reduce chromium(VI) at physiological concentrations. However, also in cytosolic fractions, the most important contribution to chromium reduction was enzyme catalyzed, as shown by the following properties: thermolability; requirement for exogenous NADH or NADPH [supplied as such or in the form of a NADPH-generating system (S-9 mix)]; and saturation by chromium(VI). The likely involvement of DT-diaphorase in this metabolic process is supported by several findings, including its sharp pH dependence and its partial suppression by known inhibitors of this enzyme protein, such as p-chloromercuribenzoate, L-thyroxine, and dicumarol (which conversely did not counteract the metabolic deactivation of the other direct-acting mutagens 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(2-chloroethyl)aminopropylamino]acridine 2HCl and epichlorohydrin). Similarly, cytosolic reduction of chromium(VI) was partially inhibited by selective metabolic depletors of both coenzymes of DT-diaphorase, i.e., NADPH and NADH. Pretreatment of rats with enzyme inducers (phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene) stimulated the activity of DT-diaphorase in liver cytosolic fractions. A dramatic stimulation (35 to 40 times over untreated controls) was produced by Aroclor 1254, which also coinduced the liver cytosolic activity of enzymes involved in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent pathway of both nicotinamideadenine-dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione reduction (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase). In the lung cytosol, a slight yet significant stimulation of some of these enzyme activities was determined by the daily intratracheal instillations of high doses of chromium(VI) itself for 4 weeks, a condition which has been found to enhance the pulmonary metabolism of this metal ion.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1290181,Liu et al. 1996,Low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance investigation on metabolism of chromium (VI) by whole live mice,"Detection of Cr(V) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by whole live mice and its characterization were carried out by low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Intravenous injection of Cr(VI) to mice generated Cr(V). The Cr(V) was found predominantly in the liver with a small amount in the blood. Liver homogenates from Cr(VI) treated mice generated essentially the same Cr(V) spectrum as that obtained from the whole live mice. This Cr(V) species was identified to be a Cr(V)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (P)H complex with an oxygen bond to Cr(V). Pretreatment of the mice with ascorbic acid and glutathione reduced the Cr(V) formation, while pretreatment with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) enhanced it. Metal chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,10-phenanthroline, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) inhibited the intensity of the Cr(V) signal. The results suggest that Cr(V) generated in the whole body of a live animal is a Cr(V)-NAD(P)H complex and NAD(P)H/flavoenzymes and not glutathione or ascorbate as the major one-electron Cr(VI) reductant responsible for observed formation of Cr(V)-NAD(P)H complex in vivo.","Low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance investigation on metabolism of chromium (VI) by whole live mice Abs: Detection of Cr(V) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by whole live mice and its characterization were carried out by low frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Intravenous injection of Cr(VI) to mice generated Cr(V). The Cr(V) was found predominantly in the liver with a small amount in the blood. Liver homogenates from Cr(VI) treated mice generated essentially the same Cr(V) spectrum as that obtained from the whole live mice. This Cr(V) species was identified to be a Cr(V)-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (P)H complex with an oxygen bond to Cr(V). Pretreatment of the mice with ascorbic acid and glutathione reduced the Cr(V) formation, while pretreatment with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) enhanced it. Metal chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,10-phenanthroline, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) inhibited the intensity of the Cr(V) signal. The results suggest that Cr(V) generated in the whole body of a live animal is a Cr(V)-NAD(P)H complex and NAD(P)H/flavoenzymes and not glutathione or ascorbate as the major one-electron Cr(VI) reductant responsible for observed formation of Cr(V)-NAD(P)H complex in vivo.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1576446,Gunaratnam and  Grant 2001,Glutathione reductase reduces chromium VI to cytotoxic metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes,,Glutathione reductase reduces chromium VI to cytotoxic metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes Abs: ,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
14601,Suzuki 1988,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in rat lung lavage fluid,"The reduction of hexavalent chromium [chromium(VI)] in lung lavage fluids, microsomal (S-9) fractions of lung and liver tissues, erythrocyte lysates and plasma prepared from adult rats was examined at pH 7.4 (37 degrees C). Specific reducing capacity, which was defined as the amount of chromium(VI) reduced per mg of protein in the test sample, was highest in the lavage fluids. The concomitant trivalent species [chromium(III)] was detected as complexes with some of the lavage components and probably as colloidal hydroxides. By gel filtration analysis and UV spectrometry, ascorbic acid (AsA) was identified as an important reducing factor in the lavage fluids. AsA levels in the lavage fluids were about 38 micrograms/g tissue, corresponding to 12% of total AsA in the intact lungs. The molar ratios of oxidized AsA and reduced chromium(VI) in the lavage samples were about 3:2.3 on an average. On the basis of this molar ratio, the AsA levels in the lavage fluids are equivalent to a reducing capacity of 8.4 micrograms chromium(VI)/g tissue. These results suggest that the lining layers (surfactant layers) of rat lungs provide an AsA-related capacity for protection of the cells against the toxic effects of chromates and probably other oxidants.","Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in rat lung lavage fluid Abs: The reduction of hexavalent chromium [chromium(VI)] in lung lavage fluids, microsomal (S-9) fractions of lung and liver tissues, erythrocyte lysates and plasma prepared from adult rats was examined at pH 7.4 (37 degrees C). Specific reducing capacity, which was defined as the amount of chromium(VI) reduced per mg of protein in the test sample, was highest in the lavage fluids. The concomitant trivalent species [chromium(III)] was detected as complexes with some of the lavage components and probably as colloidal hydroxides. By gel filtration analysis and UV spectrometry, ascorbic acid (AsA) was identified as an important reducing factor in the lavage fluids. AsA levels in the lavage fluids were about 38 micrograms/g tissue, corresponding to 12% of total AsA in the intact lungs. The molar ratios of oxidized AsA and reduced chromium(VI) in the lavage samples were about 3:2.3 on an average. On the basis of this molar ratio, the AsA levels in the lavage fluids are equivalent to a reducing capacity of 8.4 micrograms chromium(VI)/g tissue. These results suggest that the lining layers (surfactant layers) of rat lungs provide an AsA-related capacity for protection of the cells against the toxic effects of chromates and probably other oxidants.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
79044,Edel and  Sabbioni 1985,Pathways of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in the rat after intratracheal administration,"51Cr-labelled Cr3+ and CrO2-4 solutions were administered intratracheally to male rats in doses of 0.1 and 10 micrograms of Cr per rat to evidentiate metabolic differences especially in the lung and in the mechanisms of excretion. Twenty four hours after administration the highest 51Cr amount was present in the lungs for both valency states, being in the Cr (III)-treated group, however, about two times higher. In all other tissues tested the values in the Cr (VI)-treated animals were much higher. Intracellularly, in the Cr (III)-treated group more than 40% of the total lung homogenate was found in the nuclear fraction and only 10% in the cytosol. In the Cr (VI)-treated group 25% was present in the nuclei and more than 50% in the cytosol. Gel filtration 24 h after intratracheal injection showed that in both cytosols chromium was eluted in three peaks including a low-molecular-weight component. Quantitatively, however, the ratios between the 51Cr associated with the three peaks were significantly different between the Cr (III)- and the Cr (VI)-treated animals. This suggests that binding of chromium to low-molecular-weight components should be involved in the passage of this element from the lung to the other tissues. Excretion studies for 7 days showed that after this time the Cr (III)-treated animals excreted about 4% of the dose via urine and more than 36% via faeces, whereas in the Cr (VI)-treated rats the 51Cr was eliminated nearly equally between urine and faeces.","Pathways of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in the rat after intratracheal administration Abs: 51Cr-labelled Cr3+ and CrO2-4 solutions were administered intratracheally to male rats in doses of 0.1 and 10 micrograms of Cr per rat to evidentiate metabolic differences especially in the lung and in the mechanisms of excretion. Twenty four hours after administration the highest 51Cr amount was present in the lungs for both valency states, being in the Cr (III)-treated group, however, about two times higher. In all other tissues tested the values in the Cr (VI)-treated animals were much higher. Intracellularly, in the Cr (III)-treated group more than 40% of the total lung homogenate was found in the nuclear fraction and only 10% in the cytosol. In the Cr (VI)-treated group 25% was present in the nuclei and more than 50% in the cytosol. Gel filtration 24 h after intratracheal injection showed that in both cytosols chromium was eluted in three peaks including a low-molecular-weight component. Quantitatively, however, the ratios between the 51Cr associated with the three peaks were significantly different between the Cr (III)- and the Cr (VI)-treated animals. This suggests that binding of chromium to low-molecular-weight components should be involved in the passage of this element from the lung to the other tissues. Excretion studies for 7 days showed that after this time the Cr (III)-treated animals excreted about 4% of the dose via urine and more than 36% via faeces, whereas in the Cr (VI)-treated rats the 51Cr was eliminated nearly equally between urine and faeces.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1290419,Beyersmann et al. 1984,Model reactions of chromium compounds with mammalian and bacterial cells,"Chromate uptake, reduction, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity were studied with human red blood cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and/or Salmonella typhimurium mutant cells. All cell types rapidly took up chromates whereas chromium(III) salts were excluded under the experimental conditions. Red blood cells reduced and accumulated chromium from chromate. At concentrations above 0.1 mM, chromate inactivated the red cell chromate carrier. Chromate above 0.01 mM inhibited CHO cell proliferation irrespective of the cations present. Chromate and two chromium(III) complexes were mutagenic with Salmonella mutants in the Ames’ assay. A model for chromate metabolism and genotoxicity is proposed.","Model reactions of chromium compounds with mammalian and bacterial cells Abs: Chromate uptake, reduction, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity were studied with human red blood cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and/or Salmonella typhimurium mutant cells. All cell types rapidly took up chromates whereas chromium(III) salts were excluded under the experimental conditions. Red blood cells reduced and accumulated chromium from chromate. At concentrations above 0.1 mM, chromate inactivated the red cell chromate carrier. Chromate above 0.01 mM inhibited CHO cell proliferation irrespective of the cations present. Chromate and two chromium(III) complexes were mutagenic with Salmonella mutants in the Ames’ assay. A model for chromate metabolism and genotoxicity is proposed.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1232166,Sutherland et al. 2000,Rats retain chromium in tissues following chronic ingestion of drinking water containing hexavalent chromium,"Humans have sometimes been exposed to as much as 10 ppm Cr(VI) in drinking water from contaminated wells. The risks to these individuals are not well understood because the digestive tract reduces some of the Cr(VI) to the less bioavailable Cr(III) prior to absorption, and the disposition of the remaining Cr(VI) has not been well studied. We determined tissue Cr concentrations in rats after chronic ingestion of Cr(VI) in drinking water at concentrations relevant to human exposure levels. Adult male and female Fischer 344 rats consumed ad libitum 0, 0.5, 3, or 10 ppm Cr(VI) as K2CrO4 in drinking water for 44 wk. Rats then were given deionized water 4-6 d prior to sample collection. Females given 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI) consumed more Cr(VI) per unit of body weight than did males. Bone Cr concentrations were significantly elevated in rats that drank 10 ppm Cr(VI). Renal Cr concentrations were significantly elevated in male rats that drank 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI) and in female rats dosed with 10 ppm Cr(VI). Female rats had elevated liver Cr concentrations after drinking 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI). Testicular Cr concentrations were slightly elevated in rats that drank 10 ppm Cr(VI). Brain, ovarian, and whole-blood Cr concentrations were below detection limits in all exposure groups. Although tissue Cr accumulation may have resulted from absorption of Cr(III), it is poorly absorbed. Therefore, the increased tissue retention may also have resulted, in part, from increased absorption of Cr(VI) and its subsequent uptake from the systemic circulation.","Rats retain chromium in tissues following chronic ingestion of drinking water containing hexavalent chromium Abs: Humans have sometimes been exposed to as much as 10 ppm Cr(VI) in drinking water from contaminated wells. The risks to these individuals are not well understood because the digestive tract reduces some of the Cr(VI) to the less bioavailable Cr(III) prior to absorption, and the disposition of the remaining Cr(VI) has not been well studied. We determined tissue Cr concentrations in rats after chronic ingestion of Cr(VI) in drinking water at concentrations relevant to human exposure levels. Adult male and female Fischer 344 rats consumed ad libitum 0, 0.5, 3, or 10 ppm Cr(VI) as K2CrO4 in drinking water for 44 wk. Rats then were given deionized water 4-6 d prior to sample collection. Females given 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI) consumed more Cr(VI) per unit of body weight than did males. Bone Cr concentrations were significantly elevated in rats that drank 10 ppm Cr(VI). Renal Cr concentrations were significantly elevated in male rats that drank 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI) and in female rats dosed with 10 ppm Cr(VI). Female rats had elevated liver Cr concentrations after drinking 3 or 10 ppm Cr(VI). Testicular Cr concentrations were slightly elevated in rats that drank 10 ppm Cr(VI). Brain, ovarian, and whole-blood Cr concentrations were below detection limits in all exposure groups. Although tissue Cr accumulation may have resulted from absorption of Cr(III), it is poorly absorbed. Therefore, the increased tissue retention may also have resulted, in part, from increased absorption of Cr(VI) and its subsequent uptake from the systemic circulation.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
9213,Cohen et al. 1997,Pulmonary retention and distribution of inhaled chromium: effects of particle solubility and coexposure to ozone,"Soluble and insoluble chromium ( Cr) agents are concomitantly released with ozone (O3) during welding. Although pulmonary implications from exposure to each agent individually have been investigated, the effects from simultaneous exposure, as occurs under actual working conditions, are unclear. To investigate the retention/distribution of inhaled Cr, male F-344 rats were exposed nose-only to atmospheres containing soluble potassium chromate (K2CrO4) or O3, either alone or in combination, at 360 ?g Cr/m3 and 0.3 ppm O3. In a second phase of the study, insoluble barium chromate (BaCrO4) was used in place of K2CrO4. Rats were exposed for 5 h/day, 5 days/wk for 2 or 4 wk. One day after the final exposure, rats were euthanized and their lungs either removed intact or lavaged for quantitation of tissue-, lavaged cell–, and acellular lavage fluid–associated Cr. In general, rats inhaling insoluble Cr had greater total lung Cr burdens than did rats exposed to soluble Cr. Simultaneous inhalation of O3 and K2CrO4 led to reduced lung Cr levels compared to those in rats receiving K2CrO4 only; with BaCrO4, coexposure to O3 resulted in increased lung BaCrO4 levels compared to BaCrO4 alone. Particle solubility also affected Cr levels in lavageable cells, with those from rats inhaling BaCrO4 alone or BaCrO4 + O3 consistently having greater burdens than their K2CrO4 counterparts; the presence of O3 itself had no effect upon cell Cr levels when either compound was used. Solubility-dependent differences were also apparent in acellular lavage fluid, with Cr levels initially being greater in fluids from rats inhaling K2CrO4 alone; as exposures continued, these burdens became greater in the rats inhaling BaCrO4 alone. Although inhalation of either Cr/O3 mixture yielded significant differences in fluid Cr levels, the presence of O3 did lead to reductions in levels compared to those in rats inhaling either Cr agent alone. In postlavage lung tissue, there were time-dependent increases in Cr levels in rats from all exposure groups; however, the most dramatic increase occurred with rats exposed to BaCrO4 + O3. Lastly, while significant solubility-dependent differences in the relative distribution of Cr among the three pulmonary compartments were discerned, a specific effect attributable to O3 itself was not evident. The results of this study indicate that Cr retention and distribution within the lungs, as well as any effect from coexposure to O3, are modulated by the solubility of the inhaled Cr particles.","Pulmonary retention and distribution of inhaled chromium: effects of particle solubility and coexposure to ozone Abs: Soluble and insoluble chromium ( Cr) agents are concomitantly released with ozone (O3) during welding. Although pulmonary implications from exposure to each agent individually have been investigated, the effects from simultaneous exposure, as occurs under actual working conditions, are unclear. To investigate the retention/distribution of inhaled Cr, male F-344 rats were exposed nose-only to atmospheres containing soluble potassium chromate (K2CrO4) or O3, either alone or in combination, at 360 ?g Cr/m3 and 0.3 ppm O3. In a second phase of the study, insoluble barium chromate (BaCrO4) was used in place of K2CrO4. Rats were exposed for 5 h/day, 5 days/wk for 2 or 4 wk. One day after the final exposure, rats were euthanized and their lungs either removed intact or lavaged for quantitation of tissue-, lavaged cell–, and acellular lavage fluid–associated Cr. In general, rats inhaling insoluble Cr had greater total lung Cr burdens than did rats exposed to soluble Cr. Simultaneous inhalation of O3 and K2CrO4 led to reduced lung Cr levels compared to those in rats receiving K2CrO4 only; with BaCrO4, coexposure to O3 resulted in increased lung BaCrO4 levels compared to BaCrO4 alone. Particle solubility also affected Cr levels in lavageable cells, with those from rats inhaling BaCrO4 alone or BaCrO4 + O3 consistently having greater burdens than their K2CrO4 counterparts; the presence of O3 itself had no effect upon cell Cr levels when either compound was used. Solubility-dependent differences were also apparent in acellular lavage fluid, with Cr levels initially being greater in fluids from rats inhaling K2CrO4 alone; as exposures continued, these burdens became greater in the rats inhaling BaCrO4 alone. Although inhalation of either Cr/O3 mixture yielded significant differences in fluid Cr levels, the presence of O3 did lead to reductions in levels compared to those in rats inhaling either Cr agent alone. In postlavage lung tissue, there were time-dependent increases in Cr levels in rats from all exposure groups; however, the most dramatic increase occurred with rats exposed to BaCrO4 + O3. Lastly, while significant solubility-dependent differences in the relative distribution of Cr among the three pulmonary compartments were discerned, a specific effect attributable to O3 itself was not evident. The results of this study indicate that Cr retention and distribution within the lungs, as well as any effect from coexposure to O3, are modulated by the solubility of the inhaled Cr particles.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
14147,Welinder et al. 1983,Elimination of chromium in urine after stainless steel welding,"Nine retired (on an average of four years) stainless steel welders had higher (p less than 0.001) urinary chromium levels [mean 7 (range 3-13) mumol/mol of creatinine] than 21 nonexposed referents [mean less than or equal to 1.5 (range less than 0.6-7) mumol/mol of creatinine] but did not differ in this respect from 14 active welders studied at the end of a 31-d vacation (mean 9, range 4-17). This result shows the existence of a slow compartment for chromium in the body. Urinary chromium on time after the end of exposure was analyzed mathematically by use of an exponential two-compartment model. Good fits were obtained, showing the existence of a fast compartment in addition to the slow one. For four welders followed for 31 d, the biological half-time of the slow compartment ranged from 14 d to infinity. For 12 welders followed for 60 h, the fast compartment had a median half-time of 7 (range 4-35) h. For 19 welders there was a significant (p less than 0.01) correlation between chromium in air (total and soluble hexavalent) and urinary chromium (rs = 0.68 and 0.64). However, the variation of urinary chromium on chromium in air was considerable, especially at chromium air levels at or below the hygienic standards. Correction for urinary chromium levels on Monday morning did not decrease the variation.","Elimination of chromium in urine after stainless steel welding Abs: Nine retired (on an average of four years) stainless steel welders had higher (p less than 0.001) urinary chromium levels [mean 7 (range 3-13) mumol/mol of creatinine] than 21 nonexposed referents [mean less than or equal to 1.5 (range less than 0.6-7) mumol/mol of creatinine] but did not differ in this respect from 14 active welders studied at the end of a 31-d vacation (mean 9, range 4-17). This result shows the existence of a slow compartment for chromium in the body. Urinary chromium on time after the end of exposure was analyzed mathematically by use of an exponential two-compartment model. Good fits were obtained, showing the existence of a fast compartment in addition to the slow one. For four welders followed for 31 d, the biological half-time of the slow compartment ranged from 14 d to infinity. For 12 welders followed for 60 h, the fast compartment had a median half-time of 7 (range 4-35) h. For 19 welders there was a significant (p less than 0.01) correlation between chromium in air (total and soluble hexavalent) and urinary chromium (rs = 0.68 and 0.64). However, the variation of urinary chromium on chromium in air was considerable, especially at chromium air levels at or below the hygienic standards. Correction for urinary chromium levels on Monday morning did not decrease the variation.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
79048,Gao et al. 1993,Monitoring of total chromium in rat fluids and lymphocytes following intratracheal administration of soluble trivalent or hexavalent chromium compounds,"1. Intratracheal instillation of sodium dichromate (CrVI) and chromium acetate hydroxide (CrIII) to male Wistar rats gave rise to increased chromium concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine up to 72 h post exposure; peak concentrations were reached at 6 h after exposure. 2. The ratio of whole blood chromium to plasma chromium concentrations was significantly different for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) treatments. Both blood chromium and plasma chromium assays should therefore be used for the assessment of chromium exposure. 3. Chromium was also detected in peripheral lymphocytes. Cr(VI), but not Cr(III) accumulated significantly in the lymphocytes after treatment. These cells have potential to be used for biomarkers of the assessment of exposure to chromium compounds.","Monitoring of total chromium in rat fluids and lymphocytes following intratracheal administration of soluble trivalent or hexavalent chromium compounds Abs: 1. Intratracheal instillation of sodium dichromate (CrVI) and chromium acetate hydroxide (CrIII) to male Wistar rats gave rise to increased chromium concentrations in whole blood, plasma and urine up to 72 h post exposure; peak concentrations were reached at 6 h after exposure. 2. The ratio of whole blood chromium to plasma chromium concentrations was significantly different for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) treatments. Both blood chromium and plasma chromium assays should therefore be used for the assessment of chromium exposure. 3. Chromium was also detected in peripheral lymphocytes. Cr(VI), but not Cr(III) accumulated significantly in the lymphocytes after treatment. These cells have potential to be used for biomarkers of the assessment of exposure to chromium compounds.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1290291,Wong et al. 2012,Metabolism of Cr(VI) by ascorbate but not glutathione is a low oxidant-generating process,"Genotoxic activity of hexavalent chromium (chromate) results from its reductive activation inside the cell. Cr(VI) metabolism in vivo is primarily driven by ascorbate (Asc) but in cultured cells by glutathione (GSH). Given the common use of cultured cells for mechanistic studies, it is important to establish whether Cr(VI) activated by Asc and GSH displays the same genotoxic properties. Using 2',7' dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) as a redox sensitive probe, we found that Asc-dependent reduction of Cr(VI) in vitro under physiological conditions generated 25-80 times lower yields of oxidants compared to GSH. When both reducers were present, Asc dominated Cr(VI) metabolism and inhibited DCFH oxidation. Consistent with the findings in defined chemical reactions, restoration of physiological levels of Asc in human lung H460 cells led to the loss of their hypersensitivity to clonogenic killing by Cr(VI) in the presence of methoxyamine, which inhibits base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage. Despite suppressed oxidative damage, Asc-containing cells formed a large number of DNA double-strand breaks after exposure to a dose of Cr(VI) corresponding to the drinking water standard of 100 ppb. Our results indicate that Asc-driven metabolism of Cr(VI) shifts its genotoxicity toward nonoxidative mechanisms.","Metabolism of Cr(VI) by ascorbate but not glutathione is a low oxidant-generating process Abs: Genotoxic activity of hexavalent chromium (chromate) results from its reductive activation inside the cell. Cr(VI) metabolism in vivo is primarily driven by ascorbate (Asc) but in cultured cells by glutathione (GSH). Given the common use of cultured cells for mechanistic studies, it is important to establish whether Cr(VI) activated by Asc and GSH displays the same genotoxic properties. Using 2',7' dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) as a redox sensitive probe, we found that Asc-dependent reduction of Cr(VI) in vitro under physiological conditions generated 25-80 times lower yields of oxidants compared to GSH. When both reducers were present, Asc dominated Cr(VI) metabolism and inhibited DCFH oxidation. Consistent with the findings in defined chemical reactions, restoration of physiological levels of Asc in human lung H460 cells led to the loss of their hypersensitivity to clonogenic killing by Cr(VI) in the presence of methoxyamine, which inhibits base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage. Despite suppressed oxidative damage, Asc-containing cells formed a large number of DNA double-strand breaks after exposure to a dose of Cr(VI) corresponding to the drinking water standard of 100 ppb. Our results indicate that Asc-driven metabolism of Cr(VI) shifts its genotoxicity toward nonoxidative mechanisms.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1235949,Ottenwaelder et al. 1988,Uptake of 51Cr(VI) by human erythrocytes: Evidence for a carrier-mediated transport mechanism,"Uptake of 20 micron 51Cr(VI) by resuspended red blood cells (RBC) (0.9% saline) was studied. Inhibition of the specific anion carrier system ""band-3-protein"" of RBC membrane with ""SITS"" (4-acetamido-4'-cyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) resulted in a non-competitive type of inhibition for chromium uptake. It is concluded that Cr(VI) is transported by participation with this system. Intracellularly, chromium is almost quantitatively bound to hemoglobin and trapped for the cell's lifetime. Glutathione (GSH) is possibly involved in this process as indicated by incubation experiments of RBC with 10 mM Na2(51)CrO4. In these experiments, a rapid decrease of GSH content of the cells was observed.","Uptake of 51Cr(VI) by human erythrocytes: Evidence for a carrier-mediated transport mechanism Abs: Uptake of 20 micron 51Cr(VI) by resuspended red blood cells (RBC) (0.9% saline) was studied. Inhibition of the specific anion carrier system ""band-3-protein"" of RBC membrane with ""SITS"" (4-acetamido-4'-cyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid) resulted in a non-competitive type of inhibition for chromium uptake. It is concluded that Cr(VI) is transported by participation with this system. Intracellularly, chromium is almost quantitatively bound to hemoglobin and trapped for the cell's lifetime. Glutathione (GSH) is possibly involved in this process as indicated by incubation experiments of RBC with 10 mM Na2(51)CrO4. In these experiments, a rapid decrease of GSH content of the cells was observed.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1235678,Liu et al. 1994,Low-frequency EPR detection of chromium(V) formation by chromium(VI) reduction in whole live mice,"Measurements by direct low frequency EPR spectroscopy provide the first evidence that Cr(V) is generated in one-electron reduction of Cr(VI) in live mice. The Cr(V) yield reached a maximum about 10 min following Cr(VI) intravenous injection and then decayed slowly with a life time of approximately 37 min. The time for the Cr(V) EPR signal to reach maximum intensity increased with the dose of Cr(VI). A discernible EPR signal was still observable at a dose as low as 0.1 mmol/kg. The Cr(V) was found predominantly in the liver, with a small amount in the blood. No Cr(V) signal was detectable in heart, spleen, kidney, and lung. Pretreatment of the animals with metal ion chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline significantly reduced the intensity of the Cr(V) signal that was observed.","Low-frequency EPR detection of chromium(V) formation by chromium(VI) reduction in whole live mice Abs: Measurements by direct low frequency EPR spectroscopy provide the first evidence that Cr(V) is generated in one-electron reduction of Cr(VI) in live mice. The Cr(V) yield reached a maximum about 10 min following Cr(VI) intravenous injection and then decayed slowly with a life time of approximately 37 min. The time for the Cr(V) EPR signal to reach maximum intensity increased with the dose of Cr(VI). A discernible EPR signal was still observable at a dose as low as 0.1 mmol/kg. The Cr(V) was found predominantly in the liver, with a small amount in the blood. No Cr(V) signal was detectable in heart, spleen, kidney, and lung. Pretreatment of the animals with metal ion chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline significantly reduced the intensity of the Cr(V) signal that was observed.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1260426,Lewalter and  Korallus 1989,The significance of ascorbic acid and glutathione for chromate metabolism in man,"The roles of ascorbic-acid (AS) and glutathione (GSH) in the human metabolism of chromate (13907454) were studied. Blood concentrations of chromium(VI) (18540299) (Cr(VI)) exceeding 10 micrograms per liter were associated with penetration of Cr(VI) into erythrocytes, which was inhibited by individual AS threshold doses. Isolated erythrocytes had no significant differences in Cr(VI) penetration between individuals. Cr(VI) which had penetrated into erythrocytes in-vitro was not removed by repeated dialysis. GSH inhibition by maleic-ester resulted in a decrease of the Cr(VI) irreversibly bound in erythrocytes. The presence of greater than 10 millimolar AS in blood inhibited the penetration of Cr(VI) into erythrocytes. Plasma AS levels ranged from less than 1.0 to 20 milligrams per liter (mg/l) for different individuals, while GSH levels were less than 1.0mg/l. By blood spiking experiments, AS appeared to be mainly responsible for erythrocyte chromate loading capacity when plasma components below 8000 daltons molecular weight were considered. The authors conclude that Cr(VI) loading of erythrocytes will occur only in the absence of sufficient thiol group redox equivalents in the plasma and erythrocytes. High dose AS therapy was recommended for cases of chromate intoxication, since the short half life of GSH in plasma precludes its therapeutic utility.","The significance of ascorbic acid and glutathione for chromate metabolism in man Abs: The roles of ascorbic-acid (AS) and glutathione (GSH) in the human metabolism of chromate (13907454) were studied. Blood concentrations of chromium(VI) (18540299) (Cr(VI)) exceeding 10 micrograms per liter were associated with penetration of Cr(VI) into erythrocytes, which was inhibited by individual AS threshold doses. Isolated erythrocytes had no significant differences in Cr(VI) penetration between individuals. Cr(VI) which had penetrated into erythrocytes in-vitro was not removed by repeated dialysis. GSH inhibition by maleic-ester resulted in a decrease of the Cr(VI) irreversibly bound in erythrocytes. The presence of greater than 10 millimolar AS in blood inhibited the penetration of Cr(VI) into erythrocytes. Plasma AS levels ranged from less than 1.0 to 20 milligrams per liter (mg/l) for different individuals, while GSH levels were less than 1.0mg/l. By blood spiking experiments, AS appeared to be mainly responsible for erythrocyte chromate loading capacity when plasma components below 8000 daltons molecular weight were considered. The authors conclude that Cr(VI) loading of erythrocytes will occur only in the absence of sufficient thiol group redox equivalents in the plasma and erythrocytes. High dose AS therapy was recommended for cases of chromate intoxication, since the short half life of GSH in plasma precludes its therapeutic utility.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1790952,Kirman et al. 2013,Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for humans orally exposed to chromium,"A multi-compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to describe the behavior of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in humans. Compartments were included for gastrointestinal lumen, oral mucosa, stomach, small intestinal tissue, blood, liver, kidney, bone, and a combined compartment for remaining tissues. As chronic exposure to high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause small intestinal cancer in mice, the toxicokinetics of Cr(VI) in the upper gastrointestinal tract of rodents and humans are important for assessing internal tissue dose in risk assessment. Fasted human stomach fluid was collected and ex vivo Cr(VI) reduction studies were conducted and used to characterize reduction of Cr(VI) in human stomach fluid as a mixed second-order, pH-dependent process. For model development, toxicokinetic data for total chromium in human tissues and excreta were identified from the published literature. Overall, the PBPK model provides a good description of chromium toxicokinetics and is consistent with the available total chromium data from Cr(III) and Cr(VI) exposures in typical humans (i.e., model predictions are within a factor of three for approximately 86% of available data). By accounting for key species differences, sources of saturable toxicokinetics, and sources of uncertainty and variation, the rodent and human PBPK models can provide a robust characterization of toxicokinetics in the target tissue of the small intestine allowing for improved health risk assessment of human populations exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations.","Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for humans orally exposed to chromium Abs: A multi-compartment physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to describe the behavior of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in humans. Compartments were included for gastrointestinal lumen, oral mucosa, stomach, small intestinal tissue, blood, liver, kidney, bone, and a combined compartment for remaining tissues. As chronic exposure to high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause small intestinal cancer in mice, the toxicokinetics of Cr(VI) in the upper gastrointestinal tract of rodents and humans are important for assessing internal tissue dose in risk assessment. Fasted human stomach fluid was collected and ex vivo Cr(VI) reduction studies were conducted and used to characterize reduction of Cr(VI) in human stomach fluid as a mixed second-order, pH-dependent process. For model development, toxicokinetic data for total chromium in human tissues and excreta were identified from the published literature. Overall, the PBPK model provides a good description of chromium toxicokinetics and is consistent with the available total chromium data from Cr(III) and Cr(VI) exposures in typical humans (i.e., model predictions are within a factor of three for approximately 86% of available data). By accounting for key species differences, sources of saturable toxicokinetics, and sources of uncertainty and variation, the rodent and human PBPK models can provide a robust characterization of toxicokinetics in the target tissue of the small intestine allowing for improved health risk assessment of human populations exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
733756,De Flora et al. 1987,Circadian reduction of chromium in the gastric environment,"Samples of gastric juice from variously treated subjects efficiently reduced hexavalent chromium and decreased its mutagenicity. Chromium reduction was due to thermostable components of gastric secretions and was favoured by the acidity of the intragastric environment. The circadian monitoring of pH and of chromium reduction, as assessed by colorimetric analysis at hourly intervals, showed a basal activity (less than 10 micrograms/ml gastric juice) during the night and interdigestive periods, and peaks (tens of micrograms/ml) during the 3-4-h periods after each meal. Assays in the Ames reversion test confirmed that the decrease in mutagenicity of sodium dichromate produced by gastric juice was significantly enhanced after meals. This physiological mechanism is expected to provide an important protective barrier against the oral toxicity of this metal, and may explain its lack of oral carcinogenicity.","Circadian reduction of chromium in the gastric environment Abs: Samples of gastric juice from variously treated subjects efficiently reduced hexavalent chromium and decreased its mutagenicity. Chromium reduction was due to thermostable components of gastric secretions and was favoured by the acidity of the intragastric environment. The circadian monitoring of pH and of chromium reduction, as assessed by colorimetric analysis at hourly intervals, showed a basal activity (less than 10 micrograms/ml gastric juice) during the night and interdigestive periods, and peaks (tens of micrograms/ml) during the 3-4-h periods after each meal. Assays in the Ames reversion test confirmed that the decrease in mutagenicity of sodium dichromate produced by gastric juice was significantly enhanced after meals. This physiological mechanism is expected to provide an important protective barrier against the oral toxicity of this metal, and may explain its lack of oral carcinogenicity.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1230953,Alexander and  Aaseth 1995,Uptake of chromate in human red blood cells and isolated rat liver cells: the role of the anion carrier,"The transport of [51Cr]chromate into human erythrocytes and isolated rat hepatocytes has been investigated. It was found that uptake in both cell types could be inhibited by the established anion carrier inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The uptake was very fast, and in kinetic studies a very low Km was found for both cell types, indicating either a high affinity of chromate for the carrier, and/or, more probably, an efficient intracellular reduction and trapping of 51Cr. The transport capacity, however, was of the same magnitude as for physiological substrates, such as lactate and sulfate. The uptake was temperature dependent and the activation energy was of the same magnitude as that for the physiological substrates. The uptake could be partly inhibited by high levels (mmol l-1) of lactate, pyruvate or sulfate. The uptake rate was greatly increased at lower pH (6.0 versus 7.4) which could indicate transport of the HCrO4- form or an increased intracellular rate of CrVI reduction. The results showed efficient uptake of 51CrO4(2-) by erythrocytes and hepatocytes. They were consistent with a mechanism of uptake which involved the cell membrane anion-exchange carrier in the transport and trapping of 51Cr within the cell.","Uptake of chromate in human red blood cells and isolated rat liver cells: the role of the anion carrier Abs: The transport of [51Cr]chromate into human erythrocytes and isolated rat hepatocytes has been investigated. It was found that uptake in both cell types could be inhibited by the established anion carrier inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. The uptake was very fast, and in kinetic studies a very low Km was found for both cell types, indicating either a high affinity of chromate for the carrier, and/or, more probably, an efficient intracellular reduction and trapping of 51Cr. The transport capacity, however, was of the same magnitude as for physiological substrates, such as lactate and sulfate. The uptake was temperature dependent and the activation energy was of the same magnitude as that for the physiological substrates. The uptake could be partly inhibited by high levels (mmol l-1) of lactate, pyruvate or sulfate. The uptake rate was greatly increased at lower pH (6.0 versus 7.4) which could indicate transport of the HCrO4- form or an increased intracellular rate of CrVI reduction. The results showed efficient uptake of 51CrO4(2-) by erythrocytes and hepatocytes. They were consistent with a mechanism of uptake which involved the cell membrane anion-exchange carrier in the transport and trapping of 51Cr within the cell.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1231666,Afolaranmi et al. 2010,The effect of anticoagulants on the distribution of chromium VI in blood fractions,"Metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty is associated with elevated circulating levels of cobalt and chromium ions. To establish the long-term safety of metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty, it has been recommended that during clinical follow-up of these patients, the levels of these metal ions in blood be monitored. In this article, we provide information on the distribution of chromium VI ions (the predominant form of chromium released by cobalt-chrome alloys in vivo and in vitro) in blood fractions. Chromium VI is predominantly partitioned into red blood cells compared with plasma (analysis of variance, P < .05). The extent of accumulation in red blood cells is influenced by the anticoagulant used to collect the blood, with EDTA giving a lower partitioning into red cells compared with sodium citrate and sodium heparin.","The effect of anticoagulants on the distribution of chromium VI in blood fractions Abs: Metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty is associated with elevated circulating levels of cobalt and chromium ions. To establish the long-term safety of metal-on-metal resurfacing arthroplasty, it has been recommended that during clinical follow-up of these patients, the levels of these metal ions in blood be monitored. In this article, we provide information on the distribution of chromium VI ions (the predominant form of chromium released by cobalt-chrome alloys in vivo and in vitro) in blood fractions. Chromium VI is predominantly partitioned into red blood cells compared with plasma (analysis of variance, P < .05). The extent of accumulation in red blood cells is influenced by the anticoagulant used to collect the blood, with EDTA giving a lower partitioning into red cells compared with sodium citrate and sodium heparin.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1238165,Denniston and  Uyeki 1987,Distribution and HPLC study of chromium-51 binding sites in Chinese hamster ovary cells,"Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured with chromium?51 chromate to study the site of chromium interaction with cell biomolecules. After incubation, cells were homogenized and separated into nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic fractions. Greater than 75% of the radioactivity was found in the cytosolic fraction. The supernatant from the centrifuged cell homogenate, which contained >90% of the chromium radioactivity, was subjected to chromatographic investigation. The combination of anion exchange and ion?pair high?performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that at least three different molecular species interact with chromate or its reduced derivative, Cr(III). These species are glutathione, the nucleotides cytosine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, guanine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate, plus an as yet unknown species of protein or peptide. Preliminary data for the specific activity of nucleoside triphosphates range from 6000 to 18,000 cpm/?g ribonucleoside triphosphate. The glutathione accounted for 50% of the observed radioactivity, the nucleotides for 30%, and the metalloprotein accounted for the remainder.","Distribution and HPLC study of chromium-51 binding sites in Chinese hamster ovary cells Abs: Chinese hamster ovary cells were cultured with chromium?51 chromate to study the site of chromium interaction with cell biomolecules. After incubation, cells were homogenized and separated into nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic fractions. Greater than 75% of the radioactivity was found in the cytosolic fraction. The supernatant from the centrifuged cell homogenate, which contained >90% of the chromium radioactivity, was subjected to chromatographic investigation. The combination of anion exchange and ion?pair high?performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that at least three different molecular species interact with chromate or its reduced derivative, Cr(III). These species are glutathione, the nucleotides cytosine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, guanine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate, plus an as yet unknown species of protein or peptide. Preliminary data for the specific activity of nucleoside triphosphates range from 6000 to 18,000 cpm/?g ribonucleoside triphosphate. The glutathione accounted for 50% of the observed radioactivity, the nucleotides for 30%, and the metalloprotein accounted for the remainder.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1249018,Proctor et al. 2012,Hexavalent chromium reduction kinetics in rodent stomach contents,"Reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in the stomach prior to absorption is a well-recognized detoxification process thought to limit the toxicity of ingested Cr(VI). However, administration of high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause mouse small intestinal tumors, and quantitative measures of Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for rodent stomach contents are needed for interspecies extrapolation using physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. Ex vivo studies using stomach contents of rats and mice were conducted to quantify Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for loading rates (1-400mg Cr(VI)L(-1) stomach contents) in the range of recent bioassays. Cr(VI) reduction was measured with speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry to quantify dynamic Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations in stomach contents at select time points over 1h. Cr(VI) reduction followed mixed second-order kinetics, dependent upon concentrations of both Cr(VI) and the native reducing agents. Approximately 16mg Cr(VI)-equivalents of reducing capacity per L of fed stomach contents (containing gastric secretions, saliva, water and food) was found for both species. The second-order rate constants were 0.2 and 0.3Lmg(-1)h(-1) for mice and rats, respectively. These findings support that, at the doses that caused cancer in the mouse small intestine (?20mg Cr(VI)L(-1) in drinking water), the reducing capacity of stomach contents was likely exceeded. Thus, for extrapolation of target tissue dose in risk assessment, PBTK models are necessary to account for competing kinetic rates including second order capacity-limited reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).","Hexavalent chromium reduction kinetics in rodent stomach contents Abs: Reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in the stomach prior to absorption is a well-recognized detoxification process thought to limit the toxicity of ingested Cr(VI). However, administration of high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause mouse small intestinal tumors, and quantitative measures of Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for rodent stomach contents are needed for interspecies extrapolation using physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. Ex vivo studies using stomach contents of rats and mice were conducted to quantify Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for loading rates (1-400mg Cr(VI)L(-1) stomach contents) in the range of recent bioassays. Cr(VI) reduction was measured with speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry to quantify dynamic Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations in stomach contents at select time points over 1h. Cr(VI) reduction followed mixed second-order kinetics, dependent upon concentrations of both Cr(VI) and the native reducing agents. Approximately 16mg Cr(VI)-equivalents of reducing capacity per L of fed stomach contents (containing gastric secretions, saliva, water and food) was found for both species. The second-order rate constants were 0.2 and 0.3Lmg(-1)h(-1) for mice and rats, respectively. These findings support that, at the doses that caused cancer in the mouse small intestine (?20mg Cr(VI)L(-1) in drinking water), the reducing capacity of stomach contents was likely exceeded. Thus, for extrapolation of target tissue dose in risk assessment, PBTK models are necessary to account for competing kinetic rates including second order capacity-limited reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
730659,Vanoirbeek et al. 2003,Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats,"Chromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may be occupationally exposed to such compounds. Therefore, the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of chromium were studied in male Wistar rats after a single intratracheal instillation (2 ml/kg body weight) of various doses (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) of the catalyst (approximately 1% chromium bound to an amorphous silica matrix), either before (CAT-Cr[III]) or after (CAT-Cr[VI]) heat treatment. The results were compared with those of equivalent amounts of two chromium salts (CrCl(3) and K(2) Cr(2) O (7). Each dose group was composed of three rats. The concentration of chromium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in urine (collected daily for 7 d) and in plasma, erythrocytes, lung, and liver tissue obtained 2 d (only highest concentration) and 7 d after dosing. On d 2, a significant increase in lung weight was found in the animals treated with the highest dose of the hexavalent Cr products. On d 7, on the basis of body weights, lung weights, and lung histology, there was no overt toxicity, except after the highest dose of CAT-Cr(VI). The elimination of all forms of chromium was apparently monoexponential, with calculated half-life elimination times in urine of 4-11 h for Cr(III) (CAT-Cr[III] and CrCl3 ) and 8-21 h for Cr(VI) (CAT-Cr[VI] and K(2) Cr(2) O(7). On d 2, the erythro-cytes Cr concentrations were significantly higher for the hexavalent Cr products than for the trivalent Cr products. After 7 d, the erythrocytes Cr concentrations were significantly increased above control values (3 microg/L) only in rats treated with the 2 highest doses of Cr( VI) compounds (12 and 64 microg/L for K(2) Cr(2) O(7), and 14 and 79 microg/L for CAT-Cr[VI]). The present study shows that intratracheally instilled Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have different toxicokinetic profiles and that the Cr(VI) catalyst has the same bioavailability and excretion kinetics as a water-soluble Cr(VI) salt. Exposure to chromium compounds could be monitored by measuring Cr concen-trations in urine (shortly after exposure) and in erythrocytes (also at later time points after high Cr[VI] exposure).","Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats Abs: Chromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may be occupationally exposed to such compounds. Therefore, the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of chromium were studied in male Wistar rats after a single intratracheal instillation (2 ml/kg body weight) of various doses (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) of the catalyst (approximately 1% chromium bound to an amorphous silica matrix), either before (CAT-Cr[III]) or after (CAT-Cr[VI]) heat treatment. The results were compared with those of equivalent amounts of two chromium salts (CrCl(3) and K(2) Cr(2) O (7). Each dose group was composed of three rats. The concentration of chromium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in urine (collected daily for 7 d) and in plasma, erythrocytes, lung, and liver tissue obtained 2 d (only highest concentration) and 7 d after dosing. On d 2, a significant increase in lung weight was found in the animals treated with the highest dose of the hexavalent Cr products. On d 7, on the basis of body weights, lung weights, and lung histology, there was no overt toxicity, except after the highest dose of CAT-Cr(VI). The elimination of all forms of chromium was apparently monoexponential, with calculated half-life elimination times in urine of 4-11 h for Cr(III) (CAT-Cr[III] and CrCl3 ) and 8-21 h for Cr(VI) (CAT-Cr[VI] and K(2) Cr(2) O(7). On d 2, the erythro-cytes Cr concentrations were significantly higher for the hexavalent Cr products than for the trivalent Cr products. After 7 d, the erythrocytes Cr concentrations were significantly increased above control values (3 microg/L) only in rats treated with the 2 highest doses of Cr( VI) compounds (12 and 64 microg/L for K(2) Cr(2) O(7), and 14 and 79 microg/L for CAT-Cr[VI]). The present study shows that intratracheally instilled Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have different toxicokinetic profiles and that the Cr(VI) catalyst has the same bioavailability and excretion kinetics as a water-soluble Cr(VI) salt. Exposure to chromium compounds could be monitored by measuring Cr concen-trations in urine (shortly after exposure) and in erythrocytes (also at later time points after high Cr[VI] exposure).",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1238986,Sognier et al. 1991,Uptake/persistence of chromium compounds in Chinese hamster V79 cells,,Uptake/persistence of chromium compounds in Chinese hamster V79 cells Abs: ,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1516238,Ogawa et al. 1976,Experimental study on absorption distribution and excretion of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds,Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract mouse toxicity metabolism,Experimental study on absorption distribution and excretion of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract mouse toxicity metabolism,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1234957,Wada et al. 1983,"Purification and chromium-excretory function of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substances from dog liver","From liver of dogs injected iv with potassium dichromate (38 mg/kg body wt), a low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMCr) was purified into two subfractions, LMCr I and LMCr II, which differ in physical and chemical properties. LMCr I was identified to be an anionic, organic chromium compound with a molecular weight of 1500. It contained glutamic acid, glycine, and cysteine as the predominant amino acids and firmly bound chromium in a ratio of one chromium(III) to one molecule of LMCr I. LMCr II was isolated in crystalline form and demonstrated to be a water-soluble, inorganic chromium(III) complex consisting of Na2HPO4 . 7H2O and Na2HPO4 . 2H2O. Although its crystallization reduced the chromium content, it had a maximum chromium-binding capacity as much as one chromium per one phosphorus in water. The mixture of LMCr I and LMCr II as approximated to be the natural composition showed a lower acute toxicity as measured by lethality in mice and had higher rates of urinary excretion and renal clearance in rabbits, accompanied by lower rates of renal tubular reabsorption and retention in kidney and liver than potassium dichromate(VI) and chromium(III) chloride. Pretreatment with chromium-free LMCr II remarkably reduced the mortality rates of mice acutely poisoned with chromium chloride. These results indicate that LMCr plays an important role in the detoxification and excretion of chromium in mammals.","Purification and chromium-excretory function of low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substances from dog liver Abs: From liver of dogs injected iv with potassium dichromate (38 mg/kg body wt), a low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMCr) was purified into two subfractions, LMCr I and LMCr II, which differ in physical and chemical properties. LMCr I was identified to be an anionic, organic chromium compound with a molecular weight of 1500. It contained glutamic acid, glycine, and cysteine as the predominant amino acids and firmly bound chromium in a ratio of one chromium(III) to one molecule of LMCr I. LMCr II was isolated in crystalline form and demonstrated to be a water-soluble, inorganic chromium(III) complex consisting of Na2HPO4 . 7H2O and Na2HPO4 . 2H2O. Although its crystallization reduced the chromium content, it had a maximum chromium-binding capacity as much as one chromium per one phosphorus in water. The mixture of LMCr I and LMCr II as approximated to be the natural composition showed a lower acute toxicity as measured by lethality in mice and had higher rates of urinary excretion and renal clearance in rabbits, accompanied by lower rates of renal tubular reabsorption and retention in kidney and liver than potassium dichromate(VI) and chromium(III) chloride. Pretreatment with chromium-free LMCr II remarkably reduced the mortality rates of mice acutely poisoned with chromium chloride. These results indicate that LMCr plays an important role in the detoxification and excretion of chromium in mammals.",0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,3
1231120,Utidjian 1973,Criteria for a recommended standard--occupational exposure to chromic acid,,Criteria for a recommended standard--occupational exposure to chromic acid Abs: ,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
732568,Kiilunen 1997,Occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in the 1980s in Finland,"Two large data bases accumulated from the 1980s at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, one with results on urinary chromium and nickel analyses and the other with results on total and hexavalent chromium and nickel, were compiled and analysed in order to clarify the occupational exposure during the 1980s, and to reveal possible trends in the exposure of workers in different jobs. The data were processed in three batches: years 1980-1982, 1983-1985 and 1986-1989. The median values of urinary chromium exceeded the biomonitoring action level, BAL, in metal workers, and the mean values exceeded the BAL in both metal workers and plasma cutters. Among all worker groups the median values of urinary chromium remained quite stable during the study period. The median values of urinary nickel concentration did not exceed the BAL in any worker group studied, but an increasing trend was observed among moulders. In the breathing zone of grinders, the median value of total or trivalent chromium exceeded the occupational exposure limit, OEL. The medial of hexavalent chromium concentration in the breathing zone of metal sprayers and spray painters was higher than the OEL. No decreasing trend in exposure could be observed during the 10-year period in breathing zone air.","Occupational exposure to chromium and nickel in the 1980s in Finland Abs: Two large data bases accumulated from the 1980s at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, one with results on urinary chromium and nickel analyses and the other with results on total and hexavalent chromium and nickel, were compiled and analysed in order to clarify the occupational exposure during the 1980s, and to reveal possible trends in the exposure of workers in different jobs. The data were processed in three batches: years 1980-1982, 1983-1985 and 1986-1989. The median values of urinary chromium exceeded the biomonitoring action level, BAL, in metal workers, and the mean values exceeded the BAL in both metal workers and plasma cutters. Among all worker groups the median values of urinary chromium remained quite stable during the study period. The median values of urinary nickel concentration did not exceed the BAL in any worker group studied, but an increasing trend was observed among moulders. In the breathing zone of grinders, the median value of total or trivalent chromium exceeded the occupational exposure limit, OEL. The medial of hexavalent chromium concentration in the breathing zone of metal sprayers and spray painters was higher than the OEL. No decreasing trend in exposure could be observed during the 10-year period in breathing zone air.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1019457,Anderson 1999,"RESEARCH: Comparison of Temporal Trends in Ambient and Compliance Trace Element and PCB Data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985-1995","/ The Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring has suggested studies on ambient (in-stream) and compliance (wastewater) data to determine if monitoring can be reduced locally or nationally. The similarity in temporal trends between retrospective ambient and compliance water-quality data collected from Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, was determined for 1985-1995. Constituents studied included the following trace elements: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents, making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends.KEY WORDS: Mann-Kendall trend test; Ambient data; Compliance data; Trace elements; PCBs, Mississippi Riverhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n4p497.html&lt;/HEA","RESEARCH: Comparison of Temporal Trends in Ambient and Compliance Trace Element and PCB Data in Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, 1985-1995 Abs: / The Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring has suggested studies on ambient (in-stream) and compliance (wastewater) data to determine if monitoring can be reduced locally or nationally. The similarity in temporal trends between retrospective ambient and compliance water-quality data collected from Pool 2 of the Mississippi River, USA, was determined for 1985-1995. Constituents studied included the following trace elements: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Water-column, bed-sediment, and fish-tissue (fillets) data collected by five government agencies comprised the ambient data set; effluent data from five registered facilities comprised the compliance data set. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test indicated that 33% of temporal trends in all data were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05). Possible reasons for this were low sample sizes, and a high percentage of samples below the analytical detection limit. Trends in compliance data were more distinct; most trace elements decreased significantly, probably due to improvements in wastewater treatment. Seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn) had statistically significant decreases in wastewater and portions of either or both ambient water and bed sediment. No trends were found in fish tissue. Inconsistency in trends between ambient and compliance data were often found for individual constituents, making overall similarity between the data sets difficult to determine. Logistical differences in monitoring programs, such as varying field and laboratory methods among agencies, made it difficult to assess ambient temporal trends.KEY WORDS: Mann-Kendall trend test; Ambient data; Compliance data; Trace elements; PCBs, Mississippi Riverhttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n4p497.html&lt;/HEA",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
733750,Kuo et al. 1997,Concentration and size distribution of airborne hexavalent chromium in electroplating factories,"Studies have shown that chromium from electroplating factories can cause respiratory problems to workers after prolonged exposure. Since Taiwan has a relatively high number of electroplating factories and minimal data regarding chromium's effect on workers, the authors undertook this study focusing on the size distribution of airborne hexavalent chromium and its concentration levels within the factory. Both area and personal sampling were conducted using a particle fractionating sampler. Samples were analyzed using visible spectrophotometry. A comparison of three types of factories-chromium, nickel-chromium, and zinc-showed that the highest concentrations were found in chromium electroplating factories near the electroplating tank. Hexavalent chromium particles obtained from area sampling had mass median diameters between 1.67-6.38 microns and 0.75-4.73 microns for personal sampling. Particles of this high concentration and small size can enter and cause considerable damage to the respiratory tract.","Concentration and size distribution of airborne hexavalent chromium in electroplating factories Abs: Studies have shown that chromium from electroplating factories can cause respiratory problems to workers after prolonged exposure. Since Taiwan has a relatively high number of electroplating factories and minimal data regarding chromium's effect on workers, the authors undertook this study focusing on the size distribution of airborne hexavalent chromium and its concentration levels within the factory. Both area and personal sampling were conducted using a particle fractionating sampler. Samples were analyzed using visible spectrophotometry. A comparison of three types of factories-chromium, nickel-chromium, and zinc-showed that the highest concentrations were found in chromium electroplating factories near the electroplating tank. Hexavalent chromium particles obtained from area sampling had mass median diameters between 1.67-6.38 microns and 0.75-4.73 microns for personal sampling. Particles of this high concentration and small size can enter and cause considerable damage to the respiratory tract.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1514406,Cox 1986,"Industrial Hygiene Survey Report of Plateau, Incorporated, Bloomfield Refinery, Bloomfield, NM, Report No. IWS-124-10","Turnaround operations at a fluid catalytic cracking unit at the Bloomfield Refinery (SIC-1799) in Bloomfield, New Mexico, were investigated for possible exposure of workers to various chemical agents, including hexavalent chromium (7440473), coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV), nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), sulfur-dioxide (7446095), respirable dusts, and welding fumes. The average level of nitrogen-dioxide in the air was 1.5 parts per million (ppm); the value for sulfur-dioxide was 2.5ppm. NIOSH standards for hexavalent chromium (0.025mg/m3 for water soluble and 0.001mg/m3 for water insoluble) were exceeded. Respirable dust levels above 5mg/m3 were noted during cleaning operations. In many welding steps the concentration of welding fumes was in excess of 5mg/m3 as well. At the plasma arc cutting operation, concentrations of carbon-monoxide (630080), nitrogen-dioxide, and sulfur-dioxide (airborne) were 11.1, 1.5, and 2.5ppm, respectively. During the removal of coke from the reactor, CTPV levels exceeded the standard of 0.1mg/m3. A hydrocarbon concentration of 263ppm was obtained during the reconditioning of a pump. Nearly normal levels of 9.3, 45.7, and 74.1ppm were noted during more normal turnaround conditions. The author recommended that monitoring of the air be undertaken on a regular basis and that protective clothing and equipment be used by the workers. Ventilation rates and the direction of the ventilation should be checked.","Industrial Hygiene Survey Report of Plateau, Incorporated, Bloomfield Refinery, Bloomfield, NM, Report No. IWS-124-10 Abs: Turnaround operations at a fluid catalytic cracking unit at the Bloomfield Refinery (SIC-1799) in Bloomfield, New Mexico, were investigated for possible exposure of workers to various chemical agents, including hexavalent chromium (7440473), coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV), nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), sulfur-dioxide (7446095), respirable dusts, and welding fumes. The average level of nitrogen-dioxide in the air was 1.5 parts per million (ppm); the value for sulfur-dioxide was 2.5ppm. NIOSH standards for hexavalent chromium (0.025mg/m3 for water soluble and 0.001mg/m3 for water insoluble) were exceeded. Respirable dust levels above 5mg/m3 were noted during cleaning operations. In many welding steps the concentration of welding fumes was in excess of 5mg/m3 as well. At the plasma arc cutting operation, concentrations of carbon-monoxide (630080), nitrogen-dioxide, and sulfur-dioxide (airborne) were 11.1, 1.5, and 2.5ppm, respectively. During the removal of coke from the reactor, CTPV levels exceeded the standard of 0.1mg/m3. A hydrocarbon concentration of 263ppm was obtained during the reconditioning of a pump. Nearly normal levels of 9.3, 45.7, and 74.1ppm were noted during more normal turnaround conditions. The author recommended that monitoring of the air be undertaken on a regular basis and that protective clothing and equipment be used by the workers. Ventilation rates and the direction of the ventilation should be checked.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
501710,Mirabelli and  Kauppinen 2005,Occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy: An update of CAREX database,"To update estimates of the prevalence of occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy, the 85 CAREX agents were re-assessed. The original exposure estimates in the CAREX database were updated, taking into account changes in exposure patterns and in numbers of employsees by industrial class. The 21.8 million employees in Italy, 19.4 in industry and services, 2.4 in agriculture, had 4.2 million exposures. Prevalences of exposures were highest for environmental (passive) tobacco smoke (800,000 exposures), solar radiation (700,000), diesel engine exhaust (500,000), wood dust (280,000), silica (250,000), lead and inorganic lead compounds (230,000), benzene (180 000), hexavalent chromium compounds (160,000), glass wool (140,000), and PAHs (120,000). Exposures to carcinogens at work are still an issue in Italy and do not appear to be controlled as strictly as they should be.","Occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy: An update of CAREX database Abs: To update estimates of the prevalence of occupational exposures to carcinogens in Italy, the 85 CAREX agents were re-assessed. The original exposure estimates in the CAREX database were updated, taking into account changes in exposure patterns and in numbers of employsees by industrial class. The 21.8 million employees in Italy, 19.4 in industry and services, 2.4 in agriculture, had 4.2 million exposures. Prevalences of exposures were highest for environmental (passive) tobacco smoke (800,000 exposures), solar radiation (700,000), diesel engine exhaust (500,000), wood dust (280,000), silica (250,000), lead and inorganic lead compounds (230,000), benzene (180 000), hexavalent chromium compounds (160,000), glass wool (140,000), and PAHs (120,000). Exposures to carcinogens at work are still an issue in Italy and do not appear to be controlled as strictly as they should be.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1237108,Triger et al. 1989,TRACE ELEMENT LEVELS IN THE BLOOD OF WORKERS IN TWO STEEL WORKS AND A NON-FERROUS PLANT HANDLING LEAD AND CADMIUM COMPARED WITH A NON-EXPOSED POPULATION,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM IRON CHROMIUM,TRACE ELEMENT LEVELS IN THE BLOOD OF WORKERS IN TWO STEEL WORKS AND A NON-FERROUS PLANT HANDLING LEAD AND CADMIUM COMPARED WITH A NON-EXPOSED POPULATION Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM IRON CHROMIUM,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1233830,Huvinen et al. 1997,Estimation of individual dust exposure by magnetopneumography in stainless steel production,"The objectives of the study were to measure the magnetic dust lung burden of workers in stainless steel production by magnetopneumography (MPG) and to investigate the relationship of the results with air-borne concentrations of dust, total and hexavalent chromium as well as urinary excretion of chromium. There were 128 workers from the chromite mine, sintering plant, ferrochrome smelter, stainless steel smelting shop, cold rolling mill and welding shop in the exposed groups and five persons from the office staff in the control group. The remanent magnetic field (RMF) in the lungs was slightly elevated among workers in the ferrochromium and steel smelting shops; the levels were, however, lower than those reported for welders earlier and those observed in the welding/repair shop. Workers in the mine, concentrator and sintering plants and in the cold rolling mill exhibited remanent magnetic fields comparable to the referents. There was a relationship between the RMF and the actual urinary chromium concentration. Miners and concentrator and sintering plant workers showed retarded relaxation rate (ReR) of the remanent magnetic field. However, the RMF of the first two of these groups were low (&lt; 0.1 nT) and this made it difficult to measure the ReR accurately. The duration of exposure correlated weakly but significantly with the relaxation rate, while smoking was not related to it.","Estimation of individual dust exposure by magnetopneumography in stainless steel production Abs: The objectives of the study were to measure the magnetic dust lung burden of workers in stainless steel production by magnetopneumography (MPG) and to investigate the relationship of the results with air-borne concentrations of dust, total and hexavalent chromium as well as urinary excretion of chromium. There were 128 workers from the chromite mine, sintering plant, ferrochrome smelter, stainless steel smelting shop, cold rolling mill and welding shop in the exposed groups and five persons from the office staff in the control group. The remanent magnetic field (RMF) in the lungs was slightly elevated among workers in the ferrochromium and steel smelting shops; the levels were, however, lower than those reported for welders earlier and those observed in the welding/repair shop. Workers in the mine, concentrator and sintering plants and in the cold rolling mill exhibited remanent magnetic fields comparable to the referents. There was a relationship between the RMF and the actual urinary chromium concentration. Miners and concentrator and sintering plant workers showed retarded relaxation rate (ReR) of the remanent magnetic field. However, the RMF of the first two of these groups were low (&lt; 0.1 nT) and this made it difficult to measure the ReR accurately. The duration of exposure correlated weakly but significantly with the relaxation rate, while smoking was not related to it.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1516356,Ruhe 1982,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report, No. HETA-81-438-1090, Matryx Corporation, Sharonville, Ohio","AA survey of exposure to inorganic lead (7439921) and hexavalent chromium (7440473) at a paint spray booth at the Matryx Corporation (SIC-3494), Sharonville, Ohio, was conducted. The Corporation's Safety Coordinator requested the survey which was performed on October 1, and December 9, 1981. Personal samples for lead and chromium were collected and measured for the two spray painters. The face spray velocity of the paint spray booth was measured. Workers were interviewed and previously collected blood lead samples were reviewed. Operators were potentially exposed to airborne lead concentrations of 97 to 1356 micrograms per cubic meter (microg/m3), above the OSHA limit of 50microg/m3. Hexavalent chromium exposure was undetectable to 23microg/m3, above the NIOSH standard of 1microg/m3, but below the OSHA ceiling value of 100microg/m3. The average face velocity of the paint spray booth was 70 linear feet per minute. Blood lead concentrations of the workers were below 30 micrograms per 100 milliliters, and no health problems were reported. The author concludes that even though lead and chromium exposures were above recommended values, blood lead concentrations were within current criteria. He recommends respiratory protection and frequent filter changes in the paint spray booths.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report, No. HETA-81-438-1090, Matryx Corporation, Sharonville, Ohio Abs: AA survey of exposure to inorganic lead (7439921) and hexavalent chromium (7440473) at a paint spray booth at the Matryx Corporation (SIC-3494), Sharonville, Ohio, was conducted. The Corporation's Safety Coordinator requested the survey which was performed on October 1, and December 9, 1981. Personal samples for lead and chromium were collected and measured for the two spray painters. The face spray velocity of the paint spray booth was measured. Workers were interviewed and previously collected blood lead samples were reviewed. Operators were potentially exposed to airborne lead concentrations of 97 to 1356 micrograms per cubic meter (microg/m3), above the OSHA limit of 50microg/m3. Hexavalent chromium exposure was undetectable to 23microg/m3, above the NIOSH standard of 1microg/m3, but below the OSHA ceiling value of 100microg/m3. The average face velocity of the paint spray booth was 70 linear feet per minute. Blood lead concentrations of the workers were below 30 micrograms per 100 milliliters, and no health problems were reported. The author concludes that even though lead and chromium exposures were above recommended values, blood lead concentrations were within current criteria. He recommends respiratory protection and frequent filter changes in the paint spray booths.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1576577,Corporation 1991,Human exposure,,Human exposure Abs: ,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1230988,Lindberg and  Vesterberg 1989,Urinary excretion of chromium in chromeplaters after discontinued exposure,"In a previous study [Lindberg and Vesterberg, 1983a], excretion of chromium in urine (U-Cr) in chromeplaters was proposed for biological monitoring of ongoing exposure. Published reports were found about the decline of U-Cr after discontinued exposure in welders working in chromium-alloyed stainless steel, but not in chromeplaters. In this study, half-times (t1/2) were calculated for ten chromeplaters over a weekend, and for 23 chromeplaters over 31 days vacation. The results suggest that the excretion of chromium can be approximated to a two-compartment model. Estimated from the median values, an initial rapid phase with an assumed t1/2 of 2-3 days is followed by a phase with a t1/2 of approximately a month. Differences between the decline of U-Cr in chromeplaters and welders are discussed.","Urinary excretion of chromium in chromeplaters after discontinued exposure Abs: In a previous study [Lindberg and Vesterberg, 1983a], excretion of chromium in urine (U-Cr) in chromeplaters was proposed for biological monitoring of ongoing exposure. Published reports were found about the decline of U-Cr after discontinued exposure in welders working in chromium-alloyed stainless steel, but not in chromeplaters. In this study, half-times (t1/2) were calculated for ten chromeplaters over a weekend, and for 23 chromeplaters over 31 days vacation. The results suggest that the excretion of chromium can be approximated to a two-compartment model. Estimated from the median values, an initial rapid phase with an assumed t1/2 of 2-3 days is followed by a phase with a t1/2 of approximately a month. Differences between the decline of U-Cr in chromeplaters and welders are discussed.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1786416,Sungur et al. 2013,Determination of Chromium Species in Various Medicinal Plants Consumed in Hatay Region in Turkey,,Determination of Chromium Species in Various Medicinal Plants Consumed in Hatay Region in Turkey Abs: ,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1234808,Hostynek and  Maibach 1988,Chromium in US household bleach,Spectrophotometric analysis for chromium in hypochlorite bleach sampled at random throughout the USA shows that the highest level found in those products is of the order of 0.1 ppm (2/20). This probably does not represent a significant risk factor for chromate sensitization of the consumer population.,Chromium in US household bleach Abs: Spectrophotometric analysis for chromium in hypochlorite bleach sampled at random throughout the USA shows that the highest level found in those products is of the order of 0.1 ppm (2/20). This probably does not represent a significant risk factor for chromate sensitization of the consumer population.,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
98798,Talebi 2003,Determination of total and hexavalent chromium concentrations in the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan,"Airborne particulate matter was collected from the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan by a high-volume air sampler. Determination of the concentration of total chromium was carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The determination of hexavalent chromium was carried out by ion chromatography following the collection of Cr(vi) in an impinger. Day-to-day variations in concentrations of total and hexavalent chromium were investigated and an excellent similarity was found between them. Atmospheric levels of total and hexavalent chromium were also investigated in different months of the year, and maximum concentrations were found in October.","Determination of total and hexavalent chromium concentrations in the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan Abs: Airborne particulate matter was collected from the atmosphere of the city of Isfahan by a high-volume air sampler. Determination of the concentration of total chromium was carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The determination of hexavalent chromium was carried out by ion chromatography following the collection of Cr(vi) in an impinger. Day-to-day variations in concentrations of total and hexavalent chromium were investigated and an excellent similarity was found between them. Atmospheric levels of total and hexavalent chromium were also investigated in different months of the year, and maximum concentrations were found in October.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1510147,Tubbs et al. 1992,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 89-364-2202, ARMCO Advanced Materials Corporation, Butler, Pennsylvania","In response to a management request, an evaluation was made of possible hazardous working conditions at ARMCO Advanced Materials Corporation (SIC-3312), Butler, Pennsylvania. ARMCO produced primarily specialty steel products. An indirect method of electric heating was used at the facility to make steel. Concern was expressed about employee exposures to infrasound, electromagnetic radiation, and various dusts throughout the melt shop. The investigation was then expanded to include radiofrequency exposures at the Ultra-Rapid Annealing (URA) furnace located in the Strip Coating and Silicon Anneal Building (SCSAB). Air samples analyzed indicated that the recommended levels were being exceeded for chromium (7440473), manganese (7439965) and lead (7439921). Radiofrequency radiation measurements at the URA furnace and the visible radiation levels near the electric arc furnaces in the melt shops exceeded the appropriate evaluation criteria. The authors conclude that health hazards existed during the survey from excessive airborne levels of hexavalent chromium, manganese, and lead, high levels of optical radiation near the electric arc furnaces, and radiofrequency radiation at the URA furnace. The authors recommended measures to lower these exposures and suggested the institution of medical and environmental surveillance programs.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 89-364-2202, ARMCO Advanced Materials Corporation, Butler, Pennsylvania Abs: In response to a management request, an evaluation was made of possible hazardous working conditions at ARMCO Advanced Materials Corporation (SIC-3312), Butler, Pennsylvania. ARMCO produced primarily specialty steel products. An indirect method of electric heating was used at the facility to make steel. Concern was expressed about employee exposures to infrasound, electromagnetic radiation, and various dusts throughout the melt shop. The investigation was then expanded to include radiofrequency exposures at the Ultra-Rapid Annealing (URA) furnace located in the Strip Coating and Silicon Anneal Building (SCSAB). Air samples analyzed indicated that the recommended levels were being exceeded for chromium (7440473), manganese (7439965) and lead (7439921). Radiofrequency radiation measurements at the URA furnace and the visible radiation levels near the electric arc furnaces in the melt shops exceeded the appropriate evaluation criteria. The authors conclude that health hazards existed during the survey from excessive airborne levels of hexavalent chromium, manganese, and lead, high levels of optical radiation near the electric arc furnaces, and radiofrequency radiation at the URA furnace. The authors recommended measures to lower these exposures and suggested the institution of medical and environmental surveillance programs.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
665017,Kauppinen et al. 1997,"International data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries","An international data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries was constructed to be used in exposure assessment for epidemiology studies and hazard control. Industrial hygiene and biological monitoring data were collected from countries participating in the multicentric study of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Each measurement was characterized by country, mill type and number, department, job, agent measured, sampling method, measurement result in the standard unit, duration and date of sampling, assessment of representativeness, measurer, purpose of measurements, and remarks (e.g. on measurement sites and biases). Over 31,000 measurement results on 246 different chemical agents from 13 countries were available from pulp (45% of measurements), paper/paperboard/recycling (12%) and paper product (11%) mills or from their non-production departments (23%). Most measurements (82%) were carried out after 1980. The most frequently measured group of agents was inorganic gases (35%), followed by organic compounds (25%), solvents (18%), mineral dusts (12%), metals (6%) and bioaerosols (3%). Over 90% of the measurements were without an obvious bias, but their true representativeness is difficult to assess. Concentrations of various agents, including sulfur dioxide, chlorine dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, ammonia, formaldehyde and some solvents, often exceeded current occupational exposure limits. This data base summarizes a great deal of previously unpublished exposure data, provides a unique opportunity to study exposure patterns at the international level and identifies exposure situations that require further attention and investigation.","International data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries Abs: An international data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries was constructed to be used in exposure assessment for epidemiology studies and hazard control. Industrial hygiene and biological monitoring data were collected from countries participating in the multicentric study of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Each measurement was characterized by country, mill type and number, department, job, agent measured, sampling method, measurement result in the standard unit, duration and date of sampling, assessment of representativeness, measurer, purpose of measurements, and remarks (e.g. on measurement sites and biases). Over 31,000 measurement results on 246 different chemical agents from 13 countries were available from pulp (45% of measurements), paper/paperboard/recycling (12%) and paper product (11%) mills or from their non-production departments (23%). Most measurements (82%) were carried out after 1980. The most frequently measured group of agents was inorganic gases (35%), followed by organic compounds (25%), solvents (18%), mineral dusts (12%), metals (6%) and bioaerosols (3%). Over 90% of the measurements were without an obvious bias, but their true representativeness is difficult to assess. Concentrations of various agents, including sulfur dioxide, chlorine dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, ammonia, formaldehyde and some solvents, often exceeded current occupational exposure limits. This data base summarizes a great deal of previously unpublished exposure data, provides a unique opportunity to study exposure patterns at the international level and identifies exposure situations that require further attention and investigation.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1510296,Gianello et al. 1998,Occupational exposure to chromium - An assessment of environmental pollution levels and biological monitoring of exposed workers,,Occupational exposure to chromium - An assessment of environmental pollution levels and biological monitoring of exposed workers Abs: ,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1786433,Weiss et al. 2013,Levels and predictors of airborne and internal exposure to chromium and nickel among welders--results of the WELDOX study,"The objective of this analysis was to investigate levels and determinants of exposure to airborne and urinary chromium (Cr, CrU) and nickel (Ni, NiU) among 241 welders. Respirable and inhalable welding fume was collected during a shift, and the metal content was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In post-shift urine, CrU and NiU were measured by means of graphite furnace atom absorption spectrometry, with resulting concentrations varying across a wide range. Due to a large fraction below the limits of quantitation we applied multiple imputations to the log-transformed exposure variables for the analysis of the data. Respirable Cr and Ni were about half of the concentrations of inhalable Cr and Ni, respectively. CrU and NiU were determined with medians of 1.2 ?g/L (interquartile range &lt;1.00; 3.61) and 2.9 ?g/L (interquartile range &lt;1.50; 5.97). Furthermore, Cr and Ni correlated in respirable welding fume (r=0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85) and urine (r=0.55, 95% CI 0.44-0.65). Regression models identified exposure-modulating variables in form of multiplicative factors and revealed slightly better model fits for Cr (R(2) respirable Cr 48%, CrU 55%) than for Ni (R(2) respirable Ni 42%, NiU 38%). The air concentrations were mainly predicted by the metal content in electrodes or base material in addition to the welding technique. Respirable Cr and Ni were good predictors for CrU and NiU, respectively. Exposure was higher when welding was performed in confined spaces or with inefficient ventilation, and lower in urine when respirators were used. In conclusion, statistical modelling allowed the evaluation of determinants of internal and external exposure to Cr and Ni in welders. Welding parameters were stronger predictors than workplace conditions. Airborne exposure was lowest inside respirators with supply of purified air.","Levels and predictors of airborne and internal exposure to chromium and nickel among welders--results of the WELDOX study Abs: The objective of this analysis was to investigate levels and determinants of exposure to airborne and urinary chromium (Cr, CrU) and nickel (Ni, NiU) among 241 welders. Respirable and inhalable welding fume was collected during a shift, and the metal content was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In post-shift urine, CrU and NiU were measured by means of graphite furnace atom absorption spectrometry, with resulting concentrations varying across a wide range. Due to a large fraction below the limits of quantitation we applied multiple imputations to the log-transformed exposure variables for the analysis of the data. Respirable Cr and Ni were about half of the concentrations of inhalable Cr and Ni, respectively. CrU and NiU were determined with medians of 1.2 ?g/L (interquartile range &lt;1.00; 3.61) and 2.9 ?g/L (interquartile range &lt;1.50; 5.97). Furthermore, Cr and Ni correlated in respirable welding fume (r=0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85) and urine (r=0.55, 95% CI 0.44-0.65). Regression models identified exposure-modulating variables in form of multiplicative factors and revealed slightly better model fits for Cr (R(2) respirable Cr 48%, CrU 55%) than for Ni (R(2) respirable Ni 42%, NiU 38%). The air concentrations were mainly predicted by the metal content in electrodes or base material in addition to the welding technique. Respirable Cr and Ni were good predictors for CrU and NiU, respectively. Exposure was higher when welding was performed in confined spaces or with inefficient ventilation, and lower in urine when respirators were used. In conclusion, statistical modelling allowed the evaluation of determinants of internal and external exposure to Cr and Ni in welders. Welding parameters were stronger predictors than workplace conditions. Airborne exposure was lowest inside respirators with supply of purified air.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
495693,Lohani et al. 2008,Seasonal variations of heavy metal contamination in river Gomti of Lucknow city region,"The present study deals with the seasonal variations in the concentrations of heavy metals namely chromium, lead and mercury by using spectrophotometric methods. The water samples were collected at regular intervals from five selected sites of river Gomti in the pre-monsoon period (months of February-May) and the post monsoon period (months of October-January). The concentrations of chromium (VI) and mercury (II) were determined by using Genesys-10 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer while lead (II) concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer 5000 model. The concentrations of all the three metals were found to be higher in the pre-monsoon period than in the post-monsoon period. The statistical analysis of the data was discussed in both the seasons in terms of mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.","Seasonal variations of heavy metal contamination in river Gomti of Lucknow city region Abs: The present study deals with the seasonal variations in the concentrations of heavy metals namely chromium, lead and mercury by using spectrophotometric methods. The water samples were collected at regular intervals from five selected sites of river Gomti in the pre-monsoon period (months of February-May) and the post monsoon period (months of October-January). The concentrations of chromium (VI) and mercury (II) were determined by using Genesys-10 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer while lead (II) concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer 5000 model. The concentrations of all the three metals were found to be higher in the pre-monsoon period than in the post-monsoon period. The statistical analysis of the data was discussed in both the seasons in terms of mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
14339,Evans 1977,"Health hazard evaluation determination; report no 76-86-389 Allied Chemical Corporation; Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania","A Health Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH in the chromium nitrate production (SIC-2819) area of the Allied Chemical Corporation facility in Marcus Hook, Pa., on November 21, 1976. An authorized representative of the employees requested the investigation in order to determine whether any substances normally found in the work areas had potentially toxic effects in the prevailing concentrations. The employee exposure to hexavalent chromium, as measured during the survey, did constitute a potential health hazard, both samples taken exceeding the OSHA ceiling standards of 100 micrograms of hexavalent chromium per cubic meter of air for chromic-acid (7738945) and chromates, as well as the NIOSH recommended ceiling of 50 micrograms per cubic meter for noncarcinogenic hexavalent chromium. Neither sample exceeded the recommended standard of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of breathing zone. The interview of one ""affected"" employee failed to reveal any health complaints. Recommended engineering controls to eliminate the potential health hazard include capture velocities of 100 to 200 feet per minute to control the dust release, a lateral local exhaust system around the rim of the material addition porthole, and improved respiratory protection program. A medical surveillance program that will allow the monitoring of chronic diseases, especially cancer, is also recommended.","Health hazard evaluation determination; report no 76-86-389 Allied Chemical Corporation; Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania Abs: A Health Hazard Evaluation investigation was conducted by NIOSH in the chromium nitrate production (SIC-2819) area of the Allied Chemical Corporation facility in Marcus Hook, Pa., on November 21, 1976. An authorized representative of the employees requested the investigation in order to determine whether any substances normally found in the work areas had potentially toxic effects in the prevailing concentrations. The employee exposure to hexavalent chromium, as measured during the survey, did constitute a potential health hazard, both samples taken exceeding the OSHA ceiling standards of 100 micrograms of hexavalent chromium per cubic meter of air for chromic-acid (7738945) and chromates, as well as the NIOSH recommended ceiling of 50 micrograms per cubic meter for noncarcinogenic hexavalent chromium. Neither sample exceeded the recommended standard of 25 micrograms per cubic meter of breathing zone. The interview of one ""affected"" employee failed to reveal any health complaints. Recommended engineering controls to eliminate the potential health hazard include capture velocities of 100 to 200 feet per minute to control the dust release, a lateral local exhaust system around the rim of the material addition porthole, and improved respiratory protection program. A medical surveillance program that will allow the monitoring of chronic diseases, especially cancer, is also recommended.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1233585,Rehr et al. 2010,Economic sources and spatial distribution of airborne chromium risks in the U.S,"We present a model that integrates the economic input-output approach of life cycle assessment with environmental fate, exposure, and risk assessment to estimate the spatial distribution of air toxic health risks due to sector-specific economic activity in the U.S. The model is used to relate the economic activity and exposure potential (population density and meteorology) associated with point source emissions of the heavy metal and carcinogen, hexavalent chromium, or Cr(VI), on a county basis. Total direct annual airborne emissions of Cr(VI) in the U.S. were 44 tonnes in 2002, with 97% from facilities in four major sectors: power generation, wood, plastics, and chemicals, metals, and scientific services. These include 6 tonnes of Cr(VI) emitted in the supply chains of these sectors. A highly variable national distribution of lifetime cancer risk is predicted, with a population-weighted mean of 2.7 x 10(-7), but with hot-spot counties with lifetime risks as high as 6 x 10(-6). Furthermore, high exposures and risks tend to occur in more highly populated counties. In particular, the population of Los Angeles County is exposed to the highest level of risk in the country and almost three-quarters of the total predicted cancer incidence due to inhalation of airborne Cr(VI) emissions. This finding can be attributed largely to the use of Cr(VI) as a corrosion inhibitor by the scientific services sector facilities in the county, the use of shorter facility stacks, and their sitting within a highly populated area. These results indicate that linking economic activity, emission estimates, and fate and transport models for air toxics can inform both life cycle impact and comparative health risk assessments, allowing us to better target emission reductions to minimize hot-spots of risk.","Economic sources and spatial distribution of airborne chromium risks in the U.S Abs: We present a model that integrates the economic input-output approach of life cycle assessment with environmental fate, exposure, and risk assessment to estimate the spatial distribution of air toxic health risks due to sector-specific economic activity in the U.S. The model is used to relate the economic activity and exposure potential (population density and meteorology) associated with point source emissions of the heavy metal and carcinogen, hexavalent chromium, or Cr(VI), on a county basis. Total direct annual airborne emissions of Cr(VI) in the U.S. were 44 tonnes in 2002, with 97% from facilities in four major sectors: power generation, wood, plastics, and chemicals, metals, and scientific services. These include 6 tonnes of Cr(VI) emitted in the supply chains of these sectors. A highly variable national distribution of lifetime cancer risk is predicted, with a population-weighted mean of 2.7 x 10(-7), but with hot-spot counties with lifetime risks as high as 6 x 10(-6). Furthermore, high exposures and risks tend to occur in more highly populated counties. In particular, the population of Los Angeles County is exposed to the highest level of risk in the country and almost three-quarters of the total predicted cancer incidence due to inhalation of airborne Cr(VI) emissions. This finding can be attributed largely to the use of Cr(VI) as a corrosion inhibitor by the scientific services sector facilities in the county, the use of shorter facility stacks, and their sitting within a highly populated area. These results indicate that linking economic activity, emission estimates, and fate and transport models for air toxics can inform both life cycle impact and comparative health risk assessments, allowing us to better target emission reductions to minimize hot-spots of risk.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1021976,Johnson et al. 2011,"Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and nickel in toenail samples from Appalachian Kentucky residents","Lung cancer rates in Appalachian Kentucky are almost twice national rates; colorectal cancer rates are also elevated. Although smoking prevalence is high, it does not explain all excess risk. The area is characterized by poverty, low educational attainment, and unemployment. Coal production is a major industry. Pyrite contaminants of coal contain established human carcinogens, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). We compared biological exposure to As, Cr, and Ni for adults living in Appalachian Kentucky with residents of Jefferson, a non-Appalachian, urban county. We further compared lung and colon cancer rates, demographics, and smoking prevalence across the study areas. Toenail clipping analysis measured As, Cr, and Ni for residents of 23 rural Appalachian Kentucky counties and for Jefferson County. Reverse Kaplan-Meier statistical methodology addressed left-censored data. Appalachian residents were exposed to higher concentrations of As, Cr, and Ni than Jefferson County residents. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in Appalachia are higher than Jefferson County and elsewhere in the state, as are colorectal mortality rates. Environmental factors may contribute to the increased concentration of trace elements measured in residents of the Appalachian region. Routes of human exposure need to be determined.","Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, and nickel in toenail samples from Appalachian Kentucky residents Abs: Lung cancer rates in Appalachian Kentucky are almost twice national rates; colorectal cancer rates are also elevated. Although smoking prevalence is high, it does not explain all excess risk. The area is characterized by poverty, low educational attainment, and unemployment. Coal production is a major industry. Pyrite contaminants of coal contain established human carcinogens, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). We compared biological exposure to As, Cr, and Ni for adults living in Appalachian Kentucky with residents of Jefferson, a non-Appalachian, urban county. We further compared lung and colon cancer rates, demographics, and smoking prevalence across the study areas. Toenail clipping analysis measured As, Cr, and Ni for residents of 23 rural Appalachian Kentucky counties and for Jefferson County. Reverse Kaplan-Meier statistical methodology addressed left-censored data. Appalachian residents were exposed to higher concentrations of As, Cr, and Ni than Jefferson County residents. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in Appalachia are higher than Jefferson County and elsewhere in the state, as are colorectal mortality rates. Environmental factors may contribute to the increased concentration of trace elements measured in residents of the Appalachian region. Routes of human exposure need to be determined.",0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4
1514242,Al-Akel and  Shamsi 1996,Hexavalent chromium: Toxicity and impact on carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Saudi Arabia,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of hexavalent chromium on the carp Cyprinus carpio was assessed using static bioassay. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 93.6 mgto sublethal concentrations of chromium (15 and 25 mgignificant depletion of liver and muscle glycogen and decreasing leucocyte counts were recorded during prolonged exposure and with increasing concentration of chromium. The other blood parameters examined (haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, serum protein, serum glucose) increased similarly during exposure to two chromium concentrations.","Hexavalent chromium: Toxicity and impact on carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Saudi Arabia Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The effect of hexavalent chromium on the carp Cyprinus carpio was assessed using static bioassay. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 93.6 mgto sublethal concentrations of chromium (15 and 25 mgignificant depletion of liver and muscle glycogen and decreasing leucocyte counts were recorded during prolonged exposure and with increasing concentration of chromium. The other blood parameters examined (haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, hematocrit, serum protein, serum glucose) increased similarly during exposure to two chromium concentrations.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
490982,Kuykendall et al. 2006,Waterborne and dietary hexavalent chromium exposure causes DNA-protein crosslink (DPX) formation in erythrocytes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),"Formation of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXs) was demonstrated in erythrocytes from fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a known carcinogenic and mutagenic metal contaminant of many industrial waterways. Tank water exposure of 2-3 in. fathead minnows to 2 ppm Cr(VI) led to significant DPX formation in erythrocytes, with over 140-200% elevations above background levels at 3-4 days, respectively. Largemouth bass exposed similarly were found to have 62% elevation of DPX levels after 4 days. When largemouth bass were fed a diet of minnows injected with 20 mu g Cr(VI) for 5 days, a significant (p < 0.01) increase of DPXs in erythrocytes was observed, with 80% elevation above erythrocytes from bass fed minnows injected only with saline. However, when largemouth bass were fed a diet exclusively of minnows exposed to 2 ppm Cr(VI) for 21 days, there was no significant difference in DPX levels compared to bass fed control (unexposed) minnows. This study provides evidence that DPX formation occurs in erythrocytes of fathead minnows exposed under controlled conditions to low ppm Cr(VI) concentrations, which is at or below concentrations previously assigned no observable effect levels. Furthermore, it appears that both waterborne and high dose dietary exposure to Cr(VI) can lead to DPX formation in erythrocytes of predatory fish species such as bass. However, it is unlikely that a bioconcentration of chromium in the food chain would be a major concern at these low ppm levels of exposure. Further, it may be difficult to achieve dietary Cr(VI) levels high enough to elicit DPXs in predatory fish under most environmental exposure scenarios. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.","Waterborne and dietary hexavalent chromium exposure causes DNA-protein crosslink (DPX) formation in erythrocytes of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Abs: Formation of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXs) was demonstrated in erythrocytes from fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a known carcinogenic and mutagenic metal contaminant of many industrial waterways. Tank water exposure of 2-3 in. fathead minnows to 2 ppm Cr(VI) led to significant DPX formation in erythrocytes, with over 140-200% elevations above background levels at 3-4 days, respectively. Largemouth bass exposed similarly were found to have 62% elevation of DPX levels after 4 days. When largemouth bass were fed a diet of minnows injected with 20 mu g Cr(VI) for 5 days, a significant (p < 0.01) increase of DPXs in erythrocytes was observed, with 80% elevation above erythrocytes from bass fed minnows injected only with saline. However, when largemouth bass were fed a diet exclusively of minnows exposed to 2 ppm Cr(VI) for 21 days, there was no significant difference in DPX levels compared to bass fed control (unexposed) minnows. This study provides evidence that DPX formation occurs in erythrocytes of fathead minnows exposed under controlled conditions to low ppm Cr(VI) concentrations, which is at or below concentrations previously assigned no observable effect levels. Furthermore, it appears that both waterborne and high dose dietary exposure to Cr(VI) can lead to DPX formation in erythrocytes of predatory fish species such as bass. However, it is unlikely that a bioconcentration of chromium in the food chain would be a major concern at these low ppm levels of exposure. Further, it may be difficult to achieve dietary Cr(VI) levels high enough to elicit DPXs in predatory fish under most environmental exposure scenarios. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231773,Svecevicius 2006,Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium to European freshwater fish,,Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium to European freshwater fish Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1509925,Mishra and  Mohanty ,"Acute spill-mimicking exposure effect of hexavalent chromium on the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","Acute exposure to hexavalent chromium (as 10, 20, and 40 mg/L potassium dichromate for 96 h) adversely affected the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost Channa punctatus. The toxic impact of metal exposure on fish ovary was revealed in the form of increased percentage of atretic follicles, significantly in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L exposure groups. The follicular atresia mostly occurred in vitellogenic (stage II and stage III) oocytes. Reduction of serum level of 17?-estradiol was also significant in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L exposure groups. The increase of LH-immunointensity of pituitary gonadotrophs (LH?-immunoreactive cells) and their hypertrophy was evident, significantly in fish of 40 mg/L exposed group. Thus, the present acute metal spill-mimicking laboratory study clearly demonstrated that short-term exposures to high doses of hexavalent chromium may disrupt reproduction of the fish and affect their population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.","Acute spill-mimicking exposure effect of hexavalent chromium on the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch) Abs: Acute exposure to hexavalent chromium (as 10, 20, and 40 mg/L potassium dichromate for 96 h) adversely affected the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost Channa punctatus. The toxic impact of metal exposure on fish ovary was revealed in the form of increased percentage of atretic follicles, significantly in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L exposure groups. The follicular atresia mostly occurred in vitellogenic (stage II and stage III) oocytes. Reduction of serum level of 17?-estradiol was also significant in 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L exposure groups. The increase of LH-immunointensity of pituitary gonadotrophs (LH?-immunoreactive cells) and their hypertrophy was evident, significantly in fish of 40 mg/L exposed group. Thus, the present acute metal spill-mimicking laboratory study clearly demonstrated that short-term exposures to high doses of hexavalent chromium may disrupt reproduction of the fish and affect their population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
2225025,Del Bubba et al. 2013,"Chromium accumulation and changes in plant growth, selected phenolics and sugars of wild type and genetically modified Nicotiana langsdorffii","Chromium accumulation, dry weight (DW) biomass yield, water content and concentrations of some selected phenolic compounds and carbohydrates were determined in root and shoot of Nicotiana langsdorffii, either wild type (WT) or genetically modified by the insertion of GR and rolC genes, in response to the presence of Cr(VI) in the growth medium. A biomass decrease was observed for WT plants, but not for GR and rolC transformations, in response to Cr(VI) in the growth medium, highlighting a stress situation only in WT line. Shoot chromium concentrations were in all cases about 300 mg kg(-1) DW. In root higher concentrations were found in rolC than in GR and WT (3843, 2600 and 2751 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively). Based on the DW biomass, GR and WT accumulated higher chromium quantities than rolC, both in root (330 and 424 versus 85 ?g Cr per plant) and shoot (282 and 275 versus 121 ?g Cr per plant). Therefore, GR should be preferred to WT as a promising candidate for chromium phytoremediation. Metabolic shifts of sugars and phenolics were generally observed in response to either gene insertions or exposure to Cr(VI), being the latter more related to the resistance to Cr(VI) than the former.","Chromium accumulation and changes in plant growth, selected phenolics and sugars of wild type and genetically modified Nicotiana langsdorffii Abs: Chromium accumulation, dry weight (DW) biomass yield, water content and concentrations of some selected phenolic compounds and carbohydrates were determined in root and shoot of Nicotiana langsdorffii, either wild type (WT) or genetically modified by the insertion of GR and rolC genes, in response to the presence of Cr(VI) in the growth medium. A biomass decrease was observed for WT plants, but not for GR and rolC transformations, in response to Cr(VI) in the growth medium, highlighting a stress situation only in WT line. Shoot chromium concentrations were in all cases about 300 mg kg(-1) DW. In root higher concentrations were found in rolC than in GR and WT (3843, 2600 and 2751 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively). Based on the DW biomass, GR and WT accumulated higher chromium quantities than rolC, both in root (330 and 424 versus 85 ?g Cr per plant) and shoot (282 and 275 versus 121 ?g Cr per plant). Therefore, GR should be preferred to WT as a promising candidate for chromium phytoremediation. Metabolic shifts of sugars and phenolics were generally observed in response to either gene insertions or exposure to Cr(VI), being the latter more related to the resistance to Cr(VI) than the former.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786236,Montes et al. 2013,"Spectroscopic determination of the toxicity, absorption, reduction, and translocation of Cr(VI) in two Magnoliopsida species","Hexavalent chromium is a contaminant highly mobile in the environment that is toxic for plants at low concentrations. In this work, the physiological response of Convolvulus arvensis and Medicago truncatula plants to Cr(VI) treatments was compared. C. arvensis is a potential Cr hyperaccumulator well adapted to semiarid conditions that biotransform Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). M. truncatula is a model plant well adapted to semiarid conditions with a well studied genetic response to heavy metal stress. The results demonstrated that C. arvensis is more tolerant to Cr toxicity and has a higher Cr translocation to the leaves. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy results showed that C. arvensis plants treated with 10 mg Cr(VI) L(-1) accumulated 1512, 210, and 131 mg Cr kg(-1) in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. While M. truncatula plants treated with the same Cr(VI) concentration accumulated 1081, 331, and 44 (mg Cr kg(-1)) in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that Cr(VI) decreased ascorbate peroxidase activity and increased catalase activity in M. truncatula, while an opposite response was found in C. arvensis. The x-ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed that both plant species reduced Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III).","Spectroscopic determination of the toxicity, absorption, reduction, and translocation of Cr(VI) in two Magnoliopsida species Abs: Hexavalent chromium is a contaminant highly mobile in the environment that is toxic for plants at low concentrations. In this work, the physiological response of Convolvulus arvensis and Medicago truncatula plants to Cr(VI) treatments was compared. C. arvensis is a potential Cr hyperaccumulator well adapted to semiarid conditions that biotransform Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). M. truncatula is a model plant well adapted to semiarid conditions with a well studied genetic response to heavy metal stress. The results demonstrated that C. arvensis is more tolerant to Cr toxicity and has a higher Cr translocation to the leaves. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy results showed that C. arvensis plants treated with 10 mg Cr(VI) L(-1) accumulated 1512, 210, and 131 mg Cr kg(-1) in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. While M. truncatula plants treated with the same Cr(VI) concentration accumulated 1081, 331, and 44 (mg Cr kg(-1)) in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that Cr(VI) decreased ascorbate peroxidase activity and increased catalase activity in M. truncatula, while an opposite response was found in C. arvensis. The x-ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed that both plant species reduced Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III).",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1230930,Katayama et al. 2001,Histoplasmosis in the lung of a race horse with yersiniosis,"A 4-year-old female thoroughbred race horse died of acute peritonitis caused by necrotizing granulomatous duodenitis. Yersinia enterocolitica was immunohistochemically demonstrated in macrophages in granulomas developed in the duodenum, lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The yeast-like fungi were found in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of macrophages in the lung that infiltrated into the granulomas and surrounding alveoli with congestive edema. The yeast-like fungi were positively stained by Gomori-Grocott chromic acid methenamine silver stain and immuno-histochemically stained with anti-histoplasma antibody. In this case, it was considered that granulomas formed in the duodenum, lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes were primarily caused by Yersinia enterocolitica due to idiopathic weakening of the immune system. Yeast-like fungi immunohistochemically identified as histoplasmas secondarily infected the lung. This is the first case regarded as equine histoplasmosis capsulati in Japan.","Histoplasmosis in the lung of a race horse with yersiniosis Abs: A 4-year-old female thoroughbred race horse died of acute peritonitis caused by necrotizing granulomatous duodenitis. Yersinia enterocolitica was immunohistochemically demonstrated in macrophages in granulomas developed in the duodenum, lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The yeast-like fungi were found in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of macrophages in the lung that infiltrated into the granulomas and surrounding alveoli with congestive edema. The yeast-like fungi were positively stained by Gomori-Grocott chromic acid methenamine silver stain and immuno-histochemically stained with anti-histoplasma antibody. In this case, it was considered that granulomas formed in the duodenum, lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes were primarily caused by Yersinia enterocolitica due to idiopathic weakening of the immune system. Yeast-like fungi immunohistochemically identified as histoplasmas secondarily infected the lung. This is the first case regarded as equine histoplasmosis capsulati in Japan.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510456,Benova et al. 2007,"Interaction of low doses of ionizing radiation, potassium dichromate and cadmium chloride in Artemia franciscana biotest",,"Interaction of low doses of ionizing radiation, potassium dichromate and cadmium chloride in Artemia franciscana biotest Abs: ",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
460471,Chidambaram et al. 2009,CHROMIUM INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY IN BLACKGRAM (VIGNA MUNGO L.),"Chromium is known to be highly toxic to biological systems. This study was designed to determine the mutagenic effects of different concentrations ( 0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) of hexavalent chromium on root tip cells of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). The blackgram seeds were equi-spacially arranged in sterilized petriplates lined with filter paper and they were treated with different concentrations of chromium solution. In germination studies, the morphological growth parameters such as germination percentage, root length, shoot length fresh weight and dry weight of blackgram seedlings were decreased with increasing dose of chromium concentrations. No germination of blackgram seeds was recorded at 300mg/l chromium concentration. Chromosome aberration assay was used to determine the mitotic indices and rate of chromosome aberration in blackgram root tip cells due to chromium treatment. The results showed that the mitotic indices were complicated due to different concentrations of chromium. However, the increase in chromium concentration has led to a gradual increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberration and mitotic index. The chromosome length, absolute chromosome length and average chromosome lengths were gradually found to decrease. There was no considerable change in 2n number of chromosome with the increase in chromium concentrations. It is concluded that the hexavalent chromium has significant mutagenic effect on the root tip cells of blackgram.","CHROMIUM INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY IN BLACKGRAM (VIGNA MUNGO L.) Abs: Chromium is known to be highly toxic to biological systems. This study was designed to determine the mutagenic effects of different concentrations ( 0, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) of hexavalent chromium on root tip cells of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). The blackgram seeds were equi-spacially arranged in sterilized petriplates lined with filter paper and they were treated with different concentrations of chromium solution. In germination studies, the morphological growth parameters such as germination percentage, root length, shoot length fresh weight and dry weight of blackgram seedlings were decreased with increasing dose of chromium concentrations. No germination of blackgram seeds was recorded at 300mg/l chromium concentration. Chromosome aberration assay was used to determine the mitotic indices and rate of chromosome aberration in blackgram root tip cells due to chromium treatment. The results showed that the mitotic indices were complicated due to different concentrations of chromium. However, the increase in chromium concentration has led to a gradual increase in the percentage of chromosomal aberration and mitotic index. The chromosome length, absolute chromosome length and average chromosome lengths were gradually found to decrease. There was no considerable change in 2n number of chromosome with the increase in chromium concentrations. It is concluded that the hexavalent chromium has significant mutagenic effect on the root tip cells of blackgram.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1516365,Sahi et al. 1998,Cytogenetic response of hexavalent chromium-induced somatic cell abnormalities in Allium cepa,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Hexavalent chromium present in water inhibited root growth due to its toxicity and its accumulation in roots. The Cr (VI) concentration in water samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.750 mg/l in and around the Sukinda valley, which was higher than the Government permissible limit. The Cr (VI)-containing water was utilized by local inhabitants for drinking and agricultural practices which produced increases in human health hazards and mutations or cell death in plants. The cytological effect of hexavale otic chromosomal abnormalities were more numerous and death to the cell occurred at higher concentrations. Local inhabitants were advised not to drink the Cr-contaminated water nor to eat below ground plant parts.","Cytogenetic response of hexavalent chromium-induced somatic cell abnormalities in Allium cepa Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Hexavalent chromium present in water inhibited root growth due to its toxicity and its accumulation in roots. The Cr (VI) concentration in water samples ranged from 0.003 to 0.750 mg/l in and around the Sukinda valley, which was higher than the Government permissible limit. The Cr (VI)-containing water was utilized by local inhabitants for drinking and agricultural practices which produced increases in human health hazards and mutations or cell death in plants. The cytological effect of hexavale otic chromosomal abnormalities were more numerous and death to the cell occurred at higher concentrations. Local inhabitants were advised not to drink the Cr-contaminated water nor to eat below ground plant parts.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1232098,Samantary 2002,Biochemical responses of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium,"Biochemical investigations were carried out in Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) with different concentrations of hexavalent chromium (as K2Cr2O7) in hydroponics culture. Seeds were germinated and grown in the presence or absence of chromium under controlled environmental conditions. Protein, pigment and enzyme analysis were conducted in both Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean after 72 h of treatments. Chlorophyll and protein contents were reduced in Cr-sensitive cultivars more than those of the tolerant ones. The enzyme activity varied among the Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive ones. Activities of catalase, peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase were greater in Cr-sensitive than tolerant cultivars.","Biochemical responses of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium Abs: Biochemical investigations were carried out in Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) with different concentrations of hexavalent chromium (as K2Cr2O7) in hydroponics culture. Seeds were germinated and grown in the presence or absence of chromium under controlled environmental conditions. Protein, pigment and enzyme analysis were conducted in both Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean after 72 h of treatments. Chlorophyll and protein contents were reduced in Cr-sensitive cultivars more than those of the tolerant ones. The enzyme activity varied among the Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive ones. Activities of catalase, peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase were greater in Cr-sensitive than tolerant cultivars.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786222,Li et al. 2013,"Molecular cloning and characterization of cat, gpx1 and Cu/Zn-sod genes in pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) and antioxidant enzyme modulation induced by hexavalent chromium in juveniles","Hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) is a common pollutant transient metal with high toxicity in the environment. The toxicological effects partly result from oxidative damage due to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the reductive process of Cr(6+). To explore the influence of ROS induced directly by Cr(6+) on the oxidative stress generation and antioxidant system, the full length cDNAs of antioxidant-related genes cat, gpx1 and Cu/Zn-sod were successfully acquired from pengze crucian carp first and analyzed. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the antioxidant genes encompassing catalase (cat), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-sod) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx1), antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GPx and total protein content were further studied in the gill, intestine and liver of pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) juveniles upon acute exposure to Cr(6+) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L for 4 days. Differential significant changes of the antioxidant enzymes and gene expression were observed in different tissues. The findings contribute to better understanding the antioxidant mechanisms induced by Cr(6+) and selecting the organic-specific sensitive biomarkers to monitor the safety of the aquatic ecosystem.","Molecular cloning and characterization of cat, gpx1 and Cu/Zn-sod genes in pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) and antioxidant enzyme modulation induced by hexavalent chromium in juveniles Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) is a common pollutant transient metal with high toxicity in the environment. The toxicological effects partly result from oxidative damage due to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the reductive process of Cr(6+). To explore the influence of ROS induced directly by Cr(6+) on the oxidative stress generation and antioxidant system, the full length cDNAs of antioxidant-related genes cat, gpx1 and Cu/Zn-sod were successfully acquired from pengze crucian carp first and analyzed. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the antioxidant genes encompassing catalase (cat), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-sod) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx1), antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GPx and total protein content were further studied in the gill, intestine and liver of pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) juveniles upon acute exposure to Cr(6+) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L for 4 days. Differential significant changes of the antioxidant enzymes and gene expression were observed in different tissues. The findings contribute to better understanding the antioxidant mechanisms induced by Cr(6+) and selecting the organic-specific sensitive biomarkers to monitor the safety of the aquatic ecosystem.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
2225318,Koc et al. 2013,Detection of the of Effects of Hexavalent Chromium by Histopathological and Electrophoretic Methods on Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) and Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus 1758),,Detection of the of Effects of Hexavalent Chromium by Histopathological and Electrophoretic Methods on Capoeta capoeta (Guldenstaedt 1773) and Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus 1758) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1233815,Sridevi et al. 1998,"Effect of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in a freshwater field crab, Barytelphusa guerini",,"Effect of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in a freshwater field crab, Barytelphusa guerini Abs: ",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1236277,Draggan 1977,Interactive effect of chromium compounds and a fungal parasite on carp eggs,A fungal parasite (Saprolegniales) of carp eggs was exposed to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds at concentrations identical to those used in a study of the effects of the same compounds on carp eggs hatchability. Comparison of data from both experiments revealed that increased egg mortality and increased fungal growth were cooupled at low concentrations of the compounds. A mechanism for the interaction of a chemical stress and a biological stress on carp egg survival in natural systems is presented.,Interactive effect of chromium compounds and a fungal parasite on carp eggs Abs: A fungal parasite (Saprolegniales) of carp eggs was exposed to hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds at concentrations identical to those used in a study of the effects of the same compounds on carp eggs hatchability. Comparison of data from both experiments revealed that increased egg mortality and increased fungal growth were cooupled at low concentrations of the compounds. A mechanism for the interaction of a chemical stress and a biological stress on carp egg survival in natural systems is presented.,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510245,Perry et al. 2006,Persistence Of DNA-Protein Cross-Links In Erythrocytes Of Channel Catfish After Acute Hexavalent Chromium Exposure,"DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXs) have been used previously as a potential biomarker for occupational exposure to a hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), under a variety of exposure scenarios. Cr6+ is found ubiquitously in many industrial waterways, causing considerable concern about human health and environmental impact. The accumulation of Cr6+ in river sediments has raised issues about possible of toxicity to fish species feeding in such areas. To be useful as an environmental biomarker, adducts such as DPXs must be biologically stable for some time after chemical exposure. It has been shown recently that Cr6+ induced DPXs are repaired in mammalian cells, yet no information exists about their formation and stability in fish under controlled conditions. We have addressed this issue by exposing juvenile channel catfish (2-4?) to Cr6+ at 2 ppm in tank water for up to 15 days, and removing some fish from the tank and placing them back in purified water alone. DPXs in erythrocytes from exposed catfish were monitored over this time period to determine their biologic stability. Catfish exposed for 4, 7, 10 and 15 days accumulated significantly higher levels of DPXs above time zero and day 15 controls, with 48, 73, 119 and 801% elevations, respectively (p<0.05). When catfish were exposed to Cr6+ for 10 days, then placed in purified water (no Cr6+), DPXs continued to increase to over the next 5 days to 419% above 15 day controls. This represents a 250% increase above levels seen at day 10 (when removed from Cr6+). This suggests that DPX formation may occur for a significant period of time after initial uptake of Cr6+. It may be that Cr6+ is reduced intracellularly and sequestered as Cr3+ adducts on the DNA alone, subsequent reaction with chromatin proteins would form additional DPXs. Available data suggest that DPXs are biologically stable and detectable for several weeks.","Persistence Of DNA-Protein Cross-Links In Erythrocytes Of Channel Catfish After Acute Hexavalent Chromium Exposure Abs: DNA-protein crosslinks (DPXs) have been used previously as a potential biomarker for occupational exposure to a hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), under a variety of exposure scenarios. Cr6+ is found ubiquitously in many industrial waterways, causing considerable concern about human health and environmental impact. The accumulation of Cr6+ in river sediments has raised issues about possible of toxicity to fish species feeding in such areas. To be useful as an environmental biomarker, adducts such as DPXs must be biologically stable for some time after chemical exposure. It has been shown recently that Cr6+ induced DPXs are repaired in mammalian cells, yet no information exists about their formation and stability in fish under controlled conditions. We have addressed this issue by exposing juvenile channel catfish (2-4?) to Cr6+ at 2 ppm in tank water for up to 15 days, and removing some fish from the tank and placing them back in purified water alone. DPXs in erythrocytes from exposed catfish were monitored over this time period to determine their biologic stability. Catfish exposed for 4, 7, 10 and 15 days accumulated significantly higher levels of DPXs above time zero and day 15 controls, with 48, 73, 119 and 801% elevations, respectively (p<0.05). When catfish were exposed to Cr6+ for 10 days, then placed in purified water (no Cr6+), DPXs continued to increase to over the next 5 days to 419% above 15 day controls. This represents a 250% increase above levels seen at day 10 (when removed from Cr6+). This suggests that DPX formation may occur for a significant period of time after initial uptake of Cr6+. It may be that Cr6+ is reduced intracellularly and sequestered as Cr3+ adducts on the DNA alone, subsequent reaction with chromatin proteins would form additional DPXs. Available data suggest that DPXs are biologically stable and detectable for several weeks.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1056767,Shakir et al. 2012,Ecotoxicological Risks Associated with Tannery Effluent Wastewater,"The problem of water pollution acquires greater relevance in the context of a developing agrarian economy like Pakistan. Even though, the leather industry is a leading economic sector in Pakistan, there is an increasing environmental concern regarding tanneries because they produce large amounts of potentially toxic wastewater containing both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, which are equally hazardous for human population, aquaculture and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, we defined the scope of the present study as to employ different bioassays to determine the eco-toxic potential of tannery effluent wastewater (TW) and its chromium based components, i.e., potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and chromium sulfate Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of TW was carried out to determine the concentration of chromium in TW and then equal concentrations of hexavalent (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and trivalent chromium Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) were obtained for this study. Cytotoxicity assay, artemia bioassay and phytotoxicity assay was utilized to investigate the eco-toxicological potential of different concentrations of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). All the dilutions of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) presented concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in these assays. The data clearly represents that among all three tested materials, different dilutions of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) caused significantly more damage (P&lt;0.001) to vero cell, brine shrimp and germination of maize seeds. Interestingly, the overall toxicity effects of TW treated groups were subsequent to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treated group. Based on biological evidences presented in this article, it is concluded that hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and TW has got significant eco-damaging potential clearly elaborating that environmental burden in district Kasur is numerous and high levels of chromium is posing a considerable risk to the human population, aquaculture and agricultural industry that can obliterate ecosystem surrounding the tanneries.","Ecotoxicological Risks Associated with Tannery Effluent Wastewater Abs: The problem of water pollution acquires greater relevance in the context of a developing agrarian economy like Pakistan. Even though, the leather industry is a leading economic sector in Pakistan, there is an increasing environmental concern regarding tanneries because they produce large amounts of potentially toxic wastewater containing both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, which are equally hazardous for human population, aquaculture and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, we defined the scope of the present study as to employ different bioassays to determine the eco-toxic potential of tannery effluent wastewater (TW) and its chromium based components, i.e., potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and chromium sulfate Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of TW was carried out to determine the concentration of chromium in TW and then equal concentrations of hexavalent (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and trivalent chromium Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) were obtained for this study. Cytotoxicity assay, artemia bioassay and phytotoxicity assay was utilized to investigate the eco-toxicological potential of different concentrations of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). All the dilutions of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) presented concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in these assays. The data clearly represents that among all three tested materials, different dilutions of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) caused significantly more damage (P&lt;0.001) to vero cell, brine shrimp and germination of maize seeds. Interestingly, the overall toxicity effects of TW treated groups were subsequent to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treated group. Based on biological evidences presented in this article, it is concluded that hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and TW has got significant eco-damaging potential clearly elaborating that environmental burden in district Kasur is numerous and high levels of chromium is posing a considerable risk to the human population, aquaculture and agricultural industry that can obliterate ecosystem surrounding the tanneries.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1234626,Shiau and  Chen 1993,Carbohydrate utilization by tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) as influenced by different chromium sources,"An experiment was conducted to study the influence of three different forms of chromium (CrCl3.6H2O, Na2CrO4.4H2O and Cr2O3) on the utilization of two carbohydrates (glucose and cornstarch) by juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Average initial body weight of the fish was 1.13 +/- 0.02 g. Fish were fed 5% body wt/d. Significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater body weight gain, food intake, protein retention, energy retention and body lipid concentration were observed in fish fed the starch diet than in those fed the glucose diet. Fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with any type of chromium had significantly greater weight gain than those fed the glucose diet without chromium supplementation. Fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with Cr2O3 had greater weight gain, food intake, protein retention, energy retention and body lipid concentration than those fed the unsupplemented glucose diet or the glucose diet supplemented with CrCl3.6H2O or Na2CrO4.4H2O. Delayed plasma glucose peak time was observed in tilapia fed the glucose diet supplemented with any type of chromium. Chromium supplementation generally lowered the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in tilapia. Phosphofructokinase activity was significantly higher in fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with Cr2O3 than in the other glucose-fed groups. These data suggest that chromium supplementation improved glucose utilization by tilapia and that Cr2O3 supplementation was markedly more effective than other chromium forms.","Carbohydrate utilization by tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus) as influenced by different chromium sources Abs: An experiment was conducted to study the influence of three different forms of chromium (CrCl3.6H2O, Na2CrO4.4H2O and Cr2O3) on the utilization of two carbohydrates (glucose and cornstarch) by juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Average initial body weight of the fish was 1.13 +/- 0.02 g. Fish were fed 5% body wt/d. Significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater body weight gain, food intake, protein retention, energy retention and body lipid concentration were observed in fish fed the starch diet than in those fed the glucose diet. Fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with any type of chromium had significantly greater weight gain than those fed the glucose diet without chromium supplementation. Fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with Cr2O3 had greater weight gain, food intake, protein retention, energy retention and body lipid concentration than those fed the unsupplemented glucose diet or the glucose diet supplemented with CrCl3.6H2O or Na2CrO4.4H2O. Delayed plasma glucose peak time was observed in tilapia fed the glucose diet supplemented with any type of chromium. Chromium supplementation generally lowered the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in tilapia. Phosphofructokinase activity was significantly higher in fish fed the glucose diet supplemented with Cr2O3 than in the other glucose-fed groups. These data suggest that chromium supplementation improved glucose utilization by tilapia and that Cr2O3 supplementation was markedly more effective than other chromium forms.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231768,Yu et al. 2007,Hexavalent chromium induced stress and metabolic responses in hybrid willows,"Metabolic responses to hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) stress and the uptake and translocation of Cr(6+ )were investigated using pre-rooted hybrid willows (Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L.) exposed to hydroponic solution spiked with K(2)CrO(4) at 24.0 +/- 1 degrees C for 192 h. Various physiological parameters of the plants were monitored to determine toxicity from Cr(6+ )exposure. At Cr(6+) treatments of &lt;or=2.1 mg Cr/l, the transpiration rate of plants was &gt; 50% higher than that of the non-treated control plants. As Cr concentrations were increased further, a slight increase in the transpiration rate was also observed compared with the controls. Negligible difference in the chlorophyll contents in leaves between the treated and the non-treated control plants was measured, except for willows exposed to 1.05 mg Cr/l. The response of soluble proteins in leaves of willows to Cr treatments was remarkable. Cr-induced toxicity appeared in all treatments resulting in reduced activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) compared to the controls. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity in the leaf cells showed a positive increase after Cr exposure. Of all selected parameters, soluble proteins in leaves were the most sensitive to Cr(6+ )doses, showing a significant linear correlation negatively (R (2) = 0.931). Uptake of Cr(6+) by willows grown in flasks was found to increase linearly with the added Cr(6+ )(a zero order kinetics), as indicated by the high R (2) (0.9322). Recovery of Cr in different parts of plant materials varied significantly with roots being the dominant site of Cr accumulation. Although the translocation to shoots was detected, the amount of Cr translocated to shoots was considerably small. The capacity of willows to assimilate Cr(6+ )was also evaluated using detached leaves and roots in sealed glass vessels in vivo. Uptake of Cr by roots was mediated possibly through an active transport mechanism, whereas the cuticle of leaves was the major obstacle to uptake Cr from the hydroponic solution. In addition, both cysteine and ascorbic acid showed a remarkable potential to reduce Cr(6+) at a neutral pH. Results indicated that the added Cr did not cause deleterious effects on plant physiological functions over a 192-h period of exposure. Significant removal of Cr from the hydroponic solution was observed in the presence of hybrid willows. The data also suggest that phytoremediation of Cr(6+) is possible and ecologically safe due to the minor translocation of Cr to aerial tissues.","Hexavalent chromium induced stress and metabolic responses in hybrid willows Abs: Metabolic responses to hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) stress and the uptake and translocation of Cr(6+ )were investigated using pre-rooted hybrid willows (Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L.) exposed to hydroponic solution spiked with K(2)CrO(4) at 24.0 +/- 1 degrees C for 192 h. Various physiological parameters of the plants were monitored to determine toxicity from Cr(6+ )exposure. At Cr(6+) treatments of &lt;or=2.1 mg Cr/l, the transpiration rate of plants was &gt; 50% higher than that of the non-treated control plants. As Cr concentrations were increased further, a slight increase in the transpiration rate was also observed compared with the controls. Negligible difference in the chlorophyll contents in leaves between the treated and the non-treated control plants was measured, except for willows exposed to 1.05 mg Cr/l. The response of soluble proteins in leaves of willows to Cr treatments was remarkable. Cr-induced toxicity appeared in all treatments resulting in reduced activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) compared to the controls. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity in the leaf cells showed a positive increase after Cr exposure. Of all selected parameters, soluble proteins in leaves were the most sensitive to Cr(6+ )doses, showing a significant linear correlation negatively (R (2) = 0.931). Uptake of Cr(6+) by willows grown in flasks was found to increase linearly with the added Cr(6+ )(a zero order kinetics), as indicated by the high R (2) (0.9322). Recovery of Cr in different parts of plant materials varied significantly with roots being the dominant site of Cr accumulation. Although the translocation to shoots was detected, the amount of Cr translocated to shoots was considerably small. The capacity of willows to assimilate Cr(6+ )was also evaluated using detached leaves and roots in sealed glass vessels in vivo. Uptake of Cr by roots was mediated possibly through an active transport mechanism, whereas the cuticle of leaves was the major obstacle to uptake Cr from the hydroponic solution. In addition, both cysteine and ascorbic acid showed a remarkable potential to reduce Cr(6+) at a neutral pH. Results indicated that the added Cr did not cause deleterious effects on plant physiological functions over a 192-h period of exposure. Significant removal of Cr from the hydroponic solution was observed in the presence of hybrid willows. The data also suggest that phytoremediation of Cr(6+) is possible and ecologically safe due to the minor translocation of Cr to aerial tissues.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1509906,Eleftheriou et al. 2013,Hexavalent chromium disrupts mitosis by stabilizing microtubules in Lens culinaris root tip cells,"Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an accumulating environmental pollutant due to anthropogenic activities, toxic for humans, animals and plants. Therefore, the effects of Cr(VI) on dividing root cells of lentil (Lens culinaris) were investigated by tubulin immunofluorescence and DNA staining. In Cr(VI)-treated roots, cell divisions were perturbed, the chromosomes formed irregular aggregations, multinucleate cells were produced and tubulin clusters were entrapped within the nuclei. All cell cycle-specific microtubule (MT) arrays were affected, indicating a stabilizing effect of Cr(VI) on the MTs of L. culinaris. Besides, a time- and concentration-dependent gradual increase of acetylated ?-tubulin, an indicator of MT stabilization, was observed in Cr(VI)-treated roots by both immunofluorescence and western blotting. Evidence is also provided that reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by Cr(VI), determined with the specific marker dichlorofluorescein, may be responsible for MT stabilization. Combined treatments with Cr(VI) and oryzalin revealed that Cr(VI) overcomes the depolymerizing ability of oryzalin, as it does experimentally introduced hydrogen peroxide, further supporting its stabilizing effect. In conclusion, it is suggested that the mitotic aberrations caused by Cr(VI) in L. culinaris root cells may be the result of MT stabilization rather than depolymerization, which consequently disturbs MT dynamics and their related functions.","Hexavalent chromium disrupts mitosis by stabilizing microtubules in Lens culinaris root tip cells Abs: Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an accumulating environmental pollutant due to anthropogenic activities, toxic for humans, animals and plants. Therefore, the effects of Cr(VI) on dividing root cells of lentil (Lens culinaris) were investigated by tubulin immunofluorescence and DNA staining. In Cr(VI)-treated roots, cell divisions were perturbed, the chromosomes formed irregular aggregations, multinucleate cells were produced and tubulin clusters were entrapped within the nuclei. All cell cycle-specific microtubule (MT) arrays were affected, indicating a stabilizing effect of Cr(VI) on the MTs of L. culinaris. Besides, a time- and concentration-dependent gradual increase of acetylated ?-tubulin, an indicator of MT stabilization, was observed in Cr(VI)-treated roots by both immunofluorescence and western blotting. Evidence is also provided that reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by Cr(VI), determined with the specific marker dichlorofluorescein, may be responsible for MT stabilization. Combined treatments with Cr(VI) and oryzalin revealed that Cr(VI) overcomes the depolymerizing ability of oryzalin, as it does experimentally introduced hydrogen peroxide, further supporting its stabilizing effect. In conclusion, it is suggested that the mitotic aberrations caused by Cr(VI) in L. culinaris root cells may be the result of MT stabilization rather than depolymerization, which consequently disturbs MT dynamics and their related functions.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231732,Martínez-Jerónimo and  Muñoz-Mejía 2007,Evaluation of the sensitivity of three cladoceran species widely distributed in Mexico to three reference toxicants,"Acute toxicity effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium pentachlorophenate (SPCP), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) were determined in Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Simocephalus mixtus. Neonates were obtained from parthenogenetic females of different ages to establish the relative sensitivity of these species, in order to propose them as test organisms in the Mexican environmental standards. For C. dubia the average LC(50) (48 h) values were 8.59 +/- 1.08, 0.92 +/- 0.16, and 0.23 +/- 0.04; for D. pulex, 5.34 +/- 0.90, 1.49 +/- 0.29, and 0.28 +/- 0.06; whereas for S. mixtus, they were 4.50 +/- 0.41, 1.31 +/- 0.16, and 0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/L for SDS, SPCP, and Cr(VI), respectively. SDS and SPCP acute toxicity results depicted coefficients of variation of &lt;or= 40 % that were not related to the age of mothers. The same was observed for Cr(VI) with C. dubia, whereas for S. mixtus and D. pulex a reduction in neonates' sensitivity was determined for progeny produced by females older than 23 and 25 days, respectively; this situation establishes limits to the useful period of the culture for the supply of test organisms from these cladocerans. The less toxic reference toxicant was SDS. S. mixtus was the most sensitive cladoceran to SDS and Cr(VI), whereas C. dubia was the most sensitive to SPCP. Although differences existed in the culture conditions and in managing the production of newborns, results suggest the feasibility of using D. pulex and S. mixtus as test organisms in acute toxicity assessment as surrogates of D. magna, an exotic cladoceran in Mexico. Considering its short life-cycle, C. dubia could be used in chronic toxicity tests, as well as in acute toxicity tests, having in both situations the advantage of requiring lower volumes of test samples.","Evaluation of the sensitivity of three cladoceran species widely distributed in Mexico to three reference toxicants Abs: Acute toxicity effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium pentachlorophenate (SPCP), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) were determined in Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Simocephalus mixtus. Neonates were obtained from parthenogenetic females of different ages to establish the relative sensitivity of these species, in order to propose them as test organisms in the Mexican environmental standards. For C. dubia the average LC(50) (48 h) values were 8.59 +/- 1.08, 0.92 +/- 0.16, and 0.23 +/- 0.04; for D. pulex, 5.34 +/- 0.90, 1.49 +/- 0.29, and 0.28 +/- 0.06; whereas for S. mixtus, they were 4.50 +/- 0.41, 1.31 +/- 0.16, and 0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/L for SDS, SPCP, and Cr(VI), respectively. SDS and SPCP acute toxicity results depicted coefficients of variation of &lt;or= 40 % that were not related to the age of mothers. The same was observed for Cr(VI) with C. dubia, whereas for S. mixtus and D. pulex a reduction in neonates' sensitivity was determined for progeny produced by females older than 23 and 25 days, respectively; this situation establishes limits to the useful period of the culture for the supply of test organisms from these cladocerans. The less toxic reference toxicant was SDS. S. mixtus was the most sensitive cladoceran to SDS and Cr(VI), whereas C. dubia was the most sensitive to SPCP. Although differences existed in the culture conditions and in managing the production of newborns, results suggest the feasibility of using D. pulex and S. mixtus as test organisms in acute toxicity assessment as surrogates of D. magna, an exotic cladoceran in Mexico. Considering its short life-cycle, C. dubia could be used in chronic toxicity tests, as well as in acute toxicity tests, having in both situations the advantage of requiring lower volumes of test samples.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1576549,Ramusino et al. 1981,Influence of chromium (VI) upon stream Ephemeroptera in the pre-Alps,,Influence of chromium (VI) upon stream Ephemeroptera in the pre-Alps Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1230908,Soylu 2004,Ultrastructural characterisation of the host-pathogen interface in white blister-infected Arabidopsis leaves,"In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine details of the host-pathogen interface in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons infected by Albugo candida, causal agent of white blister. After successful entry through stomatal pores, the pathogen developed a substomatal vesicle and subsequently produced intercellular hyphae. TEM observations revealed that coenocytic intercellular hyphae ramified and spread intercellularly throughout the host tissue forming several haustoria in host mesophyll cells. Intracellular haustoria were spherical and 4.5 microm in diameter. Each haustorium was connected to intercellular hyphae by a narrow, slender haustorium neck. The cytoplasm of the haustorium included the organelles characteristic of the pathogen. No obvious response was observed in host cells following formation of haustoria. Most of the mesophyll cells contained normal haustoria and the host cytoplasm displayed a high degree of structural integrity. Absence of host cell wall alteration and cell death in penetrated host cells suggest that the pathogen exerts considerable control over basic cellular processes and in this respect, response to this biotrophic Oomycete differs considerably from responses to other pathogens such as necrotrophs. Modification of the host plasma membrane (PM) along the cell wall and around the haustoria, was detected by applying the periodic acid-chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid (PACP) staining technique. After staining with PACP, the host PM was found to be intensely electron dense where it was adjacent to the host cell wall and the distal region of the haustorial neck. By contrast, the extrahaustorial membrane, where the host PM surrounded the haustorium, was consistently very lightly stained.","Ultrastructural characterisation of the host-pathogen interface in white blister-infected Arabidopsis leaves Abs: In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine details of the host-pathogen interface in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons infected by Albugo candida, causal agent of white blister. After successful entry through stomatal pores, the pathogen developed a substomatal vesicle and subsequently produced intercellular hyphae. TEM observations revealed that coenocytic intercellular hyphae ramified and spread intercellularly throughout the host tissue forming several haustoria in host mesophyll cells. Intracellular haustoria were spherical and 4.5 microm in diameter. Each haustorium was connected to intercellular hyphae by a narrow, slender haustorium neck. The cytoplasm of the haustorium included the organelles characteristic of the pathogen. No obvious response was observed in host cells following formation of haustoria. Most of the mesophyll cells contained normal haustoria and the host cytoplasm displayed a high degree of structural integrity. Absence of host cell wall alteration and cell death in penetrated host cells suggest that the pathogen exerts considerable control over basic cellular processes and in this respect, response to this biotrophic Oomycete differs considerably from responses to other pathogens such as necrotrophs. Modification of the host plasma membrane (PM) along the cell wall and around the haustoria, was detected by applying the periodic acid-chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid (PACP) staining technique. After staining with PACP, the host PM was found to be intensely electron dense where it was adjacent to the host cell wall and the distal region of the haustorial neck. By contrast, the extrahaustorial membrane, where the host PM surrounded the haustorium, was consistently very lightly stained.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510605,Boge et al. 1992,THE EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON THE ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE IN THE INTESTINE OF RAINBOW-TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS),,THE EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON THE ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE IN THE INTESTINE OF RAINBOW-TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1576571,Vanderputte and  Part 1982,OXYGEN AND CHROMIUM TRANSFER IN PERFUSED GILLS OF RAINBOW-TROUT (SALMO-GAIRDNERI) EXPOSED TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM AT 2 DIFFERENT PH LEVELS,,OXYGEN AND CHROMIUM TRANSFER IN PERFUSED GILLS OF RAINBOW-TROUT (SALMO-GAIRDNERI) EXPOSED TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM AT 2 DIFFERENT PH LEVELS Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1234217,Matsumoto et al. 2008,"Chemical sensitivity of the male daphnid, Daphnia magna, induced by exposure to juvenile hormone and its analogs","It was reported that males daphnid Daphnia magna that have been induced by methyl farnesoate exposure exhibit higher tolerance to chemical compounds such as potassium dichromate and pentachlorophenol than females. Male neonates are also known to be induced by exposure to juvenile hormone analogs, such as fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen. If these analogs can be used to produce male progeny, the biological and physiological studies of daphnid male would be progressed since the effects of these analogs were several hundred times higher than that of methyl farnesoate. Therefore, in the present study, it was investigated that the chemical sensitivity of male neonates induced by exposure to juvenile hormone (methyl farnesoate) and its analogs. The minimum concentrations of methyl farnesoate, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen to induce 100% male-reproduction were 200nM (50microg/l), 0.23nM (70ng/l) and 0.31nM (100ng/l), respectively. In addition, no reduction of relative reproduction was observed at the juvenoid concentrations in 24h exposure producing 100% male progeny. The median effective concentrations (EC50) of potassium dichromate for immobility of male neonates, established by a standardized method for investigating sensitivity to chemicals, were significantly higher (12-29%) than that of females at least after 24h exposure in all the male neonates induced by juvenoids used in this study (P&lt;0.05). This study demonstrated that the male daphnids induced by exposure to juvenile hormone and its analogs exhibit similar chemical tolerance.","Chemical sensitivity of the male daphnid, Daphnia magna, induced by exposure to juvenile hormone and its analogs Abs: It was reported that males daphnid Daphnia magna that have been induced by methyl farnesoate exposure exhibit higher tolerance to chemical compounds such as potassium dichromate and pentachlorophenol than females. Male neonates are also known to be induced by exposure to juvenile hormone analogs, such as fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen. If these analogs can be used to produce male progeny, the biological and physiological studies of daphnid male would be progressed since the effects of these analogs were several hundred times higher than that of methyl farnesoate. Therefore, in the present study, it was investigated that the chemical sensitivity of male neonates induced by exposure to juvenile hormone (methyl farnesoate) and its analogs. The minimum concentrations of methyl farnesoate, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen to induce 100% male-reproduction were 200nM (50microg/l), 0.23nM (70ng/l) and 0.31nM (100ng/l), respectively. In addition, no reduction of relative reproduction was observed at the juvenoid concentrations in 24h exposure producing 100% male progeny. The median effective concentrations (EC50) of potassium dichromate for immobility of male neonates, established by a standardized method for investigating sensitivity to chemicals, were significantly higher (12-29%) than that of females at least after 24h exposure in all the male neonates induced by juvenoids used in this study (P&lt;0.05). This study demonstrated that the male daphnids induced by exposure to juvenile hormone and its analogs exhibit similar chemical tolerance.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510355,Wang and  Dei 2001,Influences of phosphate and silicate on Cr(VI) and Se(IV) accumulation in marine phytoplankton,,Influences of phosphate and silicate on Cr(VI) and Se(IV) accumulation in marine phytoplankton Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510636,Srivastava et al. 1994,STUDIES ON THE UPTAKE OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM BY ONION (ALLIUM-CEPA),,STUDIES ON THE UPTAKE OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM BY ONION (ALLIUM-CEPA) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1514402,Cotta Ramusino et al. 1981,Influence of chromium vi upon stream ephemeroptera in the prealps,Heep copyright: biol abs. epeorus-torrentium rhithrogena-semicolorata ecdyonurus-helveticus habrophlebia-umbratilis baetis-rhodani baetis-gemellus,Influence of chromium vi upon stream ephemeroptera in the prealps Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs. epeorus-torrentium rhithrogena-semicolorata ecdyonurus-helveticus habrophlebia-umbratilis baetis-rhodani baetis-gemellus,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1509634,Harper-Arabie et al. 2004,"Protective effects of allozyme genotype during chemical exposure in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio","The primary objective of this research was to determine if the genotype of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), or mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) are factors affecting survival during acute endosulfan, fluoranthene, and chromium(VI) exposures. Palaemonetes pugio were exposed in the laboratory to 6.3 microg/L endosulfan, 100 mg/L chromium(VI), or 0.6 mg/L fluoranthene. Dead shrimp were removed at approximately 15-30 min intervals and the individual's genotypes for the Gpi, Mpi, and Pgm enzymes were determined. These data were used to establish whether allozyme genotype was related to tolerance as analyzed with non-parametric methods (i.e. development of survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method of estimation) and parametric methods (i.e. proportional hazards models). Since the sex and/or size of the organism was expected to affect tolerance, these variables were accounted for in the proportional hazards models. Results indicated individuals that were heterozygous (MF) for the Gpi allozyme survived longer and had less overall mortality than the homozygous MM genotype when exposed to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. No allozyme genotypes were related to tolerance during the endosulfan exposure when sex was included as a covariate in the analysis. These results support the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for tolerance in P. pugio during acute exposures to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. Although a relationship between Gpi genotype and contaminant tolerance has been identified in previous studies, no such relationship has been documented in P. pugio or with chromium(VI) as the contaminant.","Protective effects of allozyme genotype during chemical exposure in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio Abs: The primary objective of this research was to determine if the genotype of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), or mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) are factors affecting survival during acute endosulfan, fluoranthene, and chromium(VI) exposures. Palaemonetes pugio were exposed in the laboratory to 6.3 microg/L endosulfan, 100 mg/L chromium(VI), or 0.6 mg/L fluoranthene. Dead shrimp were removed at approximately 15-30 min intervals and the individual's genotypes for the Gpi, Mpi, and Pgm enzymes were determined. These data were used to establish whether allozyme genotype was related to tolerance as analyzed with non-parametric methods (i.e. development of survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method of estimation) and parametric methods (i.e. proportional hazards models). Since the sex and/or size of the organism was expected to affect tolerance, these variables were accounted for in the proportional hazards models. Results indicated individuals that were heterozygous (MF) for the Gpi allozyme survived longer and had less overall mortality than the homozygous MM genotype when exposed to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. No allozyme genotypes were related to tolerance during the endosulfan exposure when sex was included as a covariate in the analysis. These results support the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for tolerance in P. pugio during acute exposures to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. Although a relationship between Gpi genotype and contaminant tolerance has been identified in previous studies, no such relationship has been documented in P. pugio or with chromium(VI) as the contaminant.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231955,Sobrero et al. 2004,"Comparative response of Lemnaceae clones to copper(II), chromium(VI), and cadmium(II) toxicity",,"Comparative response of Lemnaceae clones to copper(II), chromium(VI), and cadmium(II) toxicity Abs: ",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231701,Mishra and  Mohanty 2008,"Histopathological effects of hexavalent chromium in the ovary of a fresh water fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","The histopathological effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) in the ovary of a fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus were investigated. An exposure-dependent alteration in ovarian histology is reported. For both acute and chronic exposures to Cr (VI), the percentages of atretic oocytes were increased; this increase was more pronounced in the acute exposure group. A decrease in percentage of vitellogenic oocytes was observed in the chronic exposure group indicating impairment of vitellogenesis. The hepatocellular vacuolization and atrophy along with pyknotic nuclei in both acute and chronic chromium exposed fish liver supports the vitellogenic impairment. The observed alterations may be due to both direct cytotoxic effect of Cr (VI) on the ovary as well as mediation by overall systemic toxicity affecting other vital organs.","Histopathological effects of hexavalent chromium in the ovary of a fresh water fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) Abs: The histopathological effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) in the ovary of a fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus were investigated. An exposure-dependent alteration in ovarian histology is reported. For both acute and chronic exposures to Cr (VI), the percentages of atretic oocytes were increased; this increase was more pronounced in the acute exposure group. A decrease in percentage of vitellogenic oocytes was observed in the chronic exposure group indicating impairment of vitellogenesis. The hepatocellular vacuolization and atrophy along with pyknotic nuclei in both acute and chronic chromium exposed fish liver supports the vitellogenic impairment. The observed alterations may be due to both direct cytotoxic effect of Cr (VI) on the ovary as well as mediation by overall systemic toxicity affecting other vital organs.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
464270,Dazy et al. 2008,Antioxidant enzyme activities as affected by trivalent and hexavalent chromium species in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw,"The detoxification mechanisms of the aquatic moss, Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw., exposed to Cr was analyzed. In addition, the influence of Cr salts (as Cr nitrate, chloride and potassium bichromate) on these mechanisms has also been studied. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7.) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2.) increased in plants treated with Cr concentrations ranging from 6.25 X 10(-5) to 6.25 mM when given as Cr(NO3)(3). Antioxidant enzymes responded to the other two salts CrCl3 and K2Cr2O7 only with Cr concentrations higher than 6.25 x 10(-2) mM. Glutathione level and GSSG/GSH ratio also responded to Cr exposure but no dose-effect relationship could be observed. Moreover, two unknown thiol compounds were observed in mosses exposed to the highest Cr concentrations. Effects on chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios were also shown even at low Cr concentrations. Our results indicated that environmentally realistic concentrations of Cr could lead to impairment of the cellular activity towards F. antipyretica and that Cr(III), when present as a nitrate salt, was as harmful as Cr(VI). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","Antioxidant enzyme activities as affected by trivalent and hexavalent chromium species in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw Abs: The detoxification mechanisms of the aquatic moss, Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw., exposed to Cr was analyzed. In addition, the influence of Cr salts (as Cr nitrate, chloride and potassium bichromate) on these mechanisms has also been studied. The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7.) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2.) increased in plants treated with Cr concentrations ranging from 6.25 X 10(-5) to 6.25 mM when given as Cr(NO3)(3). Antioxidant enzymes responded to the other two salts CrCl3 and K2Cr2O7 only with Cr concentrations higher than 6.25 x 10(-2) mM. Glutathione level and GSSG/GSH ratio also responded to Cr exposure but no dose-effect relationship could be observed. Moreover, two unknown thiol compounds were observed in mosses exposed to the highest Cr concentrations. Effects on chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios were also shown even at low Cr concentrations. Our results indicated that environmentally realistic concentrations of Cr could lead to impairment of the cellular activity towards F. antipyretica and that Cr(III), when present as a nitrate salt, was as harmful as Cr(VI). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786393,Reboleira et al. 2013,Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate and Potassium Dichromate on Stygobiont Proasellus: General Aspects of Groundwater Ecotoxicology and Future Perspectives,,Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate and Potassium Dichromate on Stygobiont Proasellus: General Aspects of Groundwater Ecotoxicology and Future Perspectives Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1516046,Lazinsky and  Sicko-Goad 1990,Morphometric analysis of phosphate and chromium interactions in Cyclotella meneghiniana,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Quantitative electron microscopy was used to evaluate interactive effects of chromium additions and phosphate nutrient status on the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. Cells of differing phosphate status were exposed to hexavalent chromium for 7 days and morphological changes in both phosphate alone and phosphate and chromium treatments were observed. Changes in chloroplast relative volume and number/volume were observed in all treatments. Changes in mitochondrial and vacuolar volume and an increase in presumed autophagic activity were apparent in all chromium treatments. An increase in polyphosphate was also found in most chromium treated cells. These morphological modifications are discussed in relation to changes observed with exposure to other heavy metals.,Morphometric analysis of phosphate and chromium interactions in Cyclotella meneghiniana Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Quantitative electron microscopy was used to evaluate interactive effects of chromium additions and phosphate nutrient status on the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. Cells of differing phosphate status were exposed to hexavalent chromium for 7 days and morphological changes in both phosphate alone and phosphate and chromium treatments were observed. Changes in chloroplast relative volume and number/volume were observed in all treatments. Changes in mitochondrial and vacuolar volume and an increase in presumed autophagic activity were apparent in all chromium treatments. An increase in polyphosphate was also found in most chromium treated cells. These morphological modifications are discussed in relation to changes observed with exposure to other heavy metals.,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786492,Shahzadi et al. 2013,EFFECT OF BACTERIA CONTAINING ACC DEAMINASE ON GROWTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS GROWN WITH CHROMIUM CONTAMINATED WATER,"Chromium (Cr) is considered as toxic environmental pollutant and causes harmful effects on growth and development of plants and human health. Usually, high level of ethylene (a plant hormone) is produced in plants in response to any biotic or abiotic stress. Negative effect of Cr-imposed stress on plants may be minimized by using bacteria possessing an enzyme 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-deaminase. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria containing ACC-deaminase on wheat under different levels of Cr applied to growth medium. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and lath house conditions. Results of this study demonstrated that inoculation of wheat seeds with two strains of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (Q14) and Bacillus thuringiensis (KAP5) significantly increased the root length (up to 208%), shoot length (up to 67%), root dry weight (up to 140%) and shoot dry weight (up to 71%) respectively as compared to uninoculated control plants. Strain KAP5 possessing both ACC-deaminase as well as phosphate solubilizing activity was found to be the most effective in improving the plant growth compared to uninoculated control in both sand and soil experiments. Inoculation also significantly increased the accumulation of Cr in root and shoots compared to uninoculated control, where the Cr uptake 80.8 mu g/g dry mass and 69.9 mu g/g dry mass in root and shoot respectively, was observed. These findings indicated that ACC-deaminase producing bacterial strains could play vital role in improving the plant growth under metal-stress condition and they may enhance bioremediation process in Cr-contaminated environment. Moreover, presence of dual plant growth promoting trait such as ACC-deaminase and phosphate solubilizing activity could have more promising effect on plant growth and Cr removal than the single trait bacterium.","EFFECT OF BACTERIA CONTAINING ACC DEAMINASE ON GROWTH OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS GROWN WITH CHROMIUM CONTAMINATED WATER Abs: Chromium (Cr) is considered as toxic environmental pollutant and causes harmful effects on growth and development of plants and human health. Usually, high level of ethylene (a plant hormone) is produced in plants in response to any biotic or abiotic stress. Negative effect of Cr-imposed stress on plants may be minimized by using bacteria possessing an enzyme 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-deaminase. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria containing ACC-deaminase on wheat under different levels of Cr applied to growth medium. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and lath house conditions. Results of this study demonstrated that inoculation of wheat seeds with two strains of bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens (Q14) and Bacillus thuringiensis (KAP5) significantly increased the root length (up to 208%), shoot length (up to 67%), root dry weight (up to 140%) and shoot dry weight (up to 71%) respectively as compared to uninoculated control plants. Strain KAP5 possessing both ACC-deaminase as well as phosphate solubilizing activity was found to be the most effective in improving the plant growth compared to uninoculated control in both sand and soil experiments. Inoculation also significantly increased the accumulation of Cr in root and shoots compared to uninoculated control, where the Cr uptake 80.8 mu g/g dry mass and 69.9 mu g/g dry mass in root and shoot respectively, was observed. These findings indicated that ACC-deaminase producing bacterial strains could play vital role in improving the plant growth under metal-stress condition and they may enhance bioremediation process in Cr-contaminated environment. Moreover, presence of dual plant growth promoting trait such as ACC-deaminase and phosphate solubilizing activity could have more promising effect on plant growth and Cr removal than the single trait bacterium.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786425,Wang et al. 2013,Short-term chromium-stress-induced alterations in the maize leaf proteome,"Soil contamination by chromium (Cr) has become an increasing problem worldwide as a result of extensive industrial activities. Chromium, especially hexavalent Cr, impairs the growth and productivity of plants. Although it has been proposed that plants could modify their metabolism to adapt to Cr stress by reprogramming the expression of genes, especially those related to the antioxidant system, damage response, and electron transport chain, evidence at the protein expression level is lacking. To better understand the precise mechanisms underlying Cr phytoxicity and the plant response to Cr exposure, the time-course of changes in the protein expression profile induced by short-term hexavalent Cr exposure (1, 6 and 24 h) were analyzed in maize leaves. Among the over 1200 protein spots detected reproducibly by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), 60 were found to be differentially accumulated during Cr stress treatment. Of the Cr-regulated proteins, 58 were identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The Cr-regulated proteins identified were mainly involved in ROS detoxification and defense responses (26%), photosynthesis and chloroplast organization (22%), post-transcriptional processing of mRNA and rRNA (12%), protein synthesis and folding (10%), the DNA damage response (5%), and the cytoskeleton (3%). The possible involvement of these Cr stress-responsive proteins in Cr phytoxicity and the plant response to Cr exposure in maize is discussed, taking into consideration the information available from other plant models. Our results provide preliminary evidence that will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr toxicity in maize.","Short-term chromium-stress-induced alterations in the maize leaf proteome Abs: Soil contamination by chromium (Cr) has become an increasing problem worldwide as a result of extensive industrial activities. Chromium, especially hexavalent Cr, impairs the growth and productivity of plants. Although it has been proposed that plants could modify their metabolism to adapt to Cr stress by reprogramming the expression of genes, especially those related to the antioxidant system, damage response, and electron transport chain, evidence at the protein expression level is lacking. To better understand the precise mechanisms underlying Cr phytoxicity and the plant response to Cr exposure, the time-course of changes in the protein expression profile induced by short-term hexavalent Cr exposure (1, 6 and 24 h) were analyzed in maize leaves. Among the over 1200 protein spots detected reproducibly by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), 60 were found to be differentially accumulated during Cr stress treatment. Of the Cr-regulated proteins, 58 were identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The Cr-regulated proteins identified were mainly involved in ROS detoxification and defense responses (26%), photosynthesis and chloroplast organization (22%), post-transcriptional processing of mRNA and rRNA (12%), protein synthesis and folding (10%), the DNA damage response (5%), and the cytoskeleton (3%). The possible involvement of these Cr stress-responsive proteins in Cr phytoxicity and the plant response to Cr exposure in maize is discussed, taking into consideration the information available from other plant models. Our results provide preliminary evidence that will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Cr toxicity in maize.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1233567,Arzate-Cárdenas and  Martínez-Jerónimo 2011,Age-altered susceptibility in hexavalent chromium-exposed Daphnia schodleri (Anomopoda: Daphniidae): integrated biomarker response implementation,"Daphnia schodleri is a naturally occurring cladoceran in Mexican freshwater bodies and its relative big size and short life cycle allow its use in toxicological bioassays. Generally, life stages at opposite sides of a normal distribution are considered to be the most susceptible and/or sensitive because of several sub-individual level processes, such as ageing, in which antioxidant activity decreases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot be totally neutralized. Most aquatic populations are structured by organisms of different ages, in which physiological and biochemical responses differ (in magnitude) from each other. According to these statements, seven age groups of D. schodleri (0, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) were exposed to Cr (VI) in both acute and non-lethal bioassays. Results from acute bioassays were used to estimate the chromium LC(50) values for every age group, which ranged from 0.12 to 0.61 mg L(-1), with a normal pattern distribution. Antioxidant enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) was assessed in organisms exposed to two sublethal Cr(VI) concentrations (0.032 and 0.0064 mg L(-1)). Results showed that neonates' antioxidant activity increased with respect to their controls; nevertheless, the same pattern was not seen in the other age groups. Moreover, GPx activities followed a decreasing pattern with respect to their control groups in organisms 3-d and older. In addition, GR activities were barely modified by chromium exposure of neonates, but not in the other age groups; CAT was only modified in younger daphnids. Once the biomarker responses were normalized, it was possible to observe that enzyme participation differed during the life cycle of this cladoceran and, as a result of their decreasing antioxidant activity, relatively old organisms could have lower capability to deal with pro-oxidant toxicants such as Cr(VI).","Age-altered susceptibility in hexavalent chromium-exposed Daphnia schodleri (Anomopoda: Daphniidae): integrated biomarker response implementation Abs: Daphnia schodleri is a naturally occurring cladoceran in Mexican freshwater bodies and its relative big size and short life cycle allow its use in toxicological bioassays. Generally, life stages at opposite sides of a normal distribution are considered to be the most susceptible and/or sensitive because of several sub-individual level processes, such as ageing, in which antioxidant activity decreases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot be totally neutralized. Most aquatic populations are structured by organisms of different ages, in which physiological and biochemical responses differ (in magnitude) from each other. According to these statements, seven age groups of D. schodleri (0, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) were exposed to Cr (VI) in both acute and non-lethal bioassays. Results from acute bioassays were used to estimate the chromium LC(50) values for every age group, which ranged from 0.12 to 0.61 mg L(-1), with a normal pattern distribution. Antioxidant enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) was assessed in organisms exposed to two sublethal Cr(VI) concentrations (0.032 and 0.0064 mg L(-1)). Results showed that neonates' antioxidant activity increased with respect to their controls; nevertheless, the same pattern was not seen in the other age groups. Moreover, GPx activities followed a decreasing pattern with respect to their control groups in organisms 3-d and older. In addition, GR activities were barely modified by chromium exposure of neonates, but not in the other age groups; CAT was only modified in younger daphnids. Once the biomarker responses were normalized, it was possible to observe that enzyme participation differed during the life cycle of this cladoceran and, as a result of their decreasing antioxidant activity, relatively old organisms could have lower capability to deal with pro-oxidant toxicants such as Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1238688,Bookhout et al. 1984,"EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON DEVELOPMENT OF CRABS, RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISII AND CALLINECTES SAPIDUS",,"EFFECTS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON DEVELOPMENT OF CRABS, RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISII AND CALLINECTES SAPIDUS Abs: ",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510531,Dvorak et al. 2010,Use of the Crustacean Artemia franciscana for Alternative Biotests,,Use of the Crustacean Artemia franciscana for Alternative Biotests Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231825,Prabakaran et al. 2006,Immune response and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus to Aeromonas hydrophila after exposure to hexavalent chromium,"The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium (K2Cr2O7) on the immune response and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) to bacterial Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish (45 to 50 g) were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg l(-1) [0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10% LC50, respectively] of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) for 28 d. The specific immune response was assessed by antibody response to A. hydrophila by bacterial agglutination assay, and to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. In addition, nonspecific immune mechanisms were assessed by serum lysozyme activity and reactive nitrogen intermediates, the latter in terms of nitric oxide (NO) production by peripheral blood leucocytes. Overall immunity was assessed by disease resistance against live virulent A. hydrophila. The study clearly indicated that chronic exposure of fish to 0.5 and 5 mg l(-1) of chromium (VI) decreased both nonspecific and specific parameters of the immune system, which resulted in a lower disease resistance to A. hydrophila. Interestingly, 0.05 mg l(-1) of Cr (VI) enhanced disease resistance and both nonspecific and specific immune responses to A. hydrophila. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent modulation of the immune system by chromium (VI), as demonstrated by suppressive or stimulatory effects on lymphocytes, lysozyme, phagocytic killing mechanisms, and disease resistance in O. mossambicus.","Immune response and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus to Aeromonas hydrophila after exposure to hexavalent chromium Abs: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium (K2Cr2O7) on the immune response and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) to bacterial Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish (45 to 50 g) were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg l(-1) [0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10% LC50, respectively] of hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) for 28 d. The specific immune response was assessed by antibody response to A. hydrophila by bacterial agglutination assay, and to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. In addition, nonspecific immune mechanisms were assessed by serum lysozyme activity and reactive nitrogen intermediates, the latter in terms of nitric oxide (NO) production by peripheral blood leucocytes. Overall immunity was assessed by disease resistance against live virulent A. hydrophila. The study clearly indicated that chronic exposure of fish to 0.5 and 5 mg l(-1) of chromium (VI) decreased both nonspecific and specific parameters of the immune system, which resulted in a lower disease resistance to A. hydrophila. Interestingly, 0.05 mg l(-1) of Cr (VI) enhanced disease resistance and both nonspecific and specific immune responses to A. hydrophila. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent modulation of the immune system by chromium (VI), as demonstrated by suppressive or stimulatory effects on lymphocytes, lysozyme, phagocytic killing mechanisms, and disease resistance in O. mossambicus.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
503135,Mortuza et al. 2005,"Toxicity and bioaccumulation of hexavalent chromium in green paramecium, Paramecium bursaria","The effects of hexavalent chromium on the cell growth of green paramecium, Paramecium bursaria (P. bursaria),were investigated in this study. Two strains (MB-1 and F, generation) of P. bursaria were incubated in lettuce media supplemented with different concentrations of potassium dichromate under light (L) L (24 hr light), L dark (LD) (12 hr light: 12 hr dark) and DD (24 hr dark) conditions, and the lC(50) values were obtained. The IC50 7-day value showed that the toxicity of potassium dichromate was light-sensitive in both strains of P. bursaria. The results of the toxic effect of chromium on the cell shape of P. bursaria (BWK-4) showed that the body ratio of P. bursaria increased, even if the cells were incubated for 24 hr with 0.5 mu M potassium dichromate solution, indicating that the cell shape of P. bursaria is very sensitive to potassium dichromate. The average amount of chromium accumulated in green paramecium ranged from 1.72 to 15.5 pg Cr/cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This finding indicates the possibility of the use of P bursaria as a biomonitor and bioaccumulator for chromium contaminants in aquatic environments. The experiment with electrical stimuli into the culture of P bursaria indicated that cells accumulated at the negative electrode, suggesting that P. bursaria carried a positive charge. Thus, because the positive charge does not cause any significant absorption of chromium into the cells, P bursaria may develop a variety of mechanisms for chromium accumulation in the cell. Further research studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of chromium uptake in P. bursaria.","Toxicity and bioaccumulation of hexavalent chromium in green paramecium, Paramecium bursaria Abs: The effects of hexavalent chromium on the cell growth of green paramecium, Paramecium bursaria (P. bursaria),were investigated in this study. Two strains (MB-1 and F, generation) of P. bursaria were incubated in lettuce media supplemented with different concentrations of potassium dichromate under light (L) L (24 hr light), L dark (LD) (12 hr light: 12 hr dark) and DD (24 hr dark) conditions, and the lC(50) values were obtained. The IC50 7-day value showed that the toxicity of potassium dichromate was light-sensitive in both strains of P. bursaria. The results of the toxic effect of chromium on the cell shape of P. bursaria (BWK-4) showed that the body ratio of P. bursaria increased, even if the cells were incubated for 24 hr with 0.5 mu M potassium dichromate solution, indicating that the cell shape of P. bursaria is very sensitive to potassium dichromate. The average amount of chromium accumulated in green paramecium ranged from 1.72 to 15.5 pg Cr/cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This finding indicates the possibility of the use of P bursaria as a biomonitor and bioaccumulator for chromium contaminants in aquatic environments. The experiment with electrical stimuli into the culture of P bursaria indicated that cells accumulated at the negative electrode, suggesting that P. bursaria carried a positive charge. Thus, because the positive charge does not cause any significant absorption of chromium into the cells, P bursaria may develop a variety of mechanisms for chromium accumulation in the cell. Further research studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of chromium uptake in P. bursaria.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231521,Jasso-Chávez et al. 2010,Toxic effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on energy metabolism of heterotrophic Euglena gracilis,"To assess the toxic effect of Cr on energy metabolism, heterotrophic Euglena gracilis was grown in a medium that prompts high yield biomass and in the presence of different Cr(VI) or Cr(III) concentrations. The cell growth IC?? value was 12 and &gt;250?M for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively; in these cells chromium was accumulated and a fraction compartmentalized into mitochondria, and synthesis of cysteine and glutathione was induced. Respiration of control isolated mitochondria was strongly inhibited by added Cr(VI) or Cr(III) with L-lactate or succinate as substrates. In turn, cellular and mitochondrial respiration, respiratory Complexes I, III and IV, glycolysis and cytosolic NAD(+)-alcohol and -lactate dehydrogenases from cells cultured with Cr(VI) were significantly lower than control, whereas AOX and external NADH dehydrogenase activities were unaltered or increased, respectively. Addition of Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to isolated mitochondria or cytosol from control- or Cr(VI)-grown cells induced inhibition of respiration, respiratory Complexes III, IV and AOX, and glycolytic pyruvate kinase; whereas Complex I, external NADH dehydrogenase, and other glycolytic enzymes were unaffected. Protein contents of mitochondrial Complexes I, III, IV and V, and ANT were diminished in Cr(VI)-grown cells. Decreased respiration and glycolysis induced by Cr(VI) resulted in lower cellular ATP content. Results suggested that Cr(VI) cytotoxicity altered gene expression (as widely documented) and hence enzyme content, and induced oxidative stress, but it was also related with direct enzyme inhibition; Cr(III) was also cytotoxic although at higher concentrations. These findings establish new paradigms for chromium toxicity: Cr(VI) direct enzyme inhibition and non-innocuous external Cr(III) toxicity.","Toxic effects of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) on energy metabolism of heterotrophic Euglena gracilis Abs: To assess the toxic effect of Cr on energy metabolism, heterotrophic Euglena gracilis was grown in a medium that prompts high yield biomass and in the presence of different Cr(VI) or Cr(III) concentrations. The cell growth IC?? value was 12 and &gt;250?M for Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively; in these cells chromium was accumulated and a fraction compartmentalized into mitochondria, and synthesis of cysteine and glutathione was induced. Respiration of control isolated mitochondria was strongly inhibited by added Cr(VI) or Cr(III) with L-lactate or succinate as substrates. In turn, cellular and mitochondrial respiration, respiratory Complexes I, III and IV, glycolysis and cytosolic NAD(+)-alcohol and -lactate dehydrogenases from cells cultured with Cr(VI) were significantly lower than control, whereas AOX and external NADH dehydrogenase activities were unaltered or increased, respectively. Addition of Cr(VI) or Cr(III) to isolated mitochondria or cytosol from control- or Cr(VI)-grown cells induced inhibition of respiration, respiratory Complexes III, IV and AOX, and glycolytic pyruvate kinase; whereas Complex I, external NADH dehydrogenase, and other glycolytic enzymes were unaffected. Protein contents of mitochondrial Complexes I, III, IV and V, and ANT were diminished in Cr(VI)-grown cells. Decreased respiration and glycolysis induced by Cr(VI) resulted in lower cellular ATP content. Results suggested that Cr(VI) cytotoxicity altered gene expression (as widely documented) and hence enzyme content, and induced oxidative stress, but it was also related with direct enzyme inhibition; Cr(III) was also cytotoxic although at higher concentrations. These findings establish new paradigms for chromium toxicity: Cr(VI) direct enzyme inhibition and non-innocuous external Cr(III) toxicity.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
723745,Wise et al. 2011,The genotoxicity of particulate and soluble chromate in sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus) skin fibroblasts,"Hexavalent chromium is a marine pollutant of concern, both for the health of ocean ecosystems and for public health. Hexavalent chromium is known to induce genotoxicity in human and other terrestrial mammals. It is also known to be present in both water and air in the marine environment. However, currently there are limited data concerning both chromium levels and its toxicological effects in marine mammals. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of soluble and particulate hexavalent chromium in sperm whale skin fibroblasts. Both forms of hexavalent chromium induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity indicating that these compounds can be a health risk if the whales are exposed to them. These data support a hypothesis that chromium is a concern in the marine environment in general and for the health of sperm whales in particular.","The genotoxicity of particulate and soluble chromate in sperm whale (physeter macrocephalus) skin fibroblasts Abs: Hexavalent chromium is a marine pollutant of concern, both for the health of ocean ecosystems and for public health. Hexavalent chromium is known to induce genotoxicity in human and other terrestrial mammals. It is also known to be present in both water and air in the marine environment. However, currently there are limited data concerning both chromium levels and its toxicological effects in marine mammals. This study investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of soluble and particulate hexavalent chromium in sperm whale skin fibroblasts. Both forms of hexavalent chromium induced concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity indicating that these compounds can be a health risk if the whales are exposed to them. These data support a hypothesis that chromium is a concern in the marine environment in general and for the health of sperm whales in particular.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1514453,Doughtie et al. 1983,Cuticular lesions induced in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to hexavalent chromium,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Adult grass shrimp were exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ppm Cr6+ for 28 days. At the end of the exposure period, > 50% of the surviving shrimp possessed cuticular lesions that had many of the gross characteristics of shell disease. These lesions were usually associated with articulations of the appendages and abdomen. At increasing levels of Cr exposure, there was a proportionate increase in the loss of limbs such that ê 50% of the limbs were lost in grass shrimp exposed to the highest test concentration of Cr. Histological and ultrastructural examination of numerous lesions demonstrated a range of degenerative features within the subcuticular epithelium that included cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, chromatin emargination and the presence of unusual nuclear inclusions that appeared to indicate direct Cr toxicity. A marked retardation in new epicuticle and exocuticle formation was observed in viable tissues associated with lesions in late premolt shrimp. Cr interfered with the normal functions of subcuticular epithelium, particularly cuticle formation, and subsequently caused structural weaknesses or perforations to develop in the cuticle of newly moted shrimp. Because of these Cr-induced exoskeletal deficiencies, a viaduct for pathogenic organisms (e.g., bacteria) and direct Cr influx was formed that perpetuated lesion development.","Cuticular lesions induced in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to hexavalent chromium Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Adult grass shrimp were exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ppm Cr6+ for 28 days. At the end of the exposure period, > 50% of the surviving shrimp possessed cuticular lesions that had many of the gross characteristics of shell disease. These lesions were usually associated with articulations of the appendages and abdomen. At increasing levels of Cr exposure, there was a proportionate increase in the loss of limbs such that ê 50% of the limbs were lost in grass shrimp exposed to the highest test concentration of Cr. Histological and ultrastructural examination of numerous lesions demonstrated a range of degenerative features within the subcuticular epithelium that included cytoplasmic vacuolization, mitochondrial swelling, chromatin emargination and the presence of unusual nuclear inclusions that appeared to indicate direct Cr toxicity. A marked retardation in new epicuticle and exocuticle formation was observed in viable tissues associated with lesions in late premolt shrimp. Cr interfered with the normal functions of subcuticular epithelium, particularly cuticle formation, and subsequently caused structural weaknesses or perforations to develop in the cuticle of newly moted shrimp. Because of these Cr-induced exoskeletal deficiencies, a viaduct for pathogenic organisms (e.g., bacteria) and direct Cr influx was formed that perpetuated lesion development.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1237726,Oshida and  Wright 1976,ACUTE RESPONSES OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES TO CHROMIUM,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. OPHIOTHRIX-SPICULATA SICYONIA-INGENTIS THEMISTE-SP HEXAVALENT TRIVALENT POTASSIUM DI CHROMATE CHROMIC CHLORIDE ABSORPTION SURVIVAL BEHAVIOR REPRODUCTION,ACUTE RESPONSES OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES TO CHROMIUM Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. OPHIOTHRIX-SPICULATA SICYONIA-INGENTIS THEMISTE-SP HEXAVALENT TRIVALENT POTASSIUM DI CHROMATE CHROMIC CHLORIDE ABSORPTION SURVIVAL BEHAVIOR REPRODUCTION,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1234577,Comber et al. 1995,Assessment of the toxicity to algae of colored substances,,Assessment of the toxicity to algae of colored substances Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1516281,Peternac and  Legovic 1986,Uptake distribution and loss of chromium in the crab xantho-hydrophilus,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm organ distribution trivalent chromium,Uptake distribution and loss of chromium in the crab xantho-hydrophilus Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm organ distribution trivalent chromium,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786395,Rodriguez et al. 2013,Exposure to Cr(VI) induces organ dependent MSI in two loci related with photophosphorylation and with glutamine metabolism,"Chromium (Cr), as a mutagenic agent in plants, has received less attention than other metal pollutants. To understand if Cr induces microsatellite instability (MSI), Pisum sativum seedlings were exposed for 28 days to different concentrations of Cr(VI) up to 2000mgL(-1), and the genetic instability of ten microsatellites (SSRs) was analyzed. In plants exposed to Cr(VI) up to 1000mg L(-1), MSI was never observed. However, roots exposed to 2000mgL(-1) displayed MSI in two of the loci analyzed, corresponding to a mutation rate of 8.3%. SSR2 (inserted in the locus for plastid photosystem I 24kDa light harvesting protein) and SSR6 (inserted in the locus for P. sativum glutamine synthetase) from Cr(VI)-treated roots presented alleles with, respectively, less 6bp and more 3bp than the corresponding controls. This report demonstrates that: (a) SSRs technique is sensitive to detect Cr-induced mutagenicity in plants, being Cr-induced-MSI dose and organ dependent (roots are more sensitive); (b) two Cr-sensitive loci are related with thylakoid photophosphorylation and with glutamine synthetase, respectively; (c) despite MSI is induced by Cr(VI), it only occurs in plants exposed to concentrations higher than 1000mgL(-1) (values rarely found in real scenarios). Considering these data, we also discuss the known functional changes induced by Cr(VI) in photosynthesis and in glutamine synthetase activity.","Exposure to Cr(VI) induces organ dependent MSI in two loci related with photophosphorylation and with glutamine metabolism Abs: Chromium (Cr), as a mutagenic agent in plants, has received less attention than other metal pollutants. To understand if Cr induces microsatellite instability (MSI), Pisum sativum seedlings were exposed for 28 days to different concentrations of Cr(VI) up to 2000mgL(-1), and the genetic instability of ten microsatellites (SSRs) was analyzed. In plants exposed to Cr(VI) up to 1000mg L(-1), MSI was never observed. However, roots exposed to 2000mgL(-1) displayed MSI in two of the loci analyzed, corresponding to a mutation rate of 8.3%. SSR2 (inserted in the locus for plastid photosystem I 24kDa light harvesting protein) and SSR6 (inserted in the locus for P. sativum glutamine synthetase) from Cr(VI)-treated roots presented alleles with, respectively, less 6bp and more 3bp than the corresponding controls. This report demonstrates that: (a) SSRs technique is sensitive to detect Cr-induced mutagenicity in plants, being Cr-induced-MSI dose and organ dependent (roots are more sensitive); (b) two Cr-sensitive loci are related with thylakoid photophosphorylation and with glutamine synthetase, respectively; (c) despite MSI is induced by Cr(VI), it only occurs in plants exposed to concentrations higher than 1000mgL(-1) (values rarely found in real scenarios). Considering these data, we also discuss the known functional changes induced by Cr(VI) in photosynthesis and in glutamine synthetase activity.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
2225057,Mishra and  Mohanty ,"Effect of acute hexavalent chromium exposure on pituitary-thyroid axis of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","Acute exposure to hexavalent chromium (10 mg L(-1) , 20 mg L(-1) , and 40 mg L(-1) potassium dichromate for 96 h) dose-dependently affected the pituitary-thyroid axis of teleost, Channa punctatus. Significant hypertrophy of the thyroid follicle was observed in 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) groups; the follicular epithelium was however hypertrophied only in 40 mg L(-1) group. The colloid depletion in the lumen of thyroid follicle was evident in 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) groups. Serum thyroid hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) level increased significantly at both the higher doses. Increased immunointensity and significant hypertrophy of the pituitary thyrotrophs (anti TSH?-immunoreactive cells) was observed in both 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) chromium-exposed fish. The increased thyroid hormones secretion observed in this study might be an adaptive response of the pituitary-thyroid axis under acute chromium-induced stress condition to maintain homeostasis. The long-term Cr(VI) exposures, however, may lead to attenuation/exhaustion of the pituitary-thyroid axis and pose serious threat to fish health and affect their population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.","Effect of acute hexavalent chromium exposure on pituitary-thyroid axis of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) Abs: Acute exposure to hexavalent chromium (10 mg L(-1) , 20 mg L(-1) , and 40 mg L(-1) potassium dichromate for 96 h) dose-dependently affected the pituitary-thyroid axis of teleost, Channa punctatus. Significant hypertrophy of the thyroid follicle was observed in 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) groups; the follicular epithelium was however hypertrophied only in 40 mg L(-1) group. The colloid depletion in the lumen of thyroid follicle was evident in 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) groups. Serum thyroid hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) level increased significantly at both the higher doses. Increased immunointensity and significant hypertrophy of the pituitary thyrotrophs (anti TSH?-immunoreactive cells) was observed in both 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) chromium-exposed fish. The increased thyroid hormones secretion observed in this study might be an adaptive response of the pituitary-thyroid axis under acute chromium-induced stress condition to maintain homeostasis. The long-term Cr(VI) exposures, however, may lead to attenuation/exhaustion of the pituitary-thyroid axis and pose serious threat to fish health and affect their population. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1786498,Wyszkowski and  Radziemska 2013,INFLUENCE OF CHROMIUM (III) AND (VI) ON THE CONCENTRATION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN OAT (Avena sativa L.),"The research aimed to determine the influence of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in doses of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg Cr.kg(-1) of soil as well as compost, zeolite and CaO additives on the content of mineral substances in the grain, straw and roots of oat (Avena sativa L.). The content of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in oat depended on the dose of chromium, type of neutralizing substances, and analyzed plant part. The highest doses of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) decreased the content of the analyzed nutrients in the majority of the plant parts. Conversely to potassium, the addition of compost, zeolite, and CaO to soil containing Cr (VI), and especially Cr (III), caused a significant increase in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium content in oat grain.","INFLUENCE OF CHROMIUM (III) AND (VI) ON THE CONCENTRATION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN OAT (Avena sativa L.) Abs: The research aimed to determine the influence of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) in doses of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg Cr.kg(-1) of soil as well as compost, zeolite and CaO additives on the content of mineral substances in the grain, straw and roots of oat (Avena sativa L.). The content of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in oat depended on the dose of chromium, type of neutralizing substances, and analyzed plant part. The highest doses of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) decreased the content of the analyzed nutrients in the majority of the plant parts. Conversely to potassium, the addition of compost, zeolite, and CaO to soil containing Cr (VI), and especially Cr (III), caused a significant increase in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium content in oat grain.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510534,Upadhyay and  Panda 2010,Influence of Chromium Salts on Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Differential Pattern in Antioxidant Metabolism in Pistia stratiotes L,,Influence of Chromium Salts on Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Differential Pattern in Antioxidant Metabolism in Pistia stratiotes L Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1516587,Van Der Putte et al. 1982,Respiration and osmoregulation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to hexavalent chromium at different pH values,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recordings were made of the ventilation frequency, coughing rate and O2 uptake rate of rainbow trout (S.gairdneri) subjected for 4 days to sublethal levels of Cr6+. Experiments were conducted at pH values of 7.8 and 6.5 and concentrations ranging between 5-50 and 1-10 mg/l Cr, respectively. During exposure no significant effect of Cr on O2 uptake rate was detected. The ventilation frequency and coughing rate increased proportionally to an increase in metal concentration, with fish being more susceptible at the lower pH. Alterations in blood and plasma variables determined after exposure included a significant dose-dependent decrease in plasma osmolality and some electrolyte concentrations and an increase in Hb, hematocrit, plasma glucose and lactate levels. The pattern of these changes was dependent on pH and exposure concentration and seemed to be related with Cr-induced histological alterations. At pH 7.8 and 6.5 an osmoregulatory and respiratory dysfunction were part of the physiological mechanism of Cr6+ toxicity.","Respiration and osmoregulation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to hexavalent chromium at different pH values Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Recordings were made of the ventilation frequency, coughing rate and O2 uptake rate of rainbow trout (S.gairdneri) subjected for 4 days to sublethal levels of Cr6+. Experiments were conducted at pH values of 7.8 and 6.5 and concentrations ranging between 5-50 and 1-10 mg/l Cr, respectively. During exposure no significant effect of Cr on O2 uptake rate was detected. The ventilation frequency and coughing rate increased proportionally to an increase in metal concentration, with fish being more susceptible at the lower pH. Alterations in blood and plasma variables determined after exposure included a significant dose-dependent decrease in plasma osmolality and some electrolyte concentrations and an increase in Hb, hematocrit, plasma glucose and lactate levels. The pattern of these changes was dependent on pH and exposure concentration and seemed to be related with Cr-induced histological alterations. At pH 7.8 and 6.5 an osmoregulatory and respiratory dysfunction were part of the physiological mechanism of Cr6+ toxicity.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1233530,Mishra and  Mohanty 2012,"Effect of sublethal hexavalent chromium exposure on the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch)","Exposure to sublethal hexavalent chromium (as 2 and 4 mg L(-1) potassium dichromate for 1 and 2 months) during late preparatory to mid prespawning phase of annual reproductive cycle severely affected the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost Channa punctatus. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian histopathology, immunocytochemistry of the pituitary gonadotrophs (LH?-immunoreactive cells), and serum 17?-estradiol level revealed distinct dose and duration-dependent effects. Gonadosomatic index was declined. Diameter of ovary as well as ovarian follicles was reduced along with a distinct variation in the percentage of follicles. The greater percentage of previtellogenic follicles (stage I) and decline in vitellogenic ones (stage II and stage III) compared to control indicated the arrest of follicular development. The percentage of atretic follicles was also increased indicating toxic impact of metal on ovary. Decreased serum level of ovarian steroid 17?-estradiol further indicated the same. Chromium interference of the pituitary was demonstrated as atrophy and less immunointensity of LH-immunoreactive gonadotrophs. Thus, the hexavalent chromium impaired the pituitary-ovarian axis affecting at the sites of both pituitary and ovary. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.","Effect of sublethal hexavalent chromium exposure on the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost, Channa punctatus (Bloch) Abs: Exposure to sublethal hexavalent chromium (as 2 and 4 mg L(-1) potassium dichromate for 1 and 2 months) during late preparatory to mid prespawning phase of annual reproductive cycle severely affected the pituitary-ovarian axis of a teleost Channa punctatus. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovarian histopathology, immunocytochemistry of the pituitary gonadotrophs (LH?-immunoreactive cells), and serum 17?-estradiol level revealed distinct dose and duration-dependent effects. Gonadosomatic index was declined. Diameter of ovary as well as ovarian follicles was reduced along with a distinct variation in the percentage of follicles. The greater percentage of previtellogenic follicles (stage I) and decline in vitellogenic ones (stage II and stage III) compared to control indicated the arrest of follicular development. The percentage of atretic follicles was also increased indicating toxic impact of metal on ovary. Decreased serum level of ovarian steroid 17?-estradiol further indicated the same. Chromium interference of the pituitary was demonstrated as atrophy and less immunointensity of LH-immunoreactive gonadotrophs. Thus, the hexavalent chromium impaired the pituitary-ovarian axis affecting at the sites of both pituitary and ovary. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
2225412,Patnaik et al. 2013,Chromium (VI)-induced hormesis and genotoxicity are mediated through oxidative stress in root cells of Allium cepa L,,Chromium (VI)-induced hormesis and genotoxicity are mediated through oxidative stress in root cells of Allium cepa L Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1509798,Li et al. 2009,Different survival of chromium-exposed Oxya chinensis among allozyme genotypes,"The goal of the present study was to compare the different survival of Oxya chinensis exposed to chromium(VI) among allozyme genotypes to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the genetic variations and environmental disturbance. This study analyzed the occurrence of genotypes in O. chinensis population exposed to Cr(VI). O. chinensis samples were collected at Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China and used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to Cr(VI) exposure (LD50: 291.0 mg/kg) for 24 h. The genetic composition of both dead and survived specimens was analyzed with horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in four enzymes (GPI, PGM, LDH, and ME). The results indicated that under Cr(VI) exposure, specimens with different genotypes had various mortalities at the four loci in laboratory conditions, and there was a genetic basis for tolerance in O. chinensis during acute exposure to Cr(VI).","Different survival of chromium-exposed Oxya chinensis among allozyme genotypes Abs: The goal of the present study was to compare the different survival of Oxya chinensis exposed to chromium(VI) among allozyme genotypes to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the genetic variations and environmental disturbance. This study analyzed the occurrence of genotypes in O. chinensis population exposed to Cr(VI). O. chinensis samples were collected at Yuanping, Shanxi Province, China and used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to Cr(VI) exposure (LD50: 291.0 mg/kg) for 24 h. The genetic composition of both dead and survived specimens was analyzed with horizontal starch gel electrophoresis in four enzymes (GPI, PGM, LDH, and ME). The results indicated that under Cr(VI) exposure, specimens with different genotypes had various mortalities at the four loci in laboratory conditions, and there was a genetic basis for tolerance in O. chinensis during acute exposure to Cr(VI).",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231609,Velma et al. 2009,Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in freshwater fish: a critical review,"Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, and soil, predominantly in its insoluble trivalent form [Cr(III)]. Intense industrialization and other anthropogenic activities have led to the global occurrence of soluble hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), which is readily leached from soil to groundwater or surface water, in concentrations above permissible levels. The ecotoxicology of Cr(VI) is linked to its environmental persistence and the ability to induce a variety of adverse effects in biologic systems, including fish. In aquatic ecosystems, Cr(VI) exposure poses a significant threat to aquatic life. This paper reviews the fate and transport of Cr(VI) in the environment and its acute and chronic effects on fish. We also discuss Cr(VI) toxicity at the cellular, biochemical, and genetic levels. An attempt is made in this review to comprehend the staggered data on the toxic effects of Cr(VI) to various species of fish. Such data are extremely useful to the scientific community and public officials involved in health risk assessment and management of environmental contaminants as a guide to the best course of action to restore ecosystems and, in turn, to preserve human health.","Ecotoxicology of hexavalent chromium in freshwater fish: a critical review Abs: Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, and soil, predominantly in its insoluble trivalent form [Cr(III)]. Intense industrialization and other anthropogenic activities have led to the global occurrence of soluble hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), which is readily leached from soil to groundwater or surface water, in concentrations above permissible levels. The ecotoxicology of Cr(VI) is linked to its environmental persistence and the ability to induce a variety of adverse effects in biologic systems, including fish. In aquatic ecosystems, Cr(VI) exposure poses a significant threat to aquatic life. This paper reviews the fate and transport of Cr(VI) in the environment and its acute and chronic effects on fish. We also discuss Cr(VI) toxicity at the cellular, biochemical, and genetic levels. An attempt is made in this review to comprehend the staggered data on the toxic effects of Cr(VI) to various species of fish. Such data are extremely useful to the scientific community and public officials involved in health risk assessment and management of environmental contaminants as a guide to the best course of action to restore ecosystems and, in turn, to preserve human health.",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1231822,Rocchetta et al. 2006,Chromium toxicity to Euglena gracilis strains depending on the physiocochemical properties of the culture medium,,Chromium toxicity to Euglena gracilis strains depending on the physiocochemical properties of the culture medium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
2225473,Pradas-Del-Real et al. 2013,"Effect of genotype, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on plant growth and micronutrient status in Silene vulgaris (Moench)",,"Effect of genotype, Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on plant growth and micronutrient status in Silene vulgaris (Moench) Abs: ",0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,5
1510353,Prokisch et al. 2000,Yttrium normalisation: A new tool for detection of chromium contamination in soil samples,,Yttrium normalisation: A new tool for detection of chromium contamination in soil samples Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1514428,Deleo and  Ehrlich 1993,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by pseudomonas-fluorescens lb300,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chromate pollutant waste treatment trivalent chromium oxygen concentration,Reduction of hexavalent chromium by pseudomonas-fluorescens lb300 Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chromate pollutant waste treatment trivalent chromium oxygen concentration,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577036,Park and  Stayner 2005,Search for thresholds and other nonlinearities in the hexavalent chromium - Lung cancer exposure response,,Search for thresholds and other nonlinearities in the hexavalent chromium - Lung cancer exposure response Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516156,Misra and  Wetterhahn 1994,Effect of dietary ascorbic acid and buthionine sulfoximine on chromiumvi-induced damage in a mutant rat unable to synthesize ascorbic acid,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract carcinogenesis,Effect of dietary ascorbic acid and buthionine sulfoximine on chromiumvi-induced damage in a mutant rat unable to synthesize ascorbic acid Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract carcinogenesis,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577099,Patierno 2000,PARTICULATE CHROMIUM TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS,"DESCRIPTION (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The primary object of the proposed research is to investigate the interaction of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium compounds with normal human small airway epithelial cells (HSAE) and fibroblasts (HLF), which are representative target cells for chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Some of these compounds are human respiratory tract toxins and carcinogens which directly damage DNA and alter DNA replication and transcription, may damage subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, and cause mutations an neoplastic transformation at doses which also induce growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. Using cultured human and rat cells the investigator will test the hypotheses that: (increasing the fraction of cells escaping chromium-induced apoptotic cell death by pharmacologically interfering with apoptotic signaling, results in increased genomic instability and propensity towards mutation and neoplastic transformation, and (ii) chromium-induced apoptosis and/or terminal growth arrest results in part from direct damage to mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial integrity and release of cytochrome c. Implicit in this approach is an examination of the mechanisms of chromium-induced apoptosis and elucidation of signaling pathways which, if altered, might give rise to cells which are predisposed to accelerated multistage carcinogenesis. This research will help to elucidate molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis and will have practival value in contributing to the evaluation of risk to humans exposed to chromates.","PARTICULATE CHROMIUM TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS Abs: DESCRIPTION (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The primary object of the proposed research is to investigate the interaction of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium compounds with normal human small airway epithelial cells (HSAE) and fibroblasts (HLF), which are representative target cells for chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Some of these compounds are human respiratory tract toxins and carcinogens which directly damage DNA and alter DNA replication and transcription, may damage subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, and cause mutations an neoplastic transformation at doses which also induce growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. Using cultured human and rat cells the investigator will test the hypotheses that: (increasing the fraction of cells escaping chromium-induced apoptotic cell death by pharmacologically interfering with apoptotic signaling, results in increased genomic instability and propensity towards mutation and neoplastic transformation, and (ii) chromium-induced apoptosis and/or terminal growth arrest results in part from direct damage to mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial integrity and release of cytochrome c. Implicit in this approach is an examination of the mechanisms of chromium-induced apoptosis and elucidation of signaling pathways which, if altered, might give rise to cells which are predisposed to accelerated multistage carcinogenesis. This research will help to elucidate molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis and will have practival value in contributing to the evaluation of risk to humans exposed to chromates.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1290363,Dulout and  Seoane 1996,Aneugenic effect of cadmium nickel and hexavalent chromium using the anaphase-telophase test in chinese hamster ovary cells,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract in-vitro cytotoxicity chromosomal alterations mutation analysis,Aneugenic effect of cadmium nickel and hexavalent chromium using the anaphase-telophase test in chinese hamster ovary cells Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract in-vitro cytotoxicity chromosomal alterations mutation analysis,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577049,Rudolf et al. 2008,Hexavalent chromium induces DNA damage and activates DNA-damage-response pathway in human skin cells,,Hexavalent chromium induces DNA damage and activates DNA-damage-response pathway in human skin cells Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576980,Hodkova et al. 2010,The effect of chromium (VI) on the redox homeostasis and the activity of selenoenzymes thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase in rat liver and kidneys,,The effect of chromium (VI) on the redox homeostasis and the activity of selenoenzymes thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase in rat liver and kidneys Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577052,Schmitt and  Krusejarres 1988,SEPARATION OF CHROMIUM(III) FROM CHROMIUM(VI) USING GRAPHITE-FURNACE CHEMISTRY,,SEPARATION OF CHROMIUM(III) FROM CHROMIUM(VI) USING GRAPHITE-FURNACE CHEMISTRY Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237417,Zhitkovich et al. 1995,GLUTATHIONE AND FREE AMINO ACIDS FORM STABLE ADDUCTS WITH DNA FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OF CHO CELLS TO CHROMATE,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS POTASSIUM CHROMATE CARCINOGEN,GLUTATHIONE AND FREE AMINO ACIDS FORM STABLE ADDUCTS WITH DNA FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OF CHO CELLS TO CHROMATE Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS POTASSIUM CHROMATE CARCINOGEN,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577077,Zhitkovich 2007,Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds,"DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Carcinogenic activity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) compounds is firmly established by experimental and epidemiological studies. Human exposure to Cr(VI) is found in several dozen occupations and detected in populations residing in the vicinity of Cr-emitting industrial sources and Cr disposal sites. Cr(Vl) is a major air pollutant and a Superfund contaminant. The major form of DNA damage in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is abundant Cr-DNA adducts generated in the reactions of stable Cr(III) form with DNA phosphates. We have found that several Cr-DNA adducts were mutagenic during replication in human cells. Ternary DNA adducts containing bulky ligands, such as glutathione or ascorbate, induced the strongest mutagenic responses. We also determined that Cr(III)-dependent reactions were responsible for the formation of mutagenic DNA damage during reductive activation of Cr(VI) by its major biological reducers, cysteine and ascorbate. Additional data have shown that biological consequences of the formation of Cr(III)-DNA adducts are strongly influenced by the status of DNA mismatch repair system. We propose to elucidate the mechanisms of mismatch repair-dependent induction of stress signaling and formation of genetic alterations in Cr(VI)- exposed cells. Experiments will be performed to identify specific Cr-DNA adducts that are recognized by DNA mismatch repair and activate genotoxic responses. The results of this work should provide a greater understanding of molecular basis of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, the importance of individual Cr-DNA adducts and uncover new functions of mismatch repair in recognition of DNA backbone modifications. Identification of the most potent genotoxic Cr-DNA adducts and critical pathways controlling cellular responses to Cr(VI) can be used in the development of useful biomarkers of exposure and individual susceptibility to adverse health effects.","Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds Abs: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Carcinogenic activity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) compounds is firmly established by experimental and epidemiological studies. Human exposure to Cr(VI) is found in several dozen occupations and detected in populations residing in the vicinity of Cr-emitting industrial sources and Cr disposal sites. Cr(Vl) is a major air pollutant and a Superfund contaminant. The major form of DNA damage in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is abundant Cr-DNA adducts generated in the reactions of stable Cr(III) form with DNA phosphates. We have found that several Cr-DNA adducts were mutagenic during replication in human cells. Ternary DNA adducts containing bulky ligands, such as glutathione or ascorbate, induced the strongest mutagenic responses. We also determined that Cr(III)-dependent reactions were responsible for the formation of mutagenic DNA damage during reductive activation of Cr(VI) by its major biological reducers, cysteine and ascorbate. Additional data have shown that biological consequences of the formation of Cr(III)-DNA adducts are strongly influenced by the status of DNA mismatch repair system. We propose to elucidate the mechanisms of mismatch repair-dependent induction of stress signaling and formation of genetic alterations in Cr(VI)- exposed cells. Experiments will be performed to identify specific Cr-DNA adducts that are recognized by DNA mismatch repair and activate genotoxic responses. The results of this work should provide a greater understanding of molecular basis of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, the importance of individual Cr-DNA adducts and uncover new functions of mismatch repair in recognition of DNA backbone modifications. Identification of the most potent genotoxic Cr-DNA adducts and critical pathways controlling cellular responses to Cr(VI) can be used in the development of useful biomarkers of exposure and individual susceptibility to adverse health effects.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516091,Lytle et al. 1996,Phyto-conversion of crvi to criii by water hyacinth a case for phytoremediation,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract water hyacinth ecology pollution phytoremediation chromium pollutant chromium metabolism plant non-toxic form toxic form,Phyto-conversion of crvi to criii by water hyacinth a case for phytoremediation Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract water hyacinth ecology pollution phytoremediation chromium pollutant chromium metabolism plant non-toxic form toxic form,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577055,Shi and  Ye 1999,Role of reavtive oxygen species and p53 in chromium(VI)-induced apoptosis,,Role of reavtive oxygen species and p53 in chromium(VI)-induced apoptosis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1260417,Sheyko and  Balezin 1993,Morphostructural changes in rat gonads from hexavalent chromium,,Morphostructural changes in rat gonads from hexavalent chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231861,Dweck et al. 2005,Hexavalent chromium study's conclusions unjustified,,Hexavalent chromium study's conclusions unjustified Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238771,Léonard and  Deknudt 1981,Mutagenicity tests with chromium salts in mouse,,Mutagenicity tests with chromium salts in mouse Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577071,Shi 2010,Oxidative Stress in Cr(VI)-induced Carcinogenesis,"DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known environmental carcinogen. Environmental exposure to Cr(VI)-containing compounds causes cancers of various organs. Its mechanism of carcinogenic actions remains to be investigated. Recent studies have demonstrated that reduction of Cr(VI) to its lower oxidation states is important for Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. It has been shown that cellular reduction of Cr(VI) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause various cellular injuries. We hypothesize that Cr(VI) induces generation of ROS, which activate nuclear transcription factors, leading to cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In Specific Aim 1, we will identify ROS generated in Cr(VI) treated human lung bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and the mechanism involved. We will emphysize the role of CDC42 signaling and the involvement of p47phox and NADPH oxidases in the molecular mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced ROS production. In Specific Aim 2, we will detect reactive Cr(V) intermediates produced in Cr(VI) reduction by living animals and identify the chemical structures of these intermediates. We will also detect and identify superoxide (O2'-) and hydroxyl ('OH) radicals produced by intact animals exposed to Cr(VI). Major methods to be used in this aim are low frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and ESR spin trapping. In Specific Aim 3, we will investigate Cr(VI)-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in BEAS-2B cells and in transgenic mice. We will use a dominant negative mutant MEK1/2, a dominant negative mutant ERK2, or a dominant negative mutant c-jun (TAM67), respectively, to investigate the role of the MEK1/2-ERKs-AP-1 pathway in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation. We will also use a dominant negative mutant IkappaBa or a dominant negative mutant IKK?, respectively, to determine the role of the IKK?-lkappaBa-NF-kappaB pathway in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation. The involvement of ROS in these pathways will be investigated using expressions of specific antioxidant enzymes. Tumorigenesis will be investigated by injecting the transformed cells into athymic nude mice. We anticipate that Cr(VI) causes activation of transcription factors through ROS reactions, leading to cell transformation and tumorigenesis. We attempt to link the cell transformation, and tumorigenesis with specific transcription factors and specific reactive oxygen species.","Oxidative Stress in Cr(VI)-induced Carcinogenesis Abs: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known environmental carcinogen. Environmental exposure to Cr(VI)-containing compounds causes cancers of various organs. Its mechanism of carcinogenic actions remains to be investigated. Recent studies have demonstrated that reduction of Cr(VI) to its lower oxidation states is important for Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. It has been shown that cellular reduction of Cr(VI) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause various cellular injuries. We hypothesize that Cr(VI) induces generation of ROS, which activate nuclear transcription factors, leading to cell transformation and tumorigenesis. In Specific Aim 1, we will identify ROS generated in Cr(VI) treated human lung bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and the mechanism involved. We will emphysize the role of CDC42 signaling and the involvement of p47phox and NADPH oxidases in the molecular mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced ROS production. In Specific Aim 2, we will detect reactive Cr(V) intermediates produced in Cr(VI) reduction by living animals and identify the chemical structures of these intermediates. We will also detect and identify superoxide (O2'-) and hydroxyl ('OH) radicals produced by intact animals exposed to Cr(VI). Major methods to be used in this aim are low frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and ESR spin trapping. In Specific Aim 3, we will investigate Cr(VI)-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in BEAS-2B cells and in transgenic mice. We will use a dominant negative mutant MEK1/2, a dominant negative mutant ERK2, or a dominant negative mutant c-jun (TAM67), respectively, to investigate the role of the MEK1/2-ERKs-AP-1 pathway in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation. We will also use a dominant negative mutant IkappaBa or a dominant negative mutant IKK?, respectively, to determine the role of the IKK?-lkappaBa-NF-kappaB pathway in Cr(VI)-induced cell transformation. The involvement of ROS in these pathways will be investigated using expressions of specific antioxidant enzymes. Tumorigenesis will be investigated by injecting the transformed cells into athymic nude mice. We anticipate that Cr(VI) causes activation of transcription factors through ROS reactions, leading to cell transformation and tumorigenesis. We attempt to link the cell transformation, and tumorigenesis with specific transcription factors and specific reactive oxygen species.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238529,Costa et al. 2004,Chromium(VI) In Drinking Water Increases The Incidence Of UV-Induced Skin Tumors In Hairless Mice,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well known human carcinogen with exposures occurring in both occupational and environmental settings. Although lung carcinogenicity has been well documented for exposure via inhalation, the cancer-causing potential of Cr(VI) in drinking water has been much more controversial. Human exposure to chromium compounds alone is not relevant in the scenario of our daily lives, since we are exposed to many different toxicologically active environmental insults. We used a hairless mouse model to study the effects of Cr(VI) exposure via drinking water on ultraviolet radiation(UVR)-induced skin tumors. Hairless mice were divided into seven groups: control, UVR alone, 2.5ppm K2CrO4, 5.0ppm K2CrO4, UVR(1.2 KJ/m2) + 0.5ppm K2CrO4, UVR + 2.5 K2CrO4, and UVR + 5.0ppm K2CrO4. Mice were inspected weekly for the appearance of skin tumors larger than 2mm. Mice were sacrificed on day 182 and skin tumors were removed for histopathological analysis. No skin tumors were observed in the control or chromium only exposure groups. There was a dose dependent increase in the number of skin tumors greater than 2mm for mice exposed to Cr(VI) and UV when compared to mice exposed to UV alone. The increase in tumors larger than 2mm was significant for UV + the two higher doses of K2CrO4. Malignant tumors were observed in all UV treated mice and there was a statistically significant increase in the numbers of malignant tumors for the UVR plus K2CrO4(5ppm) group. Exposure to Cr(VI) via drinking water exposure has been a significant public health concern and drinking water standards have been set based on exposure to chromium alone. The data presented here indicate that Cr(VI) can increase the number of UV induced tumors in a dose dependent manner. This suggests that human exposure to Cr(VI) may increase the risk of carcinogenesis for other agents as well. Our results have important implications for risk assessment and suggest that the current drinking water standards for Cr(VI) exposure should be reassessed and adjusted downward.","Chromium(VI) In Drinking Water Increases The Incidence Of UV-Induced Skin Tumors In Hairless Mice Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well known human carcinogen with exposures occurring in both occupational and environmental settings. Although lung carcinogenicity has been well documented for exposure via inhalation, the cancer-causing potential of Cr(VI) in drinking water has been much more controversial. Human exposure to chromium compounds alone is not relevant in the scenario of our daily lives, since we are exposed to many different toxicologically active environmental insults. We used a hairless mouse model to study the effects of Cr(VI) exposure via drinking water on ultraviolet radiation(UVR)-induced skin tumors. Hairless mice were divided into seven groups: control, UVR alone, 2.5ppm K2CrO4, 5.0ppm K2CrO4, UVR(1.2 KJ/m2) + 0.5ppm K2CrO4, UVR + 2.5 K2CrO4, and UVR + 5.0ppm K2CrO4. Mice were inspected weekly for the appearance of skin tumors larger than 2mm. Mice were sacrificed on day 182 and skin tumors were removed for histopathological analysis. No skin tumors were observed in the control or chromium only exposure groups. There was a dose dependent increase in the number of skin tumors greater than 2mm for mice exposed to Cr(VI) and UV when compared to mice exposed to UV alone. The increase in tumors larger than 2mm was significant for UV + the two higher doses of K2CrO4. Malignant tumors were observed in all UV treated mice and there was a statistically significant increase in the numbers of malignant tumors for the UVR plus K2CrO4(5ppm) group. Exposure to Cr(VI) via drinking water exposure has been a significant public health concern and drinking water standards have been set based on exposure to chromium alone. The data presented here indicate that Cr(VI) can increase the number of UV induced tumors in a dose dependent manner. This suggests that human exposure to Cr(VI) may increase the risk of carcinogenesis for other agents as well. Our results have important implications for risk assessment and suggest that the current drinking water standards for Cr(VI) exposure should be reassessed and adjusted downward.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577063,Val et al. 2012,Senescent bronchial fibroblasts drive bronchial epithelial cells metaplasic transformation following exposure to hexavalent chromium,,Senescent bronchial fibroblasts drive bronchial epithelial cells metaplasic transformation following exposure to hexavalent chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576978,Helsper and  Groot 1976,REACTION OF PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID-CHROMIC ACID ON PLASMA-MEMBRANES AND GOLGI VESICLES IN POLLEN-TUBE TIPS OF PETUNIA HYBRIDA,,REACTION OF PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID-CHROMIC ACID ON PLASMA-MEMBRANES AND GOLGI VESICLES IN POLLEN-TUBE TIPS OF PETUNIA HYBRIDA Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1514249,Alonso-Chamarro et al. 1992,Sandwich techniques in flow-injection analysis part 3. simultaneous determination of chromium-vi in two concentration ranges,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm flow system spectrophotometry water samples environmental monitoring analytical method,Sandwich techniques in flow-injection analysis part 3. simultaneous determination of chromium-vi in two concentration ranges Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm flow system spectrophotometry water samples environmental monitoring analytical method,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231792,Michaels et al. 2006,"Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958 to 1998",,"Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958 to 1998 Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1515951,Ingle and  Sule 1992,Determination of chromium-iii and chromium-vi with a two-column ion-exhange system,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract environmental sampling environmental toxicity spectrophotometry analytical method,Determination of chromium-iii and chromium-vi with a two-column ion-exhange system Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract environmental sampling environmental toxicity spectrophotometry analytical method,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231459,Wise and  Aboueissab 2011,Addendum to “The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in Steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts” [Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 152(1)91–8,,Addendum to “The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in Steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts” [Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 152(1)91–8 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516438,Shumilla and  Barchowsky 1998,Metabolism of crvi inhibits nf-kappab activity and cytokine-induced upa expression,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract a549 cell line carcinogen treatment human lung cancer cell line tumor biology chromium-vi pulmonary carcinogen metabolism nuclear factor-kappa-b chromium metabolism inhibition tumor cell expression urokinase type plasminogen activator cytokine-induced tumor cell expression,Metabolism of crvi inhibits nf-kappab activity and cytokine-induced upa expression Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract a549 cell line carcinogen treatment human lung cancer cell line tumor biology chromium-vi pulmonary carcinogen metabolism nuclear factor-kappa-b chromium metabolism inhibition tumor cell expression urokinase type plasminogen activator cytokine-induced tumor cell expression,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577101,Patierno 2002,PARTICULATE CHROMIUM TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS,"DESCRIPTION (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The primary object of the proposed research is to investigate the interaction of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium compounds with normal human small airway epithelial cells (HSAE) and fibroblasts (HLF), which are representative target cells for chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Some of these compounds are human respiratory tract toxins and carcinogens which directly damage DNA and alter DNA replication and transcription, may damage subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, and cause mutations an neoplastic transformation at doses which also induce growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. Using cultured human and rat cells the investigator will test the hypotheses that: (increasing the fraction of cells escaping chromium-induced apoptotic cell death by pharmacologically interfering with apoptotic signaling, results in increased genomic instability and propensity towards mutation and neoplastic transformation, and (ii) chromium-induced apoptosis and/or terminal growth arrest results in part from direct damage to mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial integrity and release of cytochrome c. Implicit in this approach is an examination of the mechanisms of chromium-induced apoptosis and elucidation of signaling pathways which, if altered, might give rise to cells which are predisposed to accelerated multistage carcinogenesis. This research will help to elucidate molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis and will have practival value in contributing to the evaluation of risk to humans exposed to chromates.","PARTICULATE CHROMIUM TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS Abs: DESCRIPTION (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The primary object of the proposed research is to investigate the interaction of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium compounds with normal human small airway epithelial cells (HSAE) and fibroblasts (HLF), which are representative target cells for chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Some of these compounds are human respiratory tract toxins and carcinogens which directly damage DNA and alter DNA replication and transcription, may damage subcellular organelles, such as mitochondria, and cause mutations an neoplastic transformation at doses which also induce growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. Using cultured human and rat cells the investigator will test the hypotheses that: (increasing the fraction of cells escaping chromium-induced apoptotic cell death by pharmacologically interfering with apoptotic signaling, results in increased genomic instability and propensity towards mutation and neoplastic transformation, and (ii) chromium-induced apoptosis and/or terminal growth arrest results in part from direct damage to mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial integrity and release of cytochrome c. Implicit in this approach is an examination of the mechanisms of chromium-induced apoptosis and elucidation of signaling pathways which, if altered, might give rise to cells which are predisposed to accelerated multistage carcinogenesis. This research will help to elucidate molecular mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis and will have practival value in contributing to the evaluation of risk to humans exposed to chromates.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576910,Canesi et al. 2010,Effects of hexavalent chromium in Mytilus galloprovincialis,,Effects of hexavalent chromium in Mytilus galloprovincialis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577108,Xu 2004,ATM and ATR in chromium-induced S-phase arrest,"DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium (Cr [VI]) is a common industrial waste product and an environmental pollutant, and it is a known human carcinogen. Cr (VI) compounds are metabolized to pentavalent (Cr [V]), tetravalent (Cr [IV]), and trivalent (Cr [III]) chromium once they enter the body. Cr (V) and Cr (IV) are highly reactive intermediates and have been shown to cause several types of DNA damage. Exposure to Cr compounds triggers the S-phase cell cycle checkpoint, an active cellular response which may enhance cell survival and limit heritable genetic abnormalities in the presence of DNA damage. Characterization of biochemical steps in Cr-induced S-phase arrest will help improve our understanding of mechanisms of Cr-induced tumorigenesis. The stimulus for proposing the experiments in this application is our preliminary observations that Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Mutated protein kinase (ATM) and its related kinase ATR are required for Cr-induced intra S-phase arrest. ATM and ATR belong to a structurally unique family of protein serine-threonine kinases whose catalytic domains share a clear evolutionary relationship with those of mammalian and yeast phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Both ATM and ATR are critical for cellular response to DNA damage. Our preliminary data has revealed that exposure to Cr (VI), and its metabolic byproducts Cr (V) and Cr (IV), induces measurable DNA double strand breaks. However, only Cr (V) and Cr (VI), but not Cr (IV), can activate intra S-phase checkpoint and ATM kinase. The Cr-induced S-phase arrest is both ATM- and ATR-dependent. Furthermore, we found that the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomal protein 1 (SMC 1) is phosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner after low dose Cr exposure. The proposed experiments will investigate how ATM and ATR regulate S-phase arrest after exposure to Cr and identify molecular determinants of the process. In specific aim 1, we will investigate whether NBS 1 and BRCA1, both of which are ATM substrates in response to DNA damage, are required for the ATM-dependent process. We will also study the functional significance of ATM phosphorylation of SMC 1 in response to Cr exposure. In specific aim 2, we will study whether ATR is activated by exposure to Cr and whether SMC 1 is a downstream target of ATR in regulating the checkpoint. Our long-term goal is to better understand the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to Cr exposure and the role of ATM and ATR in the pathway as a basis for providing insights into general mechanisms of carcinogenesis, cell growth and cell death.","ATM and ATR in chromium-induced S-phase arrest Abs: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium (Cr [VI]) is a common industrial waste product and an environmental pollutant, and it is a known human carcinogen. Cr (VI) compounds are metabolized to pentavalent (Cr [V]), tetravalent (Cr [IV]), and trivalent (Cr [III]) chromium once they enter the body. Cr (V) and Cr (IV) are highly reactive intermediates and have been shown to cause several types of DNA damage. Exposure to Cr compounds triggers the S-phase cell cycle checkpoint, an active cellular response which may enhance cell survival and limit heritable genetic abnormalities in the presence of DNA damage. Characterization of biochemical steps in Cr-induced S-phase arrest will help improve our understanding of mechanisms of Cr-induced tumorigenesis. The stimulus for proposing the experiments in this application is our preliminary observations that Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Mutated protein kinase (ATM) and its related kinase ATR are required for Cr-induced intra S-phase arrest. ATM and ATR belong to a structurally unique family of protein serine-threonine kinases whose catalytic domains share a clear evolutionary relationship with those of mammalian and yeast phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Both ATM and ATR are critical for cellular response to DNA damage. Our preliminary data has revealed that exposure to Cr (VI), and its metabolic byproducts Cr (V) and Cr (IV), induces measurable DNA double strand breaks. However, only Cr (V) and Cr (VI), but not Cr (IV), can activate intra S-phase checkpoint and ATM kinase. The Cr-induced S-phase arrest is both ATM- and ATR-dependent. Furthermore, we found that the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomal protein 1 (SMC 1) is phosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner after low dose Cr exposure. The proposed experiments will investigate how ATM and ATR regulate S-phase arrest after exposure to Cr and identify molecular determinants of the process. In specific aim 1, we will investigate whether NBS 1 and BRCA1, both of which are ATM substrates in response to DNA damage, are required for the ATM-dependent process. We will also study the functional significance of ATM phosphorylation of SMC 1 in response to Cr exposure. In specific aim 2, we will study whether ATR is activated by exposure to Cr and whether SMC 1 is a downstream target of ATR in regulating the checkpoint. Our long-term goal is to better understand the mechanisms by which mammalian cells respond to Cr exposure and the role of ATM and ATR in the pathway as a basis for providing insights into general mechanisms of carcinogenesis, cell growth and cell death.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576973,Goncalves et al. 2010,Changes in the energy status and glucose uptake rate of PC-12 cells induced by acute subcytotoxic or mildly cytotoxic hexavalent chromium insults,,Changes in the energy status and glucose uptake rate of PC-12 cells induced by acute subcytotoxic or mildly cytotoxic hexavalent chromium insults Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577110,Zhitkovich 1999,GENOTOXICITY OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS,"DESCRIPTION: Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds has been established to present a significant cancer risk to human respiratory system. Induction of DNA lesions and subsequently, mutations is generally considered to be responsible for the initiation of Cr(VI)-dependent carcinogenic process. Cr(VI) compounds have been shown to be mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells, however, the nature of underlying DNA modifications have not yet been characterized. Reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) accompanied by the formation of intermediate Cr(V/VI) forms and radical byproducts is required for the induction of genotoxic effects. Recent data showed that a major form of DNA adducts formed in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is represented by crosslinks composed of intracellular amino acids or glutathione bridged to DNA by Cr(III). Cysteine, histidine and glutamic acid were predominant amino acids found crosslinked to DNA. Subsequent in vitro studies demonstrated that these ternary adducts are formed by binding of Cr(III)-amino acid complexes to DNA. In preliminary experiments some amino acid-Cr(III) adducts exhibited mutagenic activity. On the basis of these data Dr. Zhitkovich hypothesized that a significant portion of Cr(VI) genotoxicity results from reactions of its final reductive metabolite, Cr(III). In order to obtain evidence supporting this hypothesis, a number of experiments aimed at studying formation of Cr(III) adducts and their mutagenic potential will be carried out. Mutagenicity of the in vitro formed Cr(III)- and amino acids/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA adducts will be investigated in human cells using a shuttle vector approach. Involvement of Cr(III) in the DNA adduction in vivo will be studied in mammalian cells following their exposure to Cr(VI) or particulate Cr(III) compounds. In addition, the role of nucleotide excision repair in the removal of different Cr(III) adducts will also be analyzed. The results of the proposed work will help understand molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity by testing a Cr(III)-dependent pathway of DNA damage and mutagenicity of major adducts. Clarification of the genotoxic activity of intracellular Cr(III) may also have important public health implications considering the fact that human exposure frequently occurs to mixtures of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms while current risk assessment is based predominantly on the Cr(VI) levels.","GENOTOXICITY OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS Abs: DESCRIPTION: Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds has been established to present a significant cancer risk to human respiratory system. Induction of DNA lesions and subsequently, mutations is generally considered to be responsible for the initiation of Cr(VI)-dependent carcinogenic process. Cr(VI) compounds have been shown to be mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells, however, the nature of underlying DNA modifications have not yet been characterized. Reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) accompanied by the formation of intermediate Cr(V/VI) forms and radical byproducts is required for the induction of genotoxic effects. Recent data showed that a major form of DNA adducts formed in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is represented by crosslinks composed of intracellular amino acids or glutathione bridged to DNA by Cr(III). Cysteine, histidine and glutamic acid were predominant amino acids found crosslinked to DNA. Subsequent in vitro studies demonstrated that these ternary adducts are formed by binding of Cr(III)-amino acid complexes to DNA. In preliminary experiments some amino acid-Cr(III) adducts exhibited mutagenic activity. On the basis of these data Dr. Zhitkovich hypothesized that a significant portion of Cr(VI) genotoxicity results from reactions of its final reductive metabolite, Cr(III). In order to obtain evidence supporting this hypothesis, a number of experiments aimed at studying formation of Cr(III) adducts and their mutagenic potential will be carried out. Mutagenicity of the in vitro formed Cr(III)- and amino acids/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA adducts will be investigated in human cells using a shuttle vector approach. Involvement of Cr(III) in the DNA adduction in vivo will be studied in mammalian cells following their exposure to Cr(VI) or particulate Cr(III) compounds. In addition, the role of nucleotide excision repair in the removal of different Cr(III) adducts will also be analyzed. The results of the proposed work will help understand molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity by testing a Cr(III)-dependent pathway of DNA damage and mutagenicity of major adducts. Clarification of the genotoxic activity of intracellular Cr(III) may also have important public health implications considering the fact that human exposure frequently occurs to mixtures of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms while current risk assessment is based predominantly on the Cr(VI) levels.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577029,Ning and  Grant 2000,"Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity to osteoblast-derived cells (vol 13, pg 879, 2000)",,"Chromium (VI)-induced cytotoxicity to osteoblast-derived cells (vol 13, pg 879, 2000) Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576948,Di Giacinto et al. 2010,"Early warning detection of hexavalent chromium in water by ""Daphnia Toximeter""",,"Early warning detection of hexavalent chromium in water by ""Daphnia Toximeter"" Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1233696,Frazer 2006,Shiny science: a new substitute for hexavalent chromium,,Shiny science: a new substitute for hexavalent chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1290357,Wetterhahn et al. 1995,The role of metallothionein in chromium(VI) genotoxicity,"The effect of metallothionein (MT) on the genotoxicity of carcinogenic chromium(VI) has been determined using parental K1-2 and MMC-1. Chinese hamster ovary cells and their hMTII-transfected lines, K1-2 MT, MMC-1 MTa and MMC-1 MTb. The MT-overexpressing transfectant cell lines were consistently more sensitive to chromium(VI) cytotoxicity as measured by a colony-forming assay. However, less chromium{VI)-induced DNA damage, including DNA strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links and chromium binding to DNA, was observed in the K1-2 MT-overexpressing transfectant cells compared to the K1-2 parental cells. Overexpression of MT in the K1-2 MT cells also resulted in lower levels of reactive oxygen species generated by chromium(VI) treatment compared with parental K1-2 cells as detected by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein assay. These studies indicate that metallothionein may play an important role in modulating both direct chromium-mediated and indirect ROS-mediated DNA damage produced by chromium(VI) treatment in vivo.","The role of metallothionein in chromium(VI) genotoxicity Abs: The effect of metallothionein (MT) on the genotoxicity of carcinogenic chromium(VI) has been determined using parental K1-2 and MMC-1. Chinese hamster ovary cells and their hMTII-transfected lines, K1-2 MT, MMC-1 MTa and MMC-1 MTb. The MT-overexpressing transfectant cell lines were consistently more sensitive to chromium(VI) cytotoxicity as measured by a colony-forming assay. However, less chromium{VI)-induced DNA damage, including DNA strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links and chromium binding to DNA, was observed in the K1-2 MT-overexpressing transfectant cells compared to the K1-2 parental cells. Overexpression of MT in the K1-2 MT cells also resulted in lower levels of reactive oxygen species generated by chromium(VI) treatment compared with parental K1-2 cells as detected by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein assay. These studies indicate that metallothionein may play an important role in modulating both direct chromium-mediated and indirect ROS-mediated DNA damage produced by chromium(VI) treatment in vivo.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516032,Kuo and  Genthner 1995,Effect of heavy metal ions on the biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated aromatic compounds by anaerobic bacterial consortia,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract heavy metal pollution,Effect of heavy metal ions on the biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated aromatic compounds by anaerobic bacterial consortia Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract heavy metal pollution,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577033,O'Hara et al. 2003,Mechanisms for selective activation of SRC family kinases and JNK by low levels of chromium(VI),,Mechanisms for selective activation of SRC family kinases and JNK by low levels of chromium(VI) Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1235037,Mueller and  Lang 1981,Use of potassium dichromate as a surrogate standard for beta-carotene determination,,Use of potassium dichromate as a surrogate standard for beta-carotene determination Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238947,Hayashi et al. 1989,Flow cytometric micronucleus test with mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes,,Flow cytometric micronucleus test with mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576386,Wise and  Wise 2005,"Mutation research, genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis",,"Mutation research, genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1080096,Mwinyihija et al. 2006,Ecotoxicological screening of Kenyan tannery dust using a luminescent-based bacterial biosensor,"Ecotoxicological screening of dust sampled throughout a Kenyan tannery was conducted using a luminescence (lux)-based bacterial biosensor for both solid and liquid assays. This was complemented by chemical analysis in an attempt to identify possible causative toxic components. The biosensor results showed a highly significant (p &lt; 0.001) difference in both solid and liquid phase toxicity in samples collected from various identified sampling points in the tannery. A positive correlation was observed between results of the solid and liquid phase techniques, for most of the sampling points indicating that the toxic contaminants were bioavailable both in the solid and liquid state. However, the results generally indicated toxicity associated with liquid phase except certain areas in solid phase such as chemical handling, buffing area and weighing. The most toxic tannery area identified was the weighing area (p &lt; 0.001), showing the lowest bioluminescence for both the solid (0.38 +/- 2.21) and liquid phases (0.01 +/- 0.001). Chromium was the metal present in the highest concentration indicating levels higher than the stipulated regulatory requirement of 0.5 mg Cr/m3 for total Cr (highest Cr concentration was at chemical handling at 209.24 mg l(-1)) in all dust samples. The weighing area had the highest Ni concentration (1.87 mg l(-1)) and the chemical handling area showed the highest Zn concentration (31.9 mg l(-1)). These results raise environmental health concerns, as occupational exposure to dust samples from this site has been shown to give rise to elevated concentrations (above the stipulated levels) of chromium in blood, urine and some body tissues, with inhalation being the main route. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA stipulates an occupational exposure limit of 0.5 mg Cr/m3 (8 h TWA) for total chromium. However, schedule 1 of Controls of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations developed by HSE, indicate 0.05 mg m3 (8 h TWA reference periods) to be the limit for Cr (VI) exposure. The exposure limit for individual (e.g., Cr, Zn, Ni etc.) contaminants (homogeneity) was not exceeded, but potential impact of heterogeneity (multi-element synergistic effect) on toxicity requires application of the precautionary principle.","Ecotoxicological screening of Kenyan tannery dust using a luminescent-based bacterial biosensor Abs: Ecotoxicological screening of dust sampled throughout a Kenyan tannery was conducted using a luminescence (lux)-based bacterial biosensor for both solid and liquid assays. This was complemented by chemical analysis in an attempt to identify possible causative toxic components. The biosensor results showed a highly significant (p &lt; 0.001) difference in both solid and liquid phase toxicity in samples collected from various identified sampling points in the tannery. A positive correlation was observed between results of the solid and liquid phase techniques, for most of the sampling points indicating that the toxic contaminants were bioavailable both in the solid and liquid state. However, the results generally indicated toxicity associated with liquid phase except certain areas in solid phase such as chemical handling, buffing area and weighing. The most toxic tannery area identified was the weighing area (p &lt; 0.001), showing the lowest bioluminescence for both the solid (0.38 +/- 2.21) and liquid phases (0.01 +/- 0.001). Chromium was the metal present in the highest concentration indicating levels higher than the stipulated regulatory requirement of 0.5 mg Cr/m3 for total Cr (highest Cr concentration was at chemical handling at 209.24 mg l(-1)) in all dust samples. The weighing area had the highest Ni concentration (1.87 mg l(-1)) and the chemical handling area showed the highest Zn concentration (31.9 mg l(-1)). These results raise environmental health concerns, as occupational exposure to dust samples from this site has been shown to give rise to elevated concentrations (above the stipulated levels) of chromium in blood, urine and some body tissues, with inhalation being the main route. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK, and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA stipulates an occupational exposure limit of 0.5 mg Cr/m3 (8 h TWA) for total chromium. However, schedule 1 of Controls of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations developed by HSE, indicate 0.05 mg m3 (8 h TWA reference periods) to be the limit for Cr (VI) exposure. The exposure limit for individual (e.g., Cr, Zn, Ni etc.) contaminants (homogeneity) was not exceeded, but potential impact of heterogeneity (multi-element synergistic effect) on toxicity requires application of the precautionary principle.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577060,Stoner et al. 1988,ACUTE CHROMIUM INTOXICATION WITH RENAL-FAILURE AFTER 1-PERCENT BODY-SURFACE AREA BURNS FROM CHROMIC-ACID,,ACUTE CHROMIUM INTOXICATION WITH RENAL-FAILURE AFTER 1-PERCENT BODY-SURFACE AREA BURNS FROM CHROMIC-ACID Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1487175,Brandelli et al. 1992,TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION AND REDUCTION EVALUATION IN PETROCHEMICAL EFFLUENTS SITEL CASE,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS FISH DAPHNIA-SIMILIS INVERTEBRATE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION INTEGRATED WASTEWATER SYSTEM OF SOUTH PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX EPA USA,TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION AND REDUCTION EVALUATION IN PETROCHEMICAL EFFLUENTS SITEL CASE Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS FISH DAPHNIA-SIMILIS INVERTEBRATE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION INTEGRATED WASTEWATER SYSTEM OF SOUTH PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX EPA USA,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516405,Selvarani and  Subbiah 1994,Toxicity study of chromium in the fresh water fish Macrones keletius and the role of Eichhornia crassipes in its control,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of water plant, Eichhornia to control the chromium residues (trivalent + hexavalent) in a fresh water fish, Macrones keletius. Hundred percent mortality was observed at a concentration of 42 ppm chromium. The LC50 value was found to be 26.4 ppm. At a concentration of 6 ppm and below, the fishes survived without any stress. So 6 ppm and below is considered to be the sub-lethal or around sub-lethal concentration. The rate of oxygen consumption decreased by 66.67% in control fishes, raised without aquatic plant, while experimental fishes, raised with aquatic plant, showed a drop of 58.99%. The protein content in the muscle tissue of experimental fishes was minimized by 18.29%. The heavy metal chromium accumulation in the muscle tissue of the control fish was more significant (65.23%) than that of the experimental ones. The loss of energy was also found to be higher (1.35% higher) in the control fishes than that of the experi","Toxicity study of chromium in the fresh water fish Macrones keletius and the role of Eichhornia crassipes in its control Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of water plant, Eichhornia to control the chromium residues (trivalent + hexavalent) in a fresh water fish, Macrones keletius. Hundred percent mortality was observed at a concentration of 42 ppm chromium. The LC50 value was found to be 26.4 ppm. At a concentration of 6 ppm and below, the fishes survived without any stress. So 6 ppm and below is considered to be the sub-lethal or around sub-lethal concentration. The rate of oxygen consumption decreased by 66.67% in control fishes, raised without aquatic plant, while experimental fishes, raised with aquatic plant, showed a drop of 58.99%. The protein content in the muscle tissue of experimental fishes was minimized by 18.29%. The heavy metal chromium accumulation in the muscle tissue of the control fish was more significant (65.23%) than that of the experimental ones. The loss of energy was also found to be higher (1.35% higher) in the control fishes than that of the experi",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238960,Collaborative STUDY GROUP FOR THE and  Onucleus 1989,DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTRAPERITONEAL AND ORAL GAVAGE APPLICATION IN THE MICRONUCLEUS TEST,,DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTRAPERITONEAL AND ORAL GAVAGE APPLICATION IN THE MICRONUCLEUS TEST Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1012845,GBMAFS 1989,Great britain ministry of agriculture fisheries and food food surveillance paper no. 26. migration of substances from food contact materials into food the twenty-sixth report of the steering group on food surveillance progress report of the working party on chemical contaminants from food contact materials for 1984 to 1988,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BUTADIENE REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM PLASTICIZERS COLORING MATERIALS UK,Great britain ministry of agriculture fisheries and food food surveillance paper no. 26. migration of substances from food contact materials into food the twenty-sixth report of the steering group on food surveillance progress report of the working party on chemical contaminants from food contact materials for 1984 to 1988 Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BUTADIENE REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILM PLASTICIZERS COLORING MATERIALS UK,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576969,Galvin et al. 1982,COMPARISON OF TOXICOLOGICAL MODELS FOR EVALUATION OF AIR-POLLUTANTS - RESPONSE OF THE PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM,,COMPARISON OF TOXICOLOGICAL MODELS FOR EVALUATION OF AIR-POLLUTANTS - RESPONSE OF THE PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1510303,Graf et al. 1998,Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster,,Antigenotoxicity studies in Drosophila melanogaster Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1236291,Norman-Taylor 1977,The importance of an occupational history: an illustrative example,"An illustrative case is presented of a patient with a blood stained discharge from his nose, an ulcerating lesion on his nasal septum, who came to an eye, nose and throat clinic. An occupational history of the patient indicated a six-week work spell in a dusty factory where he works with 'sulfur' with or without a mask. On the basis of the results of biopsy and other tests, radiotherapy was started, but later discontinued in order to study the patient's working conditions. The source of the sulfur was the hexavalent sodium-bichromate (10588019) in the mix used for manufacturing chrome (7440473) pigments, chrome-oxide (1308389) and chrome-hydroxide (1308141), which are green pigments in paint. The case illustrates the need for accurate checking of occupational history with, if necessary, the consulting physician getting first hand information from the factory medical adviser, and the importance of the worker being informed of the right names of the substances with which he works.","The importance of an occupational history: an illustrative example Abs: An illustrative case is presented of a patient with a blood stained discharge from his nose, an ulcerating lesion on his nasal septum, who came to an eye, nose and throat clinic. An occupational history of the patient indicated a six-week work spell in a dusty factory where he works with 'sulfur' with or without a mask. On the basis of the results of biopsy and other tests, radiotherapy was started, but later discontinued in order to study the patient's working conditions. The source of the sulfur was the hexavalent sodium-bichromate (10588019) in the mix used for manufacturing chrome (7440473) pigments, chrome-oxide (1308389) and chrome-hydroxide (1308141), which are green pigments in paint. The case illustrates the need for accurate checking of occupational history with, if necessary, the consulting physician getting first hand information from the factory medical adviser, and the importance of the worker being informed of the right names of the substances with which he works.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577081,Zhitkovich 2006,Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds,"DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Carcinogenic activity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) compounds is firmly established by experimental and epidemiological studies. Human exposure to Cr(VI) is found in several dozen occupations and detected in populations residing in the vicinity of Cr-emitting industrial sources and Cr disposal sites. Cr(Vl) is a major air pollutant and a Superfund contaminant. The major form of DNA damage in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is abundant Cr-DNA adducts generated in the reactions of stable Cr(III) form with DNA phosphates. We have found that several Cr-DNA adducts were mutagenic during replication in human cells. Ternary DNA adducts containing bulky ligands, such as glutathione or ascorbate, induced the strongest mutagenic responses. We also determined that Cr(III)-dependent reactions were responsible for the formation of mutagenic DNA damage during reductive activation of Cr(VI) by its major biological reducers, cysteine and ascorbate. Additional data have shown that biological consequences of the formation of Cr(III)-DNA adducts are strongly influenced by the status of DNA mismatch repair system. We propose to elucidate the mechanisms of mismatch repair-dependent induction of stress signaling and formation of genetic alterations in Cr(VI)- exposed cells. Experiments will be performed to identify specific Cr-DNA adducts that are recognized by DNA mismatch repair and activate genotoxic responses. The results of this work should provide a greater understanding of molecular basis of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, the importance of individual Cr-DNA adducts and uncover new functions of mismatch repair in recognition of DNA backbone modifications. Identification of the most potent genotoxic Cr-DNA adducts and critical pathways controlling cellular responses to Cr(VI) can be used in the development of useful biomarkers of exposure and individual susceptibility to adverse health effects.","Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds Abs: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Carcinogenic activity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) compounds is firmly established by experimental and epidemiological studies. Human exposure to Cr(VI) is found in several dozen occupations and detected in populations residing in the vicinity of Cr-emitting industrial sources and Cr disposal sites. Cr(Vl) is a major air pollutant and a Superfund contaminant. The major form of DNA damage in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is abundant Cr-DNA adducts generated in the reactions of stable Cr(III) form with DNA phosphates. We have found that several Cr-DNA adducts were mutagenic during replication in human cells. Ternary DNA adducts containing bulky ligands, such as glutathione or ascorbate, induced the strongest mutagenic responses. We also determined that Cr(III)-dependent reactions were responsible for the formation of mutagenic DNA damage during reductive activation of Cr(VI) by its major biological reducers, cysteine and ascorbate. Additional data have shown that biological consequences of the formation of Cr(III)-DNA adducts are strongly influenced by the status of DNA mismatch repair system. We propose to elucidate the mechanisms of mismatch repair-dependent induction of stress signaling and formation of genetic alterations in Cr(VI)- exposed cells. Experiments will be performed to identify specific Cr-DNA adducts that are recognized by DNA mismatch repair and activate genotoxic responses. The results of this work should provide a greater understanding of molecular basis of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis, the importance of individual Cr-DNA adducts and uncover new functions of mismatch repair in recognition of DNA backbone modifications. Identification of the most potent genotoxic Cr-DNA adducts and critical pathways controlling cellular responses to Cr(VI) can be used in the development of useful biomarkers of exposure and individual susceptibility to adverse health effects.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1514260,Anonymous 1970,Mineral Facts and Problems,"Chromium (7440473) occurs in nature only in a combined state. It is found in a large number of minerals, the only one of commercial importance being chromite (1308312). Current mining practices involve both open pit and underground methods, with the latter supplying the major part of the world's chromite ore. Techniques used in mining vary, with the more modern equipment found to a greater extent in the more developed countries which usually have higher labor costs. Chromite of metallurgical grade is converted into ferrochromium or other chromium additives and usually finds its way into special steels or alloys. Chromium metal is made either by electrochemical or pyrochemical methods. Research currently being conducted by industry on chromium concerns application of the metal and the ore to metallurgical, chemical, and refractory uses. Apparent reserves of chromite in the world are discussed.","Mineral Facts and Problems Abs: Chromium (7440473) occurs in nature only in a combined state. It is found in a large number of minerals, the only one of commercial importance being chromite (1308312). Current mining practices involve both open pit and underground methods, with the latter supplying the major part of the world's chromite ore. Techniques used in mining vary, with the more modern equipment found to a greater extent in the more developed countries which usually have higher labor costs. Chromite of metallurgical grade is converted into ferrochromium or other chromium additives and usually finds its way into special steels or alloys. Chromium metal is made either by electrochemical or pyrochemical methods. Research currently being conducted by industry on chromium concerns application of the metal and the ore to metallurgical, chemical, and refractory uses. Apparent reserves of chromite in the world are discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1290325,Grant 1999,Chromium VI toxicity in osteoblasts: Involvement of glutathione reductase. AU - NING J,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm chromium vi toxicity in osteoblasts: involvement of glutathione reductaseymeeting abstract meeting poster rat enzymology toxicology cell biology osteoblasts cytotoxicity chromium vi toxic effects cellular toxicity enzymes glutathione reductase skeletal system,Chromium VI toxicity in osteoblasts: Involvement of glutathione reductase. AU - NING J Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm chromium vi toxicity in osteoblasts: involvement of glutathione reductaseymeeting abstract meeting poster rat enzymology toxicology cell biology osteoblasts cytotoxicity chromium vi toxic effects cellular toxicity enzymes glutathione reductase skeletal system,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1232179,Proctor et al. 1999,Need for improved science in standard setting for hexavalent chromium,,Need for improved science in standard setting for hexavalent chromium Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1235445,Patel et al. 2006,Chromate allergy from contact with leather furnishings,,Chromate allergy from contact with leather furnishings Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238769,Myhr et al. 1981,Blind evaluation of chemicals in the L5178Y/TK+- mouse lympoma forward mutation assay,,Blind evaluation of chemicals in the L5178Y/TK+- mouse lympoma forward mutation assay Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1236307,Berggard 1976,"beta2-Microglobulins: isolation, properties, and distribution","beta2-Microglobulin is structurally related to immunoglobulin domains and is identical to the light chain of histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens. Similar to free light chains of immunoglobulins, beta2-microglobulin is most easily isolated from urine. We have previously purified human beta2-microglobulin from urine of patients with renal tubular resorption defects. Corresponding proteins have now been obtained from urine of rabbits and guinea pigs treated with sodium chromate. Sequence studies have established that the rabbit protein is rabbit beta2-microglobulin. The guinea pig protein closely resembles the human and rabbit beta2-microglobulins in amino acid composition, charge, molecular size, and also in the presence of an apparently analogous disulfide loop. These findings indicate that this protein is the guinea pig homologue of beta2-microglobulin. Physical-chemical studies suggest that human beta2-microglobulin and isolated immunoglobulin domains are similar not only in amino acid sequence but also in three-dimensional structure. Both types of molecules are compact and globular in shape and apparently contain beta-pleated sheet conformation. beta2-Microglobulin is present in free form in various body fluids and as a subunit of histocompatibility antigens on cell surfaces. Current estimates suggest that the number of beta2-microglobulin molecules on cell surfaces is higher than the number of histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens. Accordingly, beta2-microglobulin is possibly a subunit of additional cellular antigens or receptors.","beta2-Microglobulins: isolation, properties, and distribution Abs: beta2-Microglobulin is structurally related to immunoglobulin domains and is identical to the light chain of histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens. Similar to free light chains of immunoglobulins, beta2-microglobulin is most easily isolated from urine. We have previously purified human beta2-microglobulin from urine of patients with renal tubular resorption defects. Corresponding proteins have now been obtained from urine of rabbits and guinea pigs treated with sodium chromate. Sequence studies have established that the rabbit protein is rabbit beta2-microglobulin. The guinea pig protein closely resembles the human and rabbit beta2-microglobulins in amino acid composition, charge, molecular size, and also in the presence of an apparently analogous disulfide loop. These findings indicate that this protein is the guinea pig homologue of beta2-microglobulin. Physical-chemical studies suggest that human beta2-microglobulin and isolated immunoglobulin domains are similar not only in amino acid sequence but also in three-dimensional structure. Both types of molecules are compact and globular in shape and apparently contain beta-pleated sheet conformation. beta2-Microglobulin is present in free form in various body fluids and as a subunit of histocompatibility antigens on cell surfaces. Current estimates suggest that the number of beta2-microglobulin molecules on cell surfaces is higher than the number of histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens. Accordingly, beta2-microglobulin is possibly a subunit of additional cellular antigens or receptors.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576990,Krumschnabel and  Nawaz 2005,"Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes (vol 70, pg 159, 2004)",,"Acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium in isolated teleost hepatocytes (vol 70, pg 159, 2004) Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237598,Schlesinger 1999,O3 AND MODULATING CR TOXICITY AND THE LUNG,"Most studies of occupationally relevant chemical hazards have involved use of single contaminants, so the biological and safety implications from inhalation of realistic mixtures have commonly been ignored in evaluations related to worker health and safety. In this regard, chromium (Cr) is released with ozone (O3) during welding, and a major health hazard from inhalation exposure to Cr-containing materials is lung cancer; this is likely due largely to the insoluble Cr species in the fumes. However, the contribution from other co-inhalants in modulating Cr-initiated responses is not clear. Co-contaminants may change the pulmonary environment producing conditions which could enhance the formation and survival of Cr- initiated tumors. For example, it has been demonstrated that simultaneously-inhaled O3 increases the pulmonary retention of inhaled insoluble Cr particles; this could be part of a scenario which would ultimately give rise to conditions within the lungs conductive to the formation and survival of Cr-initiated neoplasia. This proposal investigates other mechanisms underlying the elevated lung cancer incidence in welders exposed welding fumes containing both Cr and O3. It is hypothesized that the carcinogenic potential of insoluble Cr(VI) in the lungs of hosts inhaling the Cr/O3 mixture is greater than that in hosts inhaling the Cr alone due to O3-mediated increases in the lung tissue burdens of Cr(VI) and/or augmentation of one or more of the documented genetic/epigenetic mechanisms associated with Cr-induced conversion of normal cells to transformed types (i.e., an enhancement in level of DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and/or induced increases in the activity of cell kinases known to regulate the expression of nascent oncogenes) arising from the effects of O3 upon mechanisms utilized for the intracellular of insoluble Cf(VI) particles. The project involves exposure of rats to atmospheres containing carcinogenic Cr(VI), namely calcium chromate, alone and in combination with O3. This study will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Cr and O3 in the lungs and the role which mixtures of air contaminants may play in pulmonary disease pathogenesis following exposure to realistic mixed atmospheres of occupational relevance.","O3 AND MODULATING CR TOXICITY AND THE LUNG Abs: Most studies of occupationally relevant chemical hazards have involved use of single contaminants, so the biological and safety implications from inhalation of realistic mixtures have commonly been ignored in evaluations related to worker health and safety. In this regard, chromium (Cr) is released with ozone (O3) during welding, and a major health hazard from inhalation exposure to Cr-containing materials is lung cancer; this is likely due largely to the insoluble Cr species in the fumes. However, the contribution from other co-inhalants in modulating Cr-initiated responses is not clear. Co-contaminants may change the pulmonary environment producing conditions which could enhance the formation and survival of Cr- initiated tumors. For example, it has been demonstrated that simultaneously-inhaled O3 increases the pulmonary retention of inhaled insoluble Cr particles; this could be part of a scenario which would ultimately give rise to conditions within the lungs conductive to the formation and survival of Cr-initiated neoplasia. This proposal investigates other mechanisms underlying the elevated lung cancer incidence in welders exposed welding fumes containing both Cr and O3. It is hypothesized that the carcinogenic potential of insoluble Cr(VI) in the lungs of hosts inhaling the Cr/O3 mixture is greater than that in hosts inhaling the Cr alone due to O3-mediated increases in the lung tissue burdens of Cr(VI) and/or augmentation of one or more of the documented genetic/epigenetic mechanisms associated with Cr-induced conversion of normal cells to transformed types (i.e., an enhancement in level of DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and/or induced increases in the activity of cell kinases known to regulate the expression of nascent oncogenes) arising from the effects of O3 upon mechanisms utilized for the intracellular of insoluble Cf(VI) particles. The project involves exposure of rats to atmospheres containing carcinogenic Cr(VI), namely calcium chromate, alone and in combination with O3. This study will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Cr and O3 in the lungs and the role which mixtures of air contaminants may play in pulmonary disease pathogenesis following exposure to realistic mixed atmospheres of occupational relevance.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237025,Biedermann and  Landolph 1987,CELLULAR UPTAKE AND MUTAGENICITY OF METAL SALTS IN RELATION TO INDUCTION OF ANCHORAGE INDEPENDENCE IN HUMAN FORESKIN FIBROBLASTS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT LEAD CHROMATE CALCIUM CHROMATE SODIUM CHROMATE CHROMIC OXIDE CHROMIUM CHLORIDE CARCINOGENS,CELLULAR UPTAKE AND MUTAGENICITY OF METAL SALTS IN RELATION TO INDUCTION OF ANCHORAGE INDEPENDENCE IN HUMAN FORESKIN FIBROBLASTS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT LEAD CHROMATE CALCIUM CHROMATE SODIUM CHROMATE CHROMIC OXIDE CHROMIUM CHLORIDE CARCINOGENS,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1234513,Klockow-Beck et al. 1998,Determination of the inorganic degradation products sulfate and sulfamate in the antiepileptic drug topiramate by capillary electrophoresis,"A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed as an alternative method for the determination of the inorganic degradation products sulfate and sulfamate in topiramate drug product and drug substance, currently performed by ion chromatography. The anions are separated in a background electrolyte containing potassium chromate and boric acid, followed by indirect UV detection. By adding tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide to the electrolyte, analysis is performed under co-electroosmotic flow conditions. Variations in injection volumes and migration times are compensated for by use of an internal standard. The validation of the method, which was performed according to ICH guidelines (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) [1], comprises specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, sensitivity and robustness. In addition, the results of an actual tablet sample analysis obtained by this CE method are statistically shown to be in close agreement with those obtained by an ion chromatographic method.","Determination of the inorganic degradation products sulfate and sulfamate in the antiepileptic drug topiramate by capillary electrophoresis Abs: A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed as an alternative method for the determination of the inorganic degradation products sulfate and sulfamate in topiramate drug product and drug substance, currently performed by ion chromatography. The anions are separated in a background electrolyte containing potassium chromate and boric acid, followed by indirect UV detection. By adding tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide to the electrolyte, analysis is performed under co-electroosmotic flow conditions. Variations in injection volumes and migration times are compensated for by use of an internal standard. The validation of the method, which was performed according to ICH guidelines (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) [1], comprises specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, sensitivity and robustness. In addition, the results of an actual tablet sample analysis obtained by this CE method are statistically shown to be in close agreement with those obtained by an ion chromatographic method.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516164,Montaldi et al. 1988,Solubilization by nitrilotriacetic acid nta of genetically active chromium-vi and lead-ii from insoluble metal compounds,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract cho cells toxicodynamics sister chromatid exchange genotoxicity,Solubilization by nitrilotriacetic acid nta of genetically active chromium-vi and lead-ii from insoluble metal compounds Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract cho cells toxicodynamics sister chromatid exchange genotoxicity,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237026,Steele et al. 1987,EVALUATION OF A RAT TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURE ASSAY SYSTEM TO DETECT RESPIRATORY CARCINOGENS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT N METHYL-N'-NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE BENZO-A-PYRENE SODIUM CHROMATE BENZ-1-ACEANTHRYLENE FORMALDEHYDE 3 METHYLCHOLANTHRENE,EVALUATION OF A RAT TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURE ASSAY SYSTEM TO DETECT RESPIRATORY CARCINOGENS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT N METHYL-N'-NITRO-N-NITROSOGUANIDINE BENZO-A-PYRENE SODIUM CHROMATE BENZ-1-ACEANTHRYLENE FORMALDEHYDE 3 METHYLCHOLANTHRENE,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576975,Hamilton 2003,Mechanism of hexavalent chromium [(CR(VI)] toxicity and carcinogenicity,,Mechanism of hexavalent chromium [(CR(VI)] toxicity and carcinogenicity Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577112,Zhitkovich 2001,GENOTOXICITY OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS,"DESCRIPTION: Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds has been established to present a significant cancer risk to human respiratory system. Induction of DNA lesions and subsequently, mutations is generally considered to be responsible for the initiation of Cr(VI)-dependent carcinogenic process. Cr(VI) compounds have been shown to be mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells, however, the nature of underlying DNA modifications have not yet been characterized. Reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) accompanied by the formation of intermediate Cr(V/VI) forms and radical byproducts is required for the induction of genotoxic effects. Recent data showed that a major form of DNA adducts formed in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is represented by crosslinks composed of intracellular amino acids or glutathione bridged to DNA by Cr(III). Cysteine, histidine and glutamic acid were predominant amino acids found crosslinked to DNA. Subsequent in vitro studies demonstrated that these ternary adducts are formed by binding of Cr(III)-amino acid complexes to DNA. In preliminary experiments some amino acid-Cr(III) adducts exhibited mutagenic activity. On the basis of these data Dr. Zhitkovich hypothesized that a significant portion of Cr(VI) genotoxicity results from reactions of its final reductive metabolite, Cr(III). In order to obtain evidence supporting this hypothesis, a number of experiments aimed at studying formation of Cr(III) adducts and their mutagenic potential will be carried out. Mutagenicity of the in vitro formed Cr(III)- and amino acids/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA adducts will be investigated in human cells using a shuttle vector approach. Involvement of Cr(III) in the DNA adduction in vivo will be studied in mammalian cells following their exposure to Cr(VI) or particulate Cr(III) compounds. In addition, the role of nucleotide excision repair in the removal of different Cr(III) adducts will also be analyzed. The results of the proposed work will help understand molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity by testing a Cr(III)-dependent pathway of DNA damage and mutagenicity of major adducts. Clarification of the genotoxic activity of intracellular Cr(III) may also have important public health implications considering the fact that human exposure frequently occurs to mixtures of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms while current risk assessment is based predominantly on the Cr(VI) levels.","GENOTOXICITY OF CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS Abs: DESCRIPTION: Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds has been established to present a significant cancer risk to human respiratory system. Induction of DNA lesions and subsequently, mutations is generally considered to be responsible for the initiation of Cr(VI)-dependent carcinogenic process. Cr(VI) compounds have been shown to be mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells, however, the nature of underlying DNA modifications have not yet been characterized. Reductive conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) accompanied by the formation of intermediate Cr(V/VI) forms and radical byproducts is required for the induction of genotoxic effects. Recent data showed that a major form of DNA adducts formed in Cr(VI)-exposed cells is represented by crosslinks composed of intracellular amino acids or glutathione bridged to DNA by Cr(III). Cysteine, histidine and glutamic acid were predominant amino acids found crosslinked to DNA. Subsequent in vitro studies demonstrated that these ternary adducts are formed by binding of Cr(III)-amino acid complexes to DNA. In preliminary experiments some amino acid-Cr(III) adducts exhibited mutagenic activity. On the basis of these data Dr. Zhitkovich hypothesized that a significant portion of Cr(VI) genotoxicity results from reactions of its final reductive metabolite, Cr(III). In order to obtain evidence supporting this hypothesis, a number of experiments aimed at studying formation of Cr(III) adducts and their mutagenic potential will be carried out. Mutagenicity of the in vitro formed Cr(III)- and amino acids/glutathione-Cr(III)-DNA adducts will be investigated in human cells using a shuttle vector approach. Involvement of Cr(III) in the DNA adduction in vivo will be studied in mammalian cells following their exposure to Cr(VI) or particulate Cr(III) compounds. In addition, the role of nucleotide excision repair in the removal of different Cr(III) adducts will also be analyzed. The results of the proposed work will help understand molecular mechanisms of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity by testing a Cr(III)-dependent pathway of DNA damage and mutagenicity of major adducts. Clarification of the genotoxic activity of intracellular Cr(III) may also have important public health implications considering the fact that human exposure frequently occurs to mixtures of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) forms while current risk assessment is based predominantly on the Cr(VI) levels.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237438,Freeman 1995,OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER HUMAN CHEMICAL EXPOSURE TOXICITY,OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER HUMAN CHEMICAL EXPOSURE TOXICITY,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1508573,Setton et al. 2013,Risk-based indicators of Canadians' exposures to environmental carcinogens,"ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tools for estimating population exposures to environmental carcinogens are required to support evidence-based policies to reduce chronic exposures and associated cancers. Our objective was to develop indicators of population exposure to selected environmental carcinogens that can be easily updated over time, and allow comparisons and prioritization between different carcinogens and exposure pathways. METHODS: We employed a risk assessment-based approach to produce screening-level estimates of lifetime excess cancer risk for selected substances listed as known carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimates of lifetime average daily intake were calculated using population characteristics combined with concentrations (circa 2006) in outdoor air, indoor air, dust, drinking water, and food and beverages from existing monitoring databases or comprehensive literature reviews. Intake estimates were then multiplied by cancer potency factors from Health Canada, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to estimate lifetime excess cancer risks associated with each substance and exposure pathway. Lifetime excess cancer risks in excess of 1 per million people are identified as potential priorities for further attention. RESULTS: Based on data representing average conditions circa 2006, a total of 18 carcinogen-exposure pathways had potential lifetime excess cancer risks greater than 1 per million, based on varying data quality. Carcinogens with moderate to high data quality and lifetime excess cancer risk greater than 1 per million included benzene, 1,3-butadiene and radon in outdoor air; benzene and radon in indoor air; and arsenic and hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Important data gaps were identified for asbestos, hexavalent chromium and diesel exhaust in outdoor and indoor air, while little data were available to assess risk for substances in dust, food and beverages. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to track changes in potential population exposures to environmental carcinogens over time, as well as to compare between different substances and exposure pathways, is necessary to support comprehensive, evidence-based prevention policy. We used estimates of lifetime excess cancer risk as indicators that, although based on a number of simplifying assumptions, help to identify important data gaps and prioritize more detailed data collection and exposure assessment needs.","Risk-based indicators of Canadians' exposures to environmental carcinogens Abs: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tools for estimating population exposures to environmental carcinogens are required to support evidence-based policies to reduce chronic exposures and associated cancers. Our objective was to develop indicators of population exposure to selected environmental carcinogens that can be easily updated over time, and allow comparisons and prioritization between different carcinogens and exposure pathways. METHODS: We employed a risk assessment-based approach to produce screening-level estimates of lifetime excess cancer risk for selected substances listed as known carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimates of lifetime average daily intake were calculated using population characteristics combined with concentrations (circa 2006) in outdoor air, indoor air, dust, drinking water, and food and beverages from existing monitoring databases or comprehensive literature reviews. Intake estimates were then multiplied by cancer potency factors from Health Canada, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment to estimate lifetime excess cancer risks associated with each substance and exposure pathway. Lifetime excess cancer risks in excess of 1 per million people are identified as potential priorities for further attention. RESULTS: Based on data representing average conditions circa 2006, a total of 18 carcinogen-exposure pathways had potential lifetime excess cancer risks greater than 1 per million, based on varying data quality. Carcinogens with moderate to high data quality and lifetime excess cancer risk greater than 1 per million included benzene, 1,3-butadiene and radon in outdoor air; benzene and radon in indoor air; and arsenic and hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Important data gaps were identified for asbestos, hexavalent chromium and diesel exhaust in outdoor and indoor air, while little data were available to assess risk for substances in dust, food and beverages. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to track changes in potential population exposures to environmental carcinogens over time, as well as to compare between different substances and exposure pathways, is necessary to support comprehensive, evidence-based prevention policy. We used estimates of lifetime excess cancer risk as indicators that, although based on a number of simplifying assumptions, help to identify important data gaps and prioritize more detailed data collection and exposure assessment needs.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516261,Parikh et al. 1997,Hexavalent and trivalent chromium affect specific phases but not rate of the electric organ discharge in a mormyrid,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract meeting poster gnathonemus-petersii electric fish mormyrid nervous system electric organ discharge hexavalent chromium heavy metals trivalent chromium discharge phases water quality electrocommunication,Hexavalent and trivalent chromium affect specific phases but not rate of the electric organ discharge in a mormyrid Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm meeting abstract meeting poster gnathonemus-petersii electric fish mormyrid nervous system electric organ discharge hexavalent chromium heavy metals trivalent chromium discharge phases water quality electrocommunication,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576896,Altawil et al. 1982,LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION BY TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS IN PATIENTS WITH CHROMIUM SENSITIVITY,,LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION BY TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS IN PATIENTS WITH CHROMIUM SENSITIVITY Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1510091,Thornton et al. 1995,Evaluation of chromium speciation and transport characteristics in the Hanford Site 100D and 100H areas,"Symposium on the hydrogeology of Washington state (1st), Olympia, WA (United States), 28-30 Aug 1995. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. and laboratory investigations have been conducted to define the fate and transport characteristics of chromium contamination present in the 100D/H Areas of the Hanford Site. This information is relevant to assessing the impact of the release of hexavalent chromium to the Columbia River. Included in this study was the determination of the concentration and aqueous speciation of chromium in the unconfined acquifer and an assessment of potential changes in speciation as groundwater passes through the river/acquifer transition zone and mixes with the Columbia River. The results of this study indicate that chromium present within the Hanford acquifer is predominantly in the oxidized hexavalent state. Chromium is apparently stable in the oxidized form owing to its lack of organic matter within the acquifer. A portion of the chromium is removed as groundwater passes through the transition zone due to reduction and precipitation associated with sediment/water interaction processes. Chemical data collected from seep water samples, however, suggests, that most of the hexavalent chromium ultimately discharges into the Columbia River. Dilution of hexavalent chromium subsequently occurs during the mixing of groundwater and river water, with relatively little change taking place in speciation.","Evaluation of chromium speciation and transport characteristics in the Hanford Site 100D and 100H areas Abs: Symposium on the hydrogeology of Washington state (1st), Olympia, WA (United States), 28-30 Aug 1995. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. and laboratory investigations have been conducted to define the fate and transport characteristics of chromium contamination present in the 100D/H Areas of the Hanford Site. This information is relevant to assessing the impact of the release of hexavalent chromium to the Columbia River. Included in this study was the determination of the concentration and aqueous speciation of chromium in the unconfined acquifer and an assessment of potential changes in speciation as groundwater passes through the river/acquifer transition zone and mixes with the Columbia River. The results of this study indicate that chromium present within the Hanford acquifer is predominantly in the oxidized hexavalent state. Chromium is apparently stable in the oxidized form owing to its lack of organic matter within the acquifer. A portion of the chromium is removed as groundwater passes through the transition zone due to reduction and precipitation associated with sediment/water interaction processes. Chemical data collected from seep water samples, however, suggests, that most of the hexavalent chromium ultimately discharges into the Columbia River. Dilution of hexavalent chromium subsequently occurs during the mixing of groundwater and river water, with relatively little change taking place in speciation.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231624,Paustenbach 2009,On the chromium reanalysis,,On the chromium reanalysis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576982,Huang et al. 2008,Optimization and Evaluation of a Sampling and Analytic Method for the Measurement of Hexavalent Chromium in Ambient Air,,Optimization and Evaluation of a Sampling and Analytic Method for the Measurement of Hexavalent Chromium in Ambient Air Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1236106,Cupo and  Wetterhahn 1985,Modification of chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage by glutathione and cytochromes P-450 in chicken embryo hepatocytes,"The role of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 in the production of DNA damage by chromium(VI) was examined in chicken embryo hepatocytes by the alkaline elution technique. Cellular levels of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 were altered by treating the hepatocytes with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, buthionine sulfoximine, isopentanol, or beta-naphthoflavone. A dramatic increase in chromium(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks was observed after increasing glutathione levels in the cells. Chromium(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks were even more numerous when the level of cytochrome P-450 was also increased. Upon depletion of glutathione levels and induction of cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome P-448, little or no DNA strand breaks or DNA interstrand cross-links were observed after chromium(VI) treatment. Chromium(VI)-induced DNA-protein cross-links generally decreased after either increases or decreases in cellular levels of glutathione or cytochrome P-450 or P-448. These results suggest that glutathione enhances chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage through metabolic activation of chromium(VI). The possible production of reactive chromium species upon metabolism by glutathione and cytochrome P-450 or P-448 and their involvement in DNA damage is discussed.","Modification of chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage by glutathione and cytochromes P-450 in chicken embryo hepatocytes Abs: The role of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 in the production of DNA damage by chromium(VI) was examined in chicken embryo hepatocytes by the alkaline elution technique. Cellular levels of glutathione and cytochrome P-450 were altered by treating the hepatocytes with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, buthionine sulfoximine, isopentanol, or beta-naphthoflavone. A dramatic increase in chromium(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks was observed after increasing glutathione levels in the cells. Chromium(VI)-induced DNA strand breaks were even more numerous when the level of cytochrome P-450 was also increased. Upon depletion of glutathione levels and induction of cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome P-448, little or no DNA strand breaks or DNA interstrand cross-links were observed after chromium(VI) treatment. Chromium(VI)-induced DNA-protein cross-links generally decreased after either increases or decreases in cellular levels of glutathione or cytochrome P-450 or P-448. These results suggest that glutathione enhances chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage through metabolic activation of chromium(VI). The possible production of reactive chromium species upon metabolism by glutathione and cytochrome P-450 or P-448 and their involvement in DNA damage is discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238866,Tong et al. 1985,"EVALUATION OF GENOTOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM, CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, AND NICKEL IN AN INVITRO BATTERY",,"EVALUATION OF GENOTOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM, CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, AND NICKEL IN AN INVITRO BATTERY Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1237592,Stearns 2007,Uptake and Mutagenicity of Moderately Soluble Hexavalent Chromium,"DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known human lung carcinogen. Millions of workers are exposed to Cr(VI) worldwide. The most recent paradigm proposes that the chromate compounds that are moderately water-soluble are more carcinogenic than the chromates that are either insoluble or water-soluble; however, it is not understood why this is so. Most of the data on how chromium damages DNA and causes DNA mutations has come from either the insoluble chromates or the water soluble chromates, not from the moderately soluble chromates that may be the most carcinogenic. The moderately soluble chromates are zinc chromate, strontium chromate and calcium chromate. Several crucial pieces of information are lacking regarding the activity of these moderately soluble chromates. No mutagenicity studies have been carried out with these compounds in human lung epithelial cells, which are the target cells for tumor formation. The types of mutations that these compounds cause have not been characterized in any cell line. The relative mutagenic potency of these chromates is not known. The extent to which these compounds dissolve outside of cells or enter cells as particulates is not known. The involvement of the zinc, strontium and calcium counterions in chromate toxicity is not known. The goals of the current proposal are to explain (1) how the moderately soluble Cr(VI) compounds enter cells and (2) if the mutations caused by the moderately soluble chromates differ from those caused by the soluble and insoluble chromates. The first aim of this proposal will apply the techniques of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to determine how the moderately soluble chromates enter cells. The second aim of this proposal will measure and characterize mutations at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus caused by the moderately soluble chromates in human lung epithelial cells and will compare mutation frequency and identity with mutations caused by the soluble and insoluble chromates. Data from these experiments will determine the relative mutagenic potency of these chromates, and will give insight into mechanisms of action, i.e., involvement of counterion and possible DNA lesions responsible for the mutations. Data from this proposal will provide mode of action information that will be necessary for thorough human risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to determine how chromium(VI) causes cancer. The goals of this proposal are to explain (1) how the moderately soluble chromium(VI) compounds enter cells and (2) if the mutations caused by the moderately soluble chromates differ from those caused by the less carcinogenic soluble and insoluble chromates. Understanding the mode of action of these chromates will provide a foundation for human risk assessment.","Uptake and Mutagenicity of Moderately Soluble Hexavalent Chromium Abs: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known human lung carcinogen. Millions of workers are exposed to Cr(VI) worldwide. The most recent paradigm proposes that the chromate compounds that are moderately water-soluble are more carcinogenic than the chromates that are either insoluble or water-soluble; however, it is not understood why this is so. Most of the data on how chromium damages DNA and causes DNA mutations has come from either the insoluble chromates or the water soluble chromates, not from the moderately soluble chromates that may be the most carcinogenic. The moderately soluble chromates are zinc chromate, strontium chromate and calcium chromate. Several crucial pieces of information are lacking regarding the activity of these moderately soluble chromates. No mutagenicity studies have been carried out with these compounds in human lung epithelial cells, which are the target cells for tumor formation. The types of mutations that these compounds cause have not been characterized in any cell line. The relative mutagenic potency of these chromates is not known. The extent to which these compounds dissolve outside of cells or enter cells as particulates is not known. The involvement of the zinc, strontium and calcium counterions in chromate toxicity is not known. The goals of the current proposal are to explain (1) how the moderately soluble Cr(VI) compounds enter cells and (2) if the mutations caused by the moderately soluble chromates differ from those caused by the soluble and insoluble chromates. The first aim of this proposal will apply the techniques of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, laser scanning confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to determine how the moderately soluble chromates enter cells. The second aim of this proposal will measure and characterize mutations at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus caused by the moderately soluble chromates in human lung epithelial cells and will compare mutation frequency and identity with mutations caused by the soluble and insoluble chromates. Data from these experiments will determine the relative mutagenic potency of these chromates, and will give insight into mechanisms of action, i.e., involvement of counterion and possible DNA lesions responsible for the mutations. Data from this proposal will provide mode of action information that will be necessary for thorough human risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to determine how chromium(VI) causes cancer. The goals of this proposal are to explain (1) how the moderately soluble chromium(VI) compounds enter cells and (2) if the mutations caused by the moderately soluble chromates differ from those caused by the less carcinogenic soluble and insoluble chromates. Understanding the mode of action of these chromates will provide a foundation for human risk assessment.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577019,Mattagajasingh and  Misra 1995,DETECTION OF CHROMIUM(VI)-INDUCED DNA-PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN HUMAN LEUKEMIC T-LYMPHOCYTE MOLT4 CELLS BY IMMUNOBLOTTING,,DETECTION OF CHROMIUM(VI)-INDUCED DNA-PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN HUMAN LEUKEMIC T-LYMPHOCYTE MOLT4 CELLS BY IMMUNOBLOTTING Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231053,Nile 1981,Safety. Chromic acid mist: is enough guidance given?--1,,Safety. Chromic acid mist: is enough guidance given?--1 Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1577103,Singh 1998,CHROMIUM INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND GENOTOXICITY,"Certain particulate hexavalent compounds cause lung cancer and respiratory lesions in an occupational setting. Hexavalent chromium enters the cells and is metabolically reduced to trivalent chromium. This process generates transient intermediate oxidation states of chromium and, possibly, reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting genetic and cellular damage inhibits cellular DNA replication and transcription, blocks the cell cycle, and causes apoptosis. The overall goals of this proposal are: (1) To investigate the cellular effects of soluble and particulate chromates in two normal human lung cell types that are likely to be targeted by chromium, the normal human lung fibroblasts and the small airway epithelial cells. The role of ROS and DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks (DDC) in chromium-induced apoptosis, will be studied at the cellular level by using pharmacological antioxidants and Fanconi anemia cells that are deficient in the repair of DDC, respectively. (2) To investigate how DNA-bound chromium affects genomic replication. This will be modeled in vitro by replicating Cr-treated DNA by the human DNA replication complex, the synthesome. Thus, the proposed study will elucidate some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chromium-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in the relevant, target human lung cells. From a public health perspective, this information will be important since it will contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis in exposed humans.","CHROMIUM INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND GENOTOXICITY Abs: Certain particulate hexavalent compounds cause lung cancer and respiratory lesions in an occupational setting. Hexavalent chromium enters the cells and is metabolically reduced to trivalent chromium. This process generates transient intermediate oxidation states of chromium and, possibly, reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting genetic and cellular damage inhibits cellular DNA replication and transcription, blocks the cell cycle, and causes apoptosis. The overall goals of this proposal are: (1) To investigate the cellular effects of soluble and particulate chromates in two normal human lung cell types that are likely to be targeted by chromium, the normal human lung fibroblasts and the small airway epithelial cells. The role of ROS and DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks (DDC) in chromium-induced apoptosis, will be studied at the cellular level by using pharmacological antioxidants and Fanconi anemia cells that are deficient in the repair of DDC, respectively. (2) To investigate how DNA-bound chromium affects genomic replication. This will be modeled in vitro by replicating Cr-treated DNA by the human DNA replication complex, the synthesome. Thus, the proposed study will elucidate some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chromium-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in the relevant, target human lung cells. From a public health perspective, this information will be important since it will contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms of chromium toxicity and carcinogenesis in exposed humans.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516411,Sewell and  Gibson 1993,Reduction of chromium-vi to chromium-iii in anaerobic aquifer microcosms,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chromium pollution bioremediation ethanol benzoate sulfide ferric iron,Reduction of chromium-vi to chromium-iii in anaerobic aquifer microcosms Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm abstract chromium pollution bioremediation ethanol benzoate sulfide ferric iron,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1232212,Marini et al. 1995,Does welding stainless steel cause cancer?,,Does welding stainless steel cause cancer? Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1233694,Post and  Stern 2006,"Comments on article ""Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans"" by Costa and Klein","The recent article by Costa and Klein (2006) contains several inaccuracies about the federal drinking water standard for chromium. The federal drinking water standard for chromium is 100 ppb, not 50 ppb as stated by Costa and Klein, and it is based on non-carcinogenic effects, not a one in one million cancer risk level. The question of whether or not hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic via the oral route is the focus of much current interest and has major implications for regulation of chromium in drinking water and soil. The chronic drinking water study of hexavalent chromium currently being conducted by the National Toxicology Program will provide further information that will be useful in addressing this question.","Comments on article ""Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans"" by Costa and Klein Abs: The recent article by Costa and Klein (2006) contains several inaccuracies about the federal drinking water standard for chromium. The federal drinking water standard for chromium is 100 ppb, not 50 ppb as stated by Costa and Klein, and it is based on non-carcinogenic effects, not a one in one million cancer risk level. The question of whether or not hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic via the oral route is the focus of much current interest and has major implications for regulation of chromium in drinking water and soil. The chronic drinking water study of hexavalent chromium currently being conducted by the National Toxicology Program will provide further information that will be useful in addressing this question.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1516434,Shimada 1979,Effects of chromium vi on growth and enzyme production of chromium resistant bacteria,Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract pseudomonas-sp toxicity secretion glucose,Effects of chromium vi on growth and enzyme production of chromium resistant bacteria Abs: Heep copyright: biol abs. abstract pseudomonas-sp toxicity secretion glucose,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576963,Finley et al. 1993,COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON SPERMATOGENESIS OF THE MOUSE - COMMENT,,COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TRIVALENT AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON SPERMATOGENESIS OF THE MOUSE - COMMENT Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1576898,Bajraktari et al. 2006,Chromium(VI) oxide-CrO3 - Treatment causes eyeless (ey) and small eye (sey) individuals of D. melanogaster,,Chromium(VI) oxide-CrO3 - Treatment causes eyeless (ey) and small eye (sey) individuals of D. melanogaster Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1238539,Arreola-Mendoza et al. 2005,Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on renal injury caused by chromate exposure,"Chromate Cr(VI) is a common industrial waste product and environmental pollutant. It is also a recognized human carcinogen. Some toxic effects of Cr(VI) exposure have been related with its oxidative capacity. In the kidney, exposure to Cr(VI) has been associated with proximal tubular necrosis, although its mechanism remains unclear. Our aim was to examine acute renal damage caused by the exposure of Cr(VI), to disclose the degree of lipid peroxidation (LPO) cause by this metal and the functional consequences on different nephron segments (glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules). We also assessed the segmental selectivity of the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on these alterations. Wistar female rats (200 g bw) received potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg, sc, single dose). LPO and renal function were monitored on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10 y 14 after Cr(VI) administration. A second group received alpha-tocopherol (125 mg/kg/day, gavage), 5 days before and 7 days after Cr(VI), and were monitored on 0, 2 and 7 days of Cr(VI) exposure. LPO was quantified in renal tissue; creatinine clearance, glucose and sodium fractional excretions, free-water and osmolal clearances were also measured. Results showed oxidative damage 48 h after exposure to Cr(VI) with spontaneous recovery after day 7. Renal function was maximally altered on day 3 and thereafter recovery ensued. Glomerular filtration decreased, glucose and sodium fractional excretions increased and free water and osmolal were affected. These changes showed a similar timecourse to that of the oxidative damage. alpha-tocopherol-treated group showed less oxidative damage and preservation of proximal tubule function. In contrast, glomerular and distal function did not show difference with the group that received Cr(VI) alone. These results suggest that Cr(VI) causes alterations along different segments of the nephron and the antioxidant treatment had protective effect only on the injury caused by Cr(VI) on the proximal tubular function.","Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on renal injury caused by chromate exposure Abs: Chromate Cr(VI) is a common industrial waste product and environmental pollutant. It is also a recognized human carcinogen. Some toxic effects of Cr(VI) exposure have been related with its oxidative capacity. In the kidney, exposure to Cr(VI) has been associated with proximal tubular necrosis, although its mechanism remains unclear. Our aim was to examine acute renal damage caused by the exposure of Cr(VI), to disclose the degree of lipid peroxidation (LPO) cause by this metal and the functional consequences on different nephron segments (glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules). We also assessed the segmental selectivity of the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol on these alterations. Wistar female rats (200 g bw) received potassium dichromate (15 mg/kg, sc, single dose). LPO and renal function were monitored on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10 y 14 after Cr(VI) administration. A second group received alpha-tocopherol (125 mg/kg/day, gavage), 5 days before and 7 days after Cr(VI), and were monitored on 0, 2 and 7 days of Cr(VI) exposure. LPO was quantified in renal tissue; creatinine clearance, glucose and sodium fractional excretions, free-water and osmolal clearances were also measured. Results showed oxidative damage 48 h after exposure to Cr(VI) with spontaneous recovery after day 7. Renal function was maximally altered on day 3 and thereafter recovery ensued. Glomerular filtration decreased, glucose and sodium fractional excretions increased and free water and osmolal were affected. These changes showed a similar timecourse to that of the oxidative damage. alpha-tocopherol-treated group showed less oxidative damage and preservation of proximal tubule function. In contrast, glomerular and distal function did not show difference with the group that received Cr(VI) alone. These results suggest that Cr(VI) causes alterations along different segments of the nephron and the antioxidant treatment had protective effect only on the injury caused by Cr(VI) on the proximal tubular function.",0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1231718,Srinivas et al. 2007,Reducing the allergenic hexavalent chromium in leather to hypoallergenic trivalent chromium for prevention of leather dermatitis,,Reducing the allergenic hexavalent chromium in leather to hypoallergenic trivalent chromium for prevention of leather dermatitis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,6
1234345,Herbst et al. 2004,Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period,"Periorbital dermatitis is common and can be due to the external use of ophthalmic drugs. We evaluated patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology. During a 5-year period (1995-99), of a total 49,256 patch-tested patients, 1053 (2.1%) were eventually diagnosed as allergic periorbital contact dermatitis (APD) and 588 (1.2%) as non-allergic periorbital dermatitis (NAPD). Patient characteristics between APD, NAPD and other cases (OCs) differed with respect to sex (19.7% male in both periorbital groups versus 36.3% in OCs), atopic dermatitis (10.4% in APD versus 60.2% in NAPD versus 16.9% in OCs) and age, APD being substantially more often (68.2%) aged 40 and above than NAPD (52.6%). Several of the top allergens in OCs [such as fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru), lanolin alcohol and potassium dichromate] caused significantly fewer positive test reactions in both periorbital groups. In contrast, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate, sodium disulfite, gentamicin sulfate, phenylephrine hydrochloride and benzalkonium chloride tested positively significantly more often in APD but not in NAPD, verifying them as true ophthalmic allergens. Finally, in 42 cases (4%) of APD patients, additional allergens were identified by testing of the patients' own substances (mostly beta-blockers, oxybuprocaine and dexpanthenol), supporting the necessity of testing with ophthalmic drugs as is where individual substances are not readily available.","Allergic and non-allergic periorbital dermatitis: patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology during a 5-year period Abs: Periorbital dermatitis is common and can be due to the external use of ophthalmic drugs. We evaluated patch test results of the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology. During a 5-year period (1995-99), of a total 49,256 patch-tested patients, 1053 (2.1%) were eventually diagnosed as allergic periorbital contact dermatitis (APD) and 588 (1.2%) as non-allergic periorbital dermatitis (NAPD). Patient characteristics between APD, NAPD and other cases (OCs) differed with respect to sex (19.7% male in both periorbital groups versus 36.3% in OCs), atopic dermatitis (10.4% in APD versus 60.2% in NAPD versus 16.9% in OCs) and age, APD being substantially more often (68.2%) aged 40 and above than NAPD (52.6%). Several of the top allergens in OCs [such as fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru), lanolin alcohol and potassium dichromate] caused significantly fewer positive test reactions in both periorbital groups. In contrast, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate, sodium disulfite, gentamicin sulfate, phenylephrine hydrochloride and benzalkonium chloride tested positively significantly more often in APD but not in NAPD, verifying them as true ophthalmic allergens. Finally, in 42 cases (4%) of APD patients, additional allergens were identified by testing of the patients' own substances (mostly beta-blockers, oxybuprocaine and dexpanthenol), supporting the necessity of testing with ophthalmic drugs as is where individual substances are not readily available.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1319804,Sancak et al. 2009,Application of patch test in allergic (atopic) dogs and investigation of dog allergy incidence in people,,Application of patch test in allergic (atopic) dogs and investigation of dog allergy incidence in people Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1509551,Accominotti et al. 1998,Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils,"Nickel ingestion can cause exacerbation of dermatitis in patients who are already nickel-sensitive; Chromium (Cr VI) is the 2nd allergen, after nickel. However, stainless steel is widely used in home cookware. In this study, we determined nickel and chromium levels by atomic absorption spectrometry in 11 habitual menus cooked in different grades of stainless steel utensils. We noted a great difference in nickel and chromium intake depending on the menu, and a significant difference between the glass and stainless steel saucepans, but this was very low compared with the levels of nickel and chromium contained in the menus; mean intakes of these elements were under the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by the World Health Organization. Hence, there is no advantage for nickel-sensitive patients in switching to materials other than stainless steel, provided that this is of good quality.","Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils Abs: Nickel ingestion can cause exacerbation of dermatitis in patients who are already nickel-sensitive; Chromium (Cr VI) is the 2nd allergen, after nickel. However, stainless steel is widely used in home cookware. In this study, we determined nickel and chromium levels by atomic absorption spectrometry in 11 habitual menus cooked in different grades of stainless steel utensils. We noted a great difference in nickel and chromium intake depending on the menu, and a significant difference between the glass and stainless steel saucepans, but this was very low compared with the levels of nickel and chromium contained in the menus; mean intakes of these elements were under the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by the World Health Organization. Hence, there is no advantage for nickel-sensitive patients in switching to materials other than stainless steel, provided that this is of good quality.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235031,Sukanto et al. 1981,Influence of topically applied corticosteroids on patch test reactions,"Four commercially available corticosteroid preparations were assayed for their capacity to suppress patch test reactions with contact allergens (nickel sulfate, nitrofuralum, potassium dichromate, epoxy resin, wood tars and Maneb) in sensitized individuals (n=14). Beta-methasone valerate, betamethasone dipropionate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate and triamcinolone acetonide (0.05-0.7% solutions in isopropanol or ethanol) were applied under occlusion in amounts of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ml, respectively. Patch tests were performed on the pretreated skin sites. The patches were removed 24 h after application and the reactions were read 15 min and 24 h later. The intensity of the reactions and the size of the infiltrated areas of the pretreated sites were measured and compared with those of a control patch test. Topical application of corticosteroids was found to have a suppressive effect both on the intensity as well as on the size of the epicutaneous reactions. No marked difference in the suppression effect of the four corticosteroids could be observed.","Influence of topically applied corticosteroids on patch test reactions Abs: Four commercially available corticosteroid preparations were assayed for their capacity to suppress patch test reactions with contact allergens (nickel sulfate, nitrofuralum, potassium dichromate, epoxy resin, wood tars and Maneb) in sensitized individuals (n=14). Beta-methasone valerate, betamethasone dipropionate, hydrocortisone-17-butyrate and triamcinolone acetonide (0.05-0.7% solutions in isopropanol or ethanol) were applied under occlusion in amounts of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 ml, respectively. Patch tests were performed on the pretreated skin sites. The patches were removed 24 h after application and the reactions were read 15 min and 24 h later. The intensity of the reactions and the size of the infiltrated areas of the pretreated sites were measured and compared with those of a control patch test. Topical application of corticosteroids was found to have a suppressive effect both on the intensity as well as on the size of the epicutaneous reactions. No marked difference in the suppression effect of the four corticosteroids could be observed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237821,Kousa and  Soini 1980,Contact allergy to a stocking dye,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Eczema patients (13 women and 1 man) had contact allergy to a brown stocking dye which is a mixture of nitrodiazobenzene, aminodiazobenzene and aminoanthraquinone dyes. Eleven of the patients reacted to p-phenylenediamine; 9 of 12 tested reacted to aminoazobenzene, 9 to Disperse Orange 3 and 4 to Disperse Yellow 3. Positive epicutaneous test reactions to the dye were found in 5 of 362 consecutive eczema patients tested (1.4%).","Contact allergy to a stocking dye Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Eczema patients (13 women and 1 man) had contact allergy to a brown stocking dye which is a mixture of nitrodiazobenzene, aminodiazobenzene and aminoanthraquinone dyes. Eleven of the patients reacted to p-phenylenediamine; 9 of 12 tested reacted to aminoazobenzene, 9 to Disperse Orange 3 and 4 to Disperse Yellow 3. Positive epicutaneous test reactions to the dye were found in 5 of 362 consecutive eczema patients tested (1.4%).",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237988,Andri and  Pendini 1964,Epicutaneous Test Carried Out With Substances Used in the Printing Industry For Prevention of Allergic Dermatoses,Allergic reactions to a wide variety of substances used in the printing industry were evaluated via skin patch tests of 195 printing firm workers employed for 4 to 7 months. Subjects were tested with chemicals that they were exposed to during their particular jobs. Reactions were read at 48 hours. Only 2 slightly positive reactions were found out of 773 skin tests; one to rotogravure printing paints and one to potassium bichromate. The authors conclude that the skin tests cannot be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. (Italian).,Epicutaneous Test Carried Out With Substances Used in the Printing Industry For Prevention of Allergic Dermatoses Abs: Allergic reactions to a wide variety of substances used in the printing industry were evaluated via skin patch tests of 195 printing firm workers employed for 4 to 7 months. Subjects were tested with chemicals that they were exposed to during their particular jobs. Reactions were read at 48 hours. Only 2 slightly positive reactions were found out of 773 skin tests; one to rotogravure printing paints and one to potassium bichromate. The authors conclude that the skin tests cannot be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. (Italian).,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1509966,Schena et al. 2012,Allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Prevalence and causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children vary with time and geographical area.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>This study aimed to determine the relevant allergens causing ACD in children and the relation between ACD and atopic dermatitis (AD).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A cohort study on 349 children (0-15 years old) patch tested over a 7-year period was conducted.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Patch test results were positive for at least 1 allergen in 69.3% of patients and were relevant in 69.8%. The highest sensitization rate (76.7%) was observed in children who are 0 to 5 years old (n = 86, 64% females), followed by the group of 6- to 10-year olds (70%, n = 157, 47.8% females), whereas 62.3% of 11- to 15-year-old children (n = 106, 59.4%) were sensitized. The most frequent allergens were nickel (16.3%), cobalt (6.9%), Kathon CG (5.4%), potassium dichromate (5.1%), fragrance mix (4.3%), and neomycin (4.3%). Body areas mostly affected were upper limbs and hands (31%). Approximately one third of children also had AD. Allergic contact dermatitis was more widespread in children with AD. Patch tests resulted positive in 55.3% (50% relevant) of AD compared with 76.9% (77.5% relevant) of the children without AD. Sensitizers were similar to children without AD.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Very young children showed a high rate of relevant positive patch test reactions to common haptens. Allergic contact dermatitis may easily coexist with AD.","Allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Prevalence and causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children vary with time and geographical area.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>This study aimed to determine the relevant allergens causing ACD in children and the relation between ACD and atopic dermatitis (AD).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A cohort study on 349 children (0-15 years old) patch tested over a 7-year period was conducted.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Patch test results were positive for at least 1 allergen in 69.3% of patients and were relevant in 69.8%. The highest sensitization rate (76.7%) was observed in children who are 0 to 5 years old (n = 86, 64% females), followed by the group of 6- to 10-year olds (70%, n = 157, 47.8% females), whereas 62.3% of 11- to 15-year-old children (n = 106, 59.4%) were sensitized. The most frequent allergens were nickel (16.3%), cobalt (6.9%), Kathon CG (5.4%), potassium dichromate (5.1%), fragrance mix (4.3%), and neomycin (4.3%). Body areas mostly affected were upper limbs and hands (31%). Approximately one third of children also had AD. Allergic contact dermatitis was more widespread in children with AD. Patch tests resulted positive in 55.3% (50% relevant) of AD compared with 76.9% (77.5% relevant) of the children without AD. Sensitizers were similar to children without AD.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Very young children showed a high rate of relevant positive patch test reactions to common haptens. Allergic contact dermatitis may easily coexist with AD.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237853,De Moragas et al. 1982,SURGICAL SYMPATHECTOMY IN A CASE OF CONTACT DERMATITIS,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. HUMAN HAND HYPER HIDROSIS METAL WORKER,SURGICAL SYMPATHECTOMY IN A CASE OF CONTACT DERMATITIS Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. HUMAN HAND HYPER HIDROSIS METAL WORKER,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238464,Palacio et al. 1997,Contact Allergens and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Upregulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Normal Keratinocytes,"The effects of contact allergens and sodium-lauryl-sulfate (151213) (SLS) on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in normal human keratinocytes were examined, and the role of hydrocortisone assessed. Cells obtained from eight donors were cultured and stimulated with subtoxic concentrations of nickel-sulfate (7786814) (NiSO4), cobalt-chloride (7646799) (CoCl2), potassium-dichromate (7778509) (K2Cr2O7), dinitrosulfobenzene (DNSB), paraphenylenediamine (106503) (pPD), and SLS for 24 to 72 hours. Cell cultures were also treated with hydrocortisone (50237) or NiSO4 plus hydrocortisone. Following exposures, trypan-blue was used to determine cell viability and cell counts. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the VEGF levels in culture supernatants. The metal salts induced significant, dose dependent increases in the level of VEGF released by the keratinocytes. VEGF concentrations in the culture supernatant rose fivefold in cultures stimulated with NiSO4 and CoCl2 and fourfold in cultures stimulated with K2Cr2O7. DNSB and pPD increased VEGF concentrations in the culture supernatant by twofold and threefold, respectively. These effects were noted for stimulation times of 24, 48, and 72 hours. VEGF levels were elevated by almost fivefold in cultures stimulated with the irritant SLS for 24 or 48 hours. At a concentration of 2 micrograms per milliliter, hydrocortisone reduced the level of VEGF release in keratinocytes by approximately 30%. Hydrocortisone inhibited the stimulatory effect of NiSO4 in a significant, dose dependent, and time dependent manner. The authors conclude that contact allergens and irritants stimulate the release of VEGF in keratinocytes in-vitro, which may result in the microvascular hyperpermeability of contact and irritant dermatitis.","Contact Allergens and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Upregulate Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Normal Keratinocytes Abs: The effects of contact allergens and sodium-lauryl-sulfate (151213) (SLS) on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in normal human keratinocytes were examined, and the role of hydrocortisone assessed. Cells obtained from eight donors were cultured and stimulated with subtoxic concentrations of nickel-sulfate (7786814) (NiSO4), cobalt-chloride (7646799) (CoCl2), potassium-dichromate (7778509) (K2Cr2O7), dinitrosulfobenzene (DNSB), paraphenylenediamine (106503) (pPD), and SLS for 24 to 72 hours. Cell cultures were also treated with hydrocortisone (50237) or NiSO4 plus hydrocortisone. Following exposures, trypan-blue was used to determine cell viability and cell counts. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the VEGF levels in culture supernatants. The metal salts induced significant, dose dependent increases in the level of VEGF released by the keratinocytes. VEGF concentrations in the culture supernatant rose fivefold in cultures stimulated with NiSO4 and CoCl2 and fourfold in cultures stimulated with K2Cr2O7. DNSB and pPD increased VEGF concentrations in the culture supernatant by twofold and threefold, respectively. These effects were noted for stimulation times of 24, 48, and 72 hours. VEGF levels were elevated by almost fivefold in cultures stimulated with the irritant SLS for 24 or 48 hours. At a concentration of 2 micrograms per milliliter, hydrocortisone reduced the level of VEGF release in keratinocytes by approximately 30%. Hydrocortisone inhibited the stimulatory effect of NiSO4 in a significant, dose dependent, and time dependent manner. The authors conclude that contact allergens and irritants stimulate the release of VEGF in keratinocytes in-vitro, which may result in the microvascular hyperpermeability of contact and irritant dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238531,Morin et al. 2004,Metal Toxicity Of Sodium Chromate In Steller Sea Lion Bronchus And Dermis Compared To Humans,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen to humans. Some species of marine mammals are known to be more resistant to the effects of this and other xenobiotics than humans. For example, Cr(VI) has been shown to cause cancer in humans, but relatively higher levels of chromium and other metals have been found in tissues from many populations of marine mammals without increasing incidences of pathologies. Therefore, the focus of this investigation was to explore the possibility that sea lion cells respond differently than human cells to the cytotoxic effect of Cr(VI). We found that concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 uM sodium chromate induced 63, 42, 8, 0, and 0% relative survival in human bronchial fibroblasts (WTHBF-6) when compared to untreated controls, and that these same concentrations induced 67, 54, 41, 25 and 1% relative survival in Steller sea lion bronchial fibroblasts. Similarly, concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 uM sodium chromate induced 56, 28, 11, 0, and 0% relative survival in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ-htert) when compared to untreated controls; whereas the same concentrations induced 89, 76, 64, 37, and 24% relative survival in Steller sea lion dermal fibroblasts. This suggests that at low and moderate concentrations Sea lion cells may have protective mechanisms for the cytotoxic effects of Cr(VI). Further research is aimed at understanding the mechanism of this.","Metal Toxicity Of Sodium Chromate In Steller Sea Lion Bronchus And Dermis Compared To Humans Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a known carcinogen to humans. Some species of marine mammals are known to be more resistant to the effects of this and other xenobiotics than humans. For example, Cr(VI) has been shown to cause cancer in humans, but relatively higher levels of chromium and other metals have been found in tissues from many populations of marine mammals without increasing incidences of pathologies. Therefore, the focus of this investigation was to explore the possibility that sea lion cells respond differently than human cells to the cytotoxic effect of Cr(VI). We found that concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 uM sodium chromate induced 63, 42, 8, 0, and 0% relative survival in human bronchial fibroblasts (WTHBF-6) when compared to untreated controls, and that these same concentrations induced 67, 54, 41, 25 and 1% relative survival in Steller sea lion bronchial fibroblasts. Similarly, concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 uM sodium chromate induced 56, 28, 11, 0, and 0% relative survival in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ-htert) when compared to untreated controls; whereas the same concentrations induced 89, 76, 64, 37, and 24% relative survival in Steller sea lion dermal fibroblasts. This suggests that at low and moderate concentrations Sea lion cells may have protective mechanisms for the cytotoxic effects of Cr(VI). Further research is aimed at understanding the mechanism of this.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1576498,Van RHEE 1946,"Contact dermatitis, caused by zinc chromate paint",,"Contact dermatitis, caused by zinc chromate paint Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237650,Tulegenov and  Chaikovskii 1970,Activity of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute in support of public health bodies,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Institute is primarily concerned with studying working conditions and occupational pathology in the coal and ore mining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industries of central Kazakhstan and has helped public health organizations in various projects. These include studies in noise and vibration and occupational and allergic skin diseases, dermatoses and potassium bichromate and erysipelas in meat industries. The function of the clinical division of the institute in setting qualifications for doctors and conducting seminars is also mentioned. The Institute also examines and compiles data on construction and reorganization of industrial enterprises and introduces new equipment.","Activity of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute in support of public health bodies Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The Institute is primarily concerned with studying working conditions and occupational pathology in the coal and ore mining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and chemical industries of central Kazakhstan and has helped public health organizations in various projects. These include studies in noise and vibration and occupational and allergic skin diseases, dermatoses and potassium bichromate and erysipelas in meat industries. The function of the clinical division of the institute in setting qualifications for doctors and conducting seminars is also mentioned. The Institute also examines and compiles data on construction and reorganization of industrial enterprises and introduces new equipment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1514509,Fleeger and  Deng 1970,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-88-266-1970, Glennwood Range, Delaware, Ohio","In response to a request from at Glennwood Range (SIC-3469), Delaware, Ohio, a study was made of possible hazardous working conditions. At this facility 750 employees manufactured consumer gas and electric ranges. Several employees were suffering from skin disorders. Eighty seven of the employees worked in the Enamel Department where the primary responsibility was painting the individual range parts prior to their final construction. Porcelain enamel paints were applied to range parts by either a dipping or flow coat process. The porcelain enamels contained chromium (7440473) in the trivalent state. Oxidizers were added to the enamels, causing the potential for the trivalent chromium to change to a hexavalent state. The skin problems were found mainly among the ground coat line workers who were responsible for hanging parts on hooks to enter a curing oven. Most workers did not wear protective rubber gloves. It was determined that holes had developed in the heating coils of the curing oven, producing open flames. The open flames had caused burn off on the parts, and sharp edges developed on hooks used to hang parts. Samples taken from the hooks used to hang the range parts showed chromium(VI) concentrations of 0.09 to 2.41 micrograms per milligram of sample. Chromium(VI) concentrations in matter scraped from the hooks ranged from 0.3 to 4.4 micrograms/milligram. Sharp edges on the hooks caused abrasions on the hands of the worker, allowing the chromium a direct route of entry beneath the skin surface, causing the ulcerations. The authors conclude that a health hazard existed from exposure to chromium. The authors recommend measures for oven maintenance and worker protection.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-88-266-1970, Glennwood Range, Delaware, Ohio Abs: In response to a request from at Glennwood Range (SIC-3469), Delaware, Ohio, a study was made of possible hazardous working conditions. At this facility 750 employees manufactured consumer gas and electric ranges. Several employees were suffering from skin disorders. Eighty seven of the employees worked in the Enamel Department where the primary responsibility was painting the individual range parts prior to their final construction. Porcelain enamel paints were applied to range parts by either a dipping or flow coat process. The porcelain enamels contained chromium (7440473) in the trivalent state. Oxidizers were added to the enamels, causing the potential for the trivalent chromium to change to a hexavalent state. The skin problems were found mainly among the ground coat line workers who were responsible for hanging parts on hooks to enter a curing oven. Most workers did not wear protective rubber gloves. It was determined that holes had developed in the heating coils of the curing oven, producing open flames. The open flames had caused burn off on the parts, and sharp edges developed on hooks used to hang parts. Samples taken from the hooks used to hang the range parts showed chromium(VI) concentrations of 0.09 to 2.41 micrograms per milligram of sample. Chromium(VI) concentrations in matter scraped from the hooks ranged from 0.3 to 4.4 micrograms/milligram. Sharp edges on the hooks caused abrasions on the hands of the worker, allowing the chromium a direct route of entry beneath the skin surface, causing the ulcerations. The authors conclude that a health hazard existed from exposure to chromium. The authors recommend measures for oven maintenance and worker protection.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237462,Stables et al. 1996,Patch testing in children,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. 92 children (45 girls, 47 boys), mean age 9.3 years (3-14.75), were referred to the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, Belvidere Hospital, Glasgow, for patch testing during the period 1979-93 for the investigation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The diagnoses at the time of referral were atopic dermatitis (45), non-atopic with localized dermatitis (26), juvenile plantar dermatosis (15), orofacial granulomatosis (2), vaccination reaction (2) and atypical psoriasis (2). In total, there were 55 positive reactions in 30 children. The commonest allergens were metals (18), fragrances (11) and rubber compounds (6). The patient groups with the highest yield of positive patch tests were those patients with atopic dermatitis who had a good history of a precipitating contact factor (4/5), and non-atopic patients with dermatitis of hands and/or feet (7/14). Our findings suggest that allergic contact dermatitis is more common in children than generally appreciated and that","Patch testing in children Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. 92 children (45 girls, 47 boys), mean age 9.3 years (3-14.75), were referred to the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit, Belvidere Hospital, Glasgow, for patch testing during the period 1979-93 for the investigation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The diagnoses at the time of referral were atopic dermatitis (45), non-atopic with localized dermatitis (26), juvenile plantar dermatosis (15), orofacial granulomatosis (2), vaccination reaction (2) and atypical psoriasis (2). In total, there were 55 positive reactions in 30 children. The commonest allergens were metals (18), fragrances (11) and rubber compounds (6). The patient groups with the highest yield of positive patch tests were those patients with atopic dermatitis who had a good history of a precipitating contact factor (4/5), and non-atopic patients with dermatitis of hands and/or feet (7/14). Our findings suggest that allergic contact dermatitis is more common in children than generally appreciated and that",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238485,standards 1998,Chromium and its inorganic compounds. Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits,"Groups at extra risk. Chromium skin contact allergies haven been observed among workers in numerous industrial activities. Sensitized subjects to chromium are at extra risk and should not be placed in jobs where skin contact with chromium and chromium compounds can occur. In contrast with us document, the committee concluded that it is inappropriate to consider people with a dimished lungfunction at extra risk. Assessment of health risk. Chromium trioxide is used in chrome plating, copper stripping, aluminium anodizing, as a catalyst, refractories, in organic synthesis and photography. Occupations in which exposure may occur include: anodizers, copper etchers, electro-platers, glass workers, lithographers, metal workers, oil purifiers, photoengraphers, photographers, process engravers, stainless steel workers, textile workers, painters and welders (Sit79). Theory and practice show that the kinetics and toxic effects induced by chromium compounds depend on the valency of the chromium ion and the water solubility of the compounds. Chromium metal dust (Cro). There are almost no toxicological data on chromium metal dust. Given this lack of scientific data the committee can not establish a HBR-OEL*. This conclusion also implies that the present MAC** value of 0.5 mg/m3, TWA - 8 h should not be considered as health-based. Chromium(ll) compounds (chromium dichloride). Limited relevant data are available on these compounds. It has been shown that chromium(II) is non-genotoxic. No human data are available. The committee can not recommend a health-based occupational exposure limit due to the lack of scientific data. Soluble chromium(III) compounds (chromic acetate, chromic nitrate, chromic chloride hexahydrate, potassium chromic sulphate dodecahydrate). The target organ of chromium(l11) compounds after inhalatory exposure are the lungs. A MOAEL of 0.6 mg/m3 was found in rabbits exposed to soluble chromium(l11) compounds by inhalation for six hours per day, five days per week during four to six weeks. At this concentration morphological as well as functional changes in the alveolar macrophages were found. Human data are lacking. Chromium(III) compounds have been shown to be not mutagenic, nor clastogenic, nor carcinogenic. The committee considers chromium(III) compounds to be non nephrotoxic. In establishing a HBR-OEL a large safety factor for the extrapolation of animal data to humans is not indicated since chromium(l11) compounds induce only local effects. The committee recommends a HBR-OEL of 0.06 mg/m3 for soluble chromium(l11) compounds, TWA - 8 hour by dividing the MOAEL value of 0.6 mg/m3 in rabbits by a factor of 10. This safety factor is the product of a factor of 3 for interspecies variations and 3 for using a MOAEL as starting point resulting in a safety factor 10. The HBR-OEL should be applied to inhalable dusts. Insoluble chromium(l11) compounds (chromic oxide, chromic phosphate, chromic sulphate). There are almost no recent toxicological data on insoluble chromium(l11) compound In its previous document the committee did not make a distinction between soluble and insoluble chromium(l11) compounds, and did not object against a health-based occupational exposure limit of 0.5 mg/m3, TWA - 8 hour. It was based on only one experiment in hamsters with the lungs as the target organ. No human data are available. Given this lack of data the committee can not recommend a health-based occupational exposure limit for insoluble chromium(III) compounds. Chromium(lV) compounds (chromium dioxide). A long-term inhalation study in rats showed the lungs to be the target organ. A LOAEL of 0.5 mg/m3 was found in a two year study in rats. Exposure to this concentration resulted in slight Type 1I pneumocyte hyperplasis. At higher levels of exposure, hyperplastic Type II pneumocytes and slightly collagenized fibrosis were found. The lungs showed minute fibrotic pleuritis. The committee recommends a HBR-OEL of 0.05 mg/m3 for chromium(lV) compounds, TWA - 8 hour. This value is derived by dividing the LOAEL value in rats of 0.5 mg/m3 by a actor of 10. This safety factor is the product of a factor of 3 for the interspecies variations and three 3 using a LOAEL as the starting point. The HBR-OEL should be applied to inhalable dusts. Chromium(VI) compounds Includes: soluble chromium(VI) compounds (e.g. ammonium dichromate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate); slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound (e.g. calcium chromate, strontium chromate, zinc chromate); very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds (e.g. barium chromate, lead chromate). Several epidemiological studies of workers mainly exposed to zinc chromate (a slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound) report an clear excess of lung cancer mortality. The same holds for lead chromate (a very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound). No cohort studies of workers that were exclusively exposed to soluble chromium(VI) compounds were found in the literature. However there are some series of lung cancer cases that provide circumstantial evidence for the carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (soluble chromium(VI) compounds). These lung cancer cases were listed by Lang?rd (Lan90). Carcinogenicity studies with experimental animals are scarce and of limited value for human risk estimation, due to limitations in the experimental design. Nevertheless, most of these studies point to a carcinogenic effect of chromium(VI) compounds in the lungs. In any case these studies can certainly not be considered as 'negative' with respect to carcinogenesis. It appears that the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds in animals varies with the solubility of the compound. Moreover, all chromium(VI) compounds are mutagenic, irrespective of their solubility. How the solubility interferes with the carcinogenic potential of chromium(VI) compounds is not known. The committee draws the following conclusions. Epidemiologica] studies provide clear and unambiguous evidence for carcinogenicity of slightly soluble and very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds and circumstantial evidence for the carcinogenicity of soluble chromium(VI) compounds. Experimental animal studies indicate that chromium(VI) compounds possess carcinogenic potential and that there are quantitative differences between soluble, slightly soluble and very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds. Therefore, the committee considers all chromium(VI) compounds as carcinogenic. It considers a worst case approach warranted and has therefore selected the study of Mancuso (Man75) on slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds as a basis for human risk assessment. The committee decided to adopt the data from the EPA as starting point for the estimation of the additional life time cancer risk. The EPA risk assessment was based on the results of the Mancuso study (Man75) complemented with addidional exposure data and follow-up. In agreement with the EPA the committee prefers to use the Mancuso study because of the availability of reliable historic exposure data and the availability of substantial number of observed lung cancer deaths. The EPA used a low-dose linear extrapolation model for the estimation of the cancer risk. A life time (75 years) exposure of I ,ug/m3 chromium(VI) dust entails an additional lung cancer risk of 1.4 *10-2. This risk is calculated on the basis ofthe total chromium concentration in the chromate plant. The EPA noted that the use of total chromium as a surrogate for hexavalent chromium could result in an underestimate ofthe risk by no more than 7 times; on the other hand, underestimation of plant exposures and of smoking habits in the workers could lead to a overestimation of the risk by roughly 4 times. Overall, the EPA found the Mancuso study was the best possible estimate of the risk (EPA84). For the occupational situation the analysis implies that exposure to 8 ug/m2 may result in an addional cancer mortality risk of 1.4 *10-2. Therefore the committee derives an: * Additional cancer mortality risk of 4 x 10-3 after 40 years of occupational exposure to 2 ug/m3. * Additional cancer mortality risk of 4 x 10-5 afte 40 years of occupational exposure to 0.02 ug/m3.","Chromium and its inorganic compounds. Health-based recommended occupational exposure limits Abs: Groups at extra risk. Chromium skin contact allergies haven been observed among workers in numerous industrial activities. Sensitized subjects to chromium are at extra risk and should not be placed in jobs where skin contact with chromium and chromium compounds can occur. In contrast with us document, the committee concluded that it is inappropriate to consider people with a dimished lungfunction at extra risk. Assessment of health risk. Chromium trioxide is used in chrome plating, copper stripping, aluminium anodizing, as a catalyst, refractories, in organic synthesis and photography. Occupations in which exposure may occur include: anodizers, copper etchers, electro-platers, glass workers, lithographers, metal workers, oil purifiers, photoengraphers, photographers, process engravers, stainless steel workers, textile workers, painters and welders (Sit79). Theory and practice show that the kinetics and toxic effects induced by chromium compounds depend on the valency of the chromium ion and the water solubility of the compounds. Chromium metal dust (Cro). There are almost no toxicological data on chromium metal dust. Given this lack of scientific data the committee can not establish a HBR-OEL*. This conclusion also implies that the present MAC** value of 0.5 mg/m3, TWA - 8 h should not be considered as health-based. Chromium(ll) compounds (chromium dichloride). Limited relevant data are available on these compounds. It has been shown that chromium(II) is non-genotoxic. No human data are available. The committee can not recommend a health-based occupational exposure limit due to the lack of scientific data. Soluble chromium(III) compounds (chromic acetate, chromic nitrate, chromic chloride hexahydrate, potassium chromic sulphate dodecahydrate). The target organ of chromium(l11) compounds after inhalatory exposure are the lungs. A MOAEL of 0.6 mg/m3 was found in rabbits exposed to soluble chromium(l11) compounds by inhalation for six hours per day, five days per week during four to six weeks. At this concentration morphological as well as functional changes in the alveolar macrophages were found. Human data are lacking. Chromium(III) compounds have been shown to be not mutagenic, nor clastogenic, nor carcinogenic. The committee considers chromium(III) compounds to be non nephrotoxic. In establishing a HBR-OEL a large safety factor for the extrapolation of animal data to humans is not indicated since chromium(l11) compounds induce only local effects. The committee recommends a HBR-OEL of 0.06 mg/m3 for soluble chromium(l11) compounds, TWA - 8 hour by dividing the MOAEL value of 0.6 mg/m3 in rabbits by a factor of 10. This safety factor is the product of a factor of 3 for interspecies variations and 3 for using a MOAEL as starting point resulting in a safety factor 10. The HBR-OEL should be applied to inhalable dusts. Insoluble chromium(l11) compounds (chromic oxide, chromic phosphate, chromic sulphate). There are almost no recent toxicological data on insoluble chromium(l11) compound In its previous document the committee did not make a distinction between soluble and insoluble chromium(l11) compounds, and did not object against a health-based occupational exposure limit of 0.5 mg/m3, TWA - 8 hour. It was based on only one experiment in hamsters with the lungs as the target organ. No human data are available. Given this lack of data the committee can not recommend a health-based occupational exposure limit for insoluble chromium(III) compounds. Chromium(lV) compounds (chromium dioxide). A long-term inhalation study in rats showed the lungs to be the target organ. A LOAEL of 0.5 mg/m3 was found in a two year study in rats. Exposure to this concentration resulted in slight Type 1I pneumocyte hyperplasis. At higher levels of exposure, hyperplastic Type II pneumocytes and slightly collagenized fibrosis were found. The lungs showed minute fibrotic pleuritis. The committee recommends a HBR-OEL of 0.05 mg/m3 for chromium(lV) compounds, TWA - 8 hour. This value is derived by dividing the LOAEL value in rats of 0.5 mg/m3 by a actor of 10. This safety factor is the product of a factor of 3 for the interspecies variations and three 3 using a LOAEL as the starting point. The HBR-OEL should be applied to inhalable dusts. Chromium(VI) compounds Includes: soluble chromium(VI) compounds (e.g. ammonium dichromate, chromium trioxide, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate); slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound (e.g. calcium chromate, strontium chromate, zinc chromate); very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds (e.g. barium chromate, lead chromate). Several epidemiological studies of workers mainly exposed to zinc chromate (a slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound) report an clear excess of lung cancer mortality. The same holds for lead chromate (a very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compound). No cohort studies of workers that were exclusively exposed to soluble chromium(VI) compounds were found in the literature. However there are some series of lung cancer cases that provide circumstantial evidence for the carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (soluble chromium(VI) compounds). These lung cancer cases were listed by Lang?rd (Lan90). Carcinogenicity studies with experimental animals are scarce and of limited value for human risk estimation, due to limitations in the experimental design. Nevertheless, most of these studies point to a carcinogenic effect of chromium(VI) compounds in the lungs. In any case these studies can certainly not be considered as 'negative' with respect to carcinogenesis. It appears that the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds in animals varies with the solubility of the compound. Moreover, all chromium(VI) compounds are mutagenic, irrespective of their solubility. How the solubility interferes with the carcinogenic potential of chromium(VI) compounds is not known. The committee draws the following conclusions. Epidemiologica] studies provide clear and unambiguous evidence for carcinogenicity of slightly soluble and very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds and circumstantial evidence for the carcinogenicity of soluble chromium(VI) compounds. Experimental animal studies indicate that chromium(VI) compounds possess carcinogenic potential and that there are quantitative differences between soluble, slightly soluble and very slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds. Therefore, the committee considers all chromium(VI) compounds as carcinogenic. It considers a worst case approach warranted and has therefore selected the study of Mancuso (Man75) on slightly soluble chromium(VI) compounds as a basis for human risk assessment. The committee decided to adopt the data from the EPA as starting point for the estimation of the additional life time cancer risk. The EPA risk assessment was based on the results of the Mancuso study (Man75) complemented with addidional exposure data and follow-up. In agreement with the EPA the committee prefers to use the Mancuso study because of the availability of reliable historic exposure data and the availability of substantial number of observed lung cancer deaths. The EPA used a low-dose linear extrapolation model for the estimation of the cancer risk. A life time (75 years) exposure of I ,ug/m3 chromium(VI) dust entails an additional lung cancer risk of 1.4 *10-2. This risk is calculated on the basis ofthe total chromium concentration in the chromate plant. The EPA noted that the use of total chromium as a surrogate for hexavalent chromium could result in an underestimate ofthe risk by no more than 7 times; on the other hand, underestimation of plant exposures and of smoking habits in the workers could lead to a overestimation of the risk by roughly 4 times. Overall, the EPA found the Mancuso study was the best possible estimate of the risk (EPA84). For the occupational situation the analysis implies that exposure to 8 ug/m2 may result in an addional cancer mortality risk of 1.4 *10-2. Therefore the committee derives an: * Additional cancer mortality risk of 4 x 10-3 after 40 years of occupational exposure to 2 ug/m3. * Additional cancer mortality risk of 4 x 10-5 afte 40 years of occupational exposure to 0.02 ug/m3.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1233997,Samsoen et al. 1982,Patch testing with hexavalent chromium salts in different vehicles and with nickel and cobalt in petrolatum,"In approaching the question as to which test preparations are most suitable for patch testing of metals, 25 chromium sensitive patients were tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate either in water or petrolatum. The aqueous solution proved better than the petrolatum preparation at a 48 h reading with Neodermtest Roc. No difference in sensitivity was recorded between 4 hexavalent chromium salts. 3 patients who were only sensitive to chromium solution in water also reacted positively to a 1% cobalt chloride solution and a 5% nickel sulfate solution in petrolatum.","Patch testing with hexavalent chromium salts in different vehicles and with nickel and cobalt in petrolatum Abs: In approaching the question as to which test preparations are most suitable for patch testing of metals, 25 chromium sensitive patients were tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate either in water or petrolatum. The aqueous solution proved better than the petrolatum preparation at a 48 h reading with Neodermtest Roc. No difference in sensitivity was recorded between 4 hexavalent chromium salts. 3 patients who were only sensitive to chromium solution in water also reacted positively to a 1% cobalt chloride solution and a 5% nickel sulfate solution in petrolatum.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1258250,Hjerpe 1986,Chromate dermatitis in an engine assembly department,"In an automotive engine assembly department, about 150 assemblers handle zinc-plated components that have been coated with hexavalent chromium (chromates). Protective gloves cannot be used, as fingertip feel is needed, and each assembler has almost continous contact with chromate-coated parts. This has caused 9 cases of chromate dermatitis since the coating was introduced in 1976. All the victims have suffered from the effects of steroid ointments as well as from relapses of eczema. Although so-called yellow chromation is clearly unsuitable for components that are manually handled, no alternative has been developed and its use is spreading.","Chromate dermatitis in an engine assembly department Abs: In an automotive engine assembly department, about 150 assemblers handle zinc-plated components that have been coated with hexavalent chromium (chromates). Protective gloves cannot be used, as fingertip feel is needed, and each assembler has almost continous contact with chromate-coated parts. This has caused 9 cases of chromate dermatitis since the coating was introduced in 1976. All the victims have suffered from the effects of steroid ointments as well as from relapses of eczema. Although so-called yellow chromation is clearly unsuitable for components that are manually handled, no alternative has been developed and its use is spreading.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238429,Gueniche et al. 1994,Effect of Various Metals on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Production by Normal Human Keratinocytes,"The ability of nickel (7440020), cobalt (7440484), chromium (7440473), and cadmium (7440439) to induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and Hsp72 protein in human keratinocytes was investigated. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured and treated with 10 micrograms/milliliter (microg/ml) nickel-sulfate (7786814), 12microg/ml cobalt-chloride (7646799), 2microg/ml potassium-dichromate (7778509), 1.5microg/ml cadmium-sulfate (10124364), 100microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 10 International Units interferon-gamma, or 5microg/ml TNF-alpha. Quantification by flow cytometry analysis determined that 88.2% of the cells treated with TNF-alpha and 94.0% of cells treated with nickel expressed ICAM-1. Less than 1% expression was observed in control and other treated cells. Immunocytochemistry detected TNF-alpha production in cells cultured with LPS and all metals. Significant release of TNF-alpha was detected by enzyme linked immunoassay in supernatants of cells treated with nickel, cobalt and chromium, but was less than induced by LPS. Indirect immunofluorescence showed positive Hsp72 staining in 45% to 65% of cells treated with nickel, cobalt, chromium or cadmium. No evidence of Hsp72 induction by LPS was detected. The authors conclude that activation of keratinocytes by nickel, cobalt, chromium and cadmium involves the production of TNF-alpha and expression of Hsp72, and that the induction of ICAM-1 by nickel may be involved in allergic contact dermatitis.","Effect of Various Metals on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression and Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Production by Normal Human Keratinocytes Abs: The ability of nickel (7440020), cobalt (7440484), chromium (7440473), and cadmium (7440439) to induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and Hsp72 protein in human keratinocytes was investigated. Normal human keratinocytes were cultured and treated with 10 micrograms/milliliter (microg/ml) nickel-sulfate (7786814), 12microg/ml cobalt-chloride (7646799), 2microg/ml potassium-dichromate (7778509), 1.5microg/ml cadmium-sulfate (10124364), 100microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 10 International Units interferon-gamma, or 5microg/ml TNF-alpha. Quantification by flow cytometry analysis determined that 88.2% of the cells treated with TNF-alpha and 94.0% of cells treated with nickel expressed ICAM-1. Less than 1% expression was observed in control and other treated cells. Immunocytochemistry detected TNF-alpha production in cells cultured with LPS and all metals. Significant release of TNF-alpha was detected by enzyme linked immunoassay in supernatants of cells treated with nickel, cobalt and chromium, but was less than induced by LPS. Indirect immunofluorescence showed positive Hsp72 staining in 45% to 65% of cells treated with nickel, cobalt, chromium or cadmium. No evidence of Hsp72 induction by LPS was detected. The authors conclude that activation of keratinocytes by nickel, cobalt, chromium and cadmium involves the production of TNF-alpha and expression of Hsp72, and that the induction of ICAM-1 by nickel may be involved in allergic contact dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1232515,Krecisz et al. ,Contact allergy to metals in adolescents. Nickel release from metal accessories 7 years after the implementation of the EU Nickel Directive in Poland,"Background. Contact allergy among adolescents is an important issue. Objectives. To assess the prevalence of contact allergy to metals in adolescents aged 15 years and nickel release from metal accessories that are in direct contact with the skin. Methods. Three hundred and nine females and 219 males, all 15 years old, from randomly selected secondary schools were examined and patch tested with nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, palladium chloride, and potassium dichromate. Three hundred and ninety-nine metal accessories were tested with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test. Results.'Metal dermatitis' was reported by 19.4% of females and 0.5% of males. Positive patch test reactions were found in 8.5% of the adolescents (12.9% in females; 2.3% in males), namely to: nickel (12.3% of females; 1.4% of males); palladium (5.2% of females; 0.5% of males); cobalt (3.2% of females; 1.4% of males); and chromium (1.3% of females; 0.9% of males). Allergic contact dermatitis caused by metals was diagnosed in 9.7% of females and in 0.5% of males. Of the metal items, 26.1% gave positive DMG test results: 10.0% of earrings, 11.4% of snaps, and 56.2% of belt buckles. Conclusions. Despite the implementation of the Nickel Directive in Poland, nickel still remains an important causal factor for allergic contact dermatitis. Numerous metal accessories do not comply with the Directive.","Contact allergy to metals in adolescents. Nickel release from metal accessories 7 years after the implementation of the EU Nickel Directive in Poland Abs: Background. Contact allergy among adolescents is an important issue. Objectives. To assess the prevalence of contact allergy to metals in adolescents aged 15 years and nickel release from metal accessories that are in direct contact with the skin. Methods. Three hundred and nine females and 219 males, all 15 years old, from randomly selected secondary schools were examined and patch tested with nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, palladium chloride, and potassium dichromate. Three hundred and ninety-nine metal accessories were tested with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test. Results.'Metal dermatitis' was reported by 19.4% of females and 0.5% of males. Positive patch test reactions were found in 8.5% of the adolescents (12.9% in females; 2.3% in males), namely to: nickel (12.3% of females; 1.4% of males); palladium (5.2% of females; 0.5% of males); cobalt (3.2% of females; 1.4% of males); and chromium (1.3% of females; 0.9% of males). Allergic contact dermatitis caused by metals was diagnosed in 9.7% of females and in 0.5% of males. Of the metal items, 26.1% gave positive DMG test results: 10.0% of earrings, 11.4% of snaps, and 56.2% of belt buckles. Conclusions. Despite the implementation of the Nickel Directive in Poland, nickel still remains an important causal factor for allergic contact dermatitis. Numerous metal accessories do not comply with the Directive.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1516453,Skripkin Yu et al. 1974,Occupational Allergic Dermatoses in Electroplaters,"Skin tests were performed in 225 workers employed at several electroplating shops, who were affected by dermatitis and eczema due to exposure to galvanic solutions of chromic-anhydride, ammonium-bichromate, nickel-sulfate (7786814) and chromium-oxide (1308389). A total of 79 percent of the workers tested showed definite sensitization reactions to chromium (7440473) and nickel (7440020) salts. Immunological tests showed the presence of autoantibodies in 21 of 67 patients with recurring allergic dermatitis and eczema. Tests were also performed in dermatitis patients employed in the gold (7440575) plating industry. Strict preventive measures and careful preemployment testing before hiring new workers are recommended. (Russian; English translation available)","Occupational Allergic Dermatoses in Electroplaters Abs: Skin tests were performed in 225 workers employed at several electroplating shops, who were affected by dermatitis and eczema due to exposure to galvanic solutions of chromic-anhydride, ammonium-bichromate, nickel-sulfate (7786814) and chromium-oxide (1308389). A total of 79 percent of the workers tested showed definite sensitization reactions to chromium (7440473) and nickel (7440020) salts. Immunological tests showed the presence of autoantibodies in 21 of 67 patients with recurring allergic dermatitis and eczema. Tests were also performed in dermatitis patients employed in the gold (7440575) plating industry. Strict preventive measures and careful preemployment testing before hiring new workers are recommended. (Russian; English translation available)",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1514490,Eun et al. 1986,An epidemiological study of contact dermatitis,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human leg ulcer housewife hand eczema ammoniated mercury nickel sulfate potassium dichromate cinnamic alcohol neomycin sulfate paraphenylenediammine thimerosal patch test korean contact dermatitis research group,An epidemiological study of contact dermatitis Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm human leg ulcer housewife hand eczema ammoniated mercury nickel sulfate potassium dichromate cinnamic alcohol neomycin sulfate paraphenylenediammine thimerosal patch test korean contact dermatitis research group,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
730613,Aoyama et al. 2007,Contact sensitizer potassium dichromate alters lymphocyte populations in draining lymph nodes and blood in mice,"ABSTRACT Chromium is a common human contact allergen, but it is not known whether chromates cause contact hypersensitivity by immunological mechanisms similar to those induced by strong haptens. To understand the immunological events of contact hypersensitivity to chromates, we investigated whether and how chromate sensitization alters lymphocyte subsets in draining lymph nodes (DLNs), blood, and spleens in mice. BALB/c mice were sensitized by painting their ears with 0.5% potassium dichromate or vehicle alone on 3 consecutive days. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte surface antigens showed that the chromate exposure significantly increased the percentage of B cells and decreased the percentages of T cells in the DLNs. This was accompanied by a relative increase in T cells and a relative decrease in B cells in peripheral blood. In contrast to the chromate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (a skin irritant) did not affect B cells or T cells in the three compartments. Moreover, sensitization to the chromate led to dose-dependent decreases in the percentages of CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells in the DLNs. However, CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells were significantly increased in the blood and DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Additionally, the percentage of B cells in the DLNs but not blood was dose-dependently increased in the chromate-sensitized mice. Histologically, B-cell areas were dramatically enlarged in the DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Thus, this report provides basic information to further elucidate the role of individual lymphocyte subsets in contact hypersensitivity to chromates.","Contact sensitizer potassium dichromate alters lymphocyte populations in draining lymph nodes and blood in mice Abs: ABSTRACT Chromium is a common human contact allergen, but it is not known whether chromates cause contact hypersensitivity by immunological mechanisms similar to those induced by strong haptens. To understand the immunological events of contact hypersensitivity to chromates, we investigated whether and how chromate sensitization alters lymphocyte subsets in draining lymph nodes (DLNs), blood, and spleens in mice. BALB/c mice were sensitized by painting their ears with 0.5% potassium dichromate or vehicle alone on 3 consecutive days. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte surface antigens showed that the chromate exposure significantly increased the percentage of B cells and decreased the percentages of T cells in the DLNs. This was accompanied by a relative increase in T cells and a relative decrease in B cells in peripheral blood. In contrast to the chromate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (a skin irritant) did not affect B cells or T cells in the three compartments. Moreover, sensitization to the chromate led to dose-dependent decreases in the percentages of CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells in the DLNs. However, CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells were significantly increased in the blood and DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Additionally, the percentage of B cells in the DLNs but not blood was dose-dependently increased in the chromate-sensitized mice. Histologically, B-cell areas were dramatically enlarged in the DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Thus, this report provides basic information to further elucidate the role of individual lymphocyte subsets in contact hypersensitivity to chromates.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237497,Santucci et al. 1996,Multiple sensitivities to transition metals: The nickel palladium reactions,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Patch test data of 1000 consecutive patients sensitive to at least 1 substance of our standard series showed that transition metals gave associated reactions amongst themselves more frequently than they did with the remaining substances. The responses to transition metals were largely variable and seemed dependent not only upon the associated exposure to different metals or the concomitant responses of the T cell clones, as reported by others, but also upon the chemical properties of the metals and the consequent interactions inside the skin. Concomitant reactions to nickel sulfate and palladium chloride were the most frequently found associated positivities and occurred in a minority of nickel-sulfate-sensitive subjects. In 43 out of 45 of these subjects, patch tests to mixed solutions containing nickel sulfate, plus sulfates of magnesium, zinc, and manganese at higher doses, were not able to reduce the nickel sulfate reactions. This behaviour contrasted with that foun","Multiple sensitivities to transition metals: The nickel palladium reactions Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Patch test data of 1000 consecutive patients sensitive to at least 1 substance of our standard series showed that transition metals gave associated reactions amongst themselves more frequently than they did with the remaining substances. The responses to transition metals were largely variable and seemed dependent not only upon the associated exposure to different metals or the concomitant responses of the T cell clones, as reported by others, but also upon the chemical properties of the metals and the consequent interactions inside the skin. Concomitant reactions to nickel sulfate and palladium chloride were the most frequently found associated positivities and occurred in a minority of nickel-sulfate-sensitive subjects. In 43 out of 45 of these subjects, patch tests to mixed solutions containing nickel sulfate, plus sulfates of magnesium, zinc, and manganese at higher doses, were not able to reduce the nickel sulfate reactions. This behaviour contrasted with that foun",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
672992,Liden and  Wahlberg 1994,Cross-reactivity to metal compounds studied in guinea pigs induced with chromate or cobalt,"Multiple sensitivity to metals is often seen in humans. This may be due to cross-reactivity or to multiple sensitization. The pattern of cross-reactivity to some metal compounds was studied, using the guinea pig maximization test method. Animals were induced with K2Cr2O7 and CoCl2, respectively, and then challenged with K2Cr2O7, CoCl2, NiSO4, PdCl2 and RhCl3. No simultaneous reactivity was recorded. This supports the view that simultaneous reactivity in patients to nickel-cobalt and to chromate-cobalt is due to multiple exposure and sensitization, and not to cross-reactivity. The purity of the test compounds was analysed.","Cross-reactivity to metal compounds studied in guinea pigs induced with chromate or cobalt Abs: Multiple sensitivity to metals is often seen in humans. This may be due to cross-reactivity or to multiple sensitization. The pattern of cross-reactivity to some metal compounds was studied, using the guinea pig maximization test method. Animals were induced with K2Cr2O7 and CoCl2, respectively, and then challenged with K2Cr2O7, CoCl2, NiSO4, PdCl2 and RhCl3. No simultaneous reactivity was recorded. This supports the view that simultaneous reactivity in patients to nickel-cobalt and to chromate-cobalt is due to multiple exposure and sensitization, and not to cross-reactivity. The purity of the test compounds was analysed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238352,Isaksson et al. 1993,Contact Allergy to Duraphat,"Cases of contact allergy to colophony, a component of the fluoride varnish Duraphat were described. The first case involved a 49 year old dental nurse with a history of irritant dermatitis on the hands. She was patch tested with a standard series and a dental screening series as well as extracts of rubber gloves. Positive reactions to cobalt-chloride, colophony, nickel-sulfate, Kathon-CG, and potassium-bichromate were found. Duraphat was found to contain colophony. Patch testing with Duraphat alone or in petroleum provided strong positive reactions. The second case involved a 56 year old woman who received Duraphat fluoride varnish for caries prevention. Each of her two treatments resulted in edema of the tongue, soft palate, and upper lip. Preliminary patch testing did not yield clinically relevant findings for colophony; however, subsequent testing with Duraphat and colophony resulted in positive reactions to the highest concentrations. The first patient may have been sensitized to colophony in Duraphat and the second had a history of plaster sensitivity. The authors conclude that dental personnel are at risk of developing contact allergy to Duraphat, and patients should be asked about colophony sensitivity prior to Duraphat treatment.","Contact Allergy to Duraphat Abs: Cases of contact allergy to colophony, a component of the fluoride varnish Duraphat were described. The first case involved a 49 year old dental nurse with a history of irritant dermatitis on the hands. She was patch tested with a standard series and a dental screening series as well as extracts of rubber gloves. Positive reactions to cobalt-chloride, colophony, nickel-sulfate, Kathon-CG, and potassium-bichromate were found. Duraphat was found to contain colophony. Patch testing with Duraphat alone or in petroleum provided strong positive reactions. The second case involved a 56 year old woman who received Duraphat fluoride varnish for caries prevention. Each of her two treatments resulted in edema of the tongue, soft palate, and upper lip. Preliminary patch testing did not yield clinically relevant findings for colophony; however, subsequent testing with Duraphat and colophony resulted in positive reactions to the highest concentrations. The first patient may have been sensitized to colophony in Duraphat and the second had a history of plaster sensitivity. The authors conclude that dental personnel are at risk of developing contact allergy to Duraphat, and patients should be asked about colophony sensitivity prior to Duraphat treatment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
651692,Bernstein and  Vaughan 1999,Cultured keratinocytes in in vitro dermatotoxicological investigation: a review,"The keratinocyte is responsible for the architecture of the epidermis, that portion of the skin that forms the environmental barrier necessary for survival. It also interacts with other cell types in the epidermis in response to various environmental influences. This cell type is used frequently for in vitro cutaneous toxicological investigations as an alternative to whole-animal studies. Several areas of cutaneous research using cultured keratinocytes are germane as regards the scope of this journal. The following areas of biomedical research were reviewed: (1) dermatotoxicology, including environmental chemicals, antiseptics, drugs, metals, and pesticides; (2) immunotoxicology, including inflammation and allergic dermatitis; (3) radiation, including ultraviolet and x-irradiation; and (4) the development of assays as alternatives to whole-animal testing. Due to the abundance of such investigations reported in the last 30 years, this review is limited mainly to reviewing reports published in this decade.","Cultured keratinocytes in in vitro dermatotoxicological investigation: a review Abs: The keratinocyte is responsible for the architecture of the epidermis, that portion of the skin that forms the environmental barrier necessary for survival. It also interacts with other cell types in the epidermis in response to various environmental influences. This cell type is used frequently for in vitro cutaneous toxicological investigations as an alternative to whole-animal studies. Several areas of cutaneous research using cultured keratinocytes are germane as regards the scope of this journal. The following areas of biomedical research were reviewed: (1) dermatotoxicology, including environmental chemicals, antiseptics, drugs, metals, and pesticides; (2) immunotoxicology, including inflammation and allergic dermatitis; (3) radiation, including ultraviolet and x-irradiation; and (4) the development of assays as alternatives to whole-animal testing. Due to the abundance of such investigations reported in the last 30 years, this review is limited mainly to reviewing reports published in this decade.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236111,Romaguera et al. 1985,Formulation of a barrier cream against chromate,"A topical cosmetic cream has been developed for use on patients occupationally sensitized to chromate. With the components of this preparation, an in vitro study was carried out, which demonstrated the efficiency of each component. An in vivo experiment on 25 volunteer patients proved a failure. The formula was modified to produce a new cream. The in vitro and in vivo experiences showed satisfactory results in 60 volunteer patients, 60% of whom benefitted from using it.","Formulation of a barrier cream against chromate Abs: A topical cosmetic cream has been developed for use on patients occupationally sensitized to chromate. With the components of this preparation, an in vitro study was carried out, which demonstrated the efficiency of each component. An in vivo experiment on 25 volunteer patients proved a failure. The formula was modified to produce a new cream. The in vitro and in vivo experiences showed satisfactory results in 60 volunteer patients, 60% of whom benefitted from using it.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238351,Freeman 1993,Occupational Skin Disease in New South Wales,"The occupational skin disease problem in New South Wales, Australia was reviewed. The results of a study of occupational skin disease conducted by the Contact and Occupational Skin Disease Clinic of the Skin and Cancer Foundation (SCF), New South Wales were discussed. Approximately 570 patients were diagnosed with occupational contact dermatitis between 1984 and 1989. This represented about 25% of the patients seen at the SCF during the period. Only 27.4% of the patients who were eligible for workers compensation benefits had taken the benefits. The major industries in which contact dermatitis occurred ranked in descending order were hairdressing, food, construction, medicine, printing, maintenance, laboratories, automobiles, farming including floral horticulture, and machining. Hairdressing, food, construction, and medicine together accounted for 43.5% of the patients. Construction workers lost an average of 3 months working time, compared to the average of 1 month lost for the total SCF population. Allergic contact dermatitis accounted for 67% of the cases in construction workers, compared to just 38.2% of the cases in the total population. Potassium-dichromate (7778509) was the most frequently identified allergen, both in the construction workers and total SCF population. The overall cost of occupational skin diseases in New South Wales has been estimated to be at least 12 million dollars. A total of 396 patients in the SCF population were followed up for 1 to 5 years. Of these, 70% improved. Only 5% showed a worsening of their dermatitis. The dermatitis in the remaining 25% remained roughly constant. Patients leaving their job showed the best prognosis. The prognosis in the construction industry was poorer than in the total SCF population. Patients with potassium-dichromate induced allergic contact dermatitis had the worst prognosis. The author concludes that interventions should be targeted at the populations most at risk. They should focus on education and prevention.","Occupational Skin Disease in New South Wales Abs: The occupational skin disease problem in New South Wales, Australia was reviewed. The results of a study of occupational skin disease conducted by the Contact and Occupational Skin Disease Clinic of the Skin and Cancer Foundation (SCF), New South Wales were discussed. Approximately 570 patients were diagnosed with occupational contact dermatitis between 1984 and 1989. This represented about 25% of the patients seen at the SCF during the period. Only 27.4% of the patients who were eligible for workers compensation benefits had taken the benefits. The major industries in which contact dermatitis occurred ranked in descending order were hairdressing, food, construction, medicine, printing, maintenance, laboratories, automobiles, farming including floral horticulture, and machining. Hairdressing, food, construction, and medicine together accounted for 43.5% of the patients. Construction workers lost an average of 3 months working time, compared to the average of 1 month lost for the total SCF population. Allergic contact dermatitis accounted for 67% of the cases in construction workers, compared to just 38.2% of the cases in the total population. Potassium-dichromate (7778509) was the most frequently identified allergen, both in the construction workers and total SCF population. The overall cost of occupational skin diseases in New South Wales has been estimated to be at least 12 million dollars. A total of 396 patients in the SCF population were followed up for 1 to 5 years. Of these, 70% improved. Only 5% showed a worsening of their dermatitis. The dermatitis in the remaining 25% remained roughly constant. Patients leaving their job showed the best prognosis. The prognosis in the construction industry was poorer than in the total SCF population. Patients with potassium-dichromate induced allergic contact dermatitis had the worst prognosis. The author concludes that interventions should be targeted at the populations most at risk. They should focus on education and prevention.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238328,Goh 1992,Comparative Study of TRUE Test and Finn Chamber Patch Test Techniques in Singapore,"The reactivity of the TRUE and Finn Chambers patch test techniques was compared in dermatology patients living in a tropical climate. The study group consisted of 413 patients, 217 males, mean age 34.5 years, treated for contact dermatitis at a Singapore dermatology clinic. They were patch tested simultaneously with panels one and two of the TRUE allergen series and the same allergens using the Finn Chamber technique. The allergens consisted of nickel-sulfate (7786814), p-phenylenediamine (106503) (PPD), neomycin (1404042), potassium-dichromate (7778509), caine mix, fragrance mix, colophony, epoxy resin, thiuram mix, balsam-of-Peru (8007009), ethylenediamine (107153), cobalt-chloride (7646799), a p-tert-butylphenol (98544) formaldehyde (50000) resin, parabens, carba mix, PPD mix, Kathon-CG (55965849), mercaptobenzothiazole (149304), lanolin (8006540), mercapto mix, thimerosal (54648), quinoline mix, and a negative control. Thirty eight percent of the patients had one or more positive reaction in the TRUE test and 42% had at least one positive reaction with the Finn Chambers procedure. The difference in reactivity was not statistically significant. The overall concordance of positive reactions was 63.7%. When only clinically relevant positive reactions were considered, the concordance rate increased marginally to 67%. The rate of discordant positive reactions obtained with the TRUE and Finn Chambers procedures was 11.6 and 21%, respectively. Positive reactions to PPD and neomycin were observed more frequently with the Finn Chambers than with the TRUE procedure. The author concludes that there appears to be good correlation between the TRUE and Finn chambers patch test techniques, but that the Finn Chambers procedure appears to be more sensitive to PPD and neomycin.","Comparative Study of TRUE Test and Finn Chamber Patch Test Techniques in Singapore Abs: The reactivity of the TRUE and Finn Chambers patch test techniques was compared in dermatology patients living in a tropical climate. The study group consisted of 413 patients, 217 males, mean age 34.5 years, treated for contact dermatitis at a Singapore dermatology clinic. They were patch tested simultaneously with panels one and two of the TRUE allergen series and the same allergens using the Finn Chamber technique. The allergens consisted of nickel-sulfate (7786814), p-phenylenediamine (106503) (PPD), neomycin (1404042), potassium-dichromate (7778509), caine mix, fragrance mix, colophony, epoxy resin, thiuram mix, balsam-of-Peru (8007009), ethylenediamine (107153), cobalt-chloride (7646799), a p-tert-butylphenol (98544) formaldehyde (50000) resin, parabens, carba mix, PPD mix, Kathon-CG (55965849), mercaptobenzothiazole (149304), lanolin (8006540), mercapto mix, thimerosal (54648), quinoline mix, and a negative control. Thirty eight percent of the patients had one or more positive reaction in the TRUE test and 42% had at least one positive reaction with the Finn Chambers procedure. The difference in reactivity was not statistically significant. The overall concordance of positive reactions was 63.7%. When only clinically relevant positive reactions were considered, the concordance rate increased marginally to 67%. The rate of discordant positive reactions obtained with the TRUE and Finn Chambers procedures was 11.6 and 21%, respectively. Positive reactions to PPD and neomycin were observed more frequently with the Finn Chambers than with the TRUE procedure. The author concludes that there appears to be good correlation between the TRUE and Finn chambers patch test techniques, but that the Finn Chambers procedure appears to be more sensitive to PPD and neomycin.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
14235,Pirila and  Kilpio 1949,On dermatoses caused by bichromates,"A total of 45 cases of chromate dermatitis are presented, including 11 printers, 10 cement or lime workers, 7 radio factory workers, 4 chromium (7440473) platers or other metal factory workers, 4 painters or polishers, 3 fur dyers, and 6 workers engaged in various other occupations. The potassium-bichromate (7778509) patch test was positive in 41 cases, including 21 who had manifestations of dermatitis on the face or neck. In the 4 cases with negative patch test, dermatitis was restricted to hands and arms. About 70 percent of the patients had to abstain from work for various periods, while nearly 50 percent required a change of occupation.","On dermatoses caused by bichromates Abs: A total of 45 cases of chromate dermatitis are presented, including 11 printers, 10 cement or lime workers, 7 radio factory workers, 4 chromium (7440473) platers or other metal factory workers, 4 painters or polishers, 3 fur dyers, and 6 workers engaged in various other occupations. The potassium-bichromate (7778509) patch test was positive in 41 cases, including 21 who had manifestations of dermatitis on the face or neck. In the 4 cases with negative patch test, dermatitis was restricted to hands and arms. About 70 percent of the patients had to abstain from work for various periods, while nearly 50 percent required a change of occupation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237220,Oshima et al. 1991,EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL ALLERGY IN THE DENTAL CLINIC,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM NOTE HUMAN DENTAL PERSONNEL METALS PLASTICS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DENTISTRY CONTACT DERMATITIS WORK ENVIRONMENT OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY,EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL ALLERGY IN THE DENTAL CLINIC Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM NOTE HUMAN DENTAL PERSONNEL METALS PLASTICS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DENTISTRY CONTACT DERMATITIS WORK ENVIRONMENT OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235652,Condé-Salazar et al. 1995,Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in construction workers,"We report the patch test results of 449 construction workers who came as patients to the Occupational Dermatology Service of the Instituto Nacional de Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo in Madrid between 1989 and 1993. 90.8% of them were patch tested, because they had cutaneous lesions or a clinical history suggestive of occupational dermatitis. 65.5% (268) of those patch tested showed one or more reactions connected with their work. Chromate at 42.1% was the main allergen, followed by cobalt, 20.5%, nickel, 10%, and epoxy resin, 7.5%. 25.9% (106) of patients showed sensitization to rubber components, the majority at 23.7% to thiuram mix, with TETD being the main allergen.","Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in construction workers Abs: We report the patch test results of 449 construction workers who came as patients to the Occupational Dermatology Service of the Instituto Nacional de Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo in Madrid between 1989 and 1993. 90.8% of them were patch tested, because they had cutaneous lesions or a clinical history suggestive of occupational dermatitis. 65.5% (268) of those patch tested showed one or more reactions connected with their work. Chromate at 42.1% was the main allergen, followed by cobalt, 20.5%, nickel, 10%, and epoxy resin, 7.5%. 25.9% (106) of patients showed sensitization to rubber components, the majority at 23.7% to thiuram mix, with TETD being the main allergen.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236894,Stinco et al. 1999,Frequency of delayed-type hypersensitivity to contact allergens in psoriatic patients,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE HUMAN HUMAN PATIENT PSORIASIS DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY DERMATOLOGY ALLERGY PSORIASIS AREA SEVERITY INDEX SCALE CONTACT ALLERGENS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM DISEASE IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASE,Frequency of delayed-type hypersensitivity to contact allergens in psoriatic patients Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE HUMAN HUMAN PATIENT PSORIASIS DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY DERMATOLOGY ALLERGY PSORIASIS AREA SEVERITY INDEX SCALE CONTACT ALLERGENS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM DISEASE IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASE,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237944,Rudzki et al. 1971,Cobalt Allergy As The Reason Of Professional Eczema,"The effects of cobalt (7440484), chromium (7440473), and nickel (7440020) exposure on allergic eczema were studied in humans. A total of 105 patients with skin allergies to cobalt and 104 patients with chromium skin allergies were selected from among 690 allergic skin disorders. The subjects were administered skin tests with solutions of potassium-dichromate (7778509), nickel-sulfate (7786814), or cobalt, compound not specified. The incidence of positive responses among individuals with cobalt allergies was determined. Attempts were made to correlate the incidence of cobalt skin allergies with age and occupation. Allergy to cobalt occurred in 33.3 percent of the tested subjects. Combined cobalt and chromium allergy was found in 31.4 percent and combined cobalt and nickel allergy was found in 14.4 percent of the subjects. The highest incidence of cobalt allergy occurred among subjects over 40 years old. The highest incidence of cobalt allergy occurred in construction workers, followed by photographers and printers, ceramic industry workers, rubber and plastics workers, electrochemical workers, leather workers, and varnish and paint workers in that order. The authors conclude that cobalt allergy is associated with chromium allergy more than with nickel allergy. When chromium allergy is suspected, the patients should also be tested for cobalt allergy. (Polish)","Cobalt Allergy As The Reason Of Professional Eczema Abs: The effects of cobalt (7440484), chromium (7440473), and nickel (7440020) exposure on allergic eczema were studied in humans. A total of 105 patients with skin allergies to cobalt and 104 patients with chromium skin allergies were selected from among 690 allergic skin disorders. The subjects were administered skin tests with solutions of potassium-dichromate (7778509), nickel-sulfate (7786814), or cobalt, compound not specified. The incidence of positive responses among individuals with cobalt allergies was determined. Attempts were made to correlate the incidence of cobalt skin allergies with age and occupation. Allergy to cobalt occurred in 33.3 percent of the tested subjects. Combined cobalt and chromium allergy was found in 31.4 percent and combined cobalt and nickel allergy was found in 14.4 percent of the subjects. The highest incidence of cobalt allergy occurred among subjects over 40 years old. The highest incidence of cobalt allergy occurred in construction workers, followed by photographers and printers, ceramic industry workers, rubber and plastics workers, electrochemical workers, leather workers, and varnish and paint workers in that order. The authors conclude that cobalt allergy is associated with chromium allergy more than with nickel allergy. When chromium allergy is suspected, the patients should also be tested for cobalt allergy. (Polish)",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234804,Goh 1988,An epidemiological comparison between hand eczema and non-hand eczema,"Thirty four per cent of 2110 patients with eczema attending a contact dermatitis clinic presented with hand eczema. An epidemiological comparison was made of patients with hand eczema and non-hand eczema (defined as eczema on parts of the body other than the hands). Occupational eczema was significantly more common in the hand eczema than the non-hand eczema group (P = 0.0011). The prevalence of atopy was the same in both groups (13%). The prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis was higher in the hand eczema group (32%) than the non-hand eczema group (13%) (P less than 0.0001). The rate of allergic contact dermatitis was lower in the hand eczema group (23%) than the non-hand eczema group (39%) (P less than 0.0001). The rate of positive patch test reactions was lower in the hand eczema group (41%) than the non-hand eczema group (56%) (P less than 0.0001). Nickel sulphate (8%), cobalt chloride (3%), potassium dichromate (3%), and fragrance mix (4%) were common allergens encountered in hand eczema group. None of these allergens was specifically more prevalent in the hand eczema than the non-hand eczema group. However, the prevalence of allergy to nickel, colophony, epoxy resin and medicaments was significantly higher in the non-hand eczema group.","An epidemiological comparison between hand eczema and non-hand eczema Abs: Thirty four per cent of 2110 patients with eczema attending a contact dermatitis clinic presented with hand eczema. An epidemiological comparison was made of patients with hand eczema and non-hand eczema (defined as eczema on parts of the body other than the hands). Occupational eczema was significantly more common in the hand eczema than the non-hand eczema group (P = 0.0011). The prevalence of atopy was the same in both groups (13%). The prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis was higher in the hand eczema group (32%) than the non-hand eczema group (13%) (P less than 0.0001). The rate of allergic contact dermatitis was lower in the hand eczema group (23%) than the non-hand eczema group (39%) (P less than 0.0001). The rate of positive patch test reactions was lower in the hand eczema group (41%) than the non-hand eczema group (56%) (P less than 0.0001). Nickel sulphate (8%), cobalt chloride (3%), potassium dichromate (3%), and fragrance mix (4%) were common allergens encountered in hand eczema group. None of these allergens was specifically more prevalent in the hand eczema than the non-hand eczema group. However, the prevalence of allergy to nickel, colophony, epoxy resin and medicaments was significantly higher in the non-hand eczema group.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234546,Ockenfels et al. 1997,Contact allergy in patients with periorbital eczema: an analysis of allergens. Data recorded by the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Periorbital eczema may be an expression of a constitutional disease or an irritant or allergic dermatitis. An allergic contract dermatitis is believed to be the most common cause.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>We tried to determine which allergens may cause an allergic contact dermatitis and if there exists a leading allergen.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>609 patients with periorbital eczema were assessed with patch testing in 22 hospitals to evaluate the relevance of an allergic contact dermatitis in the pathogenesis of periorbital eczema. Additionally, 116 patients were tested with their own products.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>81% of the cases involving the eyelids were women. A relevant allergic contact dermatitis was found in 52% of the patients with periorbital eczema. Furthermore, a positive patch test was present in every third patient with the clinical diagnosis of an atopic dermatitis. Antibiotics, phenylephrine and thimerosal could be determined to be the leading allergens responsible for allergic periorbital eczema. Positive reactions for potassium dichromate and fragrance mix occurred less frequently in patients with periorbital eczema. 132 positive reactions were found in patients tested with their own products, including 33% with a positive reaction to eye ointments, 15% to face creams, 10% to eye shadows, 10% to makeup, 10% to shampoos and 4% to nail varnish. Only 6% reacted to perfume.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The data underline the importance of performing patch tests in the case of periorbital eczema, especially in atopic patients.","Contact allergy in patients with periorbital eczema: an analysis of allergens. Data recorded by the Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Periorbital eczema may be an expression of a constitutional disease or an irritant or allergic dermatitis. An allergic contract dermatitis is believed to be the most common cause.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>We tried to determine which allergens may cause an allergic contact dermatitis and if there exists a leading allergen.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>609 patients with periorbital eczema were assessed with patch testing in 22 hospitals to evaluate the relevance of an allergic contact dermatitis in the pathogenesis of periorbital eczema. Additionally, 116 patients were tested with their own products.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>81% of the cases involving the eyelids were women. A relevant allergic contact dermatitis was found in 52% of the patients with periorbital eczema. Furthermore, a positive patch test was present in every third patient with the clinical diagnosis of an atopic dermatitis. Antibiotics, phenylephrine and thimerosal could be determined to be the leading allergens responsible for allergic periorbital eczema. Positive reactions for potassium dichromate and fragrance mix occurred less frequently in patients with periorbital eczema. 132 positive reactions were found in patients tested with their own products, including 33% with a positive reaction to eye ointments, 15% to face creams, 10% to eye shadows, 10% to makeup, 10% to shampoos and 4% to nail varnish. Only 6% reacted to perfume.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The data underline the importance of performing patch tests in the case of periorbital eczema, especially in atopic patients.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234123,Lim et al. 2010,A Case of Chromium Contact Dermatitis due to Exposure from a Golf Glove,"Chromium is a transition metal and has been shown to elicit contact dermatitis. Although leather products have been known to be the most significant source of chromium exposure these days, the majority of reports have been related to exposure from shoe products. We herein report a professional golfer who became allergic to golf gloves made of chromium-tanned leather. A 27-year-old woman golfer presented with recurrent, pruritic, erythematous plaques that had been occurring on both hands for several years. The lesions developed whenever she had worn golf gloves for an extended period of time, especially during tournament season. To identify the causative agent, patch tests were performed and the results demonstrated a strong positive reaction to potassium dichromate 0.5% and to her own glove. The amount of chromium in her golf glove was analyzed to be 308.91 ppm and based on this, a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis due to a chromium-tanned leather glove was made. She was treated with oral antihistamines combined with topical steroids and advised to wear chromium-free leather gloves. There has been no evidence of recurrence during a six month follow-up period.","A Case of Chromium Contact Dermatitis due to Exposure from a Golf Glove Abs: Chromium is a transition metal and has been shown to elicit contact dermatitis. Although leather products have been known to be the most significant source of chromium exposure these days, the majority of reports have been related to exposure from shoe products. We herein report a professional golfer who became allergic to golf gloves made of chromium-tanned leather. A 27-year-old woman golfer presented with recurrent, pruritic, erythematous plaques that had been occurring on both hands for several years. The lesions developed whenever she had worn golf gloves for an extended period of time, especially during tournament season. To identify the causative agent, patch tests were performed and the results demonstrated a strong positive reaction to potassium dichromate 0.5% and to her own glove. The amount of chromium in her golf glove was analyzed to be 308.91 ppm and based on this, a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis due to a chromium-tanned leather glove was made. She was treated with oral antihistamines combined with topical steroids and advised to wear chromium-free leather gloves. There has been no evidence of recurrence during a six month follow-up period.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1786202,Güner et al. ,The triggering role of allergic contact dermatitis in discoid lupus erythematosus,"Abstract Background: The onset and exacerbations of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) can be precipitated by several factors like needling, scratches, trauma, X-rays, heat, cold, pressure, tattooing, scars, allergic and irritant dermatitis and inflammatory dermatoses. Objective: To investigate the role of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in devolopment and triggering of the lesions of DLE. Materials and methods: This study was performed on 30 patients with DLE. European baseline series and cosmetic patch test series were used. At least 1+ reaction was accepted as meaningful. Results: Twenty-three (76.7%) of 30 DLE patients and 16 (40%) of 40 control group patients were allergic to at least one allergen on standard patch test series. The difference between the groups were found statistically significant. Seventeen (56.7%) of 30 DLE patients and 6 (15%) of 40 control group patients were allergic to at least one allergen on cosmetic patch test series. The difference between the groups were statistically significant. The most sensitized allergens in both the groups were nickel sulphate, paraphenylen diamine, potassium dichromate from standard patch test series; quaternium 15, cocamidopropyl betain from cosmetic patch test series, in order. Conclusion: This study is distinctive since it is the first study to determine the eliciting role of ACD on DLE by imposing standard and cosmetic patch test series on DLE and control group patients. Worldwide, there is no study based on this subject. In the DLE group, the results of sensitization on standard and cosmetic patch test series were higher and statistically significant. Larger studies are required to reveal the exact role.","The triggering role of allergic contact dermatitis in discoid lupus erythematosus Abs: Abstract Background: The onset and exacerbations of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) can be precipitated by several factors like needling, scratches, trauma, X-rays, heat, cold, pressure, tattooing, scars, allergic and irritant dermatitis and inflammatory dermatoses. Objective: To investigate the role of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in devolopment and triggering of the lesions of DLE. Materials and methods: This study was performed on 30 patients with DLE. European baseline series and cosmetic patch test series were used. At least 1+ reaction was accepted as meaningful. Results: Twenty-three (76.7%) of 30 DLE patients and 16 (40%) of 40 control group patients were allergic to at least one allergen on standard patch test series. The difference between the groups were found statistically significant. Seventeen (56.7%) of 30 DLE patients and 6 (15%) of 40 control group patients were allergic to at least one allergen on cosmetic patch test series. The difference between the groups were statistically significant. The most sensitized allergens in both the groups were nickel sulphate, paraphenylen diamine, potassium dichromate from standard patch test series; quaternium 15, cocamidopropyl betain from cosmetic patch test series, in order. Conclusion: This study is distinctive since it is the first study to determine the eliciting role of ACD on DLE by imposing standard and cosmetic patch test series on DLE and control group patients. Worldwide, there is no study based on this subject. In the DLE group, the results of sensitization on standard and cosmetic patch test series were higher and statistically significant. Larger studies are required to reveal the exact role.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234630,Ikarashi et al. 1993,Influence of irritants on lymph node cell proliferation and the detection of contact sensitivity to metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay,"Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) are known to cause irritation of the skin, and to enhance the penetration of chemicals into the epidermis. In the present study, the lymph node cell (LNC) proliferative response following exposure to irritants, such as SLS and DMSO, was examined in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Exposure to DMSO or SLS aqueous solution induced a small increase in lymph node cell proliferation compared with aqueous solution alone. Exposure to SLS in DMSO caused a significant increase in LNC proliferation. Further, the effect of addition of the irritants in a vehicle on the detection of contact sensitivity to metal allergens was examined. Application of potassium dichromate and nickel sulfate in DMSO or SLS aqueous solution caused increases in LNC proliferation. Exposure to metal allergen with SLS in DMSO also induced a significant LNC proliferative response, but did not induce a significant increase in stimulation index (increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation relative to vehicle-treated control group). This was because of increased 3H-thymidine incorporation following exposure to SLS-DMSO in the control group. These results suggest that irritants enhance the LNC proliferative responses to metal allergens. The use of SLS in aqueous solution is effective for the detection of sensitivity to water-soluble allergens, such as metal allergens, in the LLNA, as well as the use of DMSO as an application vehicle.","Influence of irritants on lymph node cell proliferation and the detection of contact sensitivity to metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay Abs: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) are known to cause irritation of the skin, and to enhance the penetration of chemicals into the epidermis. In the present study, the lymph node cell (LNC) proliferative response following exposure to irritants, such as SLS and DMSO, was examined in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Exposure to DMSO or SLS aqueous solution induced a small increase in lymph node cell proliferation compared with aqueous solution alone. Exposure to SLS in DMSO caused a significant increase in LNC proliferation. Further, the effect of addition of the irritants in a vehicle on the detection of contact sensitivity to metal allergens was examined. Application of potassium dichromate and nickel sulfate in DMSO or SLS aqueous solution caused increases in LNC proliferation. Exposure to metal allergen with SLS in DMSO also induced a significant LNC proliferative response, but did not induce a significant increase in stimulation index (increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation relative to vehicle-treated control group). This was because of increased 3H-thymidine incorporation following exposure to SLS-DMSO in the control group. These results suggest that irritants enhance the LNC proliferative responses to metal allergens. The use of SLS in aqueous solution is effective for the detection of sensitivity to water-soluble allergens, such as metal allergens, in the LLNA, as well as the use of DMSO as an application vehicle.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
730622,Clottens et al. 1996,Assessment of the ear swelling test and the local lymph node assay in hamsters,"In a hamster model, we compared contact sensitivity to the metal salt, potassium dichromate, to that of oxazolone, a well-known strong sensitizing agent. Using the ear swelling test, originally developed in mice, no significant differences could be observed between animals treated with potassium dichromate and controls, although oxazolone-treated animals showed a significant increase in ear thickness compared to controls. These observations were confirmed using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) where oxazolone proved to be a strong sensitizing agent, and potassium dichromate only resulted in a weak response. When the draining auricular lymph nodes were compared with the inguinal lymph nodes in the LLNA, more pronounced effects were obtained with the auricular lymph nodes. This study indicates that, also in hamsters, the LLNA is a feasible sensitization test system.","Assessment of the ear swelling test and the local lymph node assay in hamsters Abs: In a hamster model, we compared contact sensitivity to the metal salt, potassium dichromate, to that of oxazolone, a well-known strong sensitizing agent. Using the ear swelling test, originally developed in mice, no significant differences could be observed between animals treated with potassium dichromate and controls, although oxazolone-treated animals showed a significant increase in ear thickness compared to controls. These observations were confirmed using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) where oxazolone proved to be a strong sensitizing agent, and potassium dichromate only resulted in a weak response. When the draining auricular lymph nodes were compared with the inguinal lymph nodes in the LLNA, more pronounced effects were obtained with the auricular lymph nodes. This study indicates that, also in hamsters, the LLNA is a feasible sensitization test system.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234347,Akhtar et al. 2004,Patch test for the detection of contact allergens,"Patch Test was done in 340 suspected allergic contact dermatitis patients having different ages of both sexes during the period of January 2000 to December 2003 in the department of Dermatology and Venerology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Of these 340 cases 145 (42.65%) were male and 195 (57.35%) were female. Among these 340 cases, 250 (73.53%) cases were tested with international standard series allergen (ISS) and 90 (26.47%) cases with cosmetic series allergen (CSS), of which patch test was positive in 125 (50%) cases and 65 (72.22%) cases respectively. The 125 positive cases with ISS consisted of 56% male and 44% female. In 65 CSS positive cases 90.77% were female and 9.23% were male. Highest incidence of positive patch test was found in 61.54% cases in the age group of 30-39 years in ISS and 71.43% cases in the age group of 20-29 yrs in CSS. In ISS--Potassium Dichromate (19.2%), Fragrance mix (17.6%), Nickel Sulphate (15.2%) and PPD (11.2%) were found to be the common allergen and in CSS--Octyl Gallate (27.69%), Getrimide (18.92%), Balsum of Peru (15.38%), Thiomersal (12.31%) were found to be the common allergens.","Patch test for the detection of contact allergens Abs: Patch Test was done in 340 suspected allergic contact dermatitis patients having different ages of both sexes during the period of January 2000 to December 2003 in the department of Dermatology and Venerology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka. Of these 340 cases 145 (42.65%) were male and 195 (57.35%) were female. Among these 340 cases, 250 (73.53%) cases were tested with international standard series allergen (ISS) and 90 (26.47%) cases with cosmetic series allergen (CSS), of which patch test was positive in 125 (50%) cases and 65 (72.22%) cases respectively. The 125 positive cases with ISS consisted of 56% male and 44% female. In 65 CSS positive cases 90.77% were female and 9.23% were male. Highest incidence of positive patch test was found in 61.54% cases in the age group of 30-39 years in ISS and 71.43% cases in the age group of 20-29 yrs in CSS. In ISS--Potassium Dichromate (19.2%), Fragrance mix (17.6%), Nickel Sulphate (15.2%) and PPD (11.2%) were found to be the common allergen and in CSS--Octyl Gallate (27.69%), Getrimide (18.92%), Balsum of Peru (15.38%), Thiomersal (12.31%) were found to be the common allergens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237938,Rabeau and  Ukrainczyk 1939,"Dermatitis In ""Laundresses"". The Effect Of Chromium And Chlorine (In France)","The causes of dermatitis in laundry workers (SIC-7219) in France were investigated. The frequency of allergic sensitization reactions of the skin reported in the literature were reviewed to identify possible irritant substances. The results of a test using a pure bleach and disinfectant mixture (Javel) and a 10 percent solution of Javel in water were compared in a single patient and then replicated in a group of laundresses, chamber maids, and hotel employees having dermatitis. An investigation of the contents of Javel produced by several manufacturers in France was conducted to identify irritant substances contained in it. A test using the pure Javel was found to be positive within 24 hours, while the results of the 10 percent solution failed to yield a positive result in more than 1500 patients. The test also produced positive results with bichromates in the individuals who were sensitive to the pure Javel. Potassium-bichromate (7778509) was regularly added to Javel as a stabilizer and colorant. Chlorine (7782505) was also found as an irritant present in Javel. Two hundred cases were noted that showed dual intolerance to chlorine and chromium (7440473), and the majority of these subjects had a history of contact with the mixture. The authors conclude that the so called laundress dermatitis common in France is the result of a dual intolerance to chromium and chlorine present in pure Javel. The use of chromium as a stabilizer in commonly used cleaning products should be banned. (French)","Dermatitis In ""Laundresses"". The Effect Of Chromium And Chlorine (In France) Abs: The causes of dermatitis in laundry workers (SIC-7219) in France were investigated. The frequency of allergic sensitization reactions of the skin reported in the literature were reviewed to identify possible irritant substances. The results of a test using a pure bleach and disinfectant mixture (Javel) and a 10 percent solution of Javel in water were compared in a single patient and then replicated in a group of laundresses, chamber maids, and hotel employees having dermatitis. An investigation of the contents of Javel produced by several manufacturers in France was conducted to identify irritant substances contained in it. A test using the pure Javel was found to be positive within 24 hours, while the results of the 10 percent solution failed to yield a positive result in more than 1500 patients. The test also produced positive results with bichromates in the individuals who were sensitive to the pure Javel. Potassium-bichromate (7778509) was regularly added to Javel as a stabilizer and colorant. Chlorine (7782505) was also found as an irritant present in Javel. Two hundred cases were noted that showed dual intolerance to chlorine and chromium (7440473), and the majority of these subjects had a history of contact with the mixture. The authors conclude that the so called laundress dermatitis common in France is the result of a dual intolerance to chromium and chlorine present in pure Javel. The use of chromium as a stabilizer in commonly used cleaning products should be banned. (French)",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1510336,Howell et al. 2000,Comparison of murine assays for the identification of chemical sensitizers,,Comparison of murine assays for the identification of chemical sensitizers Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238475,Cochrane et al. 1975,Structural elucidation of the chlordene isomer constituents of technical chlordane,"PESTAB. The technical chlordane constitutents designated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chlordene are isomers of chlordene (C10H6Cl6). These isomers are formed via the rearrangement of chlordene by the action of Cl2 or free-radical initiating agents, and they no longer possess the cyclodiene-type structure. Elucidation of these isomeric structures involved various chemical derivatization reactions. Oxidation with chromic oxide yielded ketones and epoxides while reduction with Zn?HOAc or CrCl2 produced mono- and didechlorinated homologs. Photoisomers, in which the two original ClC=CCl bonds had been cross-linked, resulted from their unsensitized UV irradiation. Spectral confirmation of structure was obtained by 1H NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies. It is postulated that alpha-chlordene is 1,2,3,5,7,8- hexachloro- 1,3a,4,5,6,6a - hexahydro- 1,4-ethenopentalene (III) and beta-chlordene is 2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexachloro- 3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro- 1,6-methano- 1H- indene (XIII), with gamma-chlordene (XI) being the 2,3,3a,4,5,8-hexachloro isomer of beta-chlordene. (Author abstract by permission)","Structural elucidation of the chlordene isomer constituents of technical chlordane Abs: PESTAB. The technical chlordane constitutents designated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chlordene are isomers of chlordene (C10H6Cl6). These isomers are formed via the rearrangement of chlordene by the action of Cl2 or free-radical initiating agents, and they no longer possess the cyclodiene-type structure. Elucidation of these isomeric structures involved various chemical derivatization reactions. Oxidation with chromic oxide yielded ketones and epoxides while reduction with Zn?HOAc or CrCl2 produced mono- and didechlorinated homologs. Photoisomers, in which the two original ClC=CCl bonds had been cross-linked, resulted from their unsensitized UV irradiation. Spectral confirmation of structure was obtained by 1H NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies. It is postulated that alpha-chlordene is 1,2,3,5,7,8- hexachloro- 1,3a,4,5,6,6a - hexahydro- 1,4-ethenopentalene (III) and beta-chlordene is 2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexachloro- 3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro- 1,6-methano- 1H- indene (XIII), with gamma-chlordene (XI) being the 2,3,3a,4,5,8-hexachloro isomer of beta-chlordene. (Author abstract by permission)",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1231702,Joseph et al. 2008,Heme-oxygenase 1 gene expression is a marker for hexavalent chromium-induced stress and toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts,"Several adverse health effects, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, have been reported among workers who are occupationally exposed to chromium-containing compounds. Human dermal fibroblasts were used as an in vitro experimental model to study the potential mechanisms underlying hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced dermal toxicity. Exposure of the fibroblasts to 5 microM Cr(VI) (LC50 for a 24-h exposure period) followed by microarray analysis of the gene expression profile revealed overexpression of several genes including those involved in cell stress response. The cellular level of glutathione, the major antioxidant molecule present in the cells, was significantly lower in the Cr(VI)-treated cells compared to the corresponding control cells. The Cr(VI)-induced overexpression of heme-oxygenase 1 messenger RNA (HO-1) in the fibroblasts was significantly blocked by actinomycin D and by inhibitors of MAP kinase pathways. The Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and the overexpression of the HO-1 gene were dependent on the glutathione level of the fibroblasts. Buthionine sulfoximine-mediated GSH depletion resulted in enhanced Cr(VI) cytotoxicity and further overexpression of the HO-1 gene. On the other hand, elevated cellular levels of glutathione resulting from pretreating the cells with GSH significantly protected the cells against the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the HO-1 gene's overexpression. Pretreating the fibroblasts with N-acetyl cysteine also significantly reduced the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and overexpression of the HO-1 gene. In conclusion, depletion of GSH leading to cellular stress is a major mechanism responsible for Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the expression level of HO-1 gene is a marker for Cr(VI)-induced cell stress leading to cytotoxicity.","Heme-oxygenase 1 gene expression is a marker for hexavalent chromium-induced stress and toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts Abs: Several adverse health effects, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, have been reported among workers who are occupationally exposed to chromium-containing compounds. Human dermal fibroblasts were used as an in vitro experimental model to study the potential mechanisms underlying hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced dermal toxicity. Exposure of the fibroblasts to 5 microM Cr(VI) (LC50 for a 24-h exposure period) followed by microarray analysis of the gene expression profile revealed overexpression of several genes including those involved in cell stress response. The cellular level of glutathione, the major antioxidant molecule present in the cells, was significantly lower in the Cr(VI)-treated cells compared to the corresponding control cells. The Cr(VI)-induced overexpression of heme-oxygenase 1 messenger RNA (HO-1) in the fibroblasts was significantly blocked by actinomycin D and by inhibitors of MAP kinase pathways. The Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and the overexpression of the HO-1 gene were dependent on the glutathione level of the fibroblasts. Buthionine sulfoximine-mediated GSH depletion resulted in enhanced Cr(VI) cytotoxicity and further overexpression of the HO-1 gene. On the other hand, elevated cellular levels of glutathione resulting from pretreating the cells with GSH significantly protected the cells against the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the HO-1 gene's overexpression. Pretreating the fibroblasts with N-acetyl cysteine also significantly reduced the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and overexpression of the HO-1 gene. In conclusion, depletion of GSH leading to cellular stress is a major mechanism responsible for Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the expression level of HO-1 gene is a marker for Cr(VI)-induced cell stress leading to cytotoxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237757,Levis et al. 1978,Cytotoxic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mammalian cells in vitro,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The cytotoxic effects of carcinogenic hexavalent (K2Cr2O7) and trivalent (CrCl3) compounds were studied in cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK kidney line) and human epithelial-like cells (HEp epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma line). K2Cr2O7 stimulates the uptake of labeled thymidine (TdR) into the soluble intracellular pool (the stimulation of nucleoside uptake represents a specific effect of Cr6+) while Cr3+ always exerts an inhibitory action. DNA synthesis is inhibited by treatment with both Cr compounds, but especially by K2Cr2O7. The effective CrCl3 concentrations reduce the sensitivity of DNA and RNA to hydrolysis with perchloric acid. Treatment with K2Cr2O7 in balanced salt solution, where Cr6+ reduction is less marked, induce more pronounced cytotoxic effects than treatment in complete growth medium. HEp cells were more sensitive to K2Cr2O7 than BHK fibroblasts. In the former line TdR uptake is less stimulated; DNA synthesis and cell survival are more affected. Survival of BHK cells to K2Cr2O7 indicates a multihit mechanism of cell inactivation, the extrapolation number being about 10. On the basis of quantitative Cr determinations in the treatment solutions and treated cells, the cytotoxic effects of Cr are attributed to the action of Cr6+ at the plasma membrane level on the mechanisms involved in nucleoside uptake, and interaction of Cr3+ at the intracellular level with nucleophilic targets on the DNA molecule.","Cytotoxic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium on mammalian cells in vitro Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The cytotoxic effects of carcinogenic hexavalent (K2Cr2O7) and trivalent (CrCl3) compounds were studied in cultured hamster fibroblasts (BHK kidney line) and human epithelial-like cells (HEp epidermoid laryngeal carcinoma line). K2Cr2O7 stimulates the uptake of labeled thymidine (TdR) into the soluble intracellular pool (the stimulation of nucleoside uptake represents a specific effect of Cr6+) while Cr3+ always exerts an inhibitory action. DNA synthesis is inhibited by treatment with both Cr compounds, but especially by K2Cr2O7. The effective CrCl3 concentrations reduce the sensitivity of DNA and RNA to hydrolysis with perchloric acid. Treatment with K2Cr2O7 in balanced salt solution, where Cr6+ reduction is less marked, induce more pronounced cytotoxic effects than treatment in complete growth medium. HEp cells were more sensitive to K2Cr2O7 than BHK fibroblasts. In the former line TdR uptake is less stimulated; DNA synthesis and cell survival are more affected. Survival of BHK cells to K2Cr2O7 indicates a multihit mechanism of cell inactivation, the extrapolation number being about 10. On the basis of quantitative Cr determinations in the treatment solutions and treated cells, the cytotoxic effects of Cr are attributed to the action of Cr6+ at the plasma membrane level on the mechanisms involved in nucleoside uptake, and interaction of Cr3+ at the intracellular level with nucleophilic targets on the DNA molecule.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1509934,Sharma et al. 2012,Genetic predisposition for dermal problems in hexavalent chromium exposed population,"We studied the effect of genetic susceptibility on hexavalent chromium induced dermal adversities. The health status of population was examined from the areas of Kanpur (India) having the elevated hexavalent chromium levels in groundwater. Blood samples were collected for DNA isolation to conduct polymorphic determination of genes, namely: NQO1 (C609T), hOGG1 (C1245G), GSTT1, and GSTM1 (deletion). Symptomatic exposed subjects (n = 38) were compared with asymptomatic exposed subjects (n = 108) along with asymptomatic controls (n = 148) from a non contaminated reference community. Exposed symptomatic group consisted of 36.8% subjects who were GSTM1 null genotyped as compared to asymptomatic where only 19.4% subjects were null. The exposed subjects with GSTM1 null genotype were more susceptible to dermal adversities in comparison with wild genotyped subjects (OR?=?2.42; 95% CI?=?1.071-5.451). Age, smoking, gender or duration of residence were not found to have any confounding effect towards this association. Association with other genes was not statistically significant, nonetheless, possible contribution by these genes cannot be ruled out. In conclusion, variation in the polymorphic status of GSTM1 gene may influence dermal outcomes among residents from Cr(VI) contaminated areas. Further studies are therefore, needed to examine these observations among different population groups.","Genetic predisposition for dermal problems in hexavalent chromium exposed population Abs: We studied the effect of genetic susceptibility on hexavalent chromium induced dermal adversities. The health status of population was examined from the areas of Kanpur (India) having the elevated hexavalent chromium levels in groundwater. Blood samples were collected for DNA isolation to conduct polymorphic determination of genes, namely: NQO1 (C609T), hOGG1 (C1245G), GSTT1, and GSTM1 (deletion). Symptomatic exposed subjects (n = 38) were compared with asymptomatic exposed subjects (n = 108) along with asymptomatic controls (n = 148) from a non contaminated reference community. Exposed symptomatic group consisted of 36.8% subjects who were GSTM1 null genotyped as compared to asymptomatic where only 19.4% subjects were null. The exposed subjects with GSTM1 null genotype were more susceptible to dermal adversities in comparison with wild genotyped subjects (OR?=?2.42; 95% CI?=?1.071-5.451). Age, smoking, gender or duration of residence were not found to have any confounding effect towards this association. Association with other genes was not statistically significant, nonetheless, possible contribution by these genes cannot be ruled out. In conclusion, variation in the polymorphic status of GSTM1 gene may influence dermal outcomes among residents from Cr(VI) contaminated areas. Further studies are therefore, needed to examine these observations among different population groups.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237920,Marcussen 1962,Variations in the Incidence of Contact Hypersensitivities,"Variations in the incidence of contact hypersensitivities to 2 standard patch test series of 21 substances were examined. Subjects were 36,000 patients with dermatitis, tested in a dermatological department in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1938 and 1955. Substances tested for included: turpentine (8006642), colophony (8050097), balsam-of-Peru (8007009), salicylic-acid (69727), formalin (50000), mercuric-chloride (7487947), potassium-dichromate (7778509), silver-nitrate (7761888), nickel-sulfate (7786814), resorcin (108463), sodium-perborate (11138479) powder, brown soap, pure coal-tar (8007452), wood tars, quinine-hydrochloride (130892), iodine (7553562), pyrogallol (87661), paraphenylenediamine (92671), para-aminophenol (123308), and adhesive tape. Of subjects tested, 29.6 percent showed positive reactions to one or more of these substances. An examination of hypersensitivities over time to substances of therapeutic use indicated that hypersensitivity to iodine almost completely disappeared, and decreased markedly to quinine and resorcin. Hypersensitivities to salicyclic-acid and coal-tar showed significant increases, and hypersensitivity to balsam-of-Peru also increased. Four substances, imported on a large scale for industrial use, showed a marked decrease in hypersensitivity toward the end of World War II, followed by a renewed increase. These were nickel formaldehyde, colophony, and potassium-dichromate. The author suggests that increases and decreases in hypersensitivities over the time period studied correlate to the increasing or decreasing use of the substance.","Variations in the Incidence of Contact Hypersensitivities Abs: Variations in the incidence of contact hypersensitivities to 2 standard patch test series of 21 substances were examined. Subjects were 36,000 patients with dermatitis, tested in a dermatological department in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1938 and 1955. Substances tested for included: turpentine (8006642), colophony (8050097), balsam-of-Peru (8007009), salicylic-acid (69727), formalin (50000), mercuric-chloride (7487947), potassium-dichromate (7778509), silver-nitrate (7761888), nickel-sulfate (7786814), resorcin (108463), sodium-perborate (11138479) powder, brown soap, pure coal-tar (8007452), wood tars, quinine-hydrochloride (130892), iodine (7553562), pyrogallol (87661), paraphenylenediamine (92671), para-aminophenol (123308), and adhesive tape. Of subjects tested, 29.6 percent showed positive reactions to one or more of these substances. An examination of hypersensitivities over time to substances of therapeutic use indicated that hypersensitivity to iodine almost completely disappeared, and decreased markedly to quinine and resorcin. Hypersensitivities to salicyclic-acid and coal-tar showed significant increases, and hypersensitivity to balsam-of-Peru also increased. Four substances, imported on a large scale for industrial use, showed a marked decrease in hypersensitivity toward the end of World War II, followed by a renewed increase. These were nickel formaldehyde, colophony, and potassium-dichromate. The author suggests that increases and decreases in hypersensitivities over the time period studied correlate to the increasing or decreasing use of the substance.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1230926,Erkan et al. 2002,Comparative ultracytochemical study of the acrosome in four different Veneroida species from the Turkish coast,"Cytoplasmic acidic phosphoproteins and complex polysaccharides were stained with ammoniacal silver nitrate-formalin and phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid, respectively. In Cerastoderma glaucum (Cardiacea), acrosomal vesicle contents are differentiated into an apical intermediate-dense component and a basal dense region. PTA stained the apical component and silver stained the basal region and the apex of the acrosome. In Spisula subtruncata (Mactracea) the acrosome showed a PTA-stained apical component and a silver-positive basal dense region. In the Veneracea, Chamelea gallina and Pitar rudis show a tripartite acrosomal vesicle, with apical light, outer dense and inner intermediate-dense regions. In both species, the apical and inner components were stained by PTA, whereas silver stained all regions of the acrosomal vesicle in C. gallina and the apical and outer regions in P. rudis. In midpiece, only C. glaucum showed a positive silver reaction at the centriolar fossa.","Comparative ultracytochemical study of the acrosome in four different Veneroida species from the Turkish coast Abs: Cytoplasmic acidic phosphoproteins and complex polysaccharides were stained with ammoniacal silver nitrate-formalin and phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid, respectively. In Cerastoderma glaucum (Cardiacea), acrosomal vesicle contents are differentiated into an apical intermediate-dense component and a basal dense region. PTA stained the apical component and silver stained the basal region and the apex of the acrosome. In Spisula subtruncata (Mactracea) the acrosome showed a PTA-stained apical component and a silver-positive basal dense region. In the Veneracea, Chamelea gallina and Pitar rudis show a tripartite acrosomal vesicle, with apical light, outer dense and inner intermediate-dense regions. In both species, the apical and inner components were stained by PTA, whereas silver stained all regions of the acrosomal vesicle in C. gallina and the apical and outer regions in P. rudis. In midpiece, only C. glaucum showed a positive silver reaction at the centriolar fossa.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238041,Adams 1982,Patch Testing in Occupational Dermatitis,"This appendix contained 12 guidelines to follow in patch testing for occupational dermatitis. These included the suggestions of testing only with known substances, use of the back as the best site, not testing if the dermatitis is very active, using the AL test material and covering with Norgeplaster or Dermicel tape, telling the patient to leave the patches on for 48 hours unless problems develop, instructing the patient not to shower or engage in sports, taking a preliminary reading at 48 hours when patches are removed and a final reading at 72 hours, distinguishing between irritations and allergic reactions, false negatives, determining relevance of positive tests, and providing the patient with a list of substances to avoid. The standard series of patch tests was applicable for nickel-sulfate (7786814), potassium-dichromate (7778509), neomycin-sulfate (1405103), ethylenediamine-dihydrochloride (333186), Balsam-of-Peru (8007009), benzyl-alcohol (100516), ammoniated-mercury (10124488), paraben mix, formaldehyde (50000), p-phenylenediamine (106503), cinnamic-alcohol (104541), cinnamic-aldehyde (104552), caine mix, wool alcohols, lanolin (hydrous), mercapto mix, thiuram mix, naphthyl mix, black rubber mix, carba mix, and epoxy resin. Additional substances for occupational dermatitis testing were listed. Sources for obtaining patch test materials were listed with their addresses.","Patch Testing in Occupational Dermatitis Abs: This appendix contained 12 guidelines to follow in patch testing for occupational dermatitis. These included the suggestions of testing only with known substances, use of the back as the best site, not testing if the dermatitis is very active, using the AL test material and covering with Norgeplaster or Dermicel tape, telling the patient to leave the patches on for 48 hours unless problems develop, instructing the patient not to shower or engage in sports, taking a preliminary reading at 48 hours when patches are removed and a final reading at 72 hours, distinguishing between irritations and allergic reactions, false negatives, determining relevance of positive tests, and providing the patient with a list of substances to avoid. The standard series of patch tests was applicable for nickel-sulfate (7786814), potassium-dichromate (7778509), neomycin-sulfate (1405103), ethylenediamine-dihydrochloride (333186), Balsam-of-Peru (8007009), benzyl-alcohol (100516), ammoniated-mercury (10124488), paraben mix, formaldehyde (50000), p-phenylenediamine (106503), cinnamic-alcohol (104541), cinnamic-aldehyde (104552), caine mix, wool alcohols, lanolin (hydrous), mercapto mix, thiuram mix, naphthyl mix, black rubber mix, carba mix, and epoxy resin. Additional substances for occupational dermatitis testing were listed. Sources for obtaining patch test materials were listed with their addresses.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234203,Boonchai et al. 2008,Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in Thailand,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Contact dermatitis is a universal condition. Patch testing is an effective diagnostic tool for clinically suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of specific allergens varies by geographic area.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To determine the relative frequency of positive reactions to different sensitizers in Thai patients with clinically suspected contact dermatitis.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The results of patch tests performed from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2006, at the Siriraj Hospital Contact Dermatitis Clinic were analyzed. A total of 323 consecutive patients (83% women and 17% men, with mean age of 39 years) were patch-tested with the total number of allergens used from both European standard patch test series and International patch test series was 26.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The most frequent allergen was potassium dichromate (27%), followed by nickel sulfate (26.6%), fragrance mix (20.7%), and cobalt chloride (16.4%).<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>We compared the results with published findings in Asian-Pacific populations to identify geographic cultural differences in the prevalence of the allergens. The findings of the present study are able to identify the set of prominent local allergens for better revision of the standard patch test to local needs.","Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis in Thailand Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Contact dermatitis is a universal condition. Patch testing is an effective diagnostic tool for clinically suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of specific allergens varies by geographic area.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To determine the relative frequency of positive reactions to different sensitizers in Thai patients with clinically suspected contact dermatitis.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The results of patch tests performed from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2006, at the Siriraj Hospital Contact Dermatitis Clinic were analyzed. A total of 323 consecutive patients (83% women and 17% men, with mean age of 39 years) were patch-tested with the total number of allergens used from both European standard patch test series and International patch test series was 26.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The most frequent allergen was potassium dichromate (27%), followed by nickel sulfate (26.6%), fragrance mix (20.7%), and cobalt chloride (16.4%).<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>We compared the results with published findings in Asian-Pacific populations to identify geographic cultural differences in the prevalence of the allergens. The findings of the present study are able to identify the set of prominent local allergens for better revision of the standard patch test to local needs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234679,Gonçalo et al. 1992,Allergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC),"The authors report a study of allergic contact dermatitis in 329 Portuguese children of 14 years or younger. 170 children (64 male and 106 female) reacted to 1 or more allergens. Most of these were in the 11-14 years group. The main allergens were nickel, thimerosal, cobalt, mercury, fragrance-mix and potassium dichromate. Nickel reactivity predominated in females over the whole group, but a greater number of males younger than 5 years reacted to nickel. The number of positive reactions increased with age, but this was not accompained by an increase in the % of relevant tests. 12 children, all of them 13 or 14 years-old, had an occupational allergic contact dermatitis.","Allergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of the Portuguese Contact Dermatitis Group (GPEDC) Abs: The authors report a study of allergic contact dermatitis in 329 Portuguese children of 14 years or younger. 170 children (64 male and 106 female) reacted to 1 or more allergens. Most of these were in the 11-14 years group. The main allergens were nickel, thimerosal, cobalt, mercury, fragrance-mix and potassium dichromate. Nickel reactivity predominated in females over the whole group, but a greater number of males younger than 5 years reacted to nickel. The number of positive reactions increased with age, but this was not accompained by an increase in the % of relevant tests. 12 children, all of them 13 or 14 years-old, had an occupational allergic contact dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1233759,Seishima et al. 2003,Cellular phone dermatitis with chromate allergy,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>A patient with allergic contact dermatitis caused by hexavalent chromium plating on a cellular phone has already been reported.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>This study described the clinical characteristics and results of patch tests in 8 patients with contact dermatitis possibly caused by handling a cellular phone.<br /><br /><strong>PATIENTS: </strong>The 8 patients were 4 males and 4 females aged from 14 to 54 years. They each noticed skin eruptions after 9-25 days of using a cellular phone. All patients had erythema, and 7 had papules on the hemilateral auricle or in the preauricular region. Three of 8 patients had a history of metal allergy. Chromate, aluminium and acrylnitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer were used as plating on the cellular phones used by these patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Closed patch tests and photopatch tests were performed using metal standard antigens.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The patch test was positive for 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05% potassium dichromate in all 8 patients. The photopatch test showed the same results. One patient was positive for 2% cobalt chloride and one for 5% nickel sulfate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>It is important to consider the possibility of contact dermatitis due to a cellular phone, possibly caused by chromate, when the patients have erythema and papules on the hemilateral auricle or in the preauricular region.","Cellular phone dermatitis with chromate allergy Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>A patient with allergic contact dermatitis caused by hexavalent chromium plating on a cellular phone has already been reported.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>This study described the clinical characteristics and results of patch tests in 8 patients with contact dermatitis possibly caused by handling a cellular phone.<br /><br /><strong>PATIENTS: </strong>The 8 patients were 4 males and 4 females aged from 14 to 54 years. They each noticed skin eruptions after 9-25 days of using a cellular phone. All patients had erythema, and 7 had papules on the hemilateral auricle or in the preauricular region. Three of 8 patients had a history of metal allergy. Chromate, aluminium and acrylnitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer were used as plating on the cellular phones used by these patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Closed patch tests and photopatch tests were performed using metal standard antigens.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The patch test was positive for 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05% potassium dichromate in all 8 patients. The photopatch test showed the same results. One patient was positive for 2% cobalt chloride and one for 5% nickel sulfate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>It is important to consider the possibility of contact dermatitis due to a cellular phone, possibly caused by chromate, when the patients have erythema and papules on the hemilateral auricle or in the preauricular region.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235694,Fitzgerald and  English 1994,Lymphoedema of the hands as a complication of chronic allergic contact dermatitis,"A case of hand lymphedema probably caused by chromate or cobalt (7440484) induced allergic contact dermatitis was summarized. A 40 year old male with severe fissured dermatitis of the hands was evaluated at a dermatology clinic in 1982. He had worked as a building laborer for 20 years. He was not atopic. Patch testing with the European standard allergen series revealed positive reactions to potassium-dichromate (7778509) and cobalt-chloride (7646799). He continued in the same occupation and suffered several episodes of hand dermatitis which did not respond to treatment with topical corticosteroids. He also had recurrent episodes of streptococcal cellulitis on each hand. He was hospitalized in 1993 complaining of persistent swelling of his hands. The swelling prevented him from working. Examination revealed marked nonpitting edema of both hands accompanied by varying degrees of chronic dermatitis. No upper limb or systemic lymphadenopathy was detected. The authors conclude that in the absence of any other identifiable cause, the patient's lymphedema has to be attributed to his chronic dermatitis. Although chronic dermatitis itself has not been recognized as causing lymphedema, it is possible that the recurrent episodes of streptococcal cellulitis may have rendered the patient susceptible to lymphedema.","Lymphoedema of the hands as a complication of chronic allergic contact dermatitis Abs: A case of hand lymphedema probably caused by chromate or cobalt (7440484) induced allergic contact dermatitis was summarized. A 40 year old male with severe fissured dermatitis of the hands was evaluated at a dermatology clinic in 1982. He had worked as a building laborer for 20 years. He was not atopic. Patch testing with the European standard allergen series revealed positive reactions to potassium-dichromate (7778509) and cobalt-chloride (7646799). He continued in the same occupation and suffered several episodes of hand dermatitis which did not respond to treatment with topical corticosteroids. He also had recurrent episodes of streptococcal cellulitis on each hand. He was hospitalized in 1993 complaining of persistent swelling of his hands. The swelling prevented him from working. Examination revealed marked nonpitting edema of both hands accompanied by varying degrees of chronic dermatitis. No upper limb or systemic lymphadenopathy was detected. The authors conclude that in the absence of any other identifiable cause, the patient's lymphedema has to be attributed to his chronic dermatitis. Although chronic dermatitis itself has not been recognized as causing lymphedema, it is possible that the recurrent episodes of streptococcal cellulitis may have rendered the patient susceptible to lymphedema.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234571,Bangha and  Elsner 1996,Sensitizations to allergens of the European standard series at the Department of Dermatology in Zurich 1990-1994,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>For planning and evaluation of preventive activities against contact dermatitis, it is important to detect trends in contact sensitization.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: </strong>We performed a computer-aided analysis of the patch test results of 5,565 patients tested with the European standard allergens consecutively from 1990 to 1994 in our patch test clinic.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The male/female ratio was 42.4/ 57.6%. Sixty-one percent of the patients were &lt; 45 years. Hands, face and lower legs were the major localizations of eczema. The largest occupational groups were office workers (21%), houseworkers and cleaning personnel (18%) and pensioners (10%). The highest sensitization rates were found for nickel (18.5%) and fragrance mix (9.6%). An increase of sensitizations to fragrance mix and balsam of Peru in both sexes and a decrease in nickel and cobalt sensitizations for females and potassium dichromate reactions for males were observed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our data show considerable changes in the frequency of contact sensitizations that warrant further analytic studies.","Sensitizations to allergens of the European standard series at the Department of Dermatology in Zurich 1990-1994 Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>For planning and evaluation of preventive activities against contact dermatitis, it is important to detect trends in contact sensitization.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: </strong>We performed a computer-aided analysis of the patch test results of 5,565 patients tested with the European standard allergens consecutively from 1990 to 1994 in our patch test clinic.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The male/female ratio was 42.4/ 57.6%. Sixty-one percent of the patients were &lt; 45 years. Hands, face and lower legs were the major localizations of eczema. The largest occupational groups were office workers (21%), houseworkers and cleaning personnel (18%) and pensioners (10%). The highest sensitization rates were found for nickel (18.5%) and fragrance mix (9.6%). An increase of sensitizations to fragrance mix and balsam of Peru in both sexes and a decrease in nickel and cobalt sensitizations for females and potassium dichromate reactions for males were observed.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our data show considerable changes in the frequency of contact sensitizations that warrant further analytic studies.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1233512,Gabal et al. 1994,Occupational dermatoses among workers in a porcelain manufacturing factory,"The objectives of the present work are to determine the prevalence and risk factors of occurrence of occupational dermatoses among workers in a porcelain manufacturing factory. The study included 235 workers (132 males and 103 females). After history taking, dermatological examination was performed at the work place. Cases of contact dermatitis (CD) were patch tested using potassium dichromate 0.5%, Cobalt chloride 1% and Nickel sulphate 5% in petrolatum. Results showed that the prevalence of occupational dermatoses (OD) was 26.8% among exposed workers. The highest percentage of OD was found among workers in the decoration department. It represented 30.2% of all cases. CD was the commonest presentation among the studied group, it represented 27% of all cases of OD. Results of patch testing indicated that out of 17 cases of CD 12 cases (70%) were of the irritant variety and 5 cases (30%) were of the allergic type. The prevalence of OD was found to be affected by age, duration of work, type of exposure and daily bathing after work.","Occupational dermatoses among workers in a porcelain manufacturing factory Abs: The objectives of the present work are to determine the prevalence and risk factors of occurrence of occupational dermatoses among workers in a porcelain manufacturing factory. The study included 235 workers (132 males and 103 females). After history taking, dermatological examination was performed at the work place. Cases of contact dermatitis (CD) were patch tested using potassium dichromate 0.5%, Cobalt chloride 1% and Nickel sulphate 5% in petrolatum. Results showed that the prevalence of occupational dermatoses (OD) was 26.8% among exposed workers. The highest percentage of OD was found among workers in the decoration department. It represented 30.2% of all cases. CD was the commonest presentation among the studied group, it represented 27% of all cases of OD. Results of patch testing indicated that out of 17 cases of CD 12 cases (70%) were of the irritant variety and 5 cases (30%) were of the allergic type. The prevalence of OD was found to be affected by age, duration of work, type of exposure and daily bathing after work.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234308,Wetter et al. 2005,"Patch test results from the Mayo Clinic Contact Dermatitis Group, 1998-2000","<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Patch testing is a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. A standard series of allergens similar to that used by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) is used at Mayo Clinic.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Our aim was to report the results of patch testing with a standard series at Mayo Clinic from July 1, 1998, to Dec 31, 2000 and to compare our findings with those of the NACDG during the same period.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The results of patch testing with the standard series at Mayo Clinic were examined. Positive reaction rates were compared between Mayo Clinic and the NACDG.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>During the 30-month period, 1324 Mayo Clinic patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens (mean, 60 allergens), whereas the NACDG standard series during this period included 50 allergens. Overall, 917 patients (69.3%) had at least one positive reaction and 606 patients (45.8%) had two or more positive reactions. The 10 allergens used both by Mayo Clinic and by the NACDG that most frequently caused positive reactions were nickel sulfate hexahydrate, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae), neomycin sulfate, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate (0.25%), thimerosal, bacitracin, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Statistically significant differences in positive reaction rates (P &lt; .05) were observed for 12 of the 43 allergens common to both Mayo Clinic and the NACDG.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>With large standard patch test series, one can identify commonly encountered and potentially relevant contact allergens.","Patch test results from the Mayo Clinic Contact Dermatitis Group, 1998-2000 Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Patch testing is a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. A standard series of allergens similar to that used by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) is used at Mayo Clinic.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Our aim was to report the results of patch testing with a standard series at Mayo Clinic from July 1, 1998, to Dec 31, 2000 and to compare our findings with those of the NACDG during the same period.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>The results of patch testing with the standard series at Mayo Clinic were examined. Positive reaction rates were compared between Mayo Clinic and the NACDG.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>During the 30-month period, 1324 Mayo Clinic patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens (mean, 60 allergens), whereas the NACDG standard series during this period included 50 allergens. Overall, 917 patients (69.3%) had at least one positive reaction and 606 patients (45.8%) had two or more positive reactions. The 10 allergens used both by Mayo Clinic and by the NACDG that most frequently caused positive reactions were nickel sulfate hexahydrate, balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae), neomycin sulfate, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate (0.25%), thimerosal, bacitracin, formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde. Statistically significant differences in positive reaction rates (P &lt; .05) were observed for 12 of the 43 allergens common to both Mayo Clinic and the NACDG.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>With large standard patch test series, one can identify commonly encountered and potentially relevant contact allergens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235959,Goh 1988,Epidemiology of contact allergy in Singapore,"The prevalence of contact allergy in 2471 patients patch tested in Singapore was 49.2% (571/1160) in women and 49.8% (653/1311) in men (sex difference not significant). The rate appeared to increase with age (43.7% in those less than 20 years, 50.6% between 20 and 49 years, and 63.1% in those greater than 49 years). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of contact allergy among the major races (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) of Singapore. Contact allergies in 16.8% (96/571) of women and 38.9% (254/653) of men (p less than 0.001) were occupational. Nickel, fragrance mix, proflavine, and chromate were common sensitizers. The male:female prevalence of nickel allergy was 1:2 (sex difference p less than 0.001) and for chromate was 7:1 (sex difference p less than 0.001). Chromate sensitivity was occupational in 87.7% (121/138) of men and 47.1% (8/17) of women (sex difference p less than 0.001). Proflavine, neomycin, and clioquinol were the more common medicament sensitizers.","Epidemiology of contact allergy in Singapore Abs: The prevalence of contact allergy in 2471 patients patch tested in Singapore was 49.2% (571/1160) in women and 49.8% (653/1311) in men (sex difference not significant). The rate appeared to increase with age (43.7% in those less than 20 years, 50.6% between 20 and 49 years, and 63.1% in those greater than 49 years). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of contact allergy among the major races (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) of Singapore. Contact allergies in 16.8% (96/571) of women and 38.9% (254/653) of men (p less than 0.001) were occupational. Nickel, fragrance mix, proflavine, and chromate were common sensitizers. The male:female prevalence of nickel allergy was 1:2 (sex difference p less than 0.001) and for chromate was 7:1 (sex difference p less than 0.001). Chromate sensitivity was occupational in 87.7% (121/138) of men and 47.1% (8/17) of women (sex difference p less than 0.001). Proflavine, neomycin, and clioquinol were the more common medicament sensitizers.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
733748,Corbett et al. 1997,Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L),"This study examined the systemic uptake of chromium in four human volunteers following three hours of contact with water containing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] at a concentration of 22 mg/L. Volunteers were immersed below the shoulders in water at 91 +/- 2.5 degrees F. On the day prior to the experiment and for five days afterwards, samples of urine, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) were collected and analyzed for total chromium. Red blood cell chromium concentrations were used as a specific biomarker for systemic uptake of Cr(VI). Although total chromium concentrations in RBCs and plasma increased relative to historical background concentrations on the day of exposure, no sustained elevation of chromium concentrations was observed in RBCs or plasma of the volunteers tested. Since absorption of chromium in the hexavalent state would result in the irreversible binding of Cr(VI) to hemoglobin within the RBC (manifested as a sustained elevation of total chromium concentrations in the RBC), the pattern of blood uptake and urinary excretion observed was consistent with uptake and distribution of chromium in the trivalent state. Small increases were observed in the concentration of total chromium in urine within 48 h of exposure, indicating that some trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] may have penetrated the skin at a rate of about 3.3 x 10(-5) to 4.1 x 10(-4) micrograms/ cm2-h. In short, the data indicated that a 3-h contact with Cr(VI) at concentrations in water plausible for environmental exposure (e.g., swimming) was not expected to result in systemic uptake of measurable amounts of Cr(VI), although a small quantity of Cr(VI) may have penetrated the skin where it was subsequently reduced to Cr(III) prior to systemic uptake.","Systemic uptake of chromium in human volunteers following dermal contact with hexavalent chromium (22 mg/L) Abs: This study examined the systemic uptake of chromium in four human volunteers following three hours of contact with water containing hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] at a concentration of 22 mg/L. Volunteers were immersed below the shoulders in water at 91 +/- 2.5 degrees F. On the day prior to the experiment and for five days afterwards, samples of urine, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) were collected and analyzed for total chromium. Red blood cell chromium concentrations were used as a specific biomarker for systemic uptake of Cr(VI). Although total chromium concentrations in RBCs and plasma increased relative to historical background concentrations on the day of exposure, no sustained elevation of chromium concentrations was observed in RBCs or plasma of the volunteers tested. Since absorption of chromium in the hexavalent state would result in the irreversible binding of Cr(VI) to hemoglobin within the RBC (manifested as a sustained elevation of total chromium concentrations in the RBC), the pattern of blood uptake and urinary excretion observed was consistent with uptake and distribution of chromium in the trivalent state. Small increases were observed in the concentration of total chromium in urine within 48 h of exposure, indicating that some trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] may have penetrated the skin at a rate of about 3.3 x 10(-5) to 4.1 x 10(-4) micrograms/ cm2-h. In short, the data indicated that a 3-h contact with Cr(VI) at concentrations in water plausible for environmental exposure (e.g., swimming) was not expected to result in systemic uptake of measurable amounts of Cr(VI), although a small quantity of Cr(VI) may have penetrated the skin where it was subsequently reduced to Cr(III) prior to systemic uptake.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236991,Sertoli et al. 1986,COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF 3312 CASES OF CONTACT DERMATITIS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WORKERS HOUSEWIFE CONSTRUCTION WORKER HEALTH CARE WORKER HAIRDRESSER STEEL WORKER SEX DIFFERENCE CLOTHING PERFUME DRUG TOXICITY POTASSIUM BICHROMATE NICKEL SULFATE METALS BALSAM OF PERU COBALT OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY METAL INDUSTRY HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY,COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF 3312 CASES OF CONTACT DERMATITIS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WORKERS HOUSEWIFE CONSTRUCTION WORKER HEALTH CARE WORKER HAIRDRESSER STEEL WORKER SEX DIFFERENCE CLOTHING PERFUME DRUG TOXICITY POTASSIUM BICHROMATE NICKEL SULFATE METALS BALSAM OF PERU COBALT OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY METAL INDUSTRY HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
670615,Lazarov 2006,European Standard Series patch test results from a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel during the 7-year period from 1998 to 2004,"The results of a 7-year retrospective study (1998-2004) from patch testing with the European Standard Series (ESS) establishing the frequency of sensitization in a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel are presented. 23 allergens were patch tested on 2156 patients, 1462 females (67.8%) and 694 males (32.2%). Atopy and asthma were present in 21.9% of the patients. One or more allergic reactions were observed in 937 patients (43.5%). The highest yield of patch test positives from the 1076 positive reactions were obtained from nickel sulfate (13.9%), fragrance mix (7.1%), potassium dichromate (3.8%), Balsam of Peru (3.6%), CL+Me-isothiazolinone (3.4%) and cobalt chloride (3.4%). Allergens which produced the least amount of positive results were primin and clioquinol. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was established in 32.8%, whereas occupationally related allergic (8.0) and irritant contact dermatitis (5.6%) affected a total of 13.6% of the cases studied. The most common clinical forms of dermatitis were chronic dermatitis (47.7%) followed by acute dermatitis (22.8%), and lichenification and hyperkeratosis (7.9%). The hands (30.7%), face and neck (23.9%) and extremities (11.3%) were the most frequently affected areas. Four allergens in our study differed from the top 10 allergens in Europe namely: Cl+Me-isothiazolinone, formaldehyde, 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin and sesquiterpene lactone mix reflecting an existing difference in environmental exposure. Our study is the first to provide data on the frequency of sensitization and important allergens in the aetiology of ACD in Israel. In spite of the existing differences with Europe, we conclude that ESS is an appropriate screening system for the diagnosis of ACD in Israel.","European Standard Series patch test results from a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel during the 7-year period from 1998 to 2004 Abs: The results of a 7-year retrospective study (1998-2004) from patch testing with the European Standard Series (ESS) establishing the frequency of sensitization in a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel are presented. 23 allergens were patch tested on 2156 patients, 1462 females (67.8%) and 694 males (32.2%). Atopy and asthma were present in 21.9% of the patients. One or more allergic reactions were observed in 937 patients (43.5%). The highest yield of patch test positives from the 1076 positive reactions were obtained from nickel sulfate (13.9%), fragrance mix (7.1%), potassium dichromate (3.8%), Balsam of Peru (3.6%), CL+Me-isothiazolinone (3.4%) and cobalt chloride (3.4%). Allergens which produced the least amount of positive results were primin and clioquinol. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was established in 32.8%, whereas occupationally related allergic (8.0) and irritant contact dermatitis (5.6%) affected a total of 13.6% of the cases studied. The most common clinical forms of dermatitis were chronic dermatitis (47.7%) followed by acute dermatitis (22.8%), and lichenification and hyperkeratosis (7.9%). The hands (30.7%), face and neck (23.9%) and extremities (11.3%) were the most frequently affected areas. Four allergens in our study differed from the top 10 allergens in Europe namely: Cl+Me-isothiazolinone, formaldehyde, 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin and sesquiterpene lactone mix reflecting an existing difference in environmental exposure. Our study is the first to provide data on the frequency of sensitization and important allergens in the aetiology of ACD in Israel. In spite of the existing differences with Europe, we conclude that ESS is an appropriate screening system for the diagnosis of ACD in Israel.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234926,Barr et al. 1984,Levels of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the skin in human allergic and irritant contact dermatitis,"Increased concentrations of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2, but not 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, were found in the skin in human contact dermatitis due to nickel and chromate allergens. Significant levels of neutrophil chemokinetic activity, with similar properties to leukotriene B4, were found in a high proportion of exudates from inflamed skin treated with allergen but not in exudates from untreated skin. Neither arachidonic acid nor its metabolites were increased in primary irritant dermatitis due to benzylalkonium chloride.","Levels of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in the skin in human allergic and irritant contact dermatitis Abs: Increased concentrations of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2, but not 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, were found in the skin in human contact dermatitis due to nickel and chromate allergens. Significant levels of neutrophil chemokinetic activity, with similar properties to leukotriene B4, were found in a high proportion of exudates from inflamed skin treated with allergen but not in exudates from untreated skin. Neither arachidonic acid nor its metabolites were increased in primary irritant dermatitis due to benzylalkonium chloride.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234653,Gammelgaard et al. 1992,Permeation of chromium salts through human skin in vitro,Chromium permeation studies were performed on full thickness human skin in diffusion cells. All samples were analysed for the total chromium content by graphite furnace Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Some samples were analysed by an ion chromatographic method permitting the simultaneous determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as well. The amounts of chromium found in all skin layers were significantly higher when potassium dichromate was applied to the skin compared with chromium chloride or chromium nitrate. Chromium could only be detected in the recipient phase after application of the dichromate solution. Chromium skin levels increased with increasing concentrations of applied chromium salts up to 0.034 M Cr. The amount of chromium in recipient phase and skin layers increased with increasing pH when the applied solution contained potassium dichromate. This was ascribed to a decreased skin barrier function of the skin. The amount of chromium found in all skin layers after application of chromium chloride decreased with increasing pH due to lower solubility of the salt. The % of chromium found in the recipient phase as chromium(VI) increased with increasing total chromium concentration indicating a limited reduction ability of the skin in vitro.,Permeation of chromium salts through human skin in vitro Abs: Chromium permeation studies were performed on full thickness human skin in diffusion cells. All samples were analysed for the total chromium content by graphite furnace Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Some samples were analysed by an ion chromatographic method permitting the simultaneous determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as well. The amounts of chromium found in all skin layers were significantly higher when potassium dichromate was applied to the skin compared with chromium chloride or chromium nitrate. Chromium could only be detected in the recipient phase after application of the dichromate solution. Chromium skin levels increased with increasing concentrations of applied chromium salts up to 0.034 M Cr. The amount of chromium in recipient phase and skin layers increased with increasing pH when the applied solution contained potassium dichromate. This was ascribed to a decreased skin barrier function of the skin. The amount of chromium found in all skin layers after application of chromium chloride decreased with increasing pH due to lower solubility of the salt. The % of chromium found in the recipient phase as chromium(VI) increased with increasing total chromium concentration indicating a limited reduction ability of the skin in vitro.,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238276,Kiec-Swierczynska 1990,Occupational Dermatoses and Allergy to Metals in Polish Construction Workers Manufacturing Prefabricated Building Units,"The incidence of occupational dermatoses and allergies in workers exposed to concrete, flyash, and asbestos (1332214) containing cement was studied. The cohort consisted of 1782 Polish workers, 1552 males, of whom 141 were employed at five power stations removing flyash, 149 were employed at a cement factory, 905 were employed in producing ordinary or cellular concrete from wet cement, 252 were employed in producing cellular concrete from wet ash, 157 were employed producing cellular concrete from wet ash and cement mixes, and 178 were involved in producing prefabricated units from asbestos cement and mineral wool. The comparisons consisted of 74 male lumberjacks and 37 female seamstresses. All subjects were given physical examinations and patch tested with a series of allergens that included potassium-dichromate (7778509), nickel-sulfate (7786814), and cobalt-chloride (7646799). The cement, ash, asbestos cement, and mineral wool were analyzed for chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), and nickel (7440020). Skin changes were found in 956 cohort subjects and 43 comparisons. Dermatitis and oil acne were the major skin disorders seen. Chromium allergy was found in 23% of the cohort. The prevalence of cobalt and nickel allergy in the cohort was 13.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The prevalences of chromium, cobalt, and nickel allergy in the cohort were significantly higher than in the comparisons and were highest in subjects exposed to cement, flyash, and asbestos cement. The nickel, chromium, and cobalt concentrations in flyash were two to three times higher than in cement. The author suggests that flyash has an irritant and allergic potential that is similar to that of asbestos cement.","Occupational Dermatoses and Allergy to Metals in Polish Construction Workers Manufacturing Prefabricated Building Units Abs: The incidence of occupational dermatoses and allergies in workers exposed to concrete, flyash, and asbestos (1332214) containing cement was studied. The cohort consisted of 1782 Polish workers, 1552 males, of whom 141 were employed at five power stations removing flyash, 149 were employed at a cement factory, 905 were employed in producing ordinary or cellular concrete from wet cement, 252 were employed in producing cellular concrete from wet ash, 157 were employed producing cellular concrete from wet ash and cement mixes, and 178 were involved in producing prefabricated units from asbestos cement and mineral wool. The comparisons consisted of 74 male lumberjacks and 37 female seamstresses. All subjects were given physical examinations and patch tested with a series of allergens that included potassium-dichromate (7778509), nickel-sulfate (7786814), and cobalt-chloride (7646799). The cement, ash, asbestos cement, and mineral wool were analyzed for chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), and nickel (7440020). Skin changes were found in 956 cohort subjects and 43 comparisons. Dermatitis and oil acne were the major skin disorders seen. Chromium allergy was found in 23% of the cohort. The prevalence of cobalt and nickel allergy in the cohort was 13.4 and 2.7%, respectively. The prevalences of chromium, cobalt, and nickel allergy in the cohort were significantly higher than in the comparisons and were highest in subjects exposed to cement, flyash, and asbestos cement. The nickel, chromium, and cobalt concentrations in flyash were two to three times higher than in cement. The author suggests that flyash has an irritant and allergic potential that is similar to that of asbestos cement.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1231179,Culver 1911,Treatment of Epithelioma by Curetting Followed by Cauterization With Chromic Acid and Later by Exposure to X-Ray,,Treatment of Epithelioma by Curetting Followed by Cauterization With Chromic Acid and Later by Exposure to X-Ray Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234797,Herzog et al. 1988,Milk tester's dermatitis,"Hand dermatitis is a frequent problem among workers in milk testing laboratories. An epidemiologic study was conducted at the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association Milk Testing Laboratory, where more than 300,000 milk samples are examined monthly for protein, butterfat, and &quot;somatic&quot; cells. These samples are preserved with potassium dichromate for transport from the farm to the laboratory. A survey of the laboratory was conducted and workers were interviewed. Eight of 16 subjects reported a history of occupationally exacerbated hand dermatitis. Three of 16 subjects had positive patch test results to potassium dichromate. Two of 15 subjects who underwent patch testing to milk preserved with potassium dichromate had positive reactions. None reacted to milk alone, bronopol, or Kathon CG. Two workers are receiving workers' compensation because of severe allergic contact dermatitis of the hands to potassium dichromate. We conclude that milk testing laboratory workers are at substantial risk for acquiring allergic contact dermatitis from milk preserved with potassium dichromate.","Milk tester's dermatitis Abs: Hand dermatitis is a frequent problem among workers in milk testing laboratories. An epidemiologic study was conducted at the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association Milk Testing Laboratory, where more than 300,000 milk samples are examined monthly for protein, butterfat, and &quot;somatic&quot; cells. These samples are preserved with potassium dichromate for transport from the farm to the laboratory. A survey of the laboratory was conducted and workers were interviewed. Eight of 16 subjects reported a history of occupationally exacerbated hand dermatitis. Three of 16 subjects had positive patch test results to potassium dichromate. Two of 15 subjects who underwent patch testing to milk preserved with potassium dichromate had positive reactions. None reacted to milk alone, bronopol, or Kathon CG. Two workers are receiving workers' compensation because of severe allergic contact dermatitis of the hands to potassium dichromate. We conclude that milk testing laboratory workers are at substantial risk for acquiring allergic contact dermatitis from milk preserved with potassium dichromate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236983,Requena et al. 1986,EPOXY DERMATITIS OF AN AMPUTATION STUMP,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WOODEN PROSTHESIS VARNISH,EPOXY DERMATITIS OF AN AMPUTATION STUMP Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN WOODEN PROSTHESIS VARNISH,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237711,Ado and  Horyachkina 1975,Modeling of chemical allergoses and their selective and nonspecific inhibition,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The possibility of sensitization of guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits by such chemical allergens as 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, picryl chloride, dinitrofluorobenzene, arsenic compounds, combined substances (nitrophenol + bovine gamma-globulin, dinitrophenol + bovine fibrinogen), native and denatured proteins, potassium bichromate, cobaltous nitrate and nickel chloride was investigated. Also investigated was the possibility of nonspecific inhibition of allergic reactions by alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytostatics, inhibitors of cell enzymes, immunosuppressive antibiotics, hormonal preparations and folic acid antagonists. The possibility, in principle, of both nonspecific and specific regulation of the levels of chemical allergens was discussed, since increasingly more chemical preparations both specifically inhibiting and intensifying the induction of the development of such chemical allergoses are presently being synthesized.","Modeling of chemical allergoses and their selective and nonspecific inhibition Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The possibility of sensitization of guinea pigs, hamsters and rabbits by such chemical allergens as 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, picryl chloride, dinitrofluorobenzene, arsenic compounds, combined substances (nitrophenol + bovine gamma-globulin, dinitrophenol + bovine fibrinogen), native and denatured proteins, potassium bichromate, cobaltous nitrate and nickel chloride was investigated. Also investigated was the possibility of nonspecific inhibition of allergic reactions by alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytostatics, inhibitors of cell enzymes, immunosuppressive antibiotics, hormonal preparations and folic acid antagonists. The possibility, in principle, of both nonspecific and specific regulation of the levels of chemical allergens was discussed, since increasingly more chemical preparations both specifically inhibiting and intensifying the induction of the development of such chemical allergoses are presently being synthesized.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237681,Shmunes et al. 1973,Chromium-amino acid conjugates as elicitors in chromium-sensitized guinea pigs,HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium-amino acid conjugates were isolated from systems initially containing either potassium dichromate and amino acid or chromic nitrate and amino acid. The elicitating properties of these chromium-amino acid conjugates were evaluated by intradermal injection of guinea pigs sensitized to chromium. Positive results were obtained with several conjugates. The conjugates prepared from chromic nitrate and amino acid were stronger elicitors than those prepared from potassium dichromate and amino acid.,Chromium-amino acid conjugates as elicitors in chromium-sensitized guinea pigs Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Chromium-amino acid conjugates were isolated from systems initially containing either potassium dichromate and amino acid or chromic nitrate and amino acid. The elicitating properties of these chromium-amino acid conjugates were evaluated by intradermal injection of guinea pigs sensitized to chromium. Positive results were obtained with several conjugates. The conjugates prepared from chromic nitrate and amino acid were stronger elicitors than those prepared from potassium dichromate and amino acid.,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237523,Mandervelt et al. 1997,Assessment of the sensitization potential of five metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been proposed as a predictive test for the identification of sensitizing agents. We used this test to compare the sensitization potential of NiSO4, K2Cr2O7, CoCl2, Na2PtCl6 and BeSO4, salts of metals which have all been associated with allergic contact dermatitis and either bronchial asthma or interstitial lung disease, by either humoral or cell-mediated allergic mechanisms. BALB/c mice (n = 3 per concentration studied, three concentrations studied per metal) received three daily applications of the metal salt (in DMSO) on the dorsum of both ears. On the fourth day the draining auricular lymph nodes were removed and the incorporation of (3H)-thymidine in the lymphocytes in culture was compared to that of concurrent vehicle-treated control mice, thus enabling to derive a stimulation index (SI), indicative of immunological sensitization potential. Each experiment was performed three times. Oxazolone and toluene diisocyanate, c","Assessment of the sensitization potential of five metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been proposed as a predictive test for the identification of sensitizing agents. We used this test to compare the sensitization potential of NiSO4, K2Cr2O7, CoCl2, Na2PtCl6 and BeSO4, salts of metals which have all been associated with allergic contact dermatitis and either bronchial asthma or interstitial lung disease, by either humoral or cell-mediated allergic mechanisms. BALB/c mice (n = 3 per concentration studied, three concentrations studied per metal) received three daily applications of the metal salt (in DMSO) on the dorsum of both ears. On the fourth day the draining auricular lymph nodes were removed and the incorporation of (3H)-thymidine in the lymphocytes in culture was compared to that of concurrent vehicle-treated control mice, thus enabling to derive a stimulation index (SI), indicative of immunological sensitization potential. Each experiment was performed three times. Oxazolone and toluene diisocyanate, c",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1515915,Horowitz and  Finley 1993,Using Human Sweat to Extract Chromium from Chromite Ore Processing Residue: Applications to Setting Health-Based Cleanup Levels,"The ability of human sweat to extract chromium (7440473) from chromite ore processing residue (COPR) was investigated to assess the risk of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from contact with COPR, which had been used to fill in low lying areas in Hudson County, New Jersey. Samples of COPR material containing 16, 136, and 1,240 parts per million (ppm) hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and 930 and 6,660ppm total chromium (Crtot), Cr+6 plus trivalent chromium (Cr+3), were sieved to obtain a uniform particle size of 500 micrometers. They were extracted with sweat collected from seven male volunteers at sweat ratios (dilution ratios) of 20:1 or 5:1 for 12 hours at 30 degrees-C. The 20:1 and 5:1 dilution ratios were chosen to simulate perspiration conditions associated with moderate and light physical activity, respectively. No Cr+6 could be detected in extracts of the 16ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample or following extraction of the 136ppm COPR sample with sweat with the 20:1 dilution ratio. Extraction of the 136ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample with sweat having the 5:1 dilution ratio removed 0.09% of the Cr+6. Following treatment of the 1,240ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample, the extracts with dilution ratios of 5:1 and 20:1 contained 0.133 and 0.040ppm Cr+6. This represented removal efficiencies of 0.05 and 0.06%, respectively. No chromium was removed by extraction of the 932ppm Crtot containing sample with the 20:1 sweat dilution. Following extraction of this sample with the 5:1 sweat dilution, the extract contained 0.15ppm chromium. This indicated that 0.06% of the Crtot content had been removed. Extraction of the 6,660ppm Crtot containing COPR sample with the 5:1 and 20:1 sweat dilutions removed 0.11 to 0.16 and 0.23 to 0.25% of the chromium, respectively. The authors conclude that environmental contact with this particular COPR is unlikely to cause allergic contact dermatitis since the concentrations of solubilized Cr+6 or Cr+3 required to cause allergic contact dermatitis have been estimated to be 10 to 54ppm or 10,000 to 54,000ppm, respectively.","Using Human Sweat to Extract Chromium from Chromite Ore Processing Residue: Applications to Setting Health-Based Cleanup Levels Abs: The ability of human sweat to extract chromium (7440473) from chromite ore processing residue (COPR) was investigated to assess the risk of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from contact with COPR, which had been used to fill in low lying areas in Hudson County, New Jersey. Samples of COPR material containing 16, 136, and 1,240 parts per million (ppm) hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and 930 and 6,660ppm total chromium (Crtot), Cr+6 plus trivalent chromium (Cr+3), were sieved to obtain a uniform particle size of 500 micrometers. They were extracted with sweat collected from seven male volunteers at sweat ratios (dilution ratios) of 20:1 or 5:1 for 12 hours at 30 degrees-C. The 20:1 and 5:1 dilution ratios were chosen to simulate perspiration conditions associated with moderate and light physical activity, respectively. No Cr+6 could be detected in extracts of the 16ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample or following extraction of the 136ppm COPR sample with sweat with the 20:1 dilution ratio. Extraction of the 136ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample with sweat having the 5:1 dilution ratio removed 0.09% of the Cr+6. Following treatment of the 1,240ppm Cr+6 containing COPR sample, the extracts with dilution ratios of 5:1 and 20:1 contained 0.133 and 0.040ppm Cr+6. This represented removal efficiencies of 0.05 and 0.06%, respectively. No chromium was removed by extraction of the 932ppm Crtot containing sample with the 20:1 sweat dilution. Following extraction of this sample with the 5:1 sweat dilution, the extract contained 0.15ppm chromium. This indicated that 0.06% of the Crtot content had been removed. Extraction of the 6,660ppm Crtot containing COPR sample with the 5:1 and 20:1 sweat dilutions removed 0.11 to 0.16 and 0.23 to 0.25% of the chromium, respectively. The authors conclude that environmental contact with this particular COPR is unlikely to cause allergic contact dermatitis since the concentrations of solubilized Cr+6 or Cr+3 required to cause allergic contact dermatitis have been estimated to be 10 to 54ppm or 10,000 to 54,000ppm, respectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1231821,Kang et al. 2006,Determination of hexavalent chromium in cosmetic products by ion chromatography and postcolumn derivatization,"Chromium hydroxide green [Cr(2)O(OH)(4)] and chromium oxide green (Cr(2)O(3)) are colouring agents for use in cosmetic products. These colourants may contain chromium (VI), which cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption on the skin. Eye shadow is a representative cosmetic product in which significant colourants are used. We analysed the chromium (VI) in the eye shadows by ion chromatography and post column derivatization. We optimize conditions of chromium (VI) analysis in eye shadows. During the pretreatment procedure, there are no exchange of chromium (III) to chromium (VI). This method has a limit of quantification for chromium (VI) of 1.0 microg l(-1), recovery rate of 100 +/- 3% and analysis time less than 10 min. This result is 300 times more sensitive than the high-performance liquid chromatography method. We applied the optimized method to analyse 22 eye shadows and 6 colouring agents. 2 out of 22 of the products contained more than 5 mg l(-1). In our previous work, 5 mg l(-1) of Cr represented a threshold level. There was much more Cr(VI) in the colouring agents. The Cr(VI) in one of the colouring agents was 97.6 mg l(-1).","Determination of hexavalent chromium in cosmetic products by ion chromatography and postcolumn derivatization Abs: Chromium hydroxide green [Cr(2)O(OH)(4)] and chromium oxide green (Cr(2)O(3)) are colouring agents for use in cosmetic products. These colourants may contain chromium (VI), which cause skin allergies through percutaneous adsorption on the skin. Eye shadow is a representative cosmetic product in which significant colourants are used. We analysed the chromium (VI) in the eye shadows by ion chromatography and post column derivatization. We optimize conditions of chromium (VI) analysis in eye shadows. During the pretreatment procedure, there are no exchange of chromium (III) to chromium (VI). This method has a limit of quantification for chromium (VI) of 1.0 microg l(-1), recovery rate of 100 +/- 3% and analysis time less than 10 min. This result is 300 times more sensitive than the high-performance liquid chromatography method. We applied the optimized method to analyse 22 eye shadows and 6 colouring agents. 2 out of 22 of the products contained more than 5 mg l(-1). In our previous work, 5 mg l(-1) of Cr represented a threshold level. There was much more Cr(VI) in the colouring agents. The Cr(VI) in one of the colouring agents was 97.6 mg l(-1).",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236183,Baranowska-Dutkiewicz 1981,Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man,"Absorption by skin of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions of sodium chromate in man was investigated. It was found that the amount of chromium absorbed was related to the concentration of Cr6+ in solution and to time of exposure. For 0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 molar solutions of chromium, skin absorption rates during 1 h exposure were 1.1, 6.5, and 10.0 micrograms/cm2/h respectively.","Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man Abs: Absorption by skin of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions of sodium chromate in man was investigated. It was found that the amount of chromium absorbed was related to the concentration of Cr6+ in solution and to time of exposure. For 0.01, 0.1, and 0.2 molar solutions of chromium, skin absorption rates during 1 h exposure were 1.1, 6.5, and 10.0 micrograms/cm2/h respectively.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234848,Weston et al. 1986,"Prevalence of positive epicutaneous tests among infants, children, and adolescents","We studied 314 otherwise healthy children younger than 18 years of age with epicutaneous testing, and found that 20% of those tested had at least one positive epicutaneous test result. Neomycin, nickel, and potassium dichromate were the most prevalent allergens detected in our study group. We found that sensitization occurred at less than 5 years of age for all but fragrance allergens. Aluminum chambers and the American Academy of Dermatology Patch Test Kit were found to be safe for use in infants, children, and adolescents.","Prevalence of positive epicutaneous tests among infants, children, and adolescents Abs: We studied 314 otherwise healthy children younger than 18 years of age with epicutaneous testing, and found that 20% of those tested had at least one positive epicutaneous test result. Neomycin, nickel, and potassium dichromate were the most prevalent allergens detected in our study group. We found that sensitization occurred at less than 5 years of age for all but fragrance allergens. Aluminum chambers and the American Academy of Dermatology Patch Test Kit were found to be safe for use in infants, children, and adolescents.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1258233,Lee et al. ,Protective Effects of Pine Bark Extract on Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Dermatotoxicity in Rats,"The present study investigated the protective effects of pine bark extract (PBE) against hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced dermatotoxicity in rats. Skin reactions were evaluated by visual inspection, histopathological changes and oxidative stress parameters. Topical application of Cr(VI) produced a significant increase in the incidence and severity of erythema and edema upon visual inspection. Histopathological examination showed moderate to severe necrosis and desquamation in the epidermis and inflammation and hemorrhage in the dermis. In addition, an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and decreased glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase of the skin were observed in the Cr(VI) group. On the contrary, concomitant administration with PBE significantly improved Cr(VI)-induced dermatotoxicity, evidenced by a decrease in the incidence and severity of skin irritation and histopathological lesions in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PBE treatment reduced MDA concentrations and increased catalase and GST activities in skin tissues, indicating that concomitant administration with PBE effectively prevents Cr(VI)-induced oxidative damage in rats. The results indicate that PBE has a protective effect against Cr(VI)-induced dermatotoxicity and is useful as a protective agent against various dermal lesions induced by oxidative stress. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.","Protective Effects of Pine Bark Extract on Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Dermatotoxicity in Rats Abs: The present study investigated the protective effects of pine bark extract (PBE) against hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-induced dermatotoxicity in rats. Skin reactions were evaluated by visual inspection, histopathological changes and oxidative stress parameters. Topical application of Cr(VI) produced a significant increase in the incidence and severity of erythema and edema upon visual inspection. Histopathological examination showed moderate to severe necrosis and desquamation in the epidermis and inflammation and hemorrhage in the dermis. In addition, an increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and decreased glutathione (GSH), catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase of the skin were observed in the Cr(VI) group. On the contrary, concomitant administration with PBE significantly improved Cr(VI)-induced dermatotoxicity, evidenced by a decrease in the incidence and severity of skin irritation and histopathological lesions in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PBE treatment reduced MDA concentrations and increased catalase and GST activities in skin tissues, indicating that concomitant administration with PBE effectively prevents Cr(VI)-induced oxidative damage in rats. The results indicate that PBE has a protective effect against Cr(VI)-induced dermatotoxicity and is useful as a protective agent against various dermal lesions induced by oxidative stress. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235214,Skog and  Wahlberg 1969,Patch testing with potassium dichromate in different vehicles,,Patch testing with potassium dichromate in different vehicles Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1576494,Burrows et al. 1989,TRIAL OF 0.5-PERCENT VERSUS 0.375-PERCENT POTASSIUM DICHROMATE,,TRIAL OF 0.5-PERCENT VERSUS 0.375-PERCENT POTASSIUM DICHROMATE Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234107,Madsen et al. 2011,"Encapsulating contact allergens in liposomes, ethosomes, and polycaprolactone may affect their sensitizing properties","Attempts to improve formulation of topical products are a continuing process and the development of micro- and nanovesicular systems as well as polymeric microparticles has led to marketing of topical drugs and cosmetics using these technologies. Encapsulation of some well-known contact allergens in ethanolic liposomes have been reported to enhance allergenicity compared with the allergens in similar vehicles without liposomes. The present report includes data on more sensitization studies using the mouse local lymph node assay with three contact allergens encapsulated in different dermal drug-delivery systems: liposomes, ethosomes, and polycaprolactone particles. The results show that the drug-delivery systems are not sensitizers in themselves. Encapsulating the hydrophilic contact allergen potassium dichromate in all three drug-delivery systems did not affect the sensitizing capacity of potassium dichromate compared with control solutions. However, encapsulating the lipophilic contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in polycaprolactone reduced the sensitizing capacity to 1211 ± 449 compared with liposomes (7602 ± 2658) and in acetone:olive oil (4:1) (5633 ± 666). The same trend was observed for encapsulating isoeugenol in polycaprolactone (1100 ± 406) compared with a formulation in acetone:olive oil (4491 ± 819) and in liposomes (3668 ± 950). Further, the size of DNCB-loaded liposomes did not affect the sensitizing properties. These results suggest that modern dermal drug-delivery systems may in some cases magnify or decrease the sensitizing capacity of the encapsulated contact allergen.","Encapsulating contact allergens in liposomes, ethosomes, and polycaprolactone may affect their sensitizing properties Abs: Attempts to improve formulation of topical products are a continuing process and the development of micro- and nanovesicular systems as well as polymeric microparticles has led to marketing of topical drugs and cosmetics using these technologies. Encapsulation of some well-known contact allergens in ethanolic liposomes have been reported to enhance allergenicity compared with the allergens in similar vehicles without liposomes. The present report includes data on more sensitization studies using the mouse local lymph node assay with three contact allergens encapsulated in different dermal drug-delivery systems: liposomes, ethosomes, and polycaprolactone particles. The results show that the drug-delivery systems are not sensitizers in themselves. Encapsulating the hydrophilic contact allergen potassium dichromate in all three drug-delivery systems did not affect the sensitizing capacity of potassium dichromate compared with control solutions. However, encapsulating the lipophilic contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in polycaprolactone reduced the sensitizing capacity to 1211 ± 449 compared with liposomes (7602 ± 2658) and in acetone:olive oil (4:1) (5633 ± 666). The same trend was observed for encapsulating isoeugenol in polycaprolactone (1100 ± 406) compared with a formulation in acetone:olive oil (4491 ± 819) and in liposomes (3668 ± 950). Further, the size of DNCB-loaded liposomes did not affect the sensitizing properties. These results suggest that modern dermal drug-delivery systems may in some cases magnify or decrease the sensitizing capacity of the encapsulated contact allergen.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
736115,Bock et al. 2003,Occupational skin disease in the construction industry,"Construction workers have a substantial risk of developing irritant and/or allergic contact dermatitis. Unfortunately, however, there is little population-based epidemiological data relating to occupational skin diseases (OSD) in the European construction industry that allow assessment of preventive measures.<br /><br /> In this investigation, the yearly incidence rates and causes of OSD in the construction industry were analysed on the basis of our register in Northern Bavaria.<br /><br /> From 1990 until 1999, all incidences of OSD in the construction industry were recorded prospectively. This enables the calculation of incidence rates of OSD in relation to the employed population in Northern Bavaria as recorded by the German Federal Employment Office.<br /><br /> In the construction industry, a total of 335 OSD were registered. These comprise 9.0% of all OSD in the register. We classified them into four relevant groups: (A) tile setters and terrazzo workers (incidence per 10 000 employees = 19.9); (B) painters (7.8); (C) construction and cement workers (5.2); and (D) wood processors (2.6). The overall incidence was 5.1 per 10 000 employees over 10 years, which is a little below average for the entire register (6.7). Of these, 43.6% were at least 40 years old. Allergic contact dermatitis (61.5%) occurred more often than irritant contact dermatitis (44.5%). Potassium dichromate caused roughly half of all cases of sensitization found to be occupationally relevant in the construction industry (152 cases) followed by epoxy resin (40) and cobalt chloride (32).<br /><br /> The results indicate that potassium dichromate is still the most important allergen in the construction industry of Northern Bavaria; there has been no significant decline during the 1990s. This contrasts with the Scandinavian countries, where the prevalence of potassium dichromate sensitization declined following the reduction of chromium VI levels resulting from the addition of ferrous sulphate to cement. Within the construction industry, tile setters and terrazzo workers have a strikingly high incidence of OSD.","Occupational skin disease in the construction industry Abs: Construction workers have a substantial risk of developing irritant and/or allergic contact dermatitis. Unfortunately, however, there is little population-based epidemiological data relating to occupational skin diseases (OSD) in the European construction industry that allow assessment of preventive measures.<br /><br /> In this investigation, the yearly incidence rates and causes of OSD in the construction industry were analysed on the basis of our register in Northern Bavaria.<br /><br /> From 1990 until 1999, all incidences of OSD in the construction industry were recorded prospectively. This enables the calculation of incidence rates of OSD in relation to the employed population in Northern Bavaria as recorded by the German Federal Employment Office.<br /><br /> In the construction industry, a total of 335 OSD were registered. These comprise 9.0% of all OSD in the register. We classified them into four relevant groups: (A) tile setters and terrazzo workers (incidence per 10 000 employees = 19.9); (B) painters (7.8); (C) construction and cement workers (5.2); and (D) wood processors (2.6). The overall incidence was 5.1 per 10 000 employees over 10 years, which is a little below average for the entire register (6.7). Of these, 43.6% were at least 40 years old. Allergic contact dermatitis (61.5%) occurred more often than irritant contact dermatitis (44.5%). Potassium dichromate caused roughly half of all cases of sensitization found to be occupationally relevant in the construction industry (152 cases) followed by epoxy resin (40) and cobalt chloride (32).<br /><br /> The results indicate that potassium dichromate is still the most important allergen in the construction industry of Northern Bavaria; there has been no significant decline during the 1990s. This contrasts with the Scandinavian countries, where the prevalence of potassium dichromate sensitization declined following the reduction of chromium VI levels resulting from the addition of ferrous sulphate to cement. Within the construction industry, tile setters and terrazzo workers have a strikingly high incidence of OSD.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238360,Acciai et al. 1993,Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Caterers,"Allergic contact dermatitis was studied in food service workers. The study group consisted of 72 caterers, 42 females, 17 to 66 years old. The subjects included 21 cooks, 12 pastry cooks, 11 barmen, seven kitchen attendants, five greengrocer assistants, four butchers, three canteen attendants, three bakers, three food shop assistants, two pizza restaurant assistants, and one pizza restaurant cook. The subjects were patch tested with a standard allergen series and food related allergens such as butylated-hydroxyanisole (25013165) (BHA), sodium-bisulfite (7631905), Peru-balsam (8007009), allyl-disulfide (2179579) and fresh garlic, and thiuram mix. Sixteen subjects were diagnosed with occupational irritant contact dermatitis, 14 with occupational allergic contact dermatitis, 16 with nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis, two with occupational protein contact dermatitis, one with candidal paronychia, and 19 with other nonoccupational skin diseases. Four had nonoccupational respiratory diseases. Among the 14 cases of occupational contact dermatitis, six occurred in cooks, four in pastry cooks, two in kitchen attendants, and one each in a food shop assistant and baker. Three cooks were sensitized to nickel-sulfate (7786814) and one each was sensitized to sodium-bisulfite, allyl-disulfide and fresh garlic, and thiuram mix. The four pastry cooks were sensitized to Peru-balsam and one was sensitized to BHA. One kitchen attendant was sensitized to Peru-balsam and one to nickel-sulfate. The food shop assistant was sensitized to Peru-balsam and nickel-sulfate. The baker was sensitized to nickel-sulfate and potassium-dichromate (7778509). The authors conclude that cooks, pastry cooks and kitchen attendants are among the catering workers having the highest risk for allergic contact dermatitis.","Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Caterers Abs: Allergic contact dermatitis was studied in food service workers. The study group consisted of 72 caterers, 42 females, 17 to 66 years old. The subjects included 21 cooks, 12 pastry cooks, 11 barmen, seven kitchen attendants, five greengrocer assistants, four butchers, three canteen attendants, three bakers, three food shop assistants, two pizza restaurant assistants, and one pizza restaurant cook. The subjects were patch tested with a standard allergen series and food related allergens such as butylated-hydroxyanisole (25013165) (BHA), sodium-bisulfite (7631905), Peru-balsam (8007009), allyl-disulfide (2179579) and fresh garlic, and thiuram mix. Sixteen subjects were diagnosed with occupational irritant contact dermatitis, 14 with occupational allergic contact dermatitis, 16 with nonoccupational allergic contact dermatitis, two with occupational protein contact dermatitis, one with candidal paronychia, and 19 with other nonoccupational skin diseases. Four had nonoccupational respiratory diseases. Among the 14 cases of occupational contact dermatitis, six occurred in cooks, four in pastry cooks, two in kitchen attendants, and one each in a food shop assistant and baker. Three cooks were sensitized to nickel-sulfate (7786814) and one each was sensitized to sodium-bisulfite, allyl-disulfide and fresh garlic, and thiuram mix. The four pastry cooks were sensitized to Peru-balsam and one was sensitized to BHA. One kitchen attendant was sensitized to Peru-balsam and one to nickel-sulfate. The food shop assistant was sensitized to Peru-balsam and nickel-sulfate. The baker was sensitized to nickel-sulfate and potassium-dichromate (7778509). The authors conclude that cooks, pastry cooks and kitchen attendants are among the catering workers having the highest risk for allergic contact dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238247,Cavelier et al. 1989,Allergy to Nickel or Cobalt: Tolerance to Nickel and Cobalt Samples in Man and in the Guinea Pig Allergic or Sensitized to these Metals,"Tolerance to nickel (7440020) and cobalt (7440484) was studied in previously sensitized guinea-pigs and humans. Female Hartley-guinea-pigs previously sensitized to nickel-sulfate (7786814) or cobalt-chloride (7646799) were treated with patches containing cobalt or nickel in lanolin. The metal samples were prepared by various metallurgical processes and in some cases were plated with chromium (7440473) or copper/chromium alloy. The patches were kept in place for 48 hours. One or 24 hours after they were removed the treated skin was graded for erythema and edema. Biopsy samples were taken for histopathological examination. Thirteen patients allergic to nickel, cobalt, or chromium were tested with cobalt-chloride, potassium-chromate (7789006), nickel-sulfate, or the metals as before. The treated areas were evaluated for erythema and edema 48 hours later. Guinea-pigs sensitized to either nickel or cobalt were intolerant to both metals, as evidenced by varying degrees of erythema and edema developing. The biopsy samples showed an eczematous reaction. The chromium or copper/chromium plated metals induced the same reaction. All patients allergic to nickel tolerated metallic cobalt except a nickel/cobalt alloy and a mixture of matt cobalt and chromium. Patients allergic to cobalt or to more than one metal were generally intolerant to all metals. The authors conclude that cobalt and nickel sensitized guinea-pigs are cross sensitized to these metals. Tolerance to metals in humans varies with the individual sensitivity. The reason for the differences in metal sensitivity between guinea-pigs and humans is not understood.","Allergy to Nickel or Cobalt: Tolerance to Nickel and Cobalt Samples in Man and in the Guinea Pig Allergic or Sensitized to these Metals Abs: Tolerance to nickel (7440020) and cobalt (7440484) was studied in previously sensitized guinea-pigs and humans. Female Hartley-guinea-pigs previously sensitized to nickel-sulfate (7786814) or cobalt-chloride (7646799) were treated with patches containing cobalt or nickel in lanolin. The metal samples were prepared by various metallurgical processes and in some cases were plated with chromium (7440473) or copper/chromium alloy. The patches were kept in place for 48 hours. One or 24 hours after they were removed the treated skin was graded for erythema and edema. Biopsy samples were taken for histopathological examination. Thirteen patients allergic to nickel, cobalt, or chromium were tested with cobalt-chloride, potassium-chromate (7789006), nickel-sulfate, or the metals as before. The treated areas were evaluated for erythema and edema 48 hours later. Guinea-pigs sensitized to either nickel or cobalt were intolerant to both metals, as evidenced by varying degrees of erythema and edema developing. The biopsy samples showed an eczematous reaction. The chromium or copper/chromium plated metals induced the same reaction. All patients allergic to nickel tolerated metallic cobalt except a nickel/cobalt alloy and a mixture of matt cobalt and chromium. Patients allergic to cobalt or to more than one metal were generally intolerant to all metals. The authors conclude that cobalt and nickel sensitized guinea-pigs are cross sensitized to these metals. Tolerance to metals in humans varies with the individual sensitivity. The reason for the differences in metal sensitivity between guinea-pigs and humans is not understood.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237479,Brasch et al. 1996,Dynamic patterns of allergic patch test reactions to 10 European standard allergens,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Insight into the dynamic time courses of patch test reactions may be useful for patch test evaluation. To put this to the proof, we have analysed the time courses of allergic patch test reactions that were filed between 1990 and 1994 by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology in Germany (IVDK). Based on reaction strength at days 1 to 3, each allergic patch test was assigned to 1 of 5 distinct dynamic reaction patterns: crescendo, plateau, decrescendo, crescendo/decrescendo, or decrescendo/crescendo. The frequencies of these patterns were determined for those 10 standard allergens yielding the highest numbers of allergic reactions (n between 180 and 1240), and dynamic patterns were classified as type 1 (crescendo or plateau patterns) or type 2 (other patterns). Influences of population characteristics upon the classification of patterns were evaluated by logistic regression analyses. Different frequencies of reaction patterns were found for distinct allergen","Dynamic patterns of allergic patch test reactions to 10 European standard allergens Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Insight into the dynamic time courses of patch test reactions may be useful for patch test evaluation. To put this to the proof, we have analysed the time courses of allergic patch test reactions that were filed between 1990 and 1994 by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology in Germany (IVDK). Based on reaction strength at days 1 to 3, each allergic patch test was assigned to 1 of 5 distinct dynamic reaction patterns: crescendo, plateau, decrescendo, crescendo/decrescendo, or decrescendo/crescendo. The frequencies of these patterns were determined for those 10 standard allergens yielding the highest numbers of allergic reactions (n between 180 and 1240), and dynamic patterns were classified as type 1 (crescendo or plateau patterns) or type 2 (other patterns). Influences of population characteristics upon the classification of patterns were evaluated by logistic regression analyses. Different frequencies of reaction patterns were found for distinct allergen",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1786214,Kim et al. 2013,The fine scratches of the spectacle frames and the allergic contact dermatitis,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Spectacle contact allergy is not infrequent. The fine scratches on the spectacle frames which may play a role in the sensitization to the potential allergenic components have not been studied.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>We sought the relationship between the scratches on the spectacle frames and the allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the Republic of Korea.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A total of 42 Korean patients with ACD at the spectacle contact sites were enrolled. Their spectacle frames were examined with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test and analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Patch tests (thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous test [TRUE tests]) were performed to identify the skin allergens.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The DMG-positive spectacle frames were identified in 78.5% of the frames. The SEM results showed that there were more scratches on the skin-contacting parts of the spectacle frames than the non-skin-contacting parts of the same frames. In the EDS findings, the mean nickel content (weight, %) of the spectacle frames was 15.7±5.5, and the mean chromium content was 20.3±3.4 at the skin-contacting parts. In the TRUE tests, nickel sulphate was the most common allergen (31 cases, 73.8%), and potassium dichromate was the second (9 cases, 21.4%). Three patients presented simultaneous positive reactions with nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Minor visible and non-visible fine scratches on the spectacle frames may present the provocation factors of the ACD. Nickel sulphate was the most common allergen suspected of provoking the spectacle frame-induced ACD, followed by potassium dichromate.","The fine scratches of the spectacle frames and the allergic contact dermatitis Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Spectacle contact allergy is not infrequent. The fine scratches on the spectacle frames which may play a role in the sensitization to the potential allergenic components have not been studied.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>We sought the relationship between the scratches on the spectacle frames and the allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the Republic of Korea.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A total of 42 Korean patients with ACD at the spectacle contact sites were enrolled. Their spectacle frames were examined with the dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test and analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Patch tests (thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous test [TRUE tests]) were performed to identify the skin allergens.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The DMG-positive spectacle frames were identified in 78.5% of the frames. The SEM results showed that there were more scratches on the skin-contacting parts of the spectacle frames than the non-skin-contacting parts of the same frames. In the EDS findings, the mean nickel content (weight, %) of the spectacle frames was 15.7±5.5, and the mean chromium content was 20.3±3.4 at the skin-contacting parts. In the TRUE tests, nickel sulphate was the most common allergen (31 cases, 73.8%), and potassium dichromate was the second (9 cases, 21.4%). Three patients presented simultaneous positive reactions with nickel sulphate and potassium dichromate.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Minor visible and non-visible fine scratches on the spectacle frames may present the provocation factors of the ACD. Nickel sulphate was the most common allergen suspected of provoking the spectacle frame-induced ACD, followed by potassium dichromate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234923,Beernaert et al. 1984,Accidental environmental pollution of a residential quarter of Kortrijk by a chromic trioxide aerosol,"The extent of environmental pollution was determined following an accidental chromium-trioxide (1333820) leak from a Belgian chrome plating facility. The leak occurred during a weekend and was discovered on Monday morning, at which time the facility was shut down. Three days after the shutdown, plants, vegetables, and soil were sampled in gardens near the facility and analyzed for chromium(VI) (18540299). Outside a zone of brown vegetation, plants contained 0 to 8 milligrams (mg) chromium per kilogram (kg). Inside the zone, soil contained 44 to 59mg/kg chromium, while most plant and vegetable samples contained 121 to 931mg/kg. However, one sample of rhubarb stems contained only 2.6mg/kg. The authors conclude that the zone of brown vegetation indicated the area receiving virtually all the chromium(VI) contamination. A safe daily human intake of 0.17mg chromium(VI), suggests that the vegetables sampled in the contaminated zone are not safe for human consumption.","Accidental environmental pollution of a residential quarter of Kortrijk by a chromic trioxide aerosol Abs: The extent of environmental pollution was determined following an accidental chromium-trioxide (1333820) leak from a Belgian chrome plating facility. The leak occurred during a weekend and was discovered on Monday morning, at which time the facility was shut down. Three days after the shutdown, plants, vegetables, and soil were sampled in gardens near the facility and analyzed for chromium(VI) (18540299). Outside a zone of brown vegetation, plants contained 0 to 8 milligrams (mg) chromium per kilogram (kg). Inside the zone, soil contained 44 to 59mg/kg chromium, while most plant and vegetable samples contained 121 to 931mg/kg. However, one sample of rhubarb stems contained only 2.6mg/kg. The authors conclude that the zone of brown vegetation indicated the area receiving virtually all the chromium(VI) contamination. A safe daily human intake of 0.17mg chromium(VI), suggests that the vegetables sampled in the contaminated zone are not safe for human consumption.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238330,Becker et al. 1992,Contact Allergens Modulate the Expression of MHC Class II Molecules on Murine Epidermal Langerhans Cells by Endocytotic Mechanisms,"The effects of contact allergens on MHC class-II molecules in mouse skin were examined. The ears of Balb/c-mice were treated topically with 0.3% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (70348) (DNFB), 1% 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (606213) (DNCB), 3% 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-oxazol-5-one (oxazolone), 1% 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (88880) (TNCB), 1% potassium-dichromate (7778509), or 1, 5, or 10% sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (1511213) (SDS). Three or 24 hours after application, selected mice were killed and epidermal cell suspensions were prepared from the ears. The effects on MHC class-II molecules were assessed by measuring Ia-antigen expression in Langerhans cells (LCs) using an immunofluorescence flow cytometric technique. DNFB caused a significant decrease in Ia-antigen expression 3 hours after application. By 24 hours post application Ia-antigen expression had increased to slightly above the control value. DNCB, oxazolone, potassium-dichromate, TNCB, and 5 and 10% SDS caused decreases in Ia-antigen expression. The strongest effects were induced by DNCB, potassium-dichromate, and 10% SDS. Freshly prepared or 3 day old cultures of mouse epidermal cells were incubated with 5 micrograms per milliliter (microg/ml) DNFB for 3 hours. In some experiments 1microg/ml brefeldin-A, 10 micromolar monensin, or 0.45 molar sucrose were present. The effects on Ia-antigen expression were determined as before. DNFB significantly decreased Ia-antigen expression in both freshly prepared and 3 day old cultures. Brefeldin-A and monensin did nor alter the effect of DNFB. Sucrose abolished the DNFB induced down regulation of Ia-antigen expression, indicating that endocytosis was involved in the down regulation. Epidermal cell suspensions preloaded with mouse MoAB-MK-D6 antibodies, an antibody that labeled surface Ia-antigen, were incubated with 5microg/ml DNFB. The effects on clearance of the labeled Ia molecules from the cell surface were determined. DNFB significantly accelerated clearance of the surface labeled Ia molecules. The authors conclude that DNFB and other contact allergens are able to decrease expression of MHC class-II molecules in LCs. Enhanced endocytosis of MHC class-II molecules is an early event in LC activation.","Contact Allergens Modulate the Expression of MHC Class II Molecules on Murine Epidermal Langerhans Cells by Endocytotic Mechanisms Abs: The effects of contact allergens on MHC class-II molecules in mouse skin were examined. The ears of Balb/c-mice were treated topically with 0.3% 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (70348) (DNFB), 1% 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (606213) (DNCB), 3% 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-oxazol-5-one (oxazolone), 1% 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (88880) (TNCB), 1% potassium-dichromate (7778509), or 1, 5, or 10% sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (1511213) (SDS). Three or 24 hours after application, selected mice were killed and epidermal cell suspensions were prepared from the ears. The effects on MHC class-II molecules were assessed by measuring Ia-antigen expression in Langerhans cells (LCs) using an immunofluorescence flow cytometric technique. DNFB caused a significant decrease in Ia-antigen expression 3 hours after application. By 24 hours post application Ia-antigen expression had increased to slightly above the control value. DNCB, oxazolone, potassium-dichromate, TNCB, and 5 and 10% SDS caused decreases in Ia-antigen expression. The strongest effects were induced by DNCB, potassium-dichromate, and 10% SDS. Freshly prepared or 3 day old cultures of mouse epidermal cells were incubated with 5 micrograms per milliliter (microg/ml) DNFB for 3 hours. In some experiments 1microg/ml brefeldin-A, 10 micromolar monensin, or 0.45 molar sucrose were present. The effects on Ia-antigen expression were determined as before. DNFB significantly decreased Ia-antigen expression in both freshly prepared and 3 day old cultures. Brefeldin-A and monensin did nor alter the effect of DNFB. Sucrose abolished the DNFB induced down regulation of Ia-antigen expression, indicating that endocytosis was involved in the down regulation. Epidermal cell suspensions preloaded with mouse MoAB-MK-D6 antibodies, an antibody that labeled surface Ia-antigen, were incubated with 5microg/ml DNFB. The effects on clearance of the labeled Ia molecules from the cell surface were determined. DNFB significantly accelerated clearance of the surface labeled Ia molecules. The authors conclude that DNFB and other contact allergens are able to decrease expression of MHC class-II molecules in LCs. Enhanced endocytosis of MHC class-II molecules is an early event in LC activation.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234137,Sumiwi et al. 2010,The role of CD4+ T cells in the induction of contact hypersensitivity to mercury in a murine model,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The exact immunopathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity (CH) to mercury remains unclear.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The aim of the present study was to assess the role of CD4+ T cells in mercury-induced CH in mice.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Splenic CD4+ T cells obtained from nonsensitized and mercury-sensitized Balb/c mice were adoptively transferred to groups I and II of the syngeneic recipients, respectively. All recipients were ear-challenged with mercury. The next experiments were to transfer nonsensitized CD4+ T cells to group A of the recipients, whereas mercury-sensitized CD4+ T cells were transferred to groups B and C. Groups A and B were ear-challenged with mercury, whereas group C was ear-challenged with chromium. The ear swelling 24 hours and 48 hours after challenge was used to assess CH.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The results of the present study showed that mercury-sensitized but not nonsensitized CD4+ T cells could transfer CH in mice. Furthermore, mercury-sensitized CD4+ T cells could transfer the induction of CH only in the recipients that were challenged with mercury, but not those that were challenged with chromium.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results of the present study suggest that mercury-induced CH may be mediated by mercury-specific CD4+ T cells.","The role of CD4+ T cells in the induction of contact hypersensitivity to mercury in a murine model Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The exact immunopathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity (CH) to mercury remains unclear.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The aim of the present study was to assess the role of CD4+ T cells in mercury-induced CH in mice.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Splenic CD4+ T cells obtained from nonsensitized and mercury-sensitized Balb/c mice were adoptively transferred to groups I and II of the syngeneic recipients, respectively. All recipients were ear-challenged with mercury. The next experiments were to transfer nonsensitized CD4+ T cells to group A of the recipients, whereas mercury-sensitized CD4+ T cells were transferred to groups B and C. Groups A and B were ear-challenged with mercury, whereas group C was ear-challenged with chromium. The ear swelling 24 hours and 48 hours after challenge was used to assess CH.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The results of the present study showed that mercury-sensitized but not nonsensitized CD4+ T cells could transfer CH in mice. Furthermore, mercury-sensitized CD4+ T cells could transfer the induction of CH only in the recipients that were challenged with mercury, but not those that were challenged with chromium.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The results of the present study suggest that mercury-induced CH may be mediated by mercury-specific CD4+ T cells.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1510571,Lazzarini et al. 2012,Allergic contact dermatitis among construction workers detected in a clinic that did not specialize in occupational dermatitis,,Allergic contact dermatitis among construction workers detected in a clinic that did not specialize in occupational dermatitis Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1231010,Walton et al. 1986,Age and sex incidence of allergic contact dermatitis,"A retrospective study of patients patch tested between 1968 and 1970 was undertaken and case records of 200 patients with unequivocal positive patch tests were studied for age and sex distribution. There was an overall female preponderance (61%), with 2 peaks of incidence in the 10-20 and 40-50 year age groups in females, but only 1 peak of incidence in the 40-50 year age group in males. There was a steady decline in all sensitivities after the 6th decade of life in both sexes. Nickel sensitivity was more common in females (92%), whereas dichromate sensitivity predominated in males (64%). Of the 200 patients, only 5(2.5%) were atopics, all of whom were females.","Age and sex incidence of allergic contact dermatitis Abs: A retrospective study of patients patch tested between 1968 and 1970 was undertaken and case records of 200 patients with unequivocal positive patch tests were studied for age and sex distribution. There was an overall female preponderance (61%), with 2 peaks of incidence in the 10-20 and 40-50 year age groups in females, but only 1 peak of incidence in the 40-50 year age group in males. There was a steady decline in all sensitivities after the 6th decade of life in both sexes. Nickel sensitivity was more common in females (92%), whereas dichromate sensitivity predominated in males (64%). Of the 200 patients, only 5(2.5%) were atopics, all of whom were females.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
730656,Spiekstra et al. 2005,"Induction of cytokine (interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) alarm signals after allergen and irritant exposure","The immune system is called into action by alarm signals generated from injured tissues. We examined the nature of these alarm signals after exposure of skin residential cells to contact allergens (nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate) and a contact irritant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)]. Nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, and SDS were applied topically to the stratum corneum of human skin equivalents. A similar concentration-dependent increase in chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) secretion was observed for all three chemicals. Exposure to nickel sulfate and SDS was investigated in more detail: similar to chemokine secretion, no difference was observed in the time- and concentration-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)] secretion. Maximal increase in IL-1alpha secretion occurred within 2 h after exposure to both nickel sulfate and SDS and prior to increased chemokine secretion. TNF-alpha secretion was detectable 8 h after chemical exposure. After allergen or irritant exposure, increased CCL20 and CXCL8, but not CCL27, secretion was inhibited by neutralizing human antibodies to either IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha. Our data show that alarm signals consist of primary and secondary signals. IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha are released as primary alarm signals, which trigger the release of secondary chemokine (CCL20 and CXCL8) alarm signals. However, some chemokines, for example, CCL27 can be secreted in an IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha independent manner. Our data suggest that skin residential cells respond to both allergen and irritant exposure by releasing mediators that initiate infiltration of immune responsive cells into the skin.","Induction of cytokine (interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) alarm signals after allergen and irritant exposure Abs: The immune system is called into action by alarm signals generated from injured tissues. We examined the nature of these alarm signals after exposure of skin residential cells to contact allergens (nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate) and a contact irritant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)]. Nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, and SDS were applied topically to the stratum corneum of human skin equivalents. A similar concentration-dependent increase in chemokine (CCL20, CCL27, and CXCL8) secretion was observed for all three chemicals. Exposure to nickel sulfate and SDS was investigated in more detail: similar to chemokine secretion, no difference was observed in the time- and concentration-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)] secretion. Maximal increase in IL-1alpha secretion occurred within 2 h after exposure to both nickel sulfate and SDS and prior to increased chemokine secretion. TNF-alpha secretion was detectable 8 h after chemical exposure. After allergen or irritant exposure, increased CCL20 and CXCL8, but not CCL27, secretion was inhibited by neutralizing human antibodies to either IL-1alpha or TNF-alpha. Our data show that alarm signals consist of primary and secondary signals. IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha are released as primary alarm signals, which trigger the release of secondary chemokine (CCL20 and CXCL8) alarm signals. However, some chemokines, for example, CCL27 can be secreted in an IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha independent manner. Our data suggest that skin residential cells respond to both allergen and irritant exposure by releasing mediators that initiate infiltration of immune responsive cells into the skin.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1516036,Kwok 1987,Prevention of Cement Dermatitis in Construction Workers with Iron Sulphate AU - Goh CL,"A study was initiated to determine the amount of iron-sulfate needed to successfully remove hexavalent chromate (18540299) from nine different brands of Asian cement in order to reduce the risk of contact dermatitis. Worker sick days due to allergic dermatitis in the construction business in Singapore had amounted to 53 days/year. Even with avoidance of cement for a period of time, the reaction did not always clear up. Content of chromate in the nine cements ranged from 3.6 to 25.1 micrograms/gram. The amounts of ferrous-sulfate tested were 0.2, 0.3, 0.35, 0.5, and 1 percent weight/weight of cement. In all cements, only a very small amount of iron-sulfate, 0.35 percent weight/weight, was needed to remove all detectable hexavalent chromate. The use of more iron-sulfate than required is cautioned against as it may change the properties of the concrete and increase the cost. Use of 0.35 percent resulted in no changes in setting time, compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, or creep of the concrete produced. The authors recommend the use of iron-sulfate for removal of hexavalent chromium and prevention of cement dermatitis.","Prevention of Cement Dermatitis in Construction Workers with Iron Sulphate AU - Goh CL Abs: A study was initiated to determine the amount of iron-sulfate needed to successfully remove hexavalent chromate (18540299) from nine different brands of Asian cement in order to reduce the risk of contact dermatitis. Worker sick days due to allergic dermatitis in the construction business in Singapore had amounted to 53 days/year. Even with avoidance of cement for a period of time, the reaction did not always clear up. Content of chromate in the nine cements ranged from 3.6 to 25.1 micrograms/gram. The amounts of ferrous-sulfate tested were 0.2, 0.3, 0.35, 0.5, and 1 percent weight/weight of cement. In all cements, only a very small amount of iron-sulfate, 0.35 percent weight/weight, was needed to remove all detectable hexavalent chromate. The use of more iron-sulfate than required is cautioned against as it may change the properties of the concrete and increase the cost. Use of 0.35 percent resulted in no changes in setting time, compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, or creep of the concrete produced. The authors recommend the use of iron-sulfate for removal of hexavalent chromium and prevention of cement dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236091,Ellis and  Freeman 1986,Dermatitis due to chromate in cement. Part I. Chromate content of cement in Australia,,Dermatitis due to chromate in cement. Part I. Chromate content of cement in Australia Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238123,Miyachi et al. 1985,Pemphigoid Following Chronic Cement Dermatitis,"The case was described of a 71 year old man, a former construction worker, with a 15 year history of chronic contact dermatitis which was probably induced by metal ions present in Portland cement, who was treated effectively with topical corticosteroids. Previous patch tests revealed positive reactions to 2 percent cobalt-chloride (7646799) and 0.5 percent potassium-dichromate (7778509) and histological evidence of acanthosis. At the last examination, prompted by the sudden appearance of severe tense erythematous bullae on the limbs, face and trunk, biopsy revealed subepidermal bullae with eosinophils, fibrin and perivascular accumulation of eosinophils, mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated the presence of immunoglobulin-G, complement-factor-3 and fibrinogen at the basement membrane zone, while indirect immunofluorescence showed antibasement membrane zone antibodies. Since the findings were compatible with a diagnosis of pemphigoid, the patient was placed first on betamethasone, starting at 5 milligrams daily and then gradually decreasing, and then on dapsone, initially in a dose of 75 milligrams and then 50 milligrams daily, which was discontinued despite the fact that blisters continued to appear and there was continuing evidence of persistent pemphigoid following the clearance of the skin lesions. The authors conclude that the late bullous lesions are not related to the cement contact dermatitis history of the patient.","Pemphigoid Following Chronic Cement Dermatitis Abs: The case was described of a 71 year old man, a former construction worker, with a 15 year history of chronic contact dermatitis which was probably induced by metal ions present in Portland cement, who was treated effectively with topical corticosteroids. Previous patch tests revealed positive reactions to 2 percent cobalt-chloride (7646799) and 0.5 percent potassium-dichromate (7778509) and histological evidence of acanthosis. At the last examination, prompted by the sudden appearance of severe tense erythematous bullae on the limbs, face and trunk, biopsy revealed subepidermal bullae with eosinophils, fibrin and perivascular accumulation of eosinophils, mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated the presence of immunoglobulin-G, complement-factor-3 and fibrinogen at the basement membrane zone, while indirect immunofluorescence showed antibasement membrane zone antibodies. Since the findings were compatible with a diagnosis of pemphigoid, the patient was placed first on betamethasone, starting at 5 milligrams daily and then gradually decreasing, and then on dapsone, initially in a dose of 75 milligrams and then 50 milligrams daily, which was discontinued despite the fact that blisters continued to appear and there was continuing evidence of persistent pemphigoid following the clearance of the skin lesions. The authors conclude that the late bullous lesions are not related to the cement contact dermatitis history of the patient.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237678,Cronin 1972,Contact dermatitis: XVII. Reactions to contact allergens given orally or systemically,"Ingestion of a contact allergen in a sensitized person can cause dermatitis. The allergens include drugs, antibiotics, food dyes, paraphenylenediamine, thiuram chemicals, food flavorings, Cr and pentadecylcatechol. Striking features of many of the case reports are the rapid onset, within hours, of the effect of the oral or systemic antigen and when the effect is severe, the systemic upset experienced by the patient. Such rapidity of response suggests that an immediate rather than a delayed type hypersensitivity may be partly or entirely responsible. In some subjects the ingestion or systemic administration of an allergen can cause both eczema and systemic effects; equally in other patients no reaction occurs.","Contact dermatitis: XVII. Reactions to contact allergens given orally or systemically Abs: Ingestion of a contact allergen in a sensitized person can cause dermatitis. The allergens include drugs, antibiotics, food dyes, paraphenylenediamine, thiuram chemicals, food flavorings, Cr and pentadecylcatechol. Striking features of many of the case reports are the rapid onset, within hours, of the effect of the oral or systemic antigen and when the effect is severe, the systemic upset experienced by the patient. Such rapidity of response suggests that an immediate rather than a delayed type hypersensitivity may be partly or entirely responsible. In some subjects the ingestion or systemic administration of an allergen can cause both eczema and systemic effects; equally in other patients no reaction occurs.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1235084,Lidén and  Lundberg 1979,Penetration of chromium in intact human skin in vivo,"Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy was modified to permit analysis of solid material, thereby fully utilizing the high sensitivity of the method. Tangential sections of biopsies from skin tested epicutaneously with K2Cr2O7 were analyzed for the content of chromium 5, 24, and 72 hr after application of the test substance in various concentrations, either in petrolatum or in water. The concentration of chromium as a rule showed 2 maxima, one at the dermal-epidermal junction and the other in upper mid-dermis. The content of chromium was of the same order of magnitude at all 3 times after application. This indicates that a steady state is reached already after 5 hr and that penetration is continuing at 72 hr. The chromium content in normal skin was 0.4-2 ppm. K2Cr2O7 in petrolatum penetrated to a greater extent than in water. The relative penetration of chromium was lower for 0.5% concentration than for 0.05%. A complex of chromium and glycine was found to penetrate into the skin but to a lower extent than K2Cr2O7. It also elicited a positive epicutaneous test reaction in 1 out of 2 individuals hypersensitive to chromium.","Penetration of chromium in intact human skin in vivo Abs: Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy was modified to permit analysis of solid material, thereby fully utilizing the high sensitivity of the method. Tangential sections of biopsies from skin tested epicutaneously with K2Cr2O7 were analyzed for the content of chromium 5, 24, and 72 hr after application of the test substance in various concentrations, either in petrolatum or in water. The concentration of chromium as a rule showed 2 maxima, one at the dermal-epidermal junction and the other in upper mid-dermis. The content of chromium was of the same order of magnitude at all 3 times after application. This indicates that a steady state is reached already after 5 hr and that penetration is continuing at 72 hr. The chromium content in normal skin was 0.4-2 ppm. K2Cr2O7 in petrolatum penetrated to a greater extent than in water. The relative penetration of chromium was lower for 0.5% concentration than for 0.05%. A complex of chromium and glycine was found to penetrate into the skin but to a lower extent than K2Cr2O7. It also elicited a positive epicutaneous test reaction in 1 out of 2 individuals hypersensitive to chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1236875,Romaguera and  Vilaplana 1998,Contact dermatitis in children: 6 years experience (1992-1997),"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We report the results of patch tests carried out over the last 6 years (1992-1997) on 141 children. This corresponds to 2.8% of the total patients who were patch tested in our Allergy Department (5,014). These 141 children were patch tested using the TRUE TestTM standard series and an additional allergen, metallic mercury Allergens from the Chemotechnique medicaments, cosmetics, plants and shoe series were added in some. The most frequent localization of eczema was to the feet, face and hands and the most frequent suspected causes were costume jewelry, footwear, topical medicaments and cosmetics. The most frequent allergens, assessed by degree of relevance, were first, nickel, followed by cobalt, mercurials (thimerosal and metallic mercury), fragrance and rubber chemicals (naphthyl mix, mercapto mix, carba mix and PPD mix). 13 children, 18% of the total, between the ages of 12 and 14 years, showed positivities relevant to some occupation, i.e., metalworking, building, h","Contact dermatitis in children: 6 years experience (1992-1997) Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. We report the results of patch tests carried out over the last 6 years (1992-1997) on 141 children. This corresponds to 2.8% of the total patients who were patch tested in our Allergy Department (5,014). These 141 children were patch tested using the TRUE TestTM standard series and an additional allergen, metallic mercury Allergens from the Chemotechnique medicaments, cosmetics, plants and shoe series were added in some. The most frequent localization of eczema was to the feet, face and hands and the most frequent suspected causes were costume jewelry, footwear, topical medicaments and cosmetics. The most frequent allergens, assessed by degree of relevance, were first, nickel, followed by cobalt, mercurials (thimerosal and metallic mercury), fragrance and rubber chemicals (naphthyl mix, mercapto mix, carba mix and PPD mix). 13 children, 18% of the total, between the ages of 12 and 14 years, showed positivities relevant to some occupation, i.e., metalworking, building, h",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234088,Kuljanac et al. 2011,Epicutaneous patch test results in children and adults with allergic contact dermatitis in Karlovac county: a retrospective survey,"The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of epicutaneous patch testing with a standard series of contact allergens in children suspected to have allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and to compare the results of patch testing between children and adults. Clinical records of children defined as patients aged ?18 years and adults examined at Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karlovac General Hospital, for suspicion of ACD during the 1994-2009 period were reviewed. Epicutaneous patch testing with a standard series of contact allergens, manufactured by the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb, Croatia, was performed in group 1 consisting of 412 children (274 female and 138 male, mean age 13.4 years, range 4-18 years) and group 2 consisting of 4440 adult patients (2918 female and 1522 male, mean age 40.3 years, range 19-81 years). The most common six allergens differed between the two groups. Adult subjects were divided into three age subgroups: 19-40 (n=1708), 41-60 (n=1570) and 61-81 (n=1162 subjects). The high sensitization rate in younger subgroup and lower sensitization rate in the oldest group compared to adult patient group as a whole was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). In children, the most common positive reactions were recorded to nickel sulfate (25.4%), thimerosal (17.8%), cobalt chloride (11.6%), fragrance mix (8.9%), white mercury precipitate (6.2%), formaldehyde (4.7%) and other allergens (25.4%). In adult patients, positive reactions were most common to nickel sulfate (32.6%), cobalt chloride (10.8%), fragrance mix (9.0%), wood tars (7.1%), potassium dichromate (6.6%), balsam of Peru (5.1%) and other allergens (28.8%). The group of children included 179 (43.4%) atopic subjects (according to Hanifin and Rajka criteria) and 233 (56.6%) non-atopic subjects. There was no statistically significant between-group difference and no statistically significant difference in nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix and balsam of Peru sensitization between children and adult patients. A higher sensitization rate in children versus adults was recorded for thimerosal, white mercury precipitate and formaldehyde. Less frequent sensitization in children versus adults was found for wood tars and potassium dichromate. It is concluded that pediatric ACD exists and is more common than previously recognized. Sensitization to allergens differs between children and adults.","Epicutaneous patch test results in children and adults with allergic contact dermatitis in Karlovac county: a retrospective survey Abs: The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of epicutaneous patch testing with a standard series of contact allergens in children suspected to have allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and to compare the results of patch testing between children and adults. Clinical records of children defined as patients aged ?18 years and adults examined at Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karlovac General Hospital, for suspicion of ACD during the 1994-2009 period were reviewed. Epicutaneous patch testing with a standard series of contact allergens, manufactured by the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb, Croatia, was performed in group 1 consisting of 412 children (274 female and 138 male, mean age 13.4 years, range 4-18 years) and group 2 consisting of 4440 adult patients (2918 female and 1522 male, mean age 40.3 years, range 19-81 years). The most common six allergens differed between the two groups. Adult subjects were divided into three age subgroups: 19-40 (n=1708), 41-60 (n=1570) and 61-81 (n=1162 subjects). The high sensitization rate in younger subgroup and lower sensitization rate in the oldest group compared to adult patient group as a whole was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). In children, the most common positive reactions were recorded to nickel sulfate (25.4%), thimerosal (17.8%), cobalt chloride (11.6%), fragrance mix (8.9%), white mercury precipitate (6.2%), formaldehyde (4.7%) and other allergens (25.4%). In adult patients, positive reactions were most common to nickel sulfate (32.6%), cobalt chloride (10.8%), fragrance mix (9.0%), wood tars (7.1%), potassium dichromate (6.6%), balsam of Peru (5.1%) and other allergens (28.8%). The group of children included 179 (43.4%) atopic subjects (according to Hanifin and Rajka criteria) and 233 (56.6%) non-atopic subjects. There was no statistically significant between-group difference and no statistically significant difference in nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix and balsam of Peru sensitization between children and adult patients. A higher sensitization rate in children versus adults was recorded for thimerosal, white mercury precipitate and formaldehyde. Less frequent sensitization in children versus adults was found for wood tars and potassium dichromate. It is concluded that pediatric ACD exists and is more common than previously recognized. Sensitization to allergens differs between children and adults.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234984,Stevenson and  Morgan 1983,Investigation and prevention of chromate dermatitis in colour television manufacture,"Cases of chromate (11104599) dermatitis among color television manufacture workers were described. Twenty cases of occupational dermatitis occurred among employees in a flow coat mill that manufactured color television tubes. The dermatitis took the form of a rash that appeared on the hands and feet of workers who applied a solution of ammonium-dichromate (7789095) (ADC) in polyvinyl-alcohol (9002862) (PVA) to a phosphor material on the screen of a color television. The hands of the workers were examined under a lamp on a Monday morning after being away from work for 2 days. Patch tests using samples of PVA, the phosphor material, or potassium-dichromate (7778509) (PDC) were applied. Fourteen of the cases had a positive response to PDC patch tests. All responses to the PVA and phosphor patch tests were negative. Lamp examination showed fluorescence around the finger nails and in the creases of fingers. The authors conclude that exposure to ADC was responsible for the dermatitis. Exposure to ADC and other chemicals has been reduced and since that time no new cases have been reported.","Investigation and prevention of chromate dermatitis in colour television manufacture Abs: Cases of chromate (11104599) dermatitis among color television manufacture workers were described. Twenty cases of occupational dermatitis occurred among employees in a flow coat mill that manufactured color television tubes. The dermatitis took the form of a rash that appeared on the hands and feet of workers who applied a solution of ammonium-dichromate (7789095) (ADC) in polyvinyl-alcohol (9002862) (PVA) to a phosphor material on the screen of a color television. The hands of the workers were examined under a lamp on a Monday morning after being away from work for 2 days. Patch tests using samples of PVA, the phosphor material, or potassium-dichromate (7778509) (PDC) were applied. Fourteen of the cases had a positive response to PDC patch tests. All responses to the PVA and phosphor patch tests were negative. Lamp examination showed fluorescence around the finger nails and in the creases of fingers. The authors conclude that exposure to ADC was responsible for the dermatitis. Exposure to ADC and other chemicals has been reduced and since that time no new cases have been reported.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237416,Agner 1995,CONTACT DERMATITIS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS MOISTURIZERS IRRITANTS OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS SKIN REACTIVITY DOSE-RESPONSE STUDIES UV IRRADIATION CLINICAL ASSESSMENT LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY METHODOLOGY,CONTACT DERMATITIS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER HUMAN ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS MOISTURIZERS IRRITANTS OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS SKIN REACTIVITY DOSE-RESPONSE STUDIES UV IRRADIATION CLINICAL ASSESSMENT LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY METHODOLOGY,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1027163,Carlsen et al. 2008,Associations between baseline allergens and polysensitization,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Identification of patients at risk of developing polysensitization is not possible at present. An association between weak sensitizers and polysensitization has been hypothesized.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To examine associations of 21 allergens in the European baseline series to polysensitization.<br /><br /><strong>PATIENTS/METHODS: </strong>From a database-based study with 14 998 patients patch tested with the European baseline series between 1985 and 2005, a group of 759 (5.1%) patients were polysensitized. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the relative contribution of each allergen to polysensitization.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Seven allergens--parabens mix, N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, sesquiterpene lactone mix, wool alcohols, potassium dichromate, Myroxylon pereirae, and cobalt chloride - showed statistically significant positive associations to polysensitization. Five allergens p-phenylenediamine, neomycin sulfate, epoxy resin, primin, and nickel sulfate showed statistically significant negative associations to polysensitization. For the allergens with the strongest associations, only every second individual with these particular allergies had two or more additional allergies.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>No common denominator for the association between the allergens and the polysensitization was apparent, and any association, whether positive or negative, was relatively low. Based on these results, sensitization to specific baseline allergens cannot be used as risk indicators for polysensitization.","Associations between baseline allergens and polysensitization Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Identification of patients at risk of developing polysensitization is not possible at present. An association between weak sensitizers and polysensitization has been hypothesized.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To examine associations of 21 allergens in the European baseline series to polysensitization.<br /><br /><strong>PATIENTS/METHODS: </strong>From a database-based study with 14 998 patients patch tested with the European baseline series between 1985 and 2005, a group of 759 (5.1%) patients were polysensitized. Odds ratios were calculated to determine the relative contribution of each allergen to polysensitization.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Seven allergens--parabens mix, N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, sesquiterpene lactone mix, wool alcohols, potassium dichromate, Myroxylon pereirae, and cobalt chloride - showed statistically significant positive associations to polysensitization. Five allergens p-phenylenediamine, neomycin sulfate, epoxy resin, primin, and nickel sulfate showed statistically significant negative associations to polysensitization. For the allergens with the strongest associations, only every second individual with these particular allergies had two or more additional allergies.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>No common denominator for the association between the allergens and the polysensitization was apparent, and any association, whether positive or negative, was relatively low. Based on these results, sensitization to specific baseline allergens cannot be used as risk indicators for polysensitization.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234595,Uter et al. 1995,"Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates","Clinical experience suggests the existence of different degrees of sensitivity in nickel-allergic patients. For quantification of this phenomenon, 462 consecutive patients with previously diagnosed or strongly suspected nickel allergy were tested with serial dilution patch tests with 5 ppm to 5% nickel sulfate in pet. (Ni), and 5 ppm to 1% nickel sulfate in pet. with 1% detergent (Ni/D). Additionally, nickel and palladium metal plates were tested in 103, and cobalt salts, dichromate and palladium chloride (PdCl2) in most patients. 332 patients reacted positively to Ni or Ni/D. The influence of a concomitantly administered detergent was not significant. A significant correlation was found between positive reactions to low concentrations of Ni (or Ni/D), i.e., 0.1% or less (N = 166), and concomitant reactions to nickel metal plates, cobalt salts and PdCl2 and a history of ear piercing with metal intolerance. The clinical relevance of reactions to PdCl2 is at present not clear. A subgroup of nickel-allergic patients with &quot;high sensitivity&quot; can be defined. In future studies further addressing the clinical relevance of high versus low sensitivity, patch testing with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 5% nickel sulfate in pet. is recommended instead of routine tests with 5% only.","Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulfate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates Abs: Clinical experience suggests the existence of different degrees of sensitivity in nickel-allergic patients. For quantification of this phenomenon, 462 consecutive patients with previously diagnosed or strongly suspected nickel allergy were tested with serial dilution patch tests with 5 ppm to 5% nickel sulfate in pet. (Ni), and 5 ppm to 1% nickel sulfate in pet. with 1% detergent (Ni/D). Additionally, nickel and palladium metal plates were tested in 103, and cobalt salts, dichromate and palladium chloride (PdCl2) in most patients. 332 patients reacted positively to Ni or Ni/D. The influence of a concomitantly administered detergent was not significant. A significant correlation was found between positive reactions to low concentrations of Ni (or Ni/D), i.e., 0.1% or less (N = 166), and concomitant reactions to nickel metal plates, cobalt salts and PdCl2 and a history of ear piercing with metal intolerance. The clinical relevance of reactions to PdCl2 is at present not clear. A subgroup of nickel-allergic patients with &quot;high sensitivity&quot; can be defined. In future studies further addressing the clinical relevance of high versus low sensitivity, patch testing with 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 5% nickel sulfate in pet. is recommended instead of routine tests with 5% only.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1516652,Weeks 1995,Controlling occupational health hazards in construction,Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm literature review human airborne hazards dermatologic chemical hazards lung cancer gastric cancer leukemia lymphoma metals heat cold electrical shock noise radiation,Controlling occupational health hazards in construction Abs: Biosis copyright: biol abs. rrm literature review human airborne hazards dermatologic chemical hazards lung cancer gastric cancer leukemia lymphoma metals heat cold electrical shock noise radiation,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234343,Lazarov 2004,Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: a 4-year prospective study,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The exact incidence of textile dermatitis is unknown because of the lack of controlled epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the increasing frequency of contact dermatitis to clothing has been demonstrated, thus indicating the importance of further investigations in this field.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To analyse the results from a 4-year prospective study of the clinical and aetiological features of contact dermatitis to textiles in Israel. We also aimed to assess the frequency and relevance of sensitization to textile dyes and resins in these patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Six hundred and forty-four patients (441 female and 203 male), referred for the investigation of contact dermatitis, and suspected of having textile allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), were studied. All patients were patch tested with the standard series (TRUE Tests), textile colour and finish series (TCFS) clothing extracts and pieces of garment in some cases. Readings were performed on days 2, 3 and in many patients also on day 7.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Eighty-three patients (12.9%) had an allergic reactions to a dye and/or resin allergen. Of them, 43 (51.8%) had positive patch tests to the textile dye allergens, 28 (33.7%) to the formaldehyde and textile finish resins and 12 (14.4%) to allergens from both groups. The highest incidence of sensitization from the dye group allergens was due to Disperse Blue (DB) 124 (30.6%), DB 106 (27.0%) and DB 85 (8.1%) and from the resin group to melamine formaldehyde and ethyleneurea melamine formaldehyde (20.7% each) and urea formaldehyde (18.3%). Present relevance of the patch tests was found in 81.4% of the cases. Concomitant sensitization with allergens from the standard series included nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, formaldehyde, rubber additives and others. Although chronic dermatitis was the typical clinical presentation, less frequent forms such as purpuric, hyperpigmented and papulopustular lesions and atypical forms such as erythema multiforme-like, nummular-like lesions, lichenification and erythrodermia were observed in 24.4% of the cases. The atypical manifestations were provoked by sensitization to dye allergens and never to resins. Along with the typical distribution in areas of friction on the trunk and extremities, less frequent areas including the hands, face, genital area and the soles were affected too.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In view of the increasing frequency of contact dermatitis to clothing, the clinical assessment should include awareness of the classical as well as the unusual and atypical clinical forms and locations of ACD to textiles, for they are not infrequent. Although dyes and among them DB 106 and DB 124 are the most frequent allergens inducing textile dermatitis, concomitant testing with allergens from the textile dyes and resin groups is recommended when investigating patients with textile dermatitis.","Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: a 4-year prospective study Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The exact incidence of textile dermatitis is unknown because of the lack of controlled epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the increasing frequency of contact dermatitis to clothing has been demonstrated, thus indicating the importance of further investigations in this field.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To analyse the results from a 4-year prospective study of the clinical and aetiological features of contact dermatitis to textiles in Israel. We also aimed to assess the frequency and relevance of sensitization to textile dyes and resins in these patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Six hundred and forty-four patients (441 female and 203 male), referred for the investigation of contact dermatitis, and suspected of having textile allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), were studied. All patients were patch tested with the standard series (TRUE Tests), textile colour and finish series (TCFS) clothing extracts and pieces of garment in some cases. Readings were performed on days 2, 3 and in many patients also on day 7.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Eighty-three patients (12.9%) had an allergic reactions to a dye and/or resin allergen. Of them, 43 (51.8%) had positive patch tests to the textile dye allergens, 28 (33.7%) to the formaldehyde and textile finish resins and 12 (14.4%) to allergens from both groups. The highest incidence of sensitization from the dye group allergens was due to Disperse Blue (DB) 124 (30.6%), DB 106 (27.0%) and DB 85 (8.1%) and from the resin group to melamine formaldehyde and ethyleneurea melamine formaldehyde (20.7% each) and urea formaldehyde (18.3%). Present relevance of the patch tests was found in 81.4% of the cases. Concomitant sensitization with allergens from the standard series included nickel sulphate, potassium dichromate, formaldehyde, rubber additives and others. Although chronic dermatitis was the typical clinical presentation, less frequent forms such as purpuric, hyperpigmented and papulopustular lesions and atypical forms such as erythema multiforme-like, nummular-like lesions, lichenification and erythrodermia were observed in 24.4% of the cases. The atypical manifestations were provoked by sensitization to dye allergens and never to resins. Along with the typical distribution in areas of friction on the trunk and extremities, less frequent areas including the hands, face, genital area and the soles were affected too.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In view of the increasing frequency of contact dermatitis to clothing, the clinical assessment should include awareness of the classical as well as the unusual and atypical clinical forms and locations of ACD to textiles, for they are not infrequent. Although dyes and among them DB 106 and DB 124 are the most frequent allergens inducing textile dermatitis, concomitant testing with allergens from the textile dyes and resin groups is recommended when investigating patients with textile dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234560,Al-Sheikh and  Gad el-Rab 1996,"Allergic contact dermatitis: clinical features and profile of sensitizing allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>No reports are available on allergic contact dermatitis in Saudi Arabia, although it seems to be a common skin problem. We attempted to explore certain clinical aspects in addition to the profile of sensitizing allergens in our area. As no standard panel for patch testing is available in our geographic region, we examined the suitability of the European Standard Series.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Patch testing was performed on 271 consecutive patients with various forms of dermititis, referred for evaluation of possible allergic contact dermatitis. The study included 147 women and 124 men. The patients were between 12 and 75 years of age.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Out of 271 subjects, 152 (56.1%) showed one or more positive reactions. Of these, 80 (52.6%) were women and 72 (47.4%) were men. Almost one quarter of the patients (25.7%) presented with hand dermatitis. Positive reactions to 21 out of the 22 allergens were found. Sensitization was most common to nickel sulfate (39.5%), potassium dichromate (32.9%), and cobalt chloride (30.9%). Reactions to the other allergens ranged between 14.5% and 1.3%). Less than one percent of the patients (0.66%) reacted to benzocaine and showed no reaction to primin.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin problem in Saudi Arabia. Further studies that address the prevalence and incidence of the disease are indicated. The European Standard Series is suitable for patch testing patients in our community; however, we suggest exclusion of benzocaine and primin. The addition of three allergens of local relevance, black seed oil, local perfume mix, and henna, are presented and discussed. The formulation of a regional standard series for patch testing dermatitis patients in our geographic area requires further collaborative studies.","Allergic contact dermatitis: clinical features and profile of sensitizing allergens in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>No reports are available on allergic contact dermatitis in Saudi Arabia, although it seems to be a common skin problem. We attempted to explore certain clinical aspects in addition to the profile of sensitizing allergens in our area. As no standard panel for patch testing is available in our geographic region, we examined the suitability of the European Standard Series.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Patch testing was performed on 271 consecutive patients with various forms of dermititis, referred for evaluation of possible allergic contact dermatitis. The study included 147 women and 124 men. The patients were between 12 and 75 years of age.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Out of 271 subjects, 152 (56.1%) showed one or more positive reactions. Of these, 80 (52.6%) were women and 72 (47.4%) were men. Almost one quarter of the patients (25.7%) presented with hand dermatitis. Positive reactions to 21 out of the 22 allergens were found. Sensitization was most common to nickel sulfate (39.5%), potassium dichromate (32.9%), and cobalt chloride (30.9%). Reactions to the other allergens ranged between 14.5% and 1.3%). Less than one percent of the patients (0.66%) reacted to benzocaine and showed no reaction to primin.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin problem in Saudi Arabia. Further studies that address the prevalence and incidence of the disease are indicated. The European Standard Series is suitable for patch testing patients in our community; however, we suggest exclusion of benzocaine and primin. The addition of three allergens of local relevance, black seed oil, local perfume mix, and henna, are presented and discussed. The formulation of a regional standard series for patch testing dermatitis patients in our geographic area requires further collaborative studies.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1515974,Journe et al. 1999,Sunscreen sensitization: A 5-year study,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sunscreen contact allergy and/or contact photoallergy in 370 patients with suspected photodermatitis. Patch and photopatch tests were performed using the French Society of Photodermatology (SFPD) standard series. A total of 57 cases of contact allergy and/or photocontact allergy to sunscreens were diagnosed (15.4%). Amongst these, 27 reactions were related to oxybenzone and 14 to isopropyl dibenzoylmethane. These results, obtained from","Sunscreen sensitization: A 5-year study Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sunscreen contact allergy and/or contact photoallergy in 370 patients with suspected photodermatitis. Patch and photopatch tests were performed using the French Society of Photodermatology (SFPD) standard series. A total of 57 cases of contact allergy and/or photocontact allergy to sunscreens were diagnosed (15.4%). Amongst these, 27 reactions were related to oxybenzone and 14 to isopropyl dibenzoylmethane. These results, obtained from",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
651772,Rusznak et al. 1999,Cigarette smoke potentiates house dust mite allergen-induced increase in the permeability of human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro,"Although studies have suggested that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) may be associated with the development of atopy, the mechanisms underlying this are not clearly understood. It has been suggested that CS impairs the barrier function of the airway epithelium, leading to increased access of allergens such as those of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) to antigen-presenting cells, with subsequent allergic sensitization. In order to test this hypothesis, we established primary explant cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) in cell culture inserts, and exposed these for 20 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h to CS or air in the absence or presence of 300 ng/ml Der p, and then further incubated the cultures over a period of 24 h. The HBEC cultures were assessed for changes in permeability as measured by changes in: (1) electrical resistance (ER); and (2) passage of 14C-labeled bovine serum albumin (14C-BSA) and Der p allergens across the HBEC cultures. We also assessed the effects of protease inhibitors and the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in this experimental system. Damage to HBEC cultures was assessed by the release of [51Cr]sodium chromate from prelabeled cells, and by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Twenty minutes of exposure to CS as compared with exposure to air did not significantly alter either the ER or passage of 14C-BSA across the HBEC cultures. In contrast, incubation with Der p led to a significant increase in the permeability of HBEC cultures, an effect that was enhanced by exposure to CS but was abrogated by the specific protease inhibitors and GSH. Passage of Der p was also increased by exposure to CS. Exposure of HBEC cultures to CS led to a significant release of 51Cr and LDH from these cells as compared with cells exposed to air. This effect was augmented further when HBEC cultures were incubated with Der p. Exposure of HBEC cultures for 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h to CS led to a markedly significant dose- and time-dependent increase in the permeability of these cells. These results suggest that exposure to CS significantly enhances Der p-induced decreases in electrical resistance and the increased passage across HBEC cultures of 14C-BSA and of the Der p allergen itself.","Cigarette smoke potentiates house dust mite allergen-induced increase in the permeability of human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro Abs: Although studies have suggested that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) may be associated with the development of atopy, the mechanisms underlying this are not clearly understood. It has been suggested that CS impairs the barrier function of the airway epithelium, leading to increased access of allergens such as those of the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) to antigen-presenting cells, with subsequent allergic sensitization. In order to test this hypothesis, we established primary explant cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) in cell culture inserts, and exposed these for 20 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h to CS or air in the absence or presence of 300 ng/ml Der p, and then further incubated the cultures over a period of 24 h. The HBEC cultures were assessed for changes in permeability as measured by changes in: (1) electrical resistance (ER); and (2) passage of 14C-labeled bovine serum albumin (14C-BSA) and Der p allergens across the HBEC cultures. We also assessed the effects of protease inhibitors and the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in this experimental system. Damage to HBEC cultures was assessed by the release of [51Cr]sodium chromate from prelabeled cells, and by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Twenty minutes of exposure to CS as compared with exposure to air did not significantly alter either the ER or passage of 14C-BSA across the HBEC cultures. In contrast, incubation with Der p led to a significant increase in the permeability of HBEC cultures, an effect that was enhanced by exposure to CS but was abrogated by the specific protease inhibitors and GSH. Passage of Der p was also increased by exposure to CS. Exposure of HBEC cultures to CS led to a significant release of 51Cr and LDH from these cells as compared with cells exposed to air. This effect was augmented further when HBEC cultures were incubated with Der p. Exposure of HBEC cultures for 1 h, 3 h, and 6 h to CS led to a markedly significant dose- and time-dependent increase in the permeability of these cells. These results suggest that exposure to CS significantly enhances Der p-induced decreases in electrical resistance and the increased passage across HBEC cultures of 14C-BSA and of the Der p allergen itself.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1238229,Moller 1989,Intradermal Testing in Doubtful Cases of Contact Allergy to Metals,"A study of the ability of intradermal testing to detect doubtful cases of metal contact allergy was conducted. Altogether, 1670 patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens at a Swedish dermatological clinic over a 3 year period. The patients were also interviewed to obtain information about possible histories of atopy and metal allergy. A total of 350 patients gave a positive response to one or more metal salts; 66 patients gave ambiguous or conflicting test results to chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), or nickel (7440020). Of these, 49 had test reactions that were difficult to read at 72 hours, ten gave negative reactions although they had a positive history of metal allergy, and seven had clinically diagnosed metal allergy but gave negative test results. These were evaluated further by injecting them intradermally with 0.029 percent potassium-dichromate (7778509), 0.013 percent cobalt-chloride (7646799), or 0.016 percent nickel-sulfate (7786814). In the patients with ambiguous patch test results, intradermal testing revealed seven positive reactions to chromium, five to cobalt, and 12 to nickel. Eleven of these were atopic and 13 had a history of metal allergy. In the group with positive metal allergy histories but negative patch test results, intradermal testing revealed two positive reactions to nickel and one to cobalt. In the group with clinically diagnosed contact allergy, four reacted positively to the intradermal tests. The author concludes that intradermal testing is easy to perform, lacks most of the technical disadvantages of the patch test, and is very useful for revealing false positive patch test reactions.","Intradermal Testing in Doubtful Cases of Contact Allergy to Metals Abs: A study of the ability of intradermal testing to detect doubtful cases of metal contact allergy was conducted. Altogether, 1670 patients were patch tested with a standard series of allergens at a Swedish dermatological clinic over a 3 year period. The patients were also interviewed to obtain information about possible histories of atopy and metal allergy. A total of 350 patients gave a positive response to one or more metal salts; 66 patients gave ambiguous or conflicting test results to chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), or nickel (7440020). Of these, 49 had test reactions that were difficult to read at 72 hours, ten gave negative reactions although they had a positive history of metal allergy, and seven had clinically diagnosed metal allergy but gave negative test results. These were evaluated further by injecting them intradermally with 0.029 percent potassium-dichromate (7778509), 0.013 percent cobalt-chloride (7646799), or 0.016 percent nickel-sulfate (7786814). In the patients with ambiguous patch test results, intradermal testing revealed seven positive reactions to chromium, five to cobalt, and 12 to nickel. Eleven of these were atopic and 13 had a history of metal allergy. In the group with positive metal allergy histories but negative patch test results, intradermal testing revealed two positive reactions to nickel and one to cobalt. In the group with clinically diagnosed contact allergy, four reacted positively to the intradermal tests. The author concludes that intradermal testing is easy to perform, lacks most of the technical disadvantages of the patch test, and is very useful for revealing false positive patch test reactions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237395,Toffoletto et al. 1994,OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS FROM AMINE-FUNCTIONAL METHOXYSILANE IN CONTINUOUS-GLASS-FILAMENT PRODUCTION,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE HUMAN SKIN CONTACT ALLERGY CONTACT DERMATITIS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ALLERGENS GLOVE USE,OCCUPATIONAL CONTACT DERMATITIS FROM AMINE-FUNCTIONAL METHOXYSILANE IN CONTINUOUS-GLASS-FILAMENT PRODUCTION Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE HUMAN SKIN CONTACT ALLERGY CONTACT DERMATITIS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ALLERGENS GLOVE USE,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1027126,Collazo et al. 2008,Prevalence of contact allergens in a Hispanic population,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Patch testing has been used as a screening tool to identify those allergens responsible for the development of allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of this study were to identify the most common allergens found at the Patch Testing Clinic (PTC) of the Department of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Campus (MSC) University of Puerto Rico (UPR), to correlate patch testing results with demographics and clinical data, and to compare the results with similar studies in other institutions.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A retrospective analysis of the records of patients who underwent patch testing for suspected acute allergic contact dermatitis at the Department of Dermatology of the Medical Sciences Campus of the UPR, from March 31, 2001 to May 31, 2005. Information regarding demographics, medical history, occupation, and test results was retrieved.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The most common allergens identified were: carba mix, nickel sulphate, thiuram mix, paratertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin, paraphenylenediamine, and neomycin sulphate. The most commonly affected area was the hands. A correlation was observed between paratertiary butylphenol and involvement of the feet, paraphenylenediamine and generalized dermatitis, and potassium dichromate and occupational exposure.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Patch testing remains a worthwhile and quick diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis.","Prevalence of contact allergens in a Hispanic population Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Patch testing has been used as a screening tool to identify those allergens responsible for the development of allergic contact dermatitis. The objectives of this study were to identify the most common allergens found at the Patch Testing Clinic (PTC) of the Department of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Campus (MSC) University of Puerto Rico (UPR), to correlate patch testing results with demographics and clinical data, and to compare the results with similar studies in other institutions.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>A retrospective analysis of the records of patients who underwent patch testing for suspected acute allergic contact dermatitis at the Department of Dermatology of the Medical Sciences Campus of the UPR, from March 31, 2001 to May 31, 2005. Information regarding demographics, medical history, occupation, and test results was retrieved.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The most common allergens identified were: carba mix, nickel sulphate, thiuram mix, paratertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin, paraphenylenediamine, and neomycin sulphate. The most commonly affected area was the hands. A correlation was observed between paratertiary butylphenol and involvement of the feet, paraphenylenediamine and generalized dermatitis, and potassium dichromate and occupational exposure.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Patch testing remains a worthwhile and quick diagnostic tool for the evaluation of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
670644,Rui et al. 2010,"Nickel, cobalt and chromate sensitization and occupation","BACKGROUND: Exposure to nickel, cobalt and chromate are important causes of occupational contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of nickel, cobalt and chromate allergy in a population of consecutive patients and to investigate the possible association with individual and occupational risk factors. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 14 464 patients (67.6% women and 32.4% men) with suspected allergic dermatitis underwent patch tests. The associations between patch test results and occupations were studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: About 24.6% of the patients reacted positively to nickel sulphate, 10.2% to cobalt chloride and 8.7% to potassium dichromate. Nickel sensitization was higher in women aged 26-35 years in comparison with the youngest group (15-25 years) and the older group (> 45 years). In women, the prevalence of positive reactions to nickel was positively associated with metal and mechanical work (OR 1.54; 95%, CI 1.16-2.05). Chromate sensitization was more prevalent in building trade workers for both women (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.00-2.49) and men (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.55-3.22). Cobalt sensitization was associated with textile and leather work in women (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.09-2.12) and with cleaning work in men (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.18-2.93). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed interesting associations between some occupations and nickel, chromate and cobalt allergy.","Nickel, cobalt and chromate sensitization and occupation Abs: BACKGROUND: Exposure to nickel, cobalt and chromate are important causes of occupational contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of nickel, cobalt and chromate allergy in a population of consecutive patients and to investigate the possible association with individual and occupational risk factors. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 14 464 patients (67.6% women and 32.4% men) with suspected allergic dermatitis underwent patch tests. The associations between patch test results and occupations were studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: About 24.6% of the patients reacted positively to nickel sulphate, 10.2% to cobalt chloride and 8.7% to potassium dichromate. Nickel sensitization was higher in women aged 26-35 years in comparison with the youngest group (15-25 years) and the older group (> 45 years). In women, the prevalence of positive reactions to nickel was positively associated with metal and mechanical work (OR 1.54; 95%, CI 1.16-2.05). Chromate sensitization was more prevalent in building trade workers for both women (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.00-2.49) and men (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.55-3.22). Cobalt sensitization was associated with textile and leather work in women (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.09-2.12) and with cleaning work in men (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.18-2.93). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed interesting associations between some occupations and nickel, chromate and cobalt allergy.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
67229,Ikarashi et al. 1992,Detection of contact sensitivity of metal salts using the murine local lymph node assay,"The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a predictive test for the detection of contact allergens. Nickel and chromium sensitization are common cases in man. However, in a previous study topical application of nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate in aqueous solution failed to induce activation in the draining lymph node. This study describes the application of LLNA to evaluate the contact sensitivity of metal salts. The metal salts were applied in dimethylsulfoxide or aqueous ethanol solution. In some experiments, the skin of the ears was gently abraded using a needle prior to application of metal salts. The ability of seven metal salts to induce lymph node cell (LNC) proliferation was compared. Nickel, cobalt, chromium and copper salts increased LNC proliferation, whereas zinc, manganese and iron salts failed to induce LNC proliferation in this assay.","Detection of contact sensitivity of metal salts using the murine local lymph node assay Abs: The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a predictive test for the detection of contact allergens. Nickel and chromium sensitization are common cases in man. However, in a previous study topical application of nickel sulfate and potassium dichromate in aqueous solution failed to induce activation in the draining lymph node. This study describes the application of LLNA to evaluate the contact sensitivity of metal salts. The metal salts were applied in dimethylsulfoxide or aqueous ethanol solution. In some experiments, the skin of the ears was gently abraded using a needle prior to application of metal salts. The ability of seven metal salts to induce lymph node cell (LNC) proliferation was compared. Nickel, cobalt, chromium and copper salts increased LNC proliferation, whereas zinc, manganese and iron salts failed to induce LNC proliferation in this assay.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234765,Schöpf and  Baumgårtner 1989,Patch testing in atopic dermatitis,"Because patients with atopic dermatitis are less prone to type IV allergies, there has been controversy regarding the role of patch testing in these patients. However, recent observations indicate that patch testing with standard allergens often adds valuable information about contact sensitivity in these patients.","Patch testing in atopic dermatitis Abs: Because patients with atopic dermatitis are less prone to type IV allergies, there has been controversy regarding the role of patch testing in these patients. However, recent observations indicate that patch testing with standard allergens often adds valuable information about contact sensitivity in these patients.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234358,Brasch et al. 2003,Patch-test reaction patterns in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis,"Patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis often need to be patch tested in order to detect possible contact sensitization. However, it is unknown whether immunologic or other peculiarities of atopic skin are related to altered patch-test reaction patterns. Our study was aimed at answering this question, because patch-test reaction patterns are of considerable practical importance in the reading and interpretation of patch tests. Therefore, we compared patterns of patch-test reactions in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis and in control patients matched for sex, age, reason for testing and test centre. Patch-test results from 9 centres (2322 patients with a disposition to atopic dermatitis and 2126 matched controls) were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were tested with nickel sulfate, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate, lanolin alcohol, formaldehyde and mercury ammonium chloride. Patch tests applied for 1 day with readings on days 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated in order to cover the early phase of the reactions. Not unexpectedly, we found that, compared to the matched controls, patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis tended to have more doubtful and irritant reactions on day 1. As a new observation, it turned out that they had less reactions of crescendo pattern and more strong reactions on day 3. All these differences were slight/insignificant. A higher skin irritability in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis is a likely explanation. In conclusion, standard methods for patch testing can be applied in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis, but minor differences in reaction patterns should be considered.","Patch-test reaction patterns in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis Abs: Patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis often need to be patch tested in order to detect possible contact sensitization. However, it is unknown whether immunologic or other peculiarities of atopic skin are related to altered patch-test reaction patterns. Our study was aimed at answering this question, because patch-test reaction patterns are of considerable practical importance in the reading and interpretation of patch tests. Therefore, we compared patterns of patch-test reactions in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis and in control patients matched for sex, age, reason for testing and test centre. Patch-test results from 9 centres (2322 patients with a disposition to atopic dermatitis and 2126 matched controls) were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were tested with nickel sulfate, fragrance mix, potassium dichromate, lanolin alcohol, formaldehyde and mercury ammonium chloride. Patch tests applied for 1 day with readings on days 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated in order to cover the early phase of the reactions. Not unexpectedly, we found that, compared to the matched controls, patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis tended to have more doubtful and irritant reactions on day 1. As a new observation, it turned out that they had less reactions of crescendo pattern and more strong reactions on day 3. All these differences were slight/insignificant. A higher skin irritability in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis is a likely explanation. In conclusion, standard methods for patch testing can be applied in patients with a predisposition to atopic dermatitis, but minor differences in reaction patterns should be considered.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1510017,Carlton and  England 2000,Aircraft Corrosion Control: Assessment and Reduction of Chromate Exposures,"Final rept. 1997-2000. rrosion inhibitor of choice in the Air Force is hexavalent chromium (CrVI). CrVI is present in aircraft coating pretreatments as chromic acid and in primers as metallic chromates. Worker exposures to chromate compounds can occur during application of the pretreatment and primer. In addition, depainting (removal of old organic coatings) and mechanical sanding of existing coating systems can release particulates that contain chromates from previously-applied primers. These particulates can also present a CrVI exposure risk. Cr VII compounds have been linked to occupational diseases, specifically dermatitis, nasal irritation, and lung cancer. Water soluble CrVI compounds, such as chromic acid, are confirmed human carcinogens; metallic chromates are considered either confirmed or suspected human carcinogens, depending on the specific metal attached to the chromate. Over the last three years, the industrial Hygiene Branch of the Air Force institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis (AFIERA) collaborated with the Air Force Structural Maintenance community to identify improved methods to reduce CrVIj exposures during corrosion control procedures. We completed a series of field evaluations at Shaw, Cannon, Holloman, Nellis, Hill, Robins, Tinker, and McChord AFBs, and a chromate reduction study at Shaw and Cannon. This technical report summarizes our recommended sampling methodology, data interpretation, and chromate reduction techniques to reduce chromate exposures.","Aircraft Corrosion Control: Assessment and Reduction of Chromate Exposures Abs: Final rept. 1997-2000. rrosion inhibitor of choice in the Air Force is hexavalent chromium (CrVI). CrVI is present in aircraft coating pretreatments as chromic acid and in primers as metallic chromates. Worker exposures to chromate compounds can occur during application of the pretreatment and primer. In addition, depainting (removal of old organic coatings) and mechanical sanding of existing coating systems can release particulates that contain chromates from previously-applied primers. These particulates can also present a CrVI exposure risk. Cr VII compounds have been linked to occupational diseases, specifically dermatitis, nasal irritation, and lung cancer. Water soluble CrVI compounds, such as chromic acid, are confirmed human carcinogens; metallic chromates are considered either confirmed or suspected human carcinogens, depending on the specific metal attached to the chromate. Over the last three years, the industrial Hygiene Branch of the Air Force institute for Environment, Safety and Occupational Health Risk Analysis (AFIERA) collaborated with the Air Force Structural Maintenance community to identify improved methods to reduce CrVIj exposures during corrosion control procedures. We completed a series of field evaluations at Shaw, Cannon, Holloman, Nellis, Hill, Robins, Tinker, and McChord AFBs, and a chromate reduction study at Shaw and Cannon. This technical report summarizes our recommended sampling methodology, data interpretation, and chromate reduction techniques to reduce chromate exposures.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1237651,Tsyrkunov 1970,Modern methods for diagnosing occupational diseases of the skin in workers in the chemical industry,"HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. When diagnoses are being made of allergic occupational diseases of the skin, to determine the degree of increased sensitivity to chemicals use should be made of skin tests and the Shelley immunobiological reaction. Intradermal tests are indicated for substances which might be introduced parenterally. Compresses and application methods for skin tests may be used for substances soluble in organic solvents. Using the drop method of skin testing, not only must the suspected allergen be included but also the most widespread allergens-nickel chloride, turpentine, K2Cr2O7. Occupational allergic diseases of the skin usually develop after several months of work in contact with the chemicals (in 5-10 yr of contact with antibiotics); inflammatory reactions disappear soon after contact with the irritant stops.","Modern methods for diagnosing occupational diseases of the skin in workers in the chemical industry Abs: HEEP COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. When diagnoses are being made of allergic occupational diseases of the skin, to determine the degree of increased sensitivity to chemicals use should be made of skin tests and the Shelley immunobiological reaction. Intradermal tests are indicated for substances which might be introduced parenterally. Compresses and application methods for skin tests may be used for substances soluble in organic solvents. Using the drop method of skin testing, not only must the suspected allergen be included but also the most widespread allergens-nickel chloride, turpentine, K2Cr2O7. Occupational allergic diseases of the skin usually develop after several months of work in contact with the chemicals (in 5-10 yr of contact with antibiotics); inflammatory reactions disappear soon after contact with the irritant stops.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234767,Chen et al. 1989,"Integration of holographic optical elements with polymer gelatin waveguides on GaAs, LiNbO(3), glass, and aluminum","We have observed waveguiding in thin films of polymer gelatin on GaAs, LiNbO(3), glass, and aluminum substrates. A graded-index profile can be induced in the gelatin layer and tuned by wet processing. This makes it possible to form waveguides on any smooth surface. Locally sensitizing the gelatin waveguide with ammonium dichromate allows us to integrate single and multiplexed gratings on the same substrate to perform various functions for optical interconnects and signal processing. A waveguide grating coupler that converts free-space TEM(00) laser light to a two-dimensional spherical guided wave with 50 degrees angle of divergence has also been demonstrated. An optical clock distribution network on wafer-scale integrated circuits is feasible with this new technology.","Integration of holographic optical elements with polymer gelatin waveguides on GaAs, LiNbO(3), glass, and aluminum Abs: We have observed waveguiding in thin films of polymer gelatin on GaAs, LiNbO(3), glass, and aluminum substrates. A graded-index profile can be induced in the gelatin layer and tuned by wet processing. This makes it possible to form waveguides on any smooth surface. Locally sensitizing the gelatin waveguide with ammonium dichromate allows us to integrate single and multiplexed gratings on the same substrate to perform various functions for optical interconnects and signal processing. A waveguide grating coupler that converts free-space TEM(00) laser light to a two-dimensional spherical guided wave with 50 degrees angle of divergence has also been demonstrated. An optical clock distribution network on wafer-scale integrated circuits is feasible with this new technology.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
525936,Suzuki and  Mcdermot 2006,Infrared spectra of US automobile original finishes. VII. Extended range FT-IR and XRF analyses of inorganic pigments in situ-Nickel Titanate and Chrome Titanate,"The identification, analysis, and occurrence in U.S. automobile original finishes (1974-1989) of Nickel Titanate (yellow) and Chrome Titanate (yellow-orange) are described in this report. The titanate pigments are based on the rutile (titanium dioxide) structure and there are only minor differences between the infrared absorptions of rutile and the titanates. Titanate pigment absorptions in paint spectra can thus be easily mistaken for those of rutile. Each of the titanates, however, contains two elements in addition to titanium that can serve to distinguish them using elemental analyses. Fourier transform infrared (4000-220 cm(-1)) and X-ray fluorescence instruments were used in combination for the in situ analysis of the titanates. In addition to titanium, nickel, and antimony, the three main detectable elements comprising Nickel Titanate, all of the commercial products of this pigment that were examined also contained impurities of zirconium, niobium, and usually lead. These elements were also detected in most of the monocoats in which Nickel Titanate was identified, as well as in the Chrome Titanate pigments, and the zirconium to niobium ratio was found to exhibit a wide variation. Nickel Titanate is a relatively common pigment that was identified in nearly three dozen U.S. automobile yellow nonmetallic monocoats (1974-1989), while Chrome Titanate appears to have been used in only a few yellow and orange nonmetallic monocoats. The use of the titanate pigments likely increased after this time period as they were replacements for lead chromate pigments (last used in a U.S. automobile original finish in the early 1990s), and are more amenable for use in basecoat/clearcoat finishes than in monocoats. Minor distortions of the infrared absorptions of rutile, anatase, and the titanates obtained using accessories with diamond windows were noted, and their origins are discussed.","Infrared spectra of US automobile original finishes. VII. Extended range FT-IR and XRF analyses of inorganic pigments in situ-Nickel Titanate and Chrome Titanate Abs: The identification, analysis, and occurrence in U.S. automobile original finishes (1974-1989) of Nickel Titanate (yellow) and Chrome Titanate (yellow-orange) are described in this report. The titanate pigments are based on the rutile (titanium dioxide) structure and there are only minor differences between the infrared absorptions of rutile and the titanates. Titanate pigment absorptions in paint spectra can thus be easily mistaken for those of rutile. Each of the titanates, however, contains two elements in addition to titanium that can serve to distinguish them using elemental analyses. Fourier transform infrared (4000-220 cm(-1)) and X-ray fluorescence instruments were used in combination for the in situ analysis of the titanates. In addition to titanium, nickel, and antimony, the three main detectable elements comprising Nickel Titanate, all of the commercial products of this pigment that were examined also contained impurities of zirconium, niobium, and usually lead. These elements were also detected in most of the monocoats in which Nickel Titanate was identified, as well as in the Chrome Titanate pigments, and the zirconium to niobium ratio was found to exhibit a wide variation. Nickel Titanate is a relatively common pigment that was identified in nearly three dozen U.S. automobile yellow nonmetallic monocoats (1974-1989), while Chrome Titanate appears to have been used in only a few yellow and orange nonmetallic monocoats. The use of the titanate pigments likely increased after this time period as they were replacements for lead chromate pigments (last used in a U.S. automobile original finish in the early 1990s), and are more amenable for use in basecoat/clearcoat finishes than in monocoats. Minor distortions of the infrared absorptions of rutile, anatase, and the titanates obtained using accessories with diamond windows were noted, and their origins are discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
736118,Balato et al. 2008,"Contact sensitization of older patients in an academic department in Naples, Italy","Contact allergy develops in predisposed individuals as a consequence of environmental exposure to allergens. Exposure patterns change over time because of many factors (sex, age, occupation, fashion trends, official regulations), and the delayed hypersensitivity response depends significantly on the age of the subject.<br /><br /> The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of contact sensitization in older patients (older than 65 years) referred to our allergologic clinic.<br /><br /> All patients were patch-tested with the standard series of the Societè Italiana di Dermatologia Allergologica, Professionale e Ambientale, and 32 patients were also tested with additional series.<br /><br /> Of 117 examined subjects, 48 (41%) developed at least one positive reaction whereas 22 of 117 (19%) showed more than one sensitization. Allergic contact dermatitis was detected in 13% of our sample. The five most frequent allergens were nickel sulfate (13.7%), potassium dichromate (11.1%), cobalt chloride (7.7%), para-phenylenediamine (5.2%), and balsam of Peru (4.3%).<br /><br /> These findings suggest an age-dependent decline of overall positive patch-test reactions but a higher sensitization rate to some allergens.","Contact sensitization of older patients in an academic department in Naples, Italy Abs: Contact allergy develops in predisposed individuals as a consequence of environmental exposure to allergens. Exposure patterns change over time because of many factors (sex, age, occupation, fashion trends, official regulations), and the delayed hypersensitivity response depends significantly on the age of the subject.<br /><br /> The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of contact sensitization in older patients (older than 65 years) referred to our allergologic clinic.<br /><br /> All patients were patch-tested with the standard series of the Societè Italiana di Dermatologia Allergologica, Professionale e Ambientale, and 32 patients were also tested with additional series.<br /><br /> Of 117 examined subjects, 48 (41%) developed at least one positive reaction whereas 22 of 117 (19%) showed more than one sensitization. Allergic contact dermatitis was detected in 13% of our sample. The five most frequent allergens were nickel sulfate (13.7%), potassium dichromate (11.1%), cobalt chloride (7.7%), para-phenylenediamine (5.2%), and balsam of Peru (4.3%).<br /><br /> These findings suggest an age-dependent decline of overall positive patch-test reactions but a higher sensitization rate to some allergens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234430,Belsito et al. 2002,Allergic contact dermatitis to detergents: a multicenter study to assess prevalence,"<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to optical brighteners and enzymes in laundry detergents was the focus of numerous reports in the early 1970s. Subsequently, there has been little published on the incidence of allergic reactions to chemicals in laundry detergents. Nonetheless, consumers and physicians continue to ascribe allergic contact reactions to laundry detergents.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>This article reports the findings of a multicenter study on the prevalence of patch test reactions to a liquid and a granular laundry detergent provided by Procter &amp; Gamble Company (Cincinnati, Ohio).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Patients referred to members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group for evaluation of potential ACD were invited to participate in the study, which involved the placement of 2 patch tests (a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a granular laundry detergent and a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a liquid laundry detergent). Whether the patients had atopic dermatitis and whether they or their physicians felt that their dermatitis might be related to laundry detergents were noted. Reactions to the laundry detergents were correlated with allergic reactions to the following screening chemicals: fragrances, nickel, and potassium dichromate. Patients who experienced a reaction to at least one of the laundry detergents could enter phase II of the study, which involved testing to varying dilutions of the laundry detergents, to 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (as an irritant control), and to laundered patches of cotton. Patients positive in phase II could enter phase III, which involved wearing a garment laundered with the detergent. Phases II and III were double blinded.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 3120 patients seen by members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group during the 2 years of this study, 738 patients volunteered to enroll. Enrollment was not statistically randomized. Of these 738, 5 (0.7%) had positive patch test reactions to granular laundry detergent (0.1%, aqueous); 3 of these 5 also had positive reactions to the liquid laundry detergent (0.1%, aqueous). In 4 of the 5 patients, the reaction to detergent was thought to have present relevance to their dermatitis; in 1 of the 5, the reaction was deemed to have past relevance. One of these 5 patients had allergy to fragrances. None of the patients was positive to nickel or chromate. Two of the 5 entered phases II and III. Of these 2 patients, 1 had essentially negative repeat dilutional patch testing and &quot;use testing&quot; suggesting that the earlier reaction patterns may have been irritant. The remaining patient had positive dilutional reactions to both the liquid and granular laundry detergent; however, she also had a positive reaction to sodium lauryl sulfate and to a swatch from a T-shirt laundered without detergent. Upon &quot;use testing&quot; in phase III, this latter patient experienced diffuse dermatitis under both the half of the T-shirt laundered with detergent and that laundered without detergent.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Laundry detergents appear to be a rare cause of ACD. Among 738 patients with dermatitis, 5 (0.7%) reacted to a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a laundry detergent. Only 2 of these 5 patients could be evaluated in greater detail to differentiate allergic from irritant patch test reactions to detergents. Upon further testing in 2 patients, the reaction in 1 of 2 could not be reduplicated and the reaction in the other was invoked both by the detergents and the controls. Thus, whether our study patients were truly allergic and, if so, what the allergenic material(s) in detergents might be, remains unknown. Therefore the reported incidence rate for detergent-induced allergy of 0.7% in dermatitic patients may be too high, possibly because of false-positive irritant reactions.","Allergic contact dermatitis to detergents: a multicenter study to assess prevalence Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to optical brighteners and enzymes in laundry detergents was the focus of numerous reports in the early 1970s. Subsequently, there has been little published on the incidence of allergic reactions to chemicals in laundry detergents. Nonetheless, consumers and physicians continue to ascribe allergic contact reactions to laundry detergents.<br /><br /><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>This article reports the findings of a multicenter study on the prevalence of patch test reactions to a liquid and a granular laundry detergent provided by Procter &amp; Gamble Company (Cincinnati, Ohio).<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>Patients referred to members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group for evaluation of potential ACD were invited to participate in the study, which involved the placement of 2 patch tests (a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a granular laundry detergent and a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a liquid laundry detergent). Whether the patients had atopic dermatitis and whether they or their physicians felt that their dermatitis might be related to laundry detergents were noted. Reactions to the laundry detergents were correlated with allergic reactions to the following screening chemicals: fragrances, nickel, and potassium dichromate. Patients who experienced a reaction to at least one of the laundry detergents could enter phase II of the study, which involved testing to varying dilutions of the laundry detergents, to 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (as an irritant control), and to laundered patches of cotton. Patients positive in phase II could enter phase III, which involved wearing a garment laundered with the detergent. Phases II and III were double blinded.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 3120 patients seen by members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group during the 2 years of this study, 738 patients volunteered to enroll. Enrollment was not statistically randomized. Of these 738, 5 (0.7%) had positive patch test reactions to granular laundry detergent (0.1%, aqueous); 3 of these 5 also had positive reactions to the liquid laundry detergent (0.1%, aqueous). In 4 of the 5 patients, the reaction to detergent was thought to have present relevance to their dermatitis; in 1 of the 5, the reaction was deemed to have past relevance. One of these 5 patients had allergy to fragrances. None of the patients was positive to nickel or chromate. Two of the 5 entered phases II and III. Of these 2 patients, 1 had essentially negative repeat dilutional patch testing and &quot;use testing&quot; suggesting that the earlier reaction patterns may have been irritant. The remaining patient had positive dilutional reactions to both the liquid and granular laundry detergent; however, she also had a positive reaction to sodium lauryl sulfate and to a swatch from a T-shirt laundered without detergent. Upon &quot;use testing&quot; in phase III, this latter patient experienced diffuse dermatitis under both the half of the T-shirt laundered with detergent and that laundered without detergent.<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Laundry detergents appear to be a rare cause of ACD. Among 738 patients with dermatitis, 5 (0.7%) reacted to a 0.1% aqueous dilution of a laundry detergent. Only 2 of these 5 patients could be evaluated in greater detail to differentiate allergic from irritant patch test reactions to detergents. Upon further testing in 2 patients, the reaction in 1 of 2 could not be reduplicated and the reaction in the other was invoked both by the detergents and the controls. Thus, whether our study patients were truly allergic and, if so, what the allergenic material(s) in detergents might be, remains unknown. Therefore the reported incidence rate for detergent-induced allergy of 0.7% in dermatitic patients may be too high, possibly because of false-positive irritant reactions.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234621,Wang et al. 1994,Patch testing with the European standard series in Shanghai,,Patch testing with the European standard series in Shanghai Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234720,Bajaj et al. 1991,Shoe dermatitis in India: further observations,,Shoe dermatitis in India: further observations Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1231352,Gupta 1990,Occupational Diseases of Teeth,"A review was presented of occupational dental diseases, including some studies of adverse environmental effects on rat teeth. Dental abrasion was a hazard among workers exposed to abrasive dusts. Organic dusts could cause staining of teeth, gingival pigmentation, generalized abrasion, calculus, gingivostomatitis or hemorrhage. Dental caries were widely reported among workers exposed to sugar dust. Staining of teeth could be caused by exposure to dusts of copper (7440508), nickel (7440020), iron (7439896), manganese (7439965), cadmium (7440439) and tin (7440315). Gum discoloration was reported with exposure to dusts of bismuth (7440699), chromium (7440473) salts, lead (7439921) and silver (7440224). Gingival and other oral diseases occurred with exposure to chromium salts, chromic-acid (7738945) or mercury (7439976). Fluorosis of developing teeth was seen with exposure to fluorine (7782414) compounds. There was a report of fluorosis in offspring of female workers exposed to cryolite (15096523) dust. Phosphorus (7723140) poisoning produced osteoporotic and carious alterations. Severe gingivitis was reported with arsenic (7440382) exposure, and arsenic-trioxide (1327533) could cause gingival ulceration. Tooth erosion could result from exposure to citric-acid (77929), tartaric-acid (133379), hydrochloric-acid (7647010), nitric-acid (7697372) and sulfuric-acid (7664939). Dental problems could result from abrasion or occupational injuries. Dental problems were reported among certain musicians, particularly wind instrumentalists. Radiation exposure could cause tooth, jaw and gum problems. Bleeding from gums was reported with high or low atmospheric pressures. Incisors of rats exposed to low pressures for 18 to 24 weeks showed mesenchymal changes that were augmented by concomitant exposure to cold. Superimposed heat counteracted these changes but produced ectodermal changes. Oral hygiene, proper working conditions and inclusion of dental and oral examinations in occupational health services were considered important.","Occupational Diseases of Teeth Abs: A review was presented of occupational dental diseases, including some studies of adverse environmental effects on rat teeth. Dental abrasion was a hazard among workers exposed to abrasive dusts. Organic dusts could cause staining of teeth, gingival pigmentation, generalized abrasion, calculus, gingivostomatitis or hemorrhage. Dental caries were widely reported among workers exposed to sugar dust. Staining of teeth could be caused by exposure to dusts of copper (7440508), nickel (7440020), iron (7439896), manganese (7439965), cadmium (7440439) and tin (7440315). Gum discoloration was reported with exposure to dusts of bismuth (7440699), chromium (7440473) salts, lead (7439921) and silver (7440224). Gingival and other oral diseases occurred with exposure to chromium salts, chromic-acid (7738945) or mercury (7439976). Fluorosis of developing teeth was seen with exposure to fluorine (7782414) compounds. There was a report of fluorosis in offspring of female workers exposed to cryolite (15096523) dust. Phosphorus (7723140) poisoning produced osteoporotic and carious alterations. Severe gingivitis was reported with arsenic (7440382) exposure, and arsenic-trioxide (1327533) could cause gingival ulceration. Tooth erosion could result from exposure to citric-acid (77929), tartaric-acid (133379), hydrochloric-acid (7647010), nitric-acid (7697372) and sulfuric-acid (7664939). Dental problems could result from abrasion or occupational injuries. Dental problems were reported among certain musicians, particularly wind instrumentalists. Radiation exposure could cause tooth, jaw and gum problems. Bleeding from gums was reported with high or low atmospheric pressures. Incisors of rats exposed to low pressures for 18 to 24 weeks showed mesenchymal changes that were augmented by concomitant exposure to cold. Superimposed heat counteracted these changes but produced ectodermal changes. Oral hygiene, proper working conditions and inclusion of dental and oral examinations in occupational health services were considered important.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1234384,Rani et al. 2003,"Common allergens in shoe dermatitis: our experience in Lahore, Pakistan","<strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Shoe dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. Different chemicals, in conjunction with a hot and humid environment within the shoe, give rise to allergic or irritant dermatitis. Allergic shoe dermatitis is commonly caused by constituents of rubber, leather, adhesives, and rarely by linings and dyes.<br /><br /><strong>AIM: </strong>To determine the frequency of various allergens in shoe dermatitis in our patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>One hundred and nine patients suspected of having contact dermatitis due to shoe allergens were included. All patients were patch tested with the Shoe series and European Standard series. Patches were applied on the upper back and removed after 48 h. Results were read at 48, 72, and 120 h and interpreted according to International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) criteria.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 119 patients, 87 (73%) reacted positively to various allergens, 48% of whom showed polysensitivity. Glues (33.6%), particularly para-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) (26.9%), were the leading cause of shoe dermatitis. Other allergens were leather chemicals (26.4%), potassium dichromate (16.18%), rubber allergens (7.6%), and dyes (7.6%). Shoe scrapings tested positive in 26.3% of patients. Other common allergens were nickel sulfate (22.7%), neomycin sulfate (10.1%), and cobalt chloride (8.4%).<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Considering the diversity of allergens, all patients presenting with shoe dermatitis should be patch tested with the Shoe series and a standard series to determine the etiologic allergens.","Common allergens in shoe dermatitis: our experience in Lahore, Pakistan Abs: <strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Shoe dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. Different chemicals, in conjunction with a hot and humid environment within the shoe, give rise to allergic or irritant dermatitis. Allergic shoe dermatitis is commonly caused by constituents of rubber, leather, adhesives, and rarely by linings and dyes.<br /><br /><strong>AIM: </strong>To determine the frequency of various allergens in shoe dermatitis in our patients.<br /><br /><strong>METHODS: </strong>One hundred and nine patients suspected of having contact dermatitis due to shoe allergens were included. All patients were patch tested with the Shoe series and European Standard series. Patches were applied on the upper back and removed after 48 h. Results were read at 48, 72, and 120 h and interpreted according to International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) criteria.<br /><br /><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 119 patients, 87 (73%) reacted positively to various allergens, 48% of whom showed polysensitivity. Glues (33.6%), particularly para-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) (26.9%), were the leading cause of shoe dermatitis. Other allergens were leather chemicals (26.4%), potassium dichromate (16.18%), rubber allergens (7.6%), and dyes (7.6%). Shoe scrapings tested positive in 26.3% of patients. Other common allergens were nickel sulfate (22.7%), neomycin sulfate (10.1%), and cobalt chloride (8.4%).<br /><br /><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Considering the diversity of allergens, all patients presenting with shoe dermatitis should be patch tested with the Shoe series and a standard series to determine the etiologic allergens.",0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,7
1509987,Witt et al. 2013,Mechanistic Insights from the NTP Studies of Chromium,"Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a contaminant of water and soil and is a human lung carcinogen. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a proposed essential element, is ingested by humans in the diet and in dietary supplements such as chromium picolinate (CP). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) demonstrated that Cr(VI) is also carcinogenic in rodents when administered in drinking water as sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), inducing neoplasms of the oral cavity and small intestine in rats and mice, respectively. In contrast, there was no definitive evidence of toxicity or carcinogenicity following exposure to Cr(III) administered in feed as CP monohydrate (CPM). Cr(VI) readily enters cells via nonspecific anion channels, in contrast to Cr(III), which cannot easily pass through the cell membrane. Extracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which occurs primarily in the stomach, is considered a mechanism of detoxification, while intracellular reduction is thought to be a mechanism of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Tissue distribution studies in additional groups of male rats and female mice demonstrated higher Cr concentrations in tissues following exposure to Cr(VI) compared to controls and Cr(III) exposure at a similar external dose, indicating that some of the Cr(VI) escaped gastric reduction and was distributed systemically. The multiple potential pathways of Cr-induced genotoxicity will be discussed.","Mechanistic Insights from the NTP Studies of Chromium Abs: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a contaminant of water and soil and is a human lung carcinogen. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a proposed essential element, is ingested by humans in the diet and in dietary supplements such as chromium picolinate (CP). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) demonstrated that Cr(VI) is also carcinogenic in rodents when administered in drinking water as sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), inducing neoplasms of the oral cavity and small intestine in rats and mice, respectively. In contrast, there was no definitive evidence of toxicity or carcinogenicity following exposure to Cr(III) administered in feed as CP monohydrate (CPM). Cr(VI) readily enters cells via nonspecific anion channels, in contrast to Cr(III), which cannot easily pass through the cell membrane. Extracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which occurs primarily in the stomach, is considered a mechanism of detoxification, while intracellular reduction is thought to be a mechanism of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Tissue distribution studies in additional groups of male rats and female mice demonstrated higher Cr concentrations in tissues following exposure to Cr(VI) compared to controls and Cr(III) exposure at a similar external dose, indicating that some of the Cr(VI) escaped gastric reduction and was distributed systemically. The multiple potential pathways of Cr-induced genotoxicity will be discussed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1237091,Langard 1988,CHROMIUM CARCINOGENICITY A REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL DATA,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW HUMAN ANIMALS CARCINOGEN CALCIUM CHROMATE LEAD CHROMATE STRONTIUM CHROMATE ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE LUNG CANCER,CHROMIUM CARCINOGENICITY A REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL DATA Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW HUMAN ANIMALS CARCINOGEN CALCIUM CHROMATE LEAD CHROMATE STRONTIUM CHROMATE ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE LUNG CANCER,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1335391,Tabershaw Occupational Medicine Associates 1982,"Occupational health evaluations of the Irving, Texas plant of Koppers Co., INC",,"Occupational health evaluations of the Irving, Texas plant of Koppers Co., INC Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1231794,Mutti and  Corradi 2006,Recent developments in human biomonitoring: non-invasive assessment of target tissue dose and effects of pneumotoxic metals,"Tobacco smoke and polluted environments substantially increase the lung burden of pneumotoxic chemicals, particularly pneumotoxic metallic elements. To achieve a better understanding of the early events between exposure to inhaled toxicants and the onset of adverse effects on the lung, the characterization of dose at the target organ would be extremely useful. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), obtained by cooling exhaled air under conditions of spontaneous breathing, is a novel technique that could provide a non-invasive assessment of pulmonary pathobiology. Considering that EBC is water practically free of interfering solutes, it represents an ideal biological matrix for elemental characterization. Published data show that several toxic metals and trace elements are detectable in EBC, raising the possibility of using this medium to quantify the lung tissue dose of pneumotoxic substances. This novel approach may represent a significant advance over the analysis of alternative media (blood, serum, urine, hair), which are not as reliable (owing to interfering substances in the complex matrix) and reflect systemic rather than lung (target tissue) levels of both toxic metals and essential trace elements. Data obtained among workers occupationally exposed to either hard metals or chromium (VI) and in smokers with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are reviewed to show that--together with biomarkers of exposure--EBC also allows the simultaneous quantification of biomarkers of effect directly sampled from the epithelial lining fluid, thus providing novel insights on both kinetic and dynamic aspects of metal toxicology.","Recent developments in human biomonitoring: non-invasive assessment of target tissue dose and effects of pneumotoxic metals Abs: Tobacco smoke and polluted environments substantially increase the lung burden of pneumotoxic chemicals, particularly pneumotoxic metallic elements. To achieve a better understanding of the early events between exposure to inhaled toxicants and the onset of adverse effects on the lung, the characterization of dose at the target organ would be extremely useful. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), obtained by cooling exhaled air under conditions of spontaneous breathing, is a novel technique that could provide a non-invasive assessment of pulmonary pathobiology. Considering that EBC is water practically free of interfering solutes, it represents an ideal biological matrix for elemental characterization. Published data show that several toxic metals and trace elements are detectable in EBC, raising the possibility of using this medium to quantify the lung tissue dose of pneumotoxic substances. This novel approach may represent a significant advance over the analysis of alternative media (blood, serum, urine, hair), which are not as reliable (owing to interfering substances in the complex matrix) and reflect systemic rather than lung (target tissue) levels of both toxic metals and essential trace elements. Data obtained among workers occupationally exposed to either hard metals or chromium (VI) and in smokers with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are reviewed to show that--together with biomarkers of exposure--EBC also allows the simultaneous quantification of biomarkers of effect directly sampled from the epithelial lining fluid, thus providing novel insights on both kinetic and dynamic aspects of metal toxicology.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1032078,Norseth 1988,Metal carcinogenesis,"Although case reports suggesting arsenic as a carcinogen appeared as early as 1880, and similar reports for chromium and nickel appeared in the 1930s, only in the last decades has there been a growing recognition of metals as an important class of occupational and environmental carcinogens. Extensive epidemiologic evidence has been published for an increased cancer risk in workers occupationally exposed to arsenic, chromium and nickel; more limited evidence exists for beryllium and cadmium. These epidemiologic results for some compounds for these metals have been properly supported by both animal studies and a number of short-term tests, but the mechanisms of action are still uncertain. In addition, experimental carcinogenesis have been demonstrated for lead and cis-platinum drugs, and limited experimental evidence of local sarcomas or teratomas exists for certain compounds of aluminum, manganese, titanium, copper and zinc.","Metal carcinogenesis Abs: Although case reports suggesting arsenic as a carcinogen appeared as early as 1880, and similar reports for chromium and nickel appeared in the 1930s, only in the last decades has there been a growing recognition of metals as an important class of occupational and environmental carcinogens. Extensive epidemiologic evidence has been published for an increased cancer risk in workers occupationally exposed to arsenic, chromium and nickel; more limited evidence exists for beryllium and cadmium. These epidemiologic results for some compounds for these metals have been properly supported by both animal studies and a number of short-term tests, but the mechanisms of action are still uncertain. In addition, experimental carcinogenesis have been demonstrated for lead and cis-platinum drugs, and limited experimental evidence of local sarcomas or teratomas exists for certain compounds of aluminum, manganese, titanium, copper and zinc.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1236876,Shi et al. 1999,Reduction of chromium (VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Although Cr(VI)-containing compounds are well-documented carcinogens, their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that reduction of Cr(VI) to its lower oxidation states and related free-radical reactions play an important role in carcinogenesis. This article summarizes recent studies on (1) the reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbate, diol- and thiol-containing molecules, certain flavoenzymes, cell organelles, intact cells, and whole animals; (2) free-radical production with emphasis on hydroxy radical generation via Fenton or Haber-Weiss type reactions; and (3) free-radical-induced cellular damage, such as DNA strand breaks, hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB.","Reduction of chromium (VI) and its relationship to carcinogenesis Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Although Cr(VI)-containing compounds are well-documented carcinogens, their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Recent studies have suggested that reduction of Cr(VI) to its lower oxidation states and related free-radical reactions play an important role in carcinogenesis. This article summarizes recent studies on (1) the reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbate, diol- and thiol-containing molecules, certain flavoenzymes, cell organelles, intact cells, and whole animals; (2) free-radical production with emphasis on hydroxy radical generation via Fenton or Haber-Weiss type reactions; and (3) free-radical-induced cellular damage, such as DNA strand breaks, hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine, and activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1386108,Lewtas 1993,AIRBORNE CARCINOGENS,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN POLLUTION INORGANICS HYDROCARBONS ETHERS ALCOHOLS KETONES ALDEHYDES CARBOXYLIC ACIDS HETEROCYCLIC OXYGEN COMPOUNDS NITROGEN SULFUR HALOGEN-CONTAINING ORGANICS ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS,AIRBORNE CARCINOGENS Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN POLLUTION INORGANICS HYDROCARBONS ETHERS ALCOHOLS KETONES ALDEHYDES CARBOXYLIC ACIDS HETEROCYCLIC OXYGEN COMPOUNDS NITROGEN SULFUR HALOGEN-CONTAINING ORGANICS ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1234750,Langård 1990,One hundred years of chromium and cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence and selected case reports,"The present review is motivated by the fact that 100 years have passed since the first cancer case in a chromium worker was reported in Scotland. Old and recent case reports and epidemiological studies among chromate workers are reviewed to elucidate the importance of valency states and water solubility of chromium compounds for carcinogenic potency. It is concluded that all chromium[VI] compounds should be considered carcinogenic among exposed populations, and that no evidence has been presented indicating that human exposure to chromium[III] is associated with increased cancer risk. Strong evidence has been presented that zinc chromate is a potent carcinogen and suggests that calcium chromate may be a potent carcinogen. Evidence also suggests that water-soluble chromates in general may be more potent carcinogens than those with low solubility. Primary and secondary prevention of chromate-related cancer and the success in preventive measures are briefly discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.","One hundred years of chromium and cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence and selected case reports Abs: The present review is motivated by the fact that 100 years have passed since the first cancer case in a chromium worker was reported in Scotland. Old and recent case reports and epidemiological studies among chromate workers are reviewed to elucidate the importance of valency states and water solubility of chromium compounds for carcinogenic potency. It is concluded that all chromium[VI] compounds should be considered carcinogenic among exposed populations, and that no evidence has been presented indicating that human exposure to chromium[III] is associated with increased cancer risk. Strong evidence has been presented that zinc chromate is a potent carcinogen and suggests that calcium chromate may be a potent carcinogen. Evidence also suggests that water-soluble chromates in general may be more potent carcinogens than those with low solubility. Primary and secondary prevention of chromate-related cancer and the success in preventive measures are briefly discussed, and recommendations for future research are made.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290319,Vermulen et al. 1997,Chromium Environmental Risk Assessment,"Interim rept. Apr 96-Oct 97. ew of chromium environmental criteria, supporting scientific studies and recent research activities was conducted to determine the implications of evolving observations on cancer risk to DoD environmental clean-up programs. Public concern over the occupational cancer risk of hexavalent chromium is influencing a new assessment of the risk data. Toxicology literature on the human health hazards, cancer and non-cancer, was reviewed. On-going epidemiology efforts were unavailable for a thorough assessment. Data gaps in the literature were noted as support for research recommendations- Alternatives to chromium speciation at environmental clean-up sites were recommended as an interim measure. An extensive bibliography is provided.","Chromium Environmental Risk Assessment Abs: Interim rept. Apr 96-Oct 97. ew of chromium environmental criteria, supporting scientific studies and recent research activities was conducted to determine the implications of evolving observations on cancer risk to DoD environmental clean-up programs. Public concern over the occupational cancer risk of hexavalent chromium is influencing a new assessment of the risk data. Toxicology literature on the human health hazards, cancer and non-cancer, was reviewed. On-going epidemiology efforts were unavailable for a thorough assessment. Data gaps in the literature were noted as support for research recommendations- Alternatives to chromium speciation at environmental clean-up sites were recommended as an interim measure. An extensive bibliography is provided.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1231503,Meyskens and  Yang 2011,Thinking about the role (largely ignored) of heavy metals in cancer prevention: hexavalent chromium and melanoma as a case in point,"Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure accounts for only 40-50% of the attributable risk for cutaneous melanoma (CM); also classical UV-induced lesions are rare in melanomas (especially among CM with NRAS or BRAF mutations). It is therefore likely that an additional environmental factor exists as familial and genetic factors play a role in less than 5%. A large amount of (largely forgotten) epidemiologic data indicates that heavy metal exposure is strongly associated with the development of CM. Also, epidemiologic studies of patients with joint replacement indicate a marked subsequent time-related increase in melanoma in patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. In these patients chromium and cobalt levels rise to 10x normal and stay elevated at levels two- to threefold normal for at least 10 years. Chromium is widely used in industry for its anticorrosive and steel-strengthening properties and is widespread in everyday materials. Our hypothesis is therefore that chromium, alone or in conjunction with UV, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of CM. We have incubated human neonatal melanocytes for more than 10 weeks in the presence of a wide range and concentrations of metals without effect except by hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)and to a lesser degree Co²(+). After prolonged culture, chromium-incubated cells produced foci and when replated secondary colonies formed. We have just begun to study this phenomenon in more detail and studies without and with different wavelengths of UV will be explored. Of interest is that aneuploidy (a universal chromosomal change in cutaneous melanoma) in lymphocytes in patients with hip-on-hip metal prostheses has been demonstrated by others.","Thinking about the role (largely ignored) of heavy metals in cancer prevention: hexavalent chromium and melanoma as a case in point Abs: Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure accounts for only 40-50% of the attributable risk for cutaneous melanoma (CM); also classical UV-induced lesions are rare in melanomas (especially among CM with NRAS or BRAF mutations). It is therefore likely that an additional environmental factor exists as familial and genetic factors play a role in less than 5%. A large amount of (largely forgotten) epidemiologic data indicates that heavy metal exposure is strongly associated with the development of CM. Also, epidemiologic studies of patients with joint replacement indicate a marked subsequent time-related increase in melanoma in patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. In these patients chromium and cobalt levels rise to 10x normal and stay elevated at levels two- to threefold normal for at least 10 years. Chromium is widely used in industry for its anticorrosive and steel-strengthening properties and is widespread in everyday materials. Our hypothesis is therefore that chromium, alone or in conjunction with UV, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of CM. We have incubated human neonatal melanocytes for more than 10 weeks in the presence of a wide range and concentrations of metals without effect except by hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)and to a lesser degree Co²(+). After prolonged culture, chromium-incubated cells produced foci and when replated secondary colonies formed. We have just begun to study this phenomenon in more detail and studies without and with different wavelengths of UV will be explored. Of interest is that aneuploidy (a universal chromosomal change in cutaneous melanoma) in lymphocytes in patients with hip-on-hip metal prostheses has been demonstrated by others.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1514308,Boiano and  Almaguer 1761,"Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-044-1761, American Crystal Sugar Company, Drayton, North Dakota","Employee exposures to airborne contaminants during sugar beet processing and to welding fumes during facility maintenance were evaluated at a sugar beet mill (SIC-2063) owned by the American Crystal Sugar Company (ACSCO), in response to a request from the American Federation of Grain Millers International Union and ACSCO's management. Sugar processing operations involved approximately 370 workers, and welding potentially exposed ten to 15 workers. Personal and general air samples were collected and analyzed for several chemicals, total and respirable dusts, and metals and welding fumes. Methods included gravimetric analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Exposures in excess of the most stringent criteria were found for calcium-oxide (1305788), coal dust, crystalline silica (14808607), sugar dust, and formaldehyde (50000). Areas of greatest exposure included lime kiln operation, coal handling, and storage bin housekeeping. The latter was only an area of potential exposure, since workers wore dust respirators. Detectable formaldehyde levels in general air represented a possible carcinogenic risk. Presence of silica in bulk samples presented a potential risk of silicosis. Exposures to total welding fumes and metals exceeded stringent criteria in two thirds of samples. Potential cancer risks included hexavalent chromium (18540299) and nickel (7440020). Recommendations include use of respiratory protection, dust and fume containment, and formaldehyde replacement.","Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-044-1761, American Crystal Sugar Company, Drayton, North Dakota Abs: Employee exposures to airborne contaminants during sugar beet processing and to welding fumes during facility maintenance were evaluated at a sugar beet mill (SIC-2063) owned by the American Crystal Sugar Company (ACSCO), in response to a request from the American Federation of Grain Millers International Union and ACSCO's management. Sugar processing operations involved approximately 370 workers, and welding potentially exposed ten to 15 workers. Personal and general air samples were collected and analyzed for several chemicals, total and respirable dusts, and metals and welding fumes. Methods included gravimetric analysis, chromatography, spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Exposures in excess of the most stringent criteria were found for calcium-oxide (1305788), coal dust, crystalline silica (14808607), sugar dust, and formaldehyde (50000). Areas of greatest exposure included lime kiln operation, coal handling, and storage bin housekeeping. The latter was only an area of potential exposure, since workers wore dust respirators. Detectable formaldehyde levels in general air represented a possible carcinogenic risk. Presence of silica in bulk samples presented a potential risk of silicosis. Exposures to total welding fumes and metals exceeded stringent criteria in two thirds of samples. Potential cancer risks included hexavalent chromium (18540299) and nickel (7440020). Recommendations include use of respiratory protection, dust and fume containment, and formaldehyde replacement.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1032213,Hallenbeck et al. 1993,Cancer risk assessment for the inhalation of metals from municipal solid waste incinerators impacting Chicago,BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS WASTE MANAGEMENT WEATHER CARCINOGEN INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS HEAVY METALS ARSENIC BERYLLIUM CADMIUM CHROMIUM-VI 6 RISK ASSESSMENT EPA USA,Cancer risk assessment for the inhalation of metals from municipal solid waste incinerators impacting Chicago Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HUMAN AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS WASTE MANAGEMENT WEATHER CARCINOGEN INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS HEAVY METALS ARSENIC BERYLLIUM CADMIUM CHROMIUM-VI 6 RISK ASSESSMENT EPA USA,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1516102,Makdisi 1991,"Tannery wastes definition, risk assessment and cleanup options, Berkeley, California","BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. United States tanneries generate up to 100,000 (wet) tons of hair-burn and chrome sludges and contaminated soils. A facility closure investigation at a tannery in Berkeley, California showed sludges containing concentrations of Cr in the range of 1,000 to 40,000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis. California Code of Regulations defines total chromium above a concentration of 2,500 mg/kg in soil or sludge as hazardous waste. Chromium desorption from the soil matrix and Cr solubility are low. Migration of chromium in the soil water occurs either as a soluble Cr (VI) species, HCrO4- and CrO42- or as Cr (III) and Cr(VI) in soluble complexes with organic or inorganic substances. Investigations at the Berkeley tannery indicate these tannery sludges exhibit low mobility and have Cr(III) to Cr(VI) ratio were 200. A risk assessment was completed to assess the possible effects on publich health, but they were determined to be insignificant. Cleanup options evaluated were offsite disposal","Tannery wastes definition, risk assessment and cleanup options, Berkeley, California Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. United States tanneries generate up to 100,000 (wet) tons of hair-burn and chrome sludges and contaminated soils. A facility closure investigation at a tannery in Berkeley, California showed sludges containing concentrations of Cr in the range of 1,000 to 40,000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis. California Code of Regulations defines total chromium above a concentration of 2,500 mg/kg in soil or sludge as hazardous waste. Chromium desorption from the soil matrix and Cr solubility are low. Migration of chromium in the soil water occurs either as a soluble Cr (VI) species, HCrO4- and CrO42- or as Cr (III) and Cr(VI) in soluble complexes with organic or inorganic substances. Investigations at the Berkeley tannery indicate these tannery sludges exhibit low mobility and have Cr(III) to Cr(VI) ratio were 200. A risk assessment was completed to assess the possible effects on publich health, but they were determined to be insignificant. Cleanup options evaluated were offsite disposal",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1232188,Costa 1997,Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in animal models and humans,"The toxicity and carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) in animal and human models are reviewed. The focus of this review is not on the well-established fact that hexavalent Cr compounds of low and high water solubility can induce respiratory cancers, but rather this review addresses other types of cancers induced by exposure to hexavalent Cr compounds. Additionally, non-cancer endpoints are also discussed with documentation of human and animal studies showing non-cancer health effects of hexavalent Cr exposure on the respiratory system, GI system, immune system, liver, and kidney. There is an emerging understanding that because hexavalent chromate is isostructural with phosphate and sulfate, it is readily taken up by the G.I. tract and penetrates to many tissues and organs throughout the body. This is supported by animal studies and experiments using human volunteers. From the epidemiological studies, there is suggestive evidence that hexavalent Cr causes increased risk of bone, prostate, lymphomas, Hodgkins, leukemia, stomach, genital, renal, and bladder cancer, reflecting the ability of hexavalent chromate to penetrate all tissues in the body. A high accumulation of Cr(III) in all tissues and organs is a strong indication of the wide toxic potential of exposure to soluble hexavalent Cr in the drinking water and in the ambient environment.","Toxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI) in animal models and humans Abs: The toxicity and carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr) in animal and human models are reviewed. The focus of this review is not on the well-established fact that hexavalent Cr compounds of low and high water solubility can induce respiratory cancers, but rather this review addresses other types of cancers induced by exposure to hexavalent Cr compounds. Additionally, non-cancer endpoints are also discussed with documentation of human and animal studies showing non-cancer health effects of hexavalent Cr exposure on the respiratory system, GI system, immune system, liver, and kidney. There is an emerging understanding that because hexavalent chromate is isostructural with phosphate and sulfate, it is readily taken up by the G.I. tract and penetrates to many tissues and organs throughout the body. This is supported by animal studies and experiments using human volunteers. From the epidemiological studies, there is suggestive evidence that hexavalent Cr causes increased risk of bone, prostate, lymphomas, Hodgkins, leukemia, stomach, genital, renal, and bladder cancer, reflecting the ability of hexavalent chromate to penetrate all tissues in the body. A high accumulation of Cr(III) in all tissues and organs is a strong indication of the wide toxic potential of exposure to soluble hexavalent Cr in the drinking water and in the ambient environment.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
54922,Stayner et al. 2003,Attenuation of exposure-response curves in occupational cohort studies at high exposure levels,"Numerous occupational cohort mortality studies have observed exposure-response curves to have an increasing slope at low exposure levels that attenuates or even turns negative at high exposure levels. Examples discussed in this paper include dioxin, silica, 1 ,3-butadiene, cadmium, beryllium, radon daughters, diesel fumes, nickel, arsenic, and hexavalent chromium. Possible explanations for this phenomenon include (i) bias introduced by the healthy worker survivor effect, (ii) a depletion of the number of susceptible people in the population at high exposure levels, (iii) a natural limit on the relative risk for diseases with a high background rate, (iv) mismeasurement or misclassification of exposures, (v) the influence of other risk factors that vary by the level of the main exposure, and (vi) the saturation of key enzyme systems or other processes involved in the development of disease.","Attenuation of exposure-response curves in occupational cohort studies at high exposure levels Abs: Numerous occupational cohort mortality studies have observed exposure-response curves to have an increasing slope at low exposure levels that attenuates or even turns negative at high exposure levels. Examples discussed in this paper include dioxin, silica, 1 ,3-butadiene, cadmium, beryllium, radon daughters, diesel fumes, nickel, arsenic, and hexavalent chromium. Possible explanations for this phenomenon include (i) bias introduced by the healthy worker survivor effect, (ii) a depletion of the number of susceptible people in the population at high exposure levels, (iii) a natural limit on the relative risk for diseases with a high background rate, (iv) mismeasurement or misclassification of exposures, (v) the influence of other risk factors that vary by the level of the main exposure, and (vi) the saturation of key enzyme systems or other processes involved in the development of disease.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1231424,University of Aston in Birmingham 1992,Initial submission: Letter from Dupont Chem to USEPA regarding a chromium report with cover letter and attachments,,Initial submission: Letter from Dupont Chem to USEPA regarding a chromium report with cover letter and attachments Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1238763,Bianchi et al. 1980,Mechanisms of chromium toxicity in mammalian cell cultures,"Our observations about the cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds in mammalian cells cultured in vitro are reviewed. Additional data concerning the induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges, the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, the interference with nucleotide metabolism, and the modification of membrane-linked enzyme activity are reported. A possible mechanism of chromium action is proposed.","Mechanisms of chromium toxicity in mammalian cell cultures Abs: Our observations about the cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects of hexavalent and trivalent chromium compounds in mammalian cells cultured in vitro are reviewed. Additional data concerning the induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges, the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis, the interference with nucleotide metabolism, and the modification of membrane-linked enzyme activity are reported. A possible mechanism of chromium action is proposed.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1238492,Anonymous 1989,Calcium chromate,"There are no adequate inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate by this route which is the main route of human exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrabronchial, intratracheal, intrapleural, intramuscular or subcutaneous) in mice and rats calcium chromate produces tumours at the sites of application. Calcium chromate is DNA damaging and mutagenic to bacteria. In cultured cell assay systems it induces sister chromatid exchanges and cell transformations. There are not epidemiological data available to assess the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate per se to humans. An excess risk of lung cancer has been observed in workers producing mainly zinc and lead chromate.","Calcium chromate Abs: There are no adequate inhalation studies in animals to assess the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate by this route which is the main route of human exposure. After other routes of exposure (intrabronchial, intratracheal, intrapleural, intramuscular or subcutaneous) in mice and rats calcium chromate produces tumours at the sites of application. Calcium chromate is DNA damaging and mutagenic to bacteria. In cultured cell assay systems it induces sister chromatid exchanges and cell transformations. There are not epidemiological data available to assess the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate per se to humans. An excess risk of lung cancer has been observed in workers producing mainly zinc and lead chromate.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1233709,OSHA 2006,Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Final rule,"The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is amending the existing standard which limits occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). OSHA has determined based upon the best evidence currently available that at the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Cr(VI), workers face a significant risk to material impairment of their health. The evidence in the record for this rulemaking indicates that workers exposed to Cr(VI) are at an increased risk of developing lung cancer. The record also indicates that occupational exposure to Cr(VI) may result in asthma, and damage to the nasal epithelia and skin. The final rule establishes an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit of 5 micrograms of Cr(VI) per cubic meter of air (5 [mu]g/cu m). This is a considerable reduction from the previous PEL of 1 milligram per 10 cubic meters of air (1 mg/10 cu m, or 100 [mu]g/cu m) reported as CrO3, which is equivalent to a limit of 52 [mu]g/cu m as Cr(VI). The final rule also contains ancillary provisions for worker protection such as requirements for exposure determination, preferred exposure control methods, including a compliance alternative for a small sector for which the new PEL is infeasible, respiratory protection, protective clothing and equipment, hygiene areas and practices, medical surveillance, recordkeeping, and start-up dates that include four years for the implementation of engineering controls to meet the PEL. The final standard separately regulates general industry, construction, and shipyards in order to tailor requirements to the unique circumstances found in each of these sectors. The PEL established by this rule reduces the significant risk posed to workers by occupational exposure to Cr(VI) to the maximum extent that is technologically and economically feasible.","Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Final rule Abs: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is amending the existing standard which limits occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). OSHA has determined based upon the best evidence currently available that at the current permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Cr(VI), workers face a significant risk to material impairment of their health. The evidence in the record for this rulemaking indicates that workers exposed to Cr(VI) are at an increased risk of developing lung cancer. The record also indicates that occupational exposure to Cr(VI) may result in asthma, and damage to the nasal epithelia and skin. The final rule establishes an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit of 5 micrograms of Cr(VI) per cubic meter of air (5 [mu]g/cu m). This is a considerable reduction from the previous PEL of 1 milligram per 10 cubic meters of air (1 mg/10 cu m, or 100 [mu]g/cu m) reported as CrO3, which is equivalent to a limit of 52 [mu]g/cu m as Cr(VI). The final rule also contains ancillary provisions for worker protection such as requirements for exposure determination, preferred exposure control methods, including a compliance alternative for a small sector for which the new PEL is infeasible, respiratory protection, protective clothing and equipment, hygiene areas and practices, medical surveillance, recordkeeping, and start-up dates that include four years for the implementation of engineering controls to meet the PEL. The final standard separately regulates general industry, construction, and shipyards in order to tailor requirements to the unique circumstances found in each of these sectors. The PEL established by this rule reduces the significant risk posed to workers by occupational exposure to Cr(VI) to the maximum extent that is technologically and economically feasible.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1233669,Di Gioacchino et al. 2008,Autophagy as an ultrastructural marker of heavy metal toxicity in human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells,"Stem cells are a key target of environmental toxicants, but little is known about their toxicological responses. We aimed at developing an in-vitro model based on adult human stem cells to identify biomarkers of heavy metal exposure. To this end we investigated the responses of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) and cadmium (Cd). Parallel cultures of CD34+ cells isolated from umbilical cord blood were exposed for 48 h to 0.1 microM and 10 microM Cr(VI) or Cd. Cultures treated with 10 microM Cr(VI) or Cd showed marked cell loss. Ultrastructural analysis of surviving cells revealed prominent autophagosomes/autophagolysosomes, which is diagnostic of autophagy, associated with mitochondrial damage and replication, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, cytoplasmic lipid droplets and chromatin condensation. Treated cells did not show the morphologic hallmarks of apoptosis. Treatment with 0.1 microM Cr(VI) or Cd did not result in cell loss, but at the ultrastructural level cells showed dilated endoplasmic reticulum and evidence of mitochondrial damage. We conclude that autophagy is implicated in the response of human hematopoietic stem cells to toxic concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cd. Autophagy, which mediates cell survival and death under stress, deserves further evaluation to be established as biomarker of metal exposure.","Autophagy as an ultrastructural marker of heavy metal toxicity in human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells Abs: Stem cells are a key target of environmental toxicants, but little is known about their toxicological responses. We aimed at developing an in-vitro model based on adult human stem cells to identify biomarkers of heavy metal exposure. To this end we investigated the responses of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells to hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) and cadmium (Cd). Parallel cultures of CD34+ cells isolated from umbilical cord blood were exposed for 48 h to 0.1 microM and 10 microM Cr(VI) or Cd. Cultures treated with 10 microM Cr(VI) or Cd showed marked cell loss. Ultrastructural analysis of surviving cells revealed prominent autophagosomes/autophagolysosomes, which is diagnostic of autophagy, associated with mitochondrial damage and replication, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, cytoplasmic lipid droplets and chromatin condensation. Treated cells did not show the morphologic hallmarks of apoptosis. Treatment with 0.1 microM Cr(VI) or Cd did not result in cell loss, but at the ultrastructural level cells showed dilated endoplasmic reticulum and evidence of mitochondrial damage. We conclude that autophagy is implicated in the response of human hematopoietic stem cells to toxic concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cd. Autophagy, which mediates cell survival and death under stress, deserves further evaluation to be established as biomarker of metal exposure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1384173,Coggon 1999,Occupational cancer in the United Kingdom,"BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Most of the known occupational hazards of cancer have occurred in the United Kingdom. Over recent decades a contraction of manufacturing industry and legal controls on carcinogens have led to reductions in exposure, but cases continue to occur, often as a consequence of exposures 20 or more years ago. By far the most important occupational cause of cancer in the United Kingdom is asbestos, which currently accounts for some 600 cases of mesothelioma and perhaps 100 cases of bronchial carcinoma pe zards of cancer are unlikely to account for more than 100 cases per year in total.","Occupational cancer in the United Kingdom Abs: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Most of the known occupational hazards of cancer have occurred in the United Kingdom. Over recent decades a contraction of manufacturing industry and legal controls on carcinogens have led to reductions in exposure, but cases continue to occur, often as a consequence of exposures 20 or more years ago. By far the most important occupational cause of cancer in the United Kingdom is asbestos, which currently accounts for some 600 cases of mesothelioma and perhaps 100 cases of bronchial carcinoma pe zards of cancer are unlikely to account for more than 100 cases per year in total.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
192336,Malsch et al. 1994,Estimation of a chromium inhalation reference concentration using the benchmark dose method: a case study,"The benchmark dose (BD) method has been proposed as an alternative to the NOAEL/UF method for setting reference levels. The BD is the 95% lower confidence limit on a dose corresponding to a 10% increase (or relative change) in an adverse effect. A case study exploring the suitability of the current Cr(III) and Cr(VI) inhalation toxicity data bases to the BD approach is presented. Because chromic acid mists, typical of many occupational Cr(VI) exposures, present a toxicological profile different from that of Cr(VI) particulates, representative of environmental exposures, Cr(VI) particulate data were evaluated separately from Cr(VI) acidic mist data. The current Cr(III) and Cr(VI) acidic mist data bases proved inadequate for BD analysis due to data and/or study quality limitations. Benchmark reference concentrations (RfCs) for particulate Cr(VI) ranging from 0.34 microgram/m3 (for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)) to 1.4 micrograms/m3 (for increased lung weights) are derived from data taken from U. Glaser et al. (Arch. Toxicol. 57, 250-256, 1985) and U. Glaser et al. (Environmental Hygiene II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1990). A Cr(VI) particulate RfC of 0.34 microgram/m3 based upon LDH in BALF as the critical effect is proposed. This value may be viewed as conservative since it represents the 95% lower confidence limit on the dose associated with a 10% increase in response for a sensitive endpoint and has appropriate dosimetric adjustments and uncertainty factors incorporated.","Estimation of a chromium inhalation reference concentration using the benchmark dose method: a case study Abs: The benchmark dose (BD) method has been proposed as an alternative to the NOAEL/UF method for setting reference levels. The BD is the 95% lower confidence limit on a dose corresponding to a 10% increase (or relative change) in an adverse effect. A case study exploring the suitability of the current Cr(III) and Cr(VI) inhalation toxicity data bases to the BD approach is presented. Because chromic acid mists, typical of many occupational Cr(VI) exposures, present a toxicological profile different from that of Cr(VI) particulates, representative of environmental exposures, Cr(VI) particulate data were evaluated separately from Cr(VI) acidic mist data. The current Cr(III) and Cr(VI) acidic mist data bases proved inadequate for BD analysis due to data and/or study quality limitations. Benchmark reference concentrations (RfCs) for particulate Cr(VI) ranging from 0.34 microgram/m3 (for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)) to 1.4 micrograms/m3 (for increased lung weights) are derived from data taken from U. Glaser et al. (Arch. Toxicol. 57, 250-256, 1985) and U. Glaser et al. (Environmental Hygiene II, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/New York, 1990). A Cr(VI) particulate RfC of 0.34 microgram/m3 based upon LDH in BALF as the critical effect is proposed. This value may be viewed as conservative since it represents the 95% lower confidence limit on the dose associated with a 10% increase in response for a sensitive endpoint and has appropriate dosimetric adjustments and uncertainty factors incorporated.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290423,Stern 1986,"Occupational Exposures, Delivered Doses and Exposure Limits for Chromium and Nickel","The absolute toxicity and transformation potency of a series of chromium (7440473) and nickel (7440020) compounds, as well as industrial metallic aerosols including welding fumes both containing and not containing these metals were reviewed. The BHK-21 mammalian cell in-vitro transformation assay, with modifications to allow analysis of particulates, was used. All nickel compounds tested, including metal particulates, were both toxic and capable of induction of transformation in the bioassay. No increases in toxicity or transformation were observed beyond 6 hours exposure for particulates, indicating that the uptake pathway was phagocytosis. Response to nickel-acetate (373024) increased with time suggesting uptake by membrane permeability. Hexavalent chromium compounds exhibited similar behavior to the tested nickel compounds. Neither chromium metal nor trivalent chromium was toxic or capable of inducing transformation. All 23 welding fumes tested were found to be toxic in the BHK-21 assay, although only fumes containing nickel or hexavalent chromium were transforming.","Occupational Exposures, Delivered Doses and Exposure Limits for Chromium and Nickel Abs: The absolute toxicity and transformation potency of a series of chromium (7440473) and nickel (7440020) compounds, as well as industrial metallic aerosols including welding fumes both containing and not containing these metals were reviewed. The BHK-21 mammalian cell in-vitro transformation assay, with modifications to allow analysis of particulates, was used. All nickel compounds tested, including metal particulates, were both toxic and capable of induction of transformation in the bioassay. No increases in toxicity or transformation were observed beyond 6 hours exposure for particulates, indicating that the uptake pathway was phagocytosis. Response to nickel-acetate (373024) increased with time suggesting uptake by membrane permeability. Hexavalent chromium compounds exhibited similar behavior to the tested nickel compounds. Neither chromium metal nor trivalent chromium was toxic or capable of inducing transformation. All 23 welding fumes tested were found to be toxic in the BHK-21 assay, although only fumes containing nickel or hexavalent chromium were transforming.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1009565,Alavanja et al. 1990,Risk assessment for carcinogens: A comparison of approaches of the ACGIH and the EPA,The relative carcinogenic potency of 16 chemicals evaluated by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Values (CS-TLV) Committee of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) were compared. The estimated cancer risk resulting from occupational exposure to the threshold limit values (TLVs) were also computed using dose-response curves developed as a part of EPA quantitative risk assessments. Substantial agreement between the EPA and the CS-TLV Committee was found when the relative potency of these carcinogens was compared. Use of EPA's risk model to estimate lifetime cancer risk from occupational exposure at the TLV levels often resulted in high cancer risk estimates. The approaches used to assess cancer risk by both groups is described and a suggestion is made for incorporating existing quantitative risk assessments into the TLV evaluation procedure.,Risk assessment for carcinogens: A comparison of approaches of the ACGIH and the EPA Abs: The relative carcinogenic potency of 16 chemicals evaluated by both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Chemical Substances Threshold Limit Values (CS-TLV) Committee of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) were compared. The estimated cancer risk resulting from occupational exposure to the threshold limit values (TLVs) were also computed using dose-response curves developed as a part of EPA quantitative risk assessments. Substantial agreement between the EPA and the CS-TLV Committee was found when the relative potency of these carcinogens was compared. Use of EPA's risk model to estimate lifetime cancer risk from occupational exposure at the TLV levels often resulted in high cancer risk estimates. The approaches used to assess cancer risk by both groups is described and a suggestion is made for incorporating existing quantitative risk assessments into the TLV evaluation procedure.,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1232185,Asmatullah and  Shakoori 1998,Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of hexavalent chromium in developing chicks of Gallus domesticus,,Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of hexavalent chromium in developing chicks of Gallus domesticus Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1031466,Smith and  Steinmaus 2009,Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings,"Even at high concentrations, arsenic-contaminated water is translucent, tasteless, and odorless. Yet almost every day, studies report a continually increasing plethora of toxic effects that have manifested in exposed populations throughout the world. In this article we focus on recent findings, in particular those associated with major contributions since 2006. Early life exposure, both in utero and in childhood, has been receiving increased attention, and remarkable increases in consequent mortality in young adults have been reported. New studies address the dose-response relationship between drinking-water arsenic concentrations and skin lesions, and new findings have emerged concerning arsenic and cardiovascular disease. We also review the increasing epidemiological evidence that the first step of methylation of inorganic arsenic to monomethylated arsenic (MMA) is actually an activation step rather than the first step in detoxification, as once thought. Hexavalent chromium differs from arsenic in that it discolors water, turning the water yellow at high concentrations. A controversial issue is whether chromium causes cancer when ingested. A recent publication supports the original findings in China of increased cancer mortality in a population where well water turned yellow with chromium.","Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings Abs: Even at high concentrations, arsenic-contaminated water is translucent, tasteless, and odorless. Yet almost every day, studies report a continually increasing plethora of toxic effects that have manifested in exposed populations throughout the world. In this article we focus on recent findings, in particular those associated with major contributions since 2006. Early life exposure, both in utero and in childhood, has been receiving increased attention, and remarkable increases in consequent mortality in young adults have been reported. New studies address the dose-response relationship between drinking-water arsenic concentrations and skin lesions, and new findings have emerged concerning arsenic and cardiovascular disease. We also review the increasing epidemiological evidence that the first step of methylation of inorganic arsenic to monomethylated arsenic (MMA) is actually an activation step rather than the first step in detoxification, as once thought. Hexavalent chromium differs from arsenic in that it discolors water, turning the water yellow at high concentrations. A controversial issue is whether chromium causes cancer when ingested. A recent publication supports the original findings in China of increased cancer mortality in a population where well water turned yellow with chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290254,Peterson et al. 2008,Isolation of a novel chromium(III) binding protein from bovine liver tissue after chromium(VI) exposure,"In the ongoing investigation into the biological importance and toxicity issues surrounding the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium, the accepted literature procedure for the isolation of the biological form of chromium, low molecular weight chromium binding protein (LMWCr) or chromodulin, was investigated for its specificity. When chromium(VI) is added to bovine liver homogenate, results presented here indicate at least four chromium(III) binding peptides and proteins are produced and that the process is non-specific for the isolation of LMWCr. A novel trivalent chromium containing protein (1) has been isolated to purity and initial characterization is reported here. Chromium(III) identification was determined by optical spectroscopy and diphenylcarbazide testing. This chromium binding protein has a molecular weight of 15.6kDa, which was determined from both gel-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The protein is comprised primarily of Asx, Glx, His, Gly/Thr, Ala, and Lys in a 1.00:2.51:0.37:2.09:0.39:1.17 ratio and is anionic at pH 7.4. In addition, the protein binds approximately 2.5 chromium(III) ions per molecule.","Isolation of a novel chromium(III) binding protein from bovine liver tissue after chromium(VI) exposure Abs: In the ongoing investigation into the biological importance and toxicity issues surrounding the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium, the accepted literature procedure for the isolation of the biological form of chromium, low molecular weight chromium binding protein (LMWCr) or chromodulin, was investigated for its specificity. When chromium(VI) is added to bovine liver homogenate, results presented here indicate at least four chromium(III) binding peptides and proteins are produced and that the process is non-specific for the isolation of LMWCr. A novel trivalent chromium containing protein (1) has been isolated to purity and initial characterization is reported here. Chromium(III) identification was determined by optical spectroscopy and diphenylcarbazide testing. This chromium binding protein has a molecular weight of 15.6kDa, which was determined from both gel-electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The protein is comprised primarily of Asx, Glx, His, Gly/Thr, Ala, and Lys in a 1.00:2.51:0.37:2.09:0.39:1.17 ratio and is anionic at pH 7.4. In addition, the protein binds approximately 2.5 chromium(III) ions per molecule.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1510407,Chiu et al. 2004,Genetic and cellular mechanisms in chromium and nickel carcinogenesis considering epidemiologic findings,"Genetic and environmental interactions determine cancer risks but some cancer incidence is primarily a result of inherited genetic deficits alone. Most cancers have an occupational, viral, nutritional, behavioral or iatrogenic etiology. Cancer can sometimes be controlled through broad public health interventions including industrial hygiene and engineering controls. Chromium and nickel are two human carcinogens associated with industrial exposures where public health measures apparently work. Carcinogenic mechanisms of these metals are examined by electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy and somatic-mutation-and-recombination in Drosophila melanogaster in this report. Both metals primarily affect initiation processes in cancer development suggesting important theoretical approaches to prevention and followup.","Genetic and cellular mechanisms in chromium and nickel carcinogenesis considering epidemiologic findings Abs: Genetic and environmental interactions determine cancer risks but some cancer incidence is primarily a result of inherited genetic deficits alone. Most cancers have an occupational, viral, nutritional, behavioral or iatrogenic etiology. Cancer can sometimes be controlled through broad public health interventions including industrial hygiene and engineering controls. Chromium and nickel are two human carcinogens associated with industrial exposures where public health measures apparently work. Carcinogenic mechanisms of these metals are examined by electron-spin-resonance-spectroscopy and somatic-mutation-and-recombination in Drosophila melanogaster in this report. Both metals primarily affect initiation processes in cancer development suggesting important theoretical approaches to prevention and followup.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1786422,Vaidyanathan et al. 2013,"Importance of ligand structure in DNA/protein binding, mutagenicity, excision repair and nutritional aspects of chromium(III) complexes","Chromium is extensively used in leather, chrome plating and refining industries. On one hand the occupational exposure to chromium leads to cancer, whereas on the contrary certain Cr(III) compounds have been proposed as nutritional supplements for Type II diabetes and as muscle building agents. Despite the positive outlook of chromium as a bio-essential element, there is increasing concern over the therapeutic application of Cr(III) based supplements, its bioavailability and toxicity profile. In this perspective, we discuss the role of ligand structure in mediating the interaction of chromium(III) complexes with DNA/protein, their mutagenic outcomes, adduct reparability and as nutritional supplements.","Importance of ligand structure in DNA/protein binding, mutagenicity, excision repair and nutritional aspects of chromium(III) complexes Abs: Chromium is extensively used in leather, chrome plating and refining industries. On one hand the occupational exposure to chromium leads to cancer, whereas on the contrary certain Cr(III) compounds have been proposed as nutritional supplements for Type II diabetes and as muscle building agents. Despite the positive outlook of chromium as a bio-essential element, there is increasing concern over the therapeutic application of Cr(III) based supplements, its bioavailability and toxicity profile. In this perspective, we discuss the role of ligand structure in mediating the interaction of chromium(III) complexes with DNA/protein, their mutagenic outcomes, adduct reparability and as nutritional supplements.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290146,Friess 1989,Carcinogenic risk assessment criteria associated with inhalation of airborne particulates containing chromium (VI/III),"Contaminated land sites and unused chromate production facilities raise the possibility that remediation operations could involve generation of airborne particles of respirable size containing both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in soluble and insoluble forms. These airborne particles reaching human populations in the neighborhoods involved, can pose carcinogenic risks via Cr(VI)-containing material retained in the lungs. It is proposed that the risk assessment process for this inhalation exposure be governed by the following considerations. (i) Only the respirable fraction (0.2-10.0 microns diameters) of the inhaled particulates should be considered as contributing to delivered dosage of Cr(VI) to the lung. (ii) In accordance with the ICRP analysis of particulate retention in the lung for extended intervals, the airborne respirable particle intake should be multiplied by the factor 0.125 to generate an estimate of dosage of particles retained in the lung for extended intervals, leading to possible carcinogenesis from the Cr(VI) content. And (iii), the inhalation carcinogenic risk for Cr(VI) should only be modelled in increments above a daily total chromium intake of 100 micrograms per day, a current estimate of the required daily intake of this essential mineral.","Carcinogenic risk assessment criteria associated with inhalation of airborne particulates containing chromium (VI/III) Abs: Contaminated land sites and unused chromate production facilities raise the possibility that remediation operations could involve generation of airborne particles of respirable size containing both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in soluble and insoluble forms. These airborne particles reaching human populations in the neighborhoods involved, can pose carcinogenic risks via Cr(VI)-containing material retained in the lungs. It is proposed that the risk assessment process for this inhalation exposure be governed by the following considerations. (i) Only the respirable fraction (0.2-10.0 microns diameters) of the inhaled particulates should be considered as contributing to delivered dosage of Cr(VI) to the lung. (ii) In accordance with the ICRP analysis of particulate retention in the lung for extended intervals, the airborne respirable particle intake should be multiplied by the factor 0.125 to generate an estimate of dosage of particles retained in the lung for extended intervals, leading to possible carcinogenesis from the Cr(VI) content. And (iii), the inhalation carcinogenic risk for Cr(VI) should only be modelled in increments above a daily total chromium intake of 100 micrograms per day, a current estimate of the required daily intake of this essential mineral.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1269138,Lauwerys 1989,Metals Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence for Carcinogenicity,"A review was presented on the epidemiological and experimental evidence for the carcinogenicity of the following metals and metalloids, and their compounds: arsenic (7440382), antimony (7440360), beryllium (7440417), cadmium (7440439), chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), nickel (7440020), iron (7439896), lead (7439921), and manganese (7439965). Studies have indicated that inorganic arsenic, some hexavalent chromium compounds, certain nickel compounds present in some nickel refineries, beryllium and its salts, cadmium-oxide (1306190) dust and fumes under very high exposure conditions, and antimony-trioxide (1327339) dust at high concentration should be considered capable on inducing human cancer. The possible carcinogenic activity of cobalt toward humans was still uncertain. Iron-oxide, lead, and manganese do not appear to represent a human carcinogenic risk under usual exposure conditions. There was a possibility that iron containing dust may act as a cocarcinogen.","Metals Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence for Carcinogenicity Abs: A review was presented on the epidemiological and experimental evidence for the carcinogenicity of the following metals and metalloids, and their compounds: arsenic (7440382), antimony (7440360), beryllium (7440417), cadmium (7440439), chromium (7440473), cobalt (7440484), nickel (7440020), iron (7439896), lead (7439921), and manganese (7439965). Studies have indicated that inorganic arsenic, some hexavalent chromium compounds, certain nickel compounds present in some nickel refineries, beryllium and its salts, cadmium-oxide (1306190) dust and fumes under very high exposure conditions, and antimony-trioxide (1327339) dust at high concentration should be considered capable on inducing human cancer. The possible carcinogenic activity of cobalt toward humans was still uncertain. Iron-oxide, lead, and manganese do not appear to represent a human carcinogenic risk under usual exposure conditions. There was a possibility that iron containing dust may act as a cocarcinogen.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1242649,Sinicropi et al. 2010,Chemical and biological properties of toxic metals and use of chelating agents for the pharmacological treatment of metal poisoning,"Exposure to toxic metals is a well-known problem in industrialized countries. Metals interfere with a number of physiological processes, including central nervous system (CNS), haematopoietic, hepatic and renal functions. In the evaluation of the toxicity of a particular metal it is crucial to consider many parameters: chemical forms (elemental, organic or inorganic), binding capability, presence of specific proteins that selectively bind metals, etc. Medical treatment of acute and chronic metal toxicity is provided by chelating agents, namely organic compounds capable of interacting with metal ions to form structures called chelates. The present review attempts to provide updated information about the mechanisms, the cellular targets and the effects of toxic metals.","Chemical and biological properties of toxic metals and use of chelating agents for the pharmacological treatment of metal poisoning Abs: Exposure to toxic metals is a well-known problem in industrialized countries. Metals interfere with a number of physiological processes, including central nervous system (CNS), haematopoietic, hepatic and renal functions. In the evaluation of the toxicity of a particular metal it is crucial to consider many parameters: chemical forms (elemental, organic or inorganic), binding capability, presence of specific proteins that selectively bind metals, etc. Medical treatment of acute and chronic metal toxicity is provided by chelating agents, namely organic compounds capable of interacting with metal ions to form structures called chelates. The present review attempts to provide updated information about the mechanisms, the cellular targets and the effects of toxic metals.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
749289,Stern et al. 1993,Risk assessment of the allergic dermatitis potential of environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium,"Although hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a potent sensitizer and inducer of allergic contact dermatitis and is found in many common materials, no standard or guideline currently exists for protection against these effects in environmental exposure. There appears to be a generalized allergenic potential among the various compounds of Cr(VI). Estimates of the prevalence of Cr sensitivity in the population are uncertain, but range from about 2% of the total population in Finland to as high as 20% in U.S. populations with a dermatitis. Based on the thresholds reported for nine separate patch-test studies and statistical analysis of the aggregate dose-response relationship from 72 separate observations from these studies and on studies of allergic responses to bleaches and detergents, the effective threshold for elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in sensitized populations is about 10 ppm (mg/L) Cr(VI) (as chromium) in solution. Based on evaluation of the literature on cement dermatitis, the threshold concentration of extractable Cr(VI) in solid material may be as low as 10 ppm (microgram/g). For ingestion of Cr(VI), the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) dose for elicitation is 0.26 microgram/kg. In calculating the threshold concentration of Cr(VI) in soil for elicitation of contact dermatitis, extractability must be taken into account.","Risk assessment of the allergic dermatitis potential of environmental exposure to hexavalent chromium Abs: Although hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is a potent sensitizer and inducer of allergic contact dermatitis and is found in many common materials, no standard or guideline currently exists for protection against these effects in environmental exposure. There appears to be a generalized allergenic potential among the various compounds of Cr(VI). Estimates of the prevalence of Cr sensitivity in the population are uncertain, but range from about 2% of the total population in Finland to as high as 20% in U.S. populations with a dermatitis. Based on the thresholds reported for nine separate patch-test studies and statistical analysis of the aggregate dose-response relationship from 72 separate observations from these studies and on studies of allergic responses to bleaches and detergents, the effective threshold for elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in sensitized populations is about 10 ppm (mg/L) Cr(VI) (as chromium) in solution. Based on evaluation of the literature on cement dermatitis, the threshold concentration of extractable Cr(VI) in solid material may be as low as 10 ppm (microgram/g). For ingestion of Cr(VI), the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) dose for elicitation is 0.26 microgram/kg. In calculating the threshold concentration of Cr(VI) in soil for elicitation of contact dermatitis, extractability must be taken into account.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1509962,Barrera-Oviedo et al. 2013,Protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells,"The exposure to hexavalent chromium is often known to cause acute renal failure. It has been found that nonenzymatic antioxidants and the induction of heme oxygenase 1 have protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by potassium dichromate in vivo. In this work, the effect of stannous chloride, an inducer of heme oxygenase 1, on potassium dichromate-induced toxicity in proximal tubular epithelial cells was studied. Hexavalent chromium levels, peroxynitrite content, reduced thiol content, heme oxygenase activity, reactive oxygen species production, and stannous chloride scavenging capacity were measured. It was found that stannous chloride protects proximal tubular epithelial cells from potassium dichromate-induced cell death. The decrease in extracellular and intracellular hexavalent chromium concentration, the induction of heme oxygenase 1, and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite are involved in the mechanism by which stannous chloride protects proximal tubular epithelial cells from potassium dichromate-induced toxicity.","Protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells Abs: The exposure to hexavalent chromium is often known to cause acute renal failure. It has been found that nonenzymatic antioxidants and the induction of heme oxygenase 1 have protective effects against nephrotoxicity induced by potassium dichromate in vivo. In this work, the effect of stannous chloride, an inducer of heme oxygenase 1, on potassium dichromate-induced toxicity in proximal tubular epithelial cells was studied. Hexavalent chromium levels, peroxynitrite content, reduced thiol content, heme oxygenase activity, reactive oxygen species production, and stannous chloride scavenging capacity were measured. It was found that stannous chloride protects proximal tubular epithelial cells from potassium dichromate-induced cell death. The decrease in extracellular and intracellular hexavalent chromium concentration, the induction of heme oxygenase 1, and the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite are involved in the mechanism by which stannous chloride protects proximal tubular epithelial cells from potassium dichromate-induced toxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1233890,Paustenbach et al. 1991,An assessment and quantitative uncertainty analysis of the health risks to workers exposed to chromium contaminated soils,"Millions of tons of chromite-ore processing residue have been used as fill in various locations in Northern New Jersey and elsewhere in the United States. The primary toxicants in the residue are trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The hazard posed by Cr(III) is negligible due to its low acute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, Cr(VI) is considered a inhalation human carcinogen at high concentrations. Approximately 40 commercial and industrial properties in Northern New Jersey have been identified as containing chromite ore processing residue in the soil. One site, a partially-paved trucking terminal, was evaluated in this assessment. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean concentrations of total chromium in soil were 977 and 359 mg/kg, respectively. The data were log-normal distributed. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean concentrations of Cr(VI) in surface soil were 37.6 and 3.1 mg/kg, respectively. The data could not be fit to a standard distribution, likely due to the large number of samples with concentrations below the method detection limit (65%). Dose was calculated for each exposure route using a Monte Carlo statistical simulation. Probability distributions of most exposure parameters were incorporated into the analyses to predict the range and probability of uptake for persons in the exposed population. The exposure parameter distributions included in this assessment are: the concentrations of Cr(VI) and total chromium in air and soil, fraction of the year when suspension of airborne soil particulates is likely to occur due to weather conditions, fraction of Cr(VI) in air which is respirable (less than 10 microns), soil loading rate on skin, occupational tenure, and body weight. The techniques used in this assessment are applicable for evaluating the human health risks posed by most industrial sites having contaminated soil. The estimated average daily dose (ADD) via ingestion and dermal absorption for the individual exposed at the 95th percentile was about 48,000- and 91-fold below the U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. Since inhalation of Cr(VI) contaminated dust (but not ingestion or dermal contact) poses a cancer hazard, the lifetime average daily doses (LADDs) associated with exposure at the 50th and 95th percentile were calculated to be 9.8 x 10(-8) and 1.3 x 10(-6), respectively. Based on this analysis, industrial sites having soil concentrations of Cr(VI) below 230 ppm do not pose a significant noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic health hazard following acute or chronic exposure. These risks would be even smaller if the sites were paved.","An assessment and quantitative uncertainty analysis of the health risks to workers exposed to chromium contaminated soils Abs: Millions of tons of chromite-ore processing residue have been used as fill in various locations in Northern New Jersey and elsewhere in the United States. The primary toxicants in the residue are trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The hazard posed by Cr(III) is negligible due to its low acute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, Cr(VI) is considered a inhalation human carcinogen at high concentrations. Approximately 40 commercial and industrial properties in Northern New Jersey have been identified as containing chromite ore processing residue in the soil. One site, a partially-paved trucking terminal, was evaluated in this assessment. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean concentrations of total chromium in soil were 977 and 359 mg/kg, respectively. The data were log-normal distributed. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean concentrations of Cr(VI) in surface soil were 37.6 and 3.1 mg/kg, respectively. The data could not be fit to a standard distribution, likely due to the large number of samples with concentrations below the method detection limit (65%). Dose was calculated for each exposure route using a Monte Carlo statistical simulation. Probability distributions of most exposure parameters were incorporated into the analyses to predict the range and probability of uptake for persons in the exposed population. The exposure parameter distributions included in this assessment are: the concentrations of Cr(VI) and total chromium in air and soil, fraction of the year when suspension of airborne soil particulates is likely to occur due to weather conditions, fraction of Cr(VI) in air which is respirable (less than 10 microns), soil loading rate on skin, occupational tenure, and body weight. The techniques used in this assessment are applicable for evaluating the human health risks posed by most industrial sites having contaminated soil. The estimated average daily dose (ADD) via ingestion and dermal absorption for the individual exposed at the 95th percentile was about 48,000- and 91-fold below the U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. Since inhalation of Cr(VI) contaminated dust (but not ingestion or dermal contact) poses a cancer hazard, the lifetime average daily doses (LADDs) associated with exposure at the 50th and 95th percentile were calculated to be 9.8 x 10(-8) and 1.3 x 10(-6), respectively. Based on this analysis, industrial sites having soil concentrations of Cr(VI) below 230 ppm do not pose a significant noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic health hazard following acute or chronic exposure. These risks would be even smaller if the sites were paved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1576487,Unceta et al. 2010,Chromium speciation in solid matrices and regulation: a review,,Chromium speciation in solid matrices and regulation: a review Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1576477,Flynn and  Susi 2012,Local exhaust ventilation for the control of welding fumes in the construction industry--a literature review,"Arc welding is a common unit operation in the construction industry, where frequent changes in location and welding position make it more difficult to control fume exposures than in industries where fixed locations are the norm. Welders may be exposed to a variety of toxic airborne contaminants including manganese (Mn) and hexavalent chromium (CrVI). Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is a well-known engineering control for welding fumes but has not been adopted widely in the construction industry. This literature review presents data on the performance of a variety of LEV systems for welding fume control from the construction (five references), shipyard (five references), and other industries. The studies indicate that LEV can reduce fume exposures to total particulate, Mn, and CrVI to levels below currently relevant standards. Field studies suggest that 40-50% or more reduction in exposure is possible with portable or fixed LEV systems relative to natural ventilation but that correct positioning of the hood and adequate exhaust flow rates are essential. Successful implementation of extraction guns for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and flux core arc welding has been demonstrated, indicating that a successful balance between extraction airflow and shielding gas requirements is possible. Work practices are an important part of achieving successful control of fume exposures; in particular, positioning the hood close to the arc, checking exhaust flow rates, and avoiding the plume. Further research is needed on hood size effects for controlling welding fume with portable LEV systems and identifying and overcoming barriers to LEV use in construction.","Local exhaust ventilation for the control of welding fumes in the construction industry--a literature review Abs: Arc welding is a common unit operation in the construction industry, where frequent changes in location and welding position make it more difficult to control fume exposures than in industries where fixed locations are the norm. Welders may be exposed to a variety of toxic airborne contaminants including manganese (Mn) and hexavalent chromium (CrVI). Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is a well-known engineering control for welding fumes but has not been adopted widely in the construction industry. This literature review presents data on the performance of a variety of LEV systems for welding fume control from the construction (five references), shipyard (five references), and other industries. The studies indicate that LEV can reduce fume exposures to total particulate, Mn, and CrVI to levels below currently relevant standards. Field studies suggest that 40-50% or more reduction in exposure is possible with portable or fixed LEV systems relative to natural ventilation but that correct positioning of the hood and adequate exhaust flow rates are essential. Successful implementation of extraction guns for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and flux core arc welding has been demonstrated, indicating that a successful balance between extraction airflow and shielding gas requirements is possible. Work practices are an important part of achieving successful control of fume exposures; in particular, positioning the hood close to the arc, checking exhaust flow rates, and avoiding the plume. Further research is needed on hood size effects for controlling welding fume with portable LEV systems and identifying and overcoming barriers to LEV use in construction.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290223,Codd et al. 2003,Sialoglycoprotein and carbohydrate complexes in chromium toxicity,"Chromium(VI) compounds are amongst the most widely encountered industrial carcinogens and are of increasing concern with respect to environmental exposure. Sialoglycoproteins and carbohydrates play a crucial role in stabilizing oxoCr(V) intermediates, which are produced by extracellular and intracellular reduction of chromium(VI). Recent research has addressed the molecular characterization of oxoCr(V)-sialoglycoprotein and -carbohydrate complexes and the roles that these species may play in Cr(VI) metabolism and carcinogenesis. Particular highlights include the role of oxoCr(V) complexes of extracellular sialoglycoproteins, intracellular D-glucose, and related species and their potential roles in Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity.","Sialoglycoprotein and carbohydrate complexes in chromium toxicity Abs: Chromium(VI) compounds are amongst the most widely encountered industrial carcinogens and are of increasing concern with respect to environmental exposure. Sialoglycoproteins and carbohydrates play a crucial role in stabilizing oxoCr(V) intermediates, which are produced by extracellular and intracellular reduction of chromium(VI). Recent research has addressed the molecular characterization of oxoCr(V)-sialoglycoprotein and -carbohydrate complexes and the roles that these species may play in Cr(VI) metabolism and carcinogenesis. Particular highlights include the role of oxoCr(V) complexes of extracellular sialoglycoproteins, intracellular D-glucose, and related species and their potential roles in Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1234711,Wedeen and  Qian 1991,Chromium-induced kidney disease,"Kidney disease is often cited as one of the adverse effects of chromium, yet chronic renal disease due to occupational or environmental exposure to chromium has not yet been reported. Occasional cases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following massive absorption of chromate have been described. Chromate-induced ATN has been extensively studied in experimental animals following parenteral administration of large doses of potassium chromate (hexavalent) (15 mg/kg body weight). The chromate is selectively accumulated in the convoluted proximal tubule where necrosis occurs. An adverse long-term effect of low-dose chromium exposure on the kidneys is suggested by reports of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria in chromium workers. Excessive urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, a specific proximal tubule brush border protein, and retinol-binding protein has been reported among chrome platers and welders. However, LMW proteinuria occurs after a variety of physiologic stresses, is usually reversible, and cannot by itself be considered evidence of chronic renal disease. Chromate-induced ATN and LMW proteinuria in chromium workers, nevertheless, raise the possibility that low-level, long-term exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced chronic renal disease cannot be interpreted as evidence of the absence of such injury. Rather, it must be recognized that no prospective cohort or case-control study of the delayed renal effects of low-level, long-term exposure to chromium has been published.","Chromium-induced kidney disease Abs: Kidney disease is often cited as one of the adverse effects of chromium, yet chronic renal disease due to occupational or environmental exposure to chromium has not yet been reported. Occasional cases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) following massive absorption of chromate have been described. Chromate-induced ATN has been extensively studied in experimental animals following parenteral administration of large doses of potassium chromate (hexavalent) (15 mg/kg body weight). The chromate is selectively accumulated in the convoluted proximal tubule where necrosis occurs. An adverse long-term effect of low-dose chromium exposure on the kidneys is suggested by reports of low molecular weight (LMW) proteinuria in chromium workers. Excessive urinary excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, a specific proximal tubule brush border protein, and retinol-binding protein has been reported among chrome platers and welders. However, LMW proteinuria occurs after a variety of physiologic stresses, is usually reversible, and cannot by itself be considered evidence of chronic renal disease. Chromate-induced ATN and LMW proteinuria in chromium workers, nevertheless, raise the possibility that low-level, long-term exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced exposure may produce persistent renal injury. The absence of evidence of chromate-induced chronic renal disease cannot be interpreted as evidence of the absence of such injury. Rather, it must be recognized that no prospective cohort or case-control study of the delayed renal effects of low-level, long-term exposure to chromium has been published.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
530081,Urbano et al. 2008,"Hexavalent chromium exposure, genomic instability and lung cancer","World-wide, several million workers experience occupational exposure to different hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds (chromates) which have long been recognized as human respiratory tract carcinogens through chronic exposure. Although the majority of lung cancers were found among Cr(VI)-exposed workers who smoked, smoking does not affect chromium accumulation in the lung and chromate exposure was clearly established as an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Compatible with the smoking-unrelated origin of the majority of chromate malignancies are the findings that the molecular features of chromate- and smoking-associated cancers are very different and that the location of chromate lung tumors, i.e. the bronchial bifurcations, corresponds to the sites of chromium accumulation in ex-chromate workers. More recent studies also revealed that environmental exposure to particulate Cr(VI) compounds is increasing due to chromium-containing dusts generated from industrial waste disposal, portland cement, concrete pavement, milling, demolition, cigarette smoke and fuel combustion. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that Cr(VI) compounds can neoplastically transform cells in culture. They are also genotoxic and can induce a wide spectrum of DNA damage, gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations. Albeit extensive information and studies on Cr(VI)-induced effects, the mechanisms mediating Cr(VI)-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are still poorly understood. This happens mostly due to the use, in a vast majority of the studies, of inadequate model systems and exposure regimens, as well as to the restricted access to lung tumor tissues from Cr(VI)-exposed workers, critical for the identification of consistent cellular and molecular changes. Consequently, additional studies using adequate model systems and exposure regimens mimicking occupational exposure conditions will have to be performed in order to understand the signalling mechanisms involved in the cellular response to Cr(VI), as well as the role of genomic instability and of specific DNA repair pathways in the development of this pathology. Knowledge of these pertinent issues will be a step forward for the discovery of biomarkers of malignant transformation that might lead to new treatment approaches or new ways to prevent this particular subtype of lung cancer. This review will discuss several aspects underlying Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity. However, particular emphasis will be given to the recently identified roles of Cr(VI)-induced DNA lesions, particularly single- and double-strand breaks, on genomic instability, one of the hallmarks of lung cancer.","Hexavalent chromium exposure, genomic instability and lung cancer Abs: World-wide, several million workers experience occupational exposure to different hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds (chromates) which have long been recognized as human respiratory tract carcinogens through chronic exposure. Although the majority of lung cancers were found among Cr(VI)-exposed workers who smoked, smoking does not affect chromium accumulation in the lung and chromate exposure was clearly established as an independent risk factor for lung cancer. Compatible with the smoking-unrelated origin of the majority of chromate malignancies are the findings that the molecular features of chromate- and smoking-associated cancers are very different and that the location of chromate lung tumors, i.e. the bronchial bifurcations, corresponds to the sites of chromium accumulation in ex-chromate workers. More recent studies also revealed that environmental exposure to particulate Cr(VI) compounds is increasing due to chromium-containing dusts generated from industrial waste disposal, portland cement, concrete pavement, milling, demolition, cigarette smoke and fuel combustion. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that Cr(VI) compounds can neoplastically transform cells in culture. They are also genotoxic and can induce a wide spectrum of DNA damage, gene mutations, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations. Albeit extensive information and studies on Cr(VI)-induced effects, the mechanisms mediating Cr(VI)-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are still poorly understood. This happens mostly due to the use, in a vast majority of the studies, of inadequate model systems and exposure regimens, as well as to the restricted access to lung tumor tissues from Cr(VI)-exposed workers, critical for the identification of consistent cellular and molecular changes. Consequently, additional studies using adequate model systems and exposure regimens mimicking occupational exposure conditions will have to be performed in order to understand the signalling mechanisms involved in the cellular response to Cr(VI), as well as the role of genomic instability and of specific DNA repair pathways in the development of this pathology. Knowledge of these pertinent issues will be a step forward for the discovery of biomarkers of malignant transformation that might lead to new treatment approaches or new ways to prevent this particular subtype of lung cancer. This review will discuss several aspects underlying Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenicity. However, particular emphasis will be given to the recently identified roles of Cr(VI)-induced DNA lesions, particularly single- and double-strand breaks, on genomic instability, one of the hallmarks of lung cancer.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1516391,Schroeder 1970,Chromium,"Though trivalent chromium is an essential trace element for glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism, hexavalent chromium is a strong oxidizing agent irritating to living cells. After low exposures to high concentrations, it is found to cause bronchogenic carcinoma. A maximum level of 0.5 microgram per cubic meter is considered reasonable for the population at large, and 50 micrograms per cubic meter for industrial workers. Airborne chromium (7440473) in the United States cities is deemed to have declined considerably since 1954.","Chromium Abs: Though trivalent chromium is an essential trace element for glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism, hexavalent chromium is a strong oxidizing agent irritating to living cells. After low exposures to high concentrations, it is found to cause bronchogenic carcinoma. A maximum level of 0.5 microgram per cubic meter is considered reasonable for the population at large, and 50 micrograms per cubic meter for industrial workers. Airborne chromium (7440473) in the United States cities is deemed to have declined considerably since 1954.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1237997,Ehrlich and  Fenters 1972,Interactions Of Various Air Pollutants On Causation Of Pulmonary Disease,"The effects of long term exposure of squirrel-monkeys to nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) (NO2), of various concentrations of nickel-oxide (1313991) (NiO) on the resistance of Syrian-golden-hamsters to influenza virus and bacterial pneumonia, and of single and multiple exposures to chromium-trioxide (1333820) (CrO3) aerosol on the resistance of mice to influenza virus and pneumonia were investigated. Monkeys were exposed to 1 part per million (ppm) NO2 24 hours per day for 493 days and challenged with A/8 influenza virus. Hamsters were injected with 1, 5, 7.5, and 10 milligrams (mg) NiO particles. At 1, 6, and 24 hours they were challenged with Klebsiella-pneumoniae aerosol. Hamsters were challenged with influenza virus at 1, 24, and 48 hours before or after NiO doses of 1, 2.5, and 7.5mg. Swiss-Webster-mice were exposed to 3 to 12 microliters per liter of air of CrO3 and challenged with the virus or bacteria before and after exposure. Some mice were exposed to CrO3 and NO2. Exposure to NO2 caused the production of serum neutralization antibodies within 21 days after virus infection in monkeys. Slight emphysema and thickened bronchial epithelium were observed during histopathological studies. Mortality was enhanced in hamsters infected with bacteria within 1 hour after 5 or 7.5mg NiO, but not with 1 and 10mg. Increased mortality was also noted in virus infected hamsters. Histopathological examination of lung tissue of virus challenged hamsters revealed hyperplastic epithelium, adenomatosis, and thickened pleura. Single or multiple exposure to CrO3 aerosol did not enhance mortality in mice challenged with the bacteria or virus. A combination of CrO3 and NO2 exposure had no effect on mortalities. CrO3 particles were observed in the alveoli and alveolar ducts during histopathological examination./TRANSMISSION","Interactions Of Various Air Pollutants On Causation Of Pulmonary Disease Abs: The effects of long term exposure of squirrel-monkeys to nitrogen-dioxide (10102440) (NO2), of various concentrations of nickel-oxide (1313991) (NiO) on the resistance of Syrian-golden-hamsters to influenza virus and bacterial pneumonia, and of single and multiple exposures to chromium-trioxide (1333820) (CrO3) aerosol on the resistance of mice to influenza virus and pneumonia were investigated. Monkeys were exposed to 1 part per million (ppm) NO2 24 hours per day for 493 days and challenged with A/8 influenza virus. Hamsters were injected with 1, 5, 7.5, and 10 milligrams (mg) NiO particles. At 1, 6, and 24 hours they were challenged with Klebsiella-pneumoniae aerosol. Hamsters were challenged with influenza virus at 1, 24, and 48 hours before or after NiO doses of 1, 2.5, and 7.5mg. Swiss-Webster-mice were exposed to 3 to 12 microliters per liter of air of CrO3 and challenged with the virus or bacteria before and after exposure. Some mice were exposed to CrO3 and NO2. Exposure to NO2 caused the production of serum neutralization antibodies within 21 days after virus infection in monkeys. Slight emphysema and thickened bronchial epithelium were observed during histopathological studies. Mortality was enhanced in hamsters infected with bacteria within 1 hour after 5 or 7.5mg NiO, but not with 1 and 10mg. Increased mortality was also noted in virus infected hamsters. Histopathological examination of lung tissue of virus challenged hamsters revealed hyperplastic epithelium, adenomatosis, and thickened pleura. Single or multiple exposure to CrO3 aerosol did not enhance mortality in mice challenged with the bacteria or virus. A combination of CrO3 and NO2 exposure had no effect on mortalities. CrO3 particles were observed in the alveoli and alveolar ducts during histopathological examination./TRANSMISSION",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1576353,OTS 1982,"Occupational health evaluation of the Los Angeles, California plant of Koppers Company, INC",,"Occupational health evaluation of the Los Angeles, California plant of Koppers Company, INC Abs: ",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
14615,Franchini and  Mutti 1988,Selected toxicological aspects of chromium(VI) compounds,,Selected toxicological aspects of chromium(VI) compounds Abs: ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1233863,Bonde 1993,"The risk of male subfecundity attributable to welding of metals. Studies of semen quality, infertility, fertility, adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy","These studies were initiated by the results of two Danish investigations of infertility clients, which indicated the reduced fecundity of male metal welders. The objective was to refute or corroborate the effects of welding on male reproductive capability and--if there was any effect--to identify the causal exposures. The initial hypothesis postulated reduced spermatogenesis, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation and childhood malignancy following exposure to hexavalent chromium among stainless steel welders. Subsequently, a hypothesis concerned with the significance of exposure to radiant heat on reduced semen quality was put forward. These studies comprised a case-referent study of infertility, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of semen quality and historical cohort studies of fertility, pregnancy outcome and cancer in offspring. Exposure to welding was reported with a higher frequency during periods of infertility than prior to conception in the case-referent study (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.0). This finding is consistent with the main cross-sectional study showing reduced semen quality in welders [average reduction ranging from 8% (sperm penetration rate in eggwhite) to 28% (total sperm count)] and with the cohort study revealing reduced fertility in relation to welding (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.97). However, reduced semen quality and fertility were not attributable to the welding of stainless steel but to the welding of mild steel; and no relationship was found between biological measures of exposure to chromium and parameters of semen quality. If the unexpected association between mild steel welding and reduced fecundity is causal, the biological mechanisms involved are obscure. A separate longitudinal study leaves little doubt that moderate radiant heat exposure may cause reversible deterioration of semen quality, but it is not justified to generalize this observation to the entire population of welders. Male-mediated effects on occurrence of congenital malformation and cancer in offspring from stainless steel welding are not indicated by the studies. Weak indications of an increased risk of spontaneous abortion among partners to stainless steel welders (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2) need to be refuted or corroborated in future studies. Suggested effects of mild steel welding on male fecundity should be corroborated by longitudinal controlled studies of semen quality examined before and during exposure and by prospective studies of fecundability in couples trying to conceive a child. On account of the present knowledge it is not possible to recommend rational preventative measures with the exception of elimination of radiant heat exposure in cases of infertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)","The risk of male subfecundity attributable to welding of metals. Studies of semen quality, infertility, fertility, adverse pregnancy outcome and childhood malignancy Abs: These studies were initiated by the results of two Danish investigations of infertility clients, which indicated the reduced fecundity of male metal welders. The objective was to refute or corroborate the effects of welding on male reproductive capability and--if there was any effect--to identify the causal exposures. The initial hypothesis postulated reduced spermatogenesis, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformation and childhood malignancy following exposure to hexavalent chromium among stainless steel welders. Subsequently, a hypothesis concerned with the significance of exposure to radiant heat on reduced semen quality was put forward. These studies comprised a case-referent study of infertility, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of semen quality and historical cohort studies of fertility, pregnancy outcome and cancer in offspring. Exposure to welding was reported with a higher frequency during periods of infertility than prior to conception in the case-referent study (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-4.0). This finding is consistent with the main cross-sectional study showing reduced semen quality in welders [average reduction ranging from 8% (sperm penetration rate in eggwhite) to 28% (total sperm count)] and with the cohort study revealing reduced fertility in relation to welding (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.97). However, reduced semen quality and fertility were not attributable to the welding of stainless steel but to the welding of mild steel; and no relationship was found between biological measures of exposure to chromium and parameters of semen quality. If the unexpected association between mild steel welding and reduced fecundity is causal, the biological mechanisms involved are obscure. A separate longitudinal study leaves little doubt that moderate radiant heat exposure may cause reversible deterioration of semen quality, but it is not justified to generalize this observation to the entire population of welders. Male-mediated effects on occurrence of congenital malformation and cancer in offspring from stainless steel welding are not indicated by the studies. Weak indications of an increased risk of spontaneous abortion among partners to stainless steel welders (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2) need to be refuted or corroborated in future studies. Suggested effects of mild steel welding on male fecundity should be corroborated by longitudinal controlled studies of semen quality examined before and during exposure and by prospective studies of fecundability in couples trying to conceive a child. On account of the present knowledge it is not possible to recommend rational preventative measures with the exception of elimination of radiant heat exposure in cases of infertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290154,Lee 1987,Health assessment of chromium,"Attention is focused in this paper on those health effects whose significance may have been overlooked in previous evaluations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's database for regulatory purposes of chromium (7440473) and chromium compounds. While there is no controversy on the carcinogenic properties of hexavalent chromium compounds, depending on which set of data one chooses as a basis for risk analysis, diverse risk numbers can be developed. Using the IARC classification scheme, the level of carcinogenic evidence available for the combined animal and human data would place hexavalent chromium compounds into Group 1, a human carcinogen. Noncarcinogenic effects include hypersensitivity. However, there are few data available on the exposure concentration needed to induce an allergic response. Workers exposed to vapors of boiling dichromate solutions have developed acute contact dermatitis. The toxic effects of occupational exposure to inhaled chromium have most often been ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Severe irritation of the throat and lower regions of the respiratory tract have been linked with chromium levels as low as 120 micrograms/cubic meter. The authors conclude that there is enough data available to substantiate that the atmospheres in chrome plating shops and those of stainless steel welding shops can cause degeneration of nasal septa, other disorders of the upper respiratory system, and significant reductions in pulmonary function.","Health assessment of chromium Abs: Attention is focused in this paper on those health effects whose significance may have been overlooked in previous evaluations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's database for regulatory purposes of chromium (7440473) and chromium compounds. While there is no controversy on the carcinogenic properties of hexavalent chromium compounds, depending on which set of data one chooses as a basis for risk analysis, diverse risk numbers can be developed. Using the IARC classification scheme, the level of carcinogenic evidence available for the combined animal and human data would place hexavalent chromium compounds into Group 1, a human carcinogen. Noncarcinogenic effects include hypersensitivity. However, there are few data available on the exposure concentration needed to induce an allergic response. Workers exposed to vapors of boiling dichromate solutions have developed acute contact dermatitis. The toxic effects of occupational exposure to inhaled chromium have most often been ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Severe irritation of the throat and lower regions of the respiratory tract have been linked with chromium levels as low as 120 micrograms/cubic meter. The authors conclude that there is enough data available to substantiate that the atmospheres in chrome plating shops and those of stainless steel welding shops can cause degeneration of nasal septa, other disorders of the upper respiratory system, and significant reductions in pulmonary function.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1230960,Finley et al. 1992,An alternative to the USEPA's proposed inhalation reference concentrations for hexavalent and trivalent chromium,"The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 reflects a growing public concern over human exposure to air toxics. The EPA is currently identifying inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs) to be used as risk criteria for determining whether existing or predicted ambient levels of chemicals are above acceptable concentrations. This paper evaluates the risk assessment methods used by the EPA to develop the recently proposed RfC (0.002 micrograms/m3) for both trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Based on our evaluation, these RfC values do not appear to have been developed in accordance with standard Agency procedures or classic toxicology methods for setting RfCs. In particular, the &quot;key&quot; study used by the EPA [E. Lindberg and G. Hedenstierna (1983) Arch. Environ. Health 38, 367-374] as the basis for their proposal is not appropriate because it examined only the effects of exposure to chromic acid mist [Cr(VI)], even though most environmental exposure is to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as a dust. The health hazards of Cr(VI) as an acid mist are significantly different from those associated with Cr(VI) as a dust. Further, the EPA's key study did not evaluate exposure to Cr(III), the toxicity of which is significantly different from both particulate Cr(VI) and chromic acid mist. Finally, the uncertainty factors used to account for data gaps were unusually high, thus providing RfC values equal to or below most naturally occurring environmental levels and standard analytical limits of detection. In this paper, we propose alternative RfCs for Cr(VI) as chromic acid mist and for Cr(VI) as a dust. Based on the Lindberg and Hedenstierna study, we derived an RfC of approximately 0.12 micrograms/m3 for chromic acid mist. An RfC of 1.2 micrograms/m3 is recommended for particulate Cr(VI) based on animal studies that evaluate long-term inhalation exposure to Cr(VI) dust. Due to its low toxicity, an RfC for Cr(III) is not warranted.","An alternative to the USEPA's proposed inhalation reference concentrations for hexavalent and trivalent chromium Abs: The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 reflects a growing public concern over human exposure to air toxics. The EPA is currently identifying inhalation reference concentrations (RfCs) to be used as risk criteria for determining whether existing or predicted ambient levels of chemicals are above acceptable concentrations. This paper evaluates the risk assessment methods used by the EPA to develop the recently proposed RfC (0.002 micrograms/m3) for both trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Based on our evaluation, these RfC values do not appear to have been developed in accordance with standard Agency procedures or classic toxicology methods for setting RfCs. In particular, the &quot;key&quot; study used by the EPA [E. Lindberg and G. Hedenstierna (1983) Arch. Environ. Health 38, 367-374] as the basis for their proposal is not appropriate because it examined only the effects of exposure to chromic acid mist [Cr(VI)], even though most environmental exposure is to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) as a dust. The health hazards of Cr(VI) as an acid mist are significantly different from those associated with Cr(VI) as a dust. Further, the EPA's key study did not evaluate exposure to Cr(III), the toxicity of which is significantly different from both particulate Cr(VI) and chromic acid mist. Finally, the uncertainty factors used to account for data gaps were unusually high, thus providing RfC values equal to or below most naturally occurring environmental levels and standard analytical limits of detection. In this paper, we propose alternative RfCs for Cr(VI) as chromic acid mist and for Cr(VI) as a dust. Based on the Lindberg and Hedenstierna study, we derived an RfC of approximately 0.12 micrograms/m3 for chromic acid mist. An RfC of 1.2 micrograms/m3 is recommended for particulate Cr(VI) based on animal studies that evaluate long-term inhalation exposure to Cr(VI) dust. Due to its low toxicity, an RfC for Cr(III) is not warranted.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1020553,Shi et al. 2004,Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis,"Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to certain metals causes carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis have been pursued in chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal models. Significant evidence has accumulated that oxidative stress may be a common pathway in cellular responses to exposure to different metals. For example, in the last few years evidence in support of a correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure has strengthened. This article summarizes the current literature on metal-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their relation to metal-mediated carcinogenesis, concentrating on arsenic and chromium.","Oxidative stress and apoptosis in metal ion-induced carcinogenesis Abs: Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to certain metals causes carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis have been pursued in chemical, biochemical, cellular, and animal models. Significant evidence has accumulated that oxidative stress may be a common pathway in cellular responses to exposure to different metals. For example, in the last few years evidence in support of a correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure has strengthened. This article summarizes the current literature on metal-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their relation to metal-mediated carcinogenesis, concentrating on arsenic and chromium.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
50811,Horowitz and  Finley 1994,Setting health-protective soil concentrations for dermal contact allergens: a proposed methodology,"Health-based cleanup goals for contaminated soils are typically established to protect potentially exposed individuals from increased incidences of cancer and serious noncancer effects. However, at least one regulatory agency has suggested that, for certain contact allergens such as hexavalent chromium, soil remedial goals should also consider the potential occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in sensitized individuals (NJDEPE, 1992). To date, appropriate risk assessment methods for setting ACD-based soil concentrations have not been addressed in the scientific literature. This paper defines and discusses the three key data needs for establishing ACD-based soil concentrations: (1) dose-response data from human patch-testing studies, in which the patch concentrations are reported in terms of mass of allergen per unit area of skin, (2) accurate estimates of the degree to which soil adheres to skin on a soil mass per unit area of skin basis, and (3) accurate estimates of the degree to which the allergen leaches from soil into human sweat. The requisite basis for each of these factors and suggested methods for obtaining and evaluating the necessary data are presented. In addition, two example calculations are presented for setting ACD-based goals for hexavalent and trivalent chromium in chromite ore-processing residues.","Setting health-protective soil concentrations for dermal contact allergens: a proposed methodology Abs: Health-based cleanup goals for contaminated soils are typically established to protect potentially exposed individuals from increased incidences of cancer and serious noncancer effects. However, at least one regulatory agency has suggested that, for certain contact allergens such as hexavalent chromium, soil remedial goals should also consider the potential occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in sensitized individuals (NJDEPE, 1992). To date, appropriate risk assessment methods for setting ACD-based soil concentrations have not been addressed in the scientific literature. This paper defines and discusses the three key data needs for establishing ACD-based soil concentrations: (1) dose-response data from human patch-testing studies, in which the patch concentrations are reported in terms of mass of allergen per unit area of skin, (2) accurate estimates of the degree to which soil adheres to skin on a soil mass per unit area of skin basis, and (3) accurate estimates of the degree to which the allergen leaches from soil into human sweat. The requisite basis for each of these factors and suggested methods for obtaining and evaluating the necessary data are presented. In addition, two example calculations are presented for setting ACD-based goals for hexavalent and trivalent chromium in chromite ore-processing residues.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1290220,Shrivastava et al. 2002,Effects of chromium on the immune system,"Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.","Effects of chromium on the immune system Abs: Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
513345,Rana 2008,Metals and apoptosis: Recent developments,"Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and crucial process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, i.e. inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A variety of toxins can induce apoptosis. Carcinogenic transition metals, viz. cadmium, chromium and nickel promote apoptosis along with DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca2+ upregulation of caspase-3, down regulation of bcl-2, and deficiency of p-53 lead to arsenic-induced apoptosis. In the case of cadmium, metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 contribute in apoptosis caused by chromium. Immuno suppressive mechanism contribute in lead-induced apoptosis whereas in the case of mercury, p38 mediated caspase activation regulate apoptosis. Nickel kills the cells by apoptotic pathways. Copper induces apoptosis by p53 dependent and independent pathways. Beryllium stimulates the formation of ROS that play a role in Be-induced macrophage apoptosis. Selenium induces apoptosis by producing superoxide that activates p53. Thus. disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of metal-induced apoptosis will be helpful in the development of preventive molecular strategies. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","Metals and apoptosis: Recent developments Abs: Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death is a highly regulated and crucial process found in all multicellular organisms. It is not only implicated in regulatory mechanisms of cells, but has been attributed to a number of diseases, i.e. inflammation, malignancy, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. A variety of toxins can induce apoptosis. Carcinogenic transition metals, viz. cadmium, chromium and nickel promote apoptosis along with DNA base modifications, strand breaks and rearrangements. Generation of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of Ca2+ upregulation of caspase-3, down regulation of bcl-2, and deficiency of p-53 lead to arsenic-induced apoptosis. In the case of cadmium, metallothionein expression determines the choice between apoptosis and necrosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 contribute in apoptosis caused by chromium. Immuno suppressive mechanism contribute in lead-induced apoptosis whereas in the case of mercury, p38 mediated caspase activation regulate apoptosis. Nickel kills the cells by apoptotic pathways. Copper induces apoptosis by p53 dependent and independent pathways. Beryllium stimulates the formation of ROS that play a role in Be-induced macrophage apoptosis. Selenium induces apoptosis by producing superoxide that activates p53. Thus. disorders of apoptosis may play a critical role in some of the most debilitating metal-induced afflictions including hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, autoimmunity and carcinogenesis. An understanding of metal-induced apoptosis will be helpful in the development of preventive molecular strategies. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1231371,Anonymous 1990,Chromium and chromium compounds,"There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds as encountered in the chromate production, chromate pigment production and chromium plating industries. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and of chromium (III) compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate, zinc chromates, strontium chromate and lead chromates. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium trioxide (chromic acid) and sodium dichromat. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium, barium chromate and chromium (III) compounds. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on chromium (VI) compounds on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data which support the underlying concept that chromium (VI) ions generated at critical sites in the target cells are responsible for the carcinogenic action observed. Chromium (VI) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic chromium and chromium (III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).","Chromium and chromium compounds Abs: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds as encountered in the chromate production, chromate pigment production and chromium plating industries. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium and of chromium (III) compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate, zinc chromates, strontium chromate and lead chromates. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium trioxide (chromic acid) and sodium dichromat. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic chromium, barium chromate and chromium (III) compounds. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on chromium (VI) compounds on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data which support the underlying concept that chromium (VI) ions generated at critical sites in the target cells are responsible for the carcinogenic action observed. Chromium (VI) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic chromium and chromium (III) compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1231309,Anonymous 1977,Chromium Health And Safety Precautions,"The Health and Safety Executive Guidance Note on chromium is presented. Physical and chemical properties of chromium and chromium compounds are summarized. Hexavalent chromium (18540299) (Cr(VI)), as in chromates and chromic-acid, is the most important industrial form of chromium. Threshold limit values of chromium compounds are reviewed. Industrial uses of metallic chromium and chromium compounds are described. Toxic effects of chromium are discussed. Chromium is most active as a cause of occupational disease when it is in the Cr(VI) form. Poisoning results from inhaling droplets in water or dust, or by skin contact. Acute inhaling exposure to chromic-acid causes upper respiratory tract irritation and occasional asthmatic symptoms. Dermal exposure causes deep, sharply defined ulcers that are slow to heal. Chromates are also irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. These compounds can induce sensitization in exposed workers. Chronic exposure to chromates and dichromates has been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer. Preventive measures are discussed. These include enclosure of process systems, local exhaust ventilation, good housekeeping practices, and use of personal protective clothing. Medical supervision and first aid measures are summarized.","Chromium Health And Safety Precautions Abs: The Health and Safety Executive Guidance Note on chromium is presented. Physical and chemical properties of chromium and chromium compounds are summarized. Hexavalent chromium (18540299) (Cr(VI)), as in chromates and chromic-acid, is the most important industrial form of chromium. Threshold limit values of chromium compounds are reviewed. Industrial uses of metallic chromium and chromium compounds are described. Toxic effects of chromium are discussed. Chromium is most active as a cause of occupational disease when it is in the Cr(VI) form. Poisoning results from inhaling droplets in water or dust, or by skin contact. Acute inhaling exposure to chromic-acid causes upper respiratory tract irritation and occasional asthmatic symptoms. Dermal exposure causes deep, sharply defined ulcers that are slow to heal. Chromates are also irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. These compounds can induce sensitization in exposed workers. Chronic exposure to chromates and dichromates has been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer. Preventive measures are discussed. These include enclosure of process systems, local exhaust ventilation, good housekeeping practices, and use of personal protective clothing. Medical supervision and first aid measures are summarized.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1509964,Stern et al. 2013,"Two decades of exposure assessment studies on chromate production waste in Jersey City, New Jersey--what we have learned about exposure characterization and its value to public health and remediation","During much of the twentieth century, Jersey City, New Jersey was the leading center of chromate production in the United States. Chromate production produced huge volumes of chromium ore-processing residue containing many parts per million of hexavalent chromium. Starting in the 1990s, we undertook a series of studies to identify exposed populations, sources and pathways of exposure and the effectiveness of remediation activities in Jersey City. These studies revealed the effectiveness and success of the remediation activities. The sequence of studies presented here, builds on the lessons learned from each preceding study and illustrates how these studies advanced the field of exposure science in important ways, including the use of household dust as a measure of exposure to contaminants originating in the outdoor environment; development of effective and reproducible dust sampling; use of household dust to track temporal changes in exposure; understanding of the spatial relationship between sources of passive outdoor particulate emissions and residential exposure; use of focused biomonitoring to assess exposure under conditions of large inter-individual variability; and utility of linking environmental monitoring and biomonitoring. For chromium, the studies have demonstrated the use of Cr(+6)-specific analytical methods for measuring low concentrations of Cr(+6) in household dust and understanding of the occurrence of Cr(+6) in the background residential environment. We strongly recommend that environmental and public health agencies evaluate sites for their potential for off-site exposure and apply these tools in cases with significant potential as appropriate. This approach is especially important when contamination is widespread and/or a large population is potentially exposed. In such cases, these tools should be used to identify, characterize and then reduce the exposure to the off-site as well as on-site population. Importantly, these tools can be used in a demonstrable and quantifiable manner to provide both clarity and closure to concerned stakeholders.","Two decades of exposure assessment studies on chromate production waste in Jersey City, New Jersey--what we have learned about exposure characterization and its value to public health and remediation Abs: During much of the twentieth century, Jersey City, New Jersey was the leading center of chromate production in the United States. Chromate production produced huge volumes of chromium ore-processing residue containing many parts per million of hexavalent chromium. Starting in the 1990s, we undertook a series of studies to identify exposed populations, sources and pathways of exposure and the effectiveness of remediation activities in Jersey City. These studies revealed the effectiveness and success of the remediation activities. The sequence of studies presented here, builds on the lessons learned from each preceding study and illustrates how these studies advanced the field of exposure science in important ways, including the use of household dust as a measure of exposure to contaminants originating in the outdoor environment; development of effective and reproducible dust sampling; use of household dust to track temporal changes in exposure; understanding of the spatial relationship between sources of passive outdoor particulate emissions and residential exposure; use of focused biomonitoring to assess exposure under conditions of large inter-individual variability; and utility of linking environmental monitoring and biomonitoring. For chromium, the studies have demonstrated the use of Cr(+6)-specific analytical methods for measuring low concentrations of Cr(+6) in household dust and understanding of the occurrence of Cr(+6) in the background residential environment. We strongly recommend that environmental and public health agencies evaluate sites for their potential for off-site exposure and apply these tools in cases with significant potential as appropriate. This approach is especially important when contamination is widespread and/or a large population is potentially exposed. In such cases, these tools should be used to identify, characterize and then reduce the exposure to the off-site as well as on-site population. Importantly, these tools can be used in a demonstrable and quantifiable manner to provide both clarity and closure to concerned stakeholders.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1235155,Hirsch 1976,Differential effects of nephrotoxic agents on renal transport and metabolism by use of in vitro techniques,"A number of studies by the author and other investigators are reviewed in which the in vitro kidney slice technique has been used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various compounds. The kidney slice technique can be used to determine the effect of prior drug treatment of laboratory animals on renal organic acid (p-aminohippurate) or organic base (N-methylnicotinamide) transport, on glucose synthesis, and on oxygen consumption by renal coritical slices. The nephrotoxic agents uranyl nitrate and potassium dichromate exert inhibitory effects on renal function, althouhg both agents enhance organic base transport at low doses and potassium dichromate enhances organic acid transport at moderate doses. Enhanced PAH transport has been found to be a sensitive indicator of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, while inhibition of other parameters has been reported. The tissue slice method is less effective in evaluation chronic nephrotoxicity such as that produced by lead. The inhibitory effect of mercurial diuretics has been shown to be due to the general depression of metabolic activity by mercury. The kidney slice technique has been found to be a sensitive indicator in the assessment of halogenated hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxicity. Differential effects of compounds on in vitro organic acid and base trasport provides information about the transport of these compounds as well as about their nephrotoxicity. Although it is often desirable to perform in vivo tests or other in vitro renal function tests, the kidney slice technique has proved to be extremely useful in toxicological evaluations.","Differential effects of nephrotoxic agents on renal transport and metabolism by use of in vitro techniques Abs: A number of studies by the author and other investigators are reviewed in which the in vitro kidney slice technique has been used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various compounds. The kidney slice technique can be used to determine the effect of prior drug treatment of laboratory animals on renal organic acid (p-aminohippurate) or organic base (N-methylnicotinamide) transport, on glucose synthesis, and on oxygen consumption by renal coritical slices. The nephrotoxic agents uranyl nitrate and potassium dichromate exert inhibitory effects on renal function, althouhg both agents enhance organic base transport at low doses and potassium dichromate enhances organic acid transport at moderate doses. Enhanced PAH transport has been found to be a sensitive indicator of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, while inhibition of other parameters has been reported. The tissue slice method is less effective in evaluation chronic nephrotoxicity such as that produced by lead. The inhibitory effect of mercurial diuretics has been shown to be due to the general depression of metabolic activity by mercury. The kidney slice technique has been found to be a sensitive indicator in the assessment of halogenated hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxicity. Differential effects of compounds on in vitro organic acid and base trasport provides information about the transport of these compounds as well as about their nephrotoxicity. Although it is often desirable to perform in vivo tests or other in vitro renal function tests, the kidney slice technique has proved to be extremely useful in toxicological evaluations.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1019774,French et al. 1997,Assessment of health risks due to hazardous air pollutant emissions from electric utilities,"Hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from electric utilities were evaluated. Cancer risks, as well as noncancer effects, due to inhalation exposure were assessed for 67 HAPs. Also, cancer risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclide emissions were assessed. In addition, an assessment of the fate of mercury (Hg) through various environmental media was included. Results suggest arsenic, chromium, and nickel are the HAPs that present the highest cancer risk due to inhalation exposure. For noncancer effects due to inhalation exposure, hydrogen chloride appears to present the greatest potential concern. The risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclides are estimated to be of similar magnitude to the risks posed by inhalation of arsenic and nickel. Mercury is of potential concern for multipathway exposures because it persists in the environmental and bioaccumulates in the aquatic food web. The study suggests there is a plausible link between Hg emissions from utilities and the Hg found in soil, water, and freshwater fish.","Assessment of health risks due to hazardous air pollutant emissions from electric utilities Abs: Hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from electric utilities were evaluated. Cancer risks, as well as noncancer effects, due to inhalation exposure were assessed for 67 HAPs. Also, cancer risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclide emissions were assessed. In addition, an assessment of the fate of mercury (Hg) through various environmental media was included. Results suggest arsenic, chromium, and nickel are the HAPs that present the highest cancer risk due to inhalation exposure. For noncancer effects due to inhalation exposure, hydrogen chloride appears to present the greatest potential concern. The risks due to multipathway exposure to radionuclides are estimated to be of similar magnitude to the risks posed by inhalation of arsenic and nickel. Mercury is of potential concern for multipathway exposures because it persists in the environmental and bioaccumulates in the aquatic food web. The study suggests there is a plausible link between Hg emissions from utilities and the Hg found in soil, water, and freshwater fish.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
48877,Sheehan et al. 1991,Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils,"Millions of tons of chromite-ore processing residue have been used as fill in various locations in northern New Jersey and elsewhere in the United States. The primary toxicants in the residue are trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The hazard posed by Cr(III) is negligible due to its low acute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen following inhalation of high concentrations. It can also cause allergic contact dermatitis. This evaluation addresses a residential site where the arithmetic mean (x) and geometric mean (gm) concentrations of Cr(III) in soil were 2879 and 1212 mg/kg (ppm). The mean and geometric mean concentrations of Cr(VI) were 180 and 4 mg/kg, respectively. The uptake (absorbed dose) of Cr(III) via soil ingestion, consumption of homegrown vegetables, and ingestion of inspired particles was determined. The uptake of Cr(VI) via dermal absorption from contact with surface soil and building wall surfaces, as well as inhalation, was also evaluated. The techniques used in this assessment are applicable for evaluating the human health risks posed by any residential site having contaminated soil. The potential for both sensitized and unsensitized persons to develop allergic contact dermatitis due to exposure to soil contaminated at these levels was found to be negligible. The estimated average daily dose (ADD) via ingestion and dermal absorption for the maximally exposed individual (MEI) was about 1500- and 40-fold below the EPA reference dose (RfD) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. It was shown that for residential sites, the most important route of exposure to Cr(III) was incidental soil ingestion. Although not relevant to these sites specifically, if garden vegetables could be successfully grown in these soils, then they would probably be the predominant source of uptake of Cr(III). Since inhalation of Cr(VI)-contaminated dust (but not ingestion or dermal contact) poses a cancer hazard, the doses and associated risks were assessed. The estimated cancer risks for the MEI and most likely exposed individual (MLEI) were approximately 5 x 10(-9) and 2 x 10(-9), respectively. These levels of risk have always been considered well below those that warrant regulatory concern. For persons living on residential properties, the cancer risk due to inhaling suspended particles is likely to be less than 1 in 1,000,000 if Cr(VI) levels in soil are less than 180 mg/kg (ppm). Based on this analysis, the levels of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at this and similar sites do not pose a health hazard following acute or chronic exposure.","Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils Abs: Millions of tons of chromite-ore processing residue have been used as fill in various locations in northern New Jersey and elsewhere in the United States. The primary toxicants in the residue are trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The hazard posed by Cr(III) is negligible due to its low acute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen following inhalation of high concentrations. It can also cause allergic contact dermatitis. This evaluation addresses a residential site where the arithmetic mean (x) and geometric mean (gm) concentrations of Cr(III) in soil were 2879 and 1212 mg/kg (ppm). The mean and geometric mean concentrations of Cr(VI) were 180 and 4 mg/kg, respectively. The uptake (absorbed dose) of Cr(III) via soil ingestion, consumption of homegrown vegetables, and ingestion of inspired particles was determined. The uptake of Cr(VI) via dermal absorption from contact with surface soil and building wall surfaces, as well as inhalation, was also evaluated. The techniques used in this assessment are applicable for evaluating the human health risks posed by any residential site having contaminated soil. The potential for both sensitized and unsensitized persons to develop allergic contact dermatitis due to exposure to soil contaminated at these levels was found to be negligible. The estimated average daily dose (ADD) via ingestion and dermal absorption for the maximally exposed individual (MEI) was about 1500- and 40-fold below the EPA reference dose (RfD) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. It was shown that for residential sites, the most important route of exposure to Cr(III) was incidental soil ingestion. Although not relevant to these sites specifically, if garden vegetables could be successfully grown in these soils, then they would probably be the predominant source of uptake of Cr(III). Since inhalation of Cr(VI)-contaminated dust (but not ingestion or dermal contact) poses a cancer hazard, the doses and associated risks were assessed. The estimated cancer risks for the MEI and most likely exposed individual (MLEI) were approximately 5 x 10(-9) and 2 x 10(-9), respectively. These levels of risk have always been considered well below those that warrant regulatory concern. For persons living on residential properties, the cancer risk due to inhaling suspended particles is likely to be less than 1 in 1,000,000 if Cr(VI) levels in soil are less than 180 mg/kg (ppm). Based on this analysis, the levels of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at this and similar sites do not pose a health hazard following acute or chronic exposure.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
1027735,Baur et al. 1994,[Bronchopulmonary precancerous conditions and tumors--risk groups from the occupational medicine viewpoint],"Risk groups with regard to bronchopulmonary precancerous and tumor diseases of occupational origin can be deduced from current occupational disease statistics. Most prominent are those working with asbestos. Each year about 250 asbestos-associated bronchial carcinomas and 400 mesotheliomas are recognized and compensated; the tendency is increasing. Because of the long latency time, the frequency peak will probably be reached in about 15 years in spite of the prohibition of asbestos usage. The second place is probably taken by malignomas among the underground uranium mine workers in Thuringia and Saxony (SDAG Wismut). Next come bronchial carcinomas with silicosis (carcinoma in scar tissue) after exposure to chromium(VI) and arsenic compounds as well as various other chemicals and metals. Dose-activity relationships are significant for all occupational carcinogenic agents, as there are also often syncancerogenic influences (especially smoking). From the data on previous loading, high risk groups, for example, among the insulation workers exposed to asbestos or uranium miners in the so-called &quot;wild years&quot;, can be defined. A suitable screening method for the detection of bronchopulmonary tumors in the early stages has not yet been established. Medical checkups for the respective risk groups concentrate on the early X-ray detection of circular foci. As shown by recent studies, cytological sputum diagnosis, (fluorescence) bronchoscopy, and BAL cytology must be employed much more frequently in the high risk groups so that the prognostically more favorable stages of preneoplasm and carcinoma in situ can be detected and possibly treated curatively. These procedures are currently reaching a considerably higher sensitivity with the help of modern molecular biology techniques (e.g. detection of tumor-associated genetic changes and gene products). This contributes to an improvement in surveillance examinations with increasing detection of the curable early forms of tumors. However, only the further development of primary prevention, i.e. the greatest possible minimization or, if possible, total elimination of contact with carcinogenic agents and the consequent control of occupational protection will lead to a drastic reduction in the occupational risk of cancer.","[Bronchopulmonary precancerous conditions and tumors--risk groups from the occupational medicine viewpoint] Abs: Risk groups with regard to bronchopulmonary precancerous and tumor diseases of occupational origin can be deduced from current occupational disease statistics. Most prominent are those working with asbestos. Each year about 250 asbestos-associated bronchial carcinomas and 400 mesotheliomas are recognized and compensated; the tendency is increasing. Because of the long latency time, the frequency peak will probably be reached in about 15 years in spite of the prohibition of asbestos usage. The second place is probably taken by malignomas among the underground uranium mine workers in Thuringia and Saxony (SDAG Wismut). Next come bronchial carcinomas with silicosis (carcinoma in scar tissue) after exposure to chromium(VI) and arsenic compounds as well as various other chemicals and metals. Dose-activity relationships are significant for all occupational carcinogenic agents, as there are also often syncancerogenic influences (especially smoking). From the data on previous loading, high risk groups, for example, among the insulation workers exposed to asbestos or uranium miners in the so-called &quot;wild years&quot;, can be defined. A suitable screening method for the detection of bronchopulmonary tumors in the early stages has not yet been established. Medical checkups for the respective risk groups concentrate on the early X-ray detection of circular foci. As shown by recent studies, cytological sputum diagnosis, (fluorescence) bronchoscopy, and BAL cytology must be employed much more frequently in the high risk groups so that the prognostically more favorable stages of preneoplasm and carcinoma in situ can be detected and possibly treated curatively. These procedures are currently reaching a considerably higher sensitivity with the help of modern molecular biology techniques (e.g. detection of tumor-associated genetic changes and gene products). This contributes to an improvement in surveillance examinations with increasing detection of the curable early forms of tumors. However, only the further development of primary prevention, i.e. the greatest possible minimization or, if possible, total elimination of contact with carcinogenic agents and the consequent control of occupational protection will lead to a drastic reduction in the occupational risk of cancer.",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
79088,Singh et al. 1990,Effects of chromium on cellular systems in animals,"Chromium is a heavy metal belonging to subgroup vib of the periodic table. in nature it is present mainly as trivalent but hexavalent form has also been found. the positively charged cr3+ ion has a tendency to form very stable complexes with negatively charged inorganic or organic particles present in aqueous solutions. therefore, hardly any uncomplexed chromic compounds can be found in the natural state. interest in the toxic effects of chromium has increased following the increased exposure of human beings and animals to different forms of this metal. the recommended or suggested safe and adequate intake of chromium was established at 50 to 200 ug for human adult. exposure to cr may occur by: (i) entrance through mouth with food or water; finally taken into blood stream through intestinal absorption. (ii) injected into blood stream intraperitoneally or intravenously. this is more effective than any other type of exposure. (iii) inhalation affecting respiratory system or trachea. it is most common in workers engaged in chromium industry. genotoxicity of chromium compounds is generally attributed to the oxidized hexavalent form whereas the reduced trivalent form is commonly considered inactive. evidences for carcinogenicity of cr to humans were considered sufficient by iarc on the basis of assessed increased incidence of lung cancer among workers in the chromate producing industry and possibly also among cr platers and cr alloy workers. the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of different chromium compounds, particularly cr(vi), vary remarkably due to their differential solubility, diffusibility, stability and reactivity. these factors heavily influence their biological activity and can play very different roles in the induction of mutations, cancers and chromosomal aberrations. intracellular reduction of cr(vi) or cr(iii) and the reaction of cr(iii) with dna may be the critical events in chromium carcinogenesis. the carcinogenic potency of different chromium compounds may also be largely influenced by the exposure of dna of the target to sufficient amount of active cr(iii) for a long period. the solubility in biological fluids is probably very important since it determines the speed of removal of the compound from the target cells. researches on clastogenic effects of cr showed that both cr6+ and cr3+ were able to induce chromosome aberrations, whereas cr3+ was incapable of inducing sister chromatid exchanges. hexavalent chromium compounds induced marked cytotoxicity and clastogenic action on mammalian cell cultures and in rodents in vivo and both chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. cr(vi) was regarded as the active form which penetrated into the cell, but the final mutagenic and cytogenetic effects were due to its intranuclear reduction to cr(iii).","Effects of chromium on cellular systems in animals Abs: Chromium is a heavy metal belonging to subgroup vib of the periodic table. in nature it is present mainly as trivalent but hexavalent form has also been found. the positively charged cr3+ ion has a tendency to form very stable complexes with negatively charged inorganic or organic particles present in aqueous solutions. therefore, hardly any uncomplexed chromic compounds can be found in the natural state. interest in the toxic effects of chromium has increased following the increased exposure of human beings and animals to different forms of this metal. the recommended or suggested safe and adequate intake of chromium was established at 50 to 200 ug for human adult. exposure to cr may occur by: (i) entrance through mouth with food or water; finally taken into blood stream through intestinal absorption. (ii) injected into blood stream intraperitoneally or intravenously. this is more effective than any other type of exposure. (iii) inhalation affecting respiratory system or trachea. it is most common in workers engaged in chromium industry. genotoxicity of chromium compounds is generally attributed to the oxidized hexavalent form whereas the reduced trivalent form is commonly considered inactive. evidences for carcinogenicity of cr to humans were considered sufficient by iarc on the basis of assessed increased incidence of lung cancer among workers in the chromate producing industry and possibly also among cr platers and cr alloy workers. the carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of different chromium compounds, particularly cr(vi), vary remarkably due to their differential solubility, diffusibility, stability and reactivity. these factors heavily influence their biological activity and can play very different roles in the induction of mutations, cancers and chromosomal aberrations. intracellular reduction of cr(vi) or cr(iii) and the reaction of cr(iii) with dna may be the critical events in chromium carcinogenesis. the carcinogenic potency of different chromium compounds may also be largely influenced by the exposure of dna of the target to sufficient amount of active cr(iii) for a long period. the solubility in biological fluids is probably very important since it determines the speed of removal of the compound from the target cells. researches on clastogenic effects of cr showed that both cr6+ and cr3+ were able to induce chromosome aberrations, whereas cr3+ was incapable of inducing sister chromatid exchanges. hexavalent chromium compounds induced marked cytotoxicity and clastogenic action on mammalian cell cultures and in rodents in vivo and both chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. cr(vi) was regarded as the active form which penetrated into the cell, but the final mutagenic and cytogenetic effects were due to its intranuclear reduction to cr(iii).",0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,8
